Cht c ha hc, nguy hi cho sc khe & tiu chun v phi nhim

By Geok Bee Teh Phng Ha hc Sinh hc, Khoa Ngh thut v Khoa hc, i hc Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53.300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Mc ch

Hiu cc cch thc phi nhim i vi ha cht trong con ngi Hiu khi nim ca dc ng hc -Pharmakokinetics Hiu mi quan h gia liu lng/mc p ng v tc ng i vi sc khe Hiu r cc cch thc phi nhim thng gp trong mi trng cng nghip. Hiu cc phng php v thit b c s dng o mc phi nhim ca cng nhn i vi ha cht c hi Hiu r cc khi nim v phi nhim ngh nghip
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Cc im chnh

Cc nh ngha phi nhim Mc p ng thuc phi nhim cng nghip Tc ng vi sc khe Gii hn phi nhim nh gi phi nhim Kim sot di

nh ngha

Cht c hc: nghin cu v tc dng ngc ca ha cht ln c th sng (xenobiotics).

c tnh : kh nng ha cht gy ra mt tc ng khng mong mun no . Nguy c : s xut hin ca mt cht vn c thnh phn gy nguy hi hoc tim n kh nng gy nguy hi.
phi nhim : S tip xc vi cht ha hc. Liu lng : lng ha cht c nguy c gy thng tt Klassen, C. (2001). Casarett and Doulls Toxicology hoc t vong.

Plog, B. (2002). Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

 phi nhim
Vng th Ht vo
Hp thu Mt

Tiu ha
Tim

 phi nhim: Ht vo
Con ng phi nhim quan trng nht i vi cng nhn:
Kh, hi dung mi, sng axit, bi, ht, v khi kim loi

phi nhim ph thuc vo :

Thi gian v tn sut ca cng vic Tc th Nng ha cht Kch thc ht Kch thc c th ht phi = 0.1 mm to 10 mm

ha tan ca kh & hi nc Formaldehyde so vi chloroform

Photo Credit: US OSHA

 phi nhim: Hp thu qua da

Ph thuc vo vng da v dy
Khu vc bn tay l dy nht Da vng bng l mng nht

Ph thuc vo iu kin ca da
Da kh v c vt thng h nguy c hn M hi lm tng s hp thu

Thi gian tip xc

Thnh phn ca ha cht

Nng ha tan (trong cht bo v nc) Kch thc phn t (ht nano)

 phi nhim: Mt

D ng hoc chn thng gic mc Kh, ht Bng gic mc Axt, amoniac Cc cht m tt Tn thng dy thn kinh quang Thallium, methanol (tiu ha)

 phi nhim: Tiu ha

- Cch thc phi nhim him gp nhng vn c th xy ra Nut phi ha cht sau khi ht phi n, ung, ht thuc trong khu vc lm vic - Cc yu t nh hng hp thu Cc dng hp cht ion ha >< hp cht phi ion ha Thnh phn rt nh hp thu trong rut Axit nh hp thu trong d dy

Dc ng hc
S hp thu
Ha cht xm nhp vo c th qua tip xc

S phn b hay tch ly

Lan i khp cc c quan Tch ly trong xng, protein v m

S trao i cht
Men gan, thn C th chuyn ha thnh mt ha cht c hi hn

Bi tit
M hi, nc tiu, phn

Kh nng p ng liu lng

Mi cht u l cht c;
Khng c g m khng phi l cht c. Liu lng ng chnh to ra s khc bit gia cht c hay phng thuc cha tr

-Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Thut ng v kh nng p ng liu lng

TDlo Liu gy c thp liu lng thp nht gy ra tc ng LD50 Liu gy cht ngi 50% - liu lng gy t vong trong 50% dn c kim tra TClo Nng c t thp c s dng m t nng c t qua ht th LC50 Nng gy cht ngi 50% - nng gy t vong trong 50% dn s th nghim concentration that causes death in 50% dn c kim tra qua vic ht vo

Kh nng p ng liu lng

Liu lng c tnh bng milligrams c t trong mi kg trng lng c th

100% E f f 50% e c t
Liu lng

Phi nhim khng phi l liu lng

LD50

Threshold (NOEL: No Observable Effects Level)

Cc tc ng n sc khe

Cc tc ng cp tnh n sc khe thng tch nng hoc t vong

Nng cao cc cht ha hc trong khong thi gian ngn Ha cht vi cc hiu ng cp tnh:
Kh c : hydrogen sulfide, phosgene Kh Asphyxiants gases: nitrogen, metan Kh v cht lng n mn : chlo, axt

Cc tc ng mn tnh i vi sc khe bnh mn tnh

Nng thp hn khong thi gian di Ha cht vi tc dng lu di:
Cht gy ung th: benzen, aming, thch tn Tc nhn c kh nng sinh si: glycol ether acetates, ch, carbon disulfide Dn cht -glutaraldehyde, toluene diisocyanate
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Cc tc ng n sc khe

Cc b
Tc ng ti im tip xc Pht ban da, bng, ho Ha cht vi c tc ng cc b:
Du gy bng, dung mi, axit Bi si bng, aluminum oxide

H thng
Ha cht c phn b trong qu trnh lu thng Hiu ng xy ra trong cc c quan ni tng ca c th Ha cht c tc ng mang tnh h thng :
Methylene chloride tc ng n c tim Ch tc ng ln xng v no

Cc tc ng n sc khe
Ha cht nh hng n con ngi Theo cch khc nhau :

Tui Gii tnh Cu trc gien Bnh hoc stress Dinh dng Li sng Tng tc gia cc cht c ha hc

Cc tc ng n sc khe: Tng tc ha cht

Tc ng kp
Tc ng kt hp ca hai ha cht bng tng tc ng ca tng tc nhn (2 + 3 = 5)
V d: Parathion, thuc tr su methyl-parathion

Tc ng hip ng
Tc ng kt hp ca hai ha cht ln hn tng tc ng ca tng tc nhn (2 + 3 = 20)
Example: Carbon tetrachloride & ethanol

Cc tc ng n sc khe: Tng tc ha cht

Tim tng
Mt cht khng c gy c hi i vi mt c quan hay h thng no, nhng sau khi kt hp vi ha cht khc th tr thnh cht c hn (0 + 2 = 10) V d: Isopropanol & carbon tetrachloride

i lp
2 ha cht khi gp nhau phn ng ln nhau hoc phn ng vi ha cht khc (4 + 6 = 8) V d: BAL (tc nhn chelating) v chi

Phi nhim cng nghip

Phi nhim cng nghip: Kim loi

Phi nhim ban u qua ht th : Cc ht bi Cc qu trnh: mi, ct, ch nhm, pha trn V d: ng, nickel, km Khi:
Cc qu trnh: hn, nu chy V d:ch, mangan, crom ha tr su, km Sng m (hp cht kim loi ha tan) Cc qu trnh : phun cht chng n mn, m kim

loi V d: hexavalent chromium, nickel chloride

http://www.millerwelds.co m/

Cc tc ng n sc khe: Kim loi

Cht gy tc ng nhy cm (da v phi) Nickel, beryllium, chromium St do khi kim loi Oxides of zinc, magnesium, and copper
Cht gy tn thng cc c quan ni tng Asen u c thn kinh, tn thng gan Cadmium thn, x ha phi Ch - h thng thn kinh, mu, thn, c quan sinh sn

Cht gy ung th Arsenic, soluble nickel, hexavalent chromium

Phi nhim cng nghip: Dung mi

Phi nhim do ht vo v thm thu qua da : Qu trnh: chuyn ch, trn, phun, dung mi p sut ta hi cao
V d: ethers, ketones, chloroform, benzene

Qu trnh :Dung mi gy nhit

V d: styrene, dimethyl formamide

Qu trnh : skin immersion in process baths, parts cleaning

V d: acetone, trichloroethylene, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Cc tc ng n sc khe: Dung mi

Cht gy kch ng da, vim da Acetone, alcohols u c c quan ni tng N-hexane u c thn kinh Chloroform, vinyl chlorideu c gan Methylene chlorideu c tim

Gy ung th Benzene, formaldehyde Gy hi n c quan sinh sn Glycol ether acetates

Gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip: nh gi phi nhim

Gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip (OELs)

Quy nh ca chnh ph hoc t chc tiu chun ngh nghip t ra OELs

OELS ch p dng cho cng nhn, KHNG p dng cho cng cng
Ch yu l Gii hn phi nhim qua ng h hp Th hin bng mg / mt khi (mg/m3) hoc phn

triu (ppm)

phi nhim phi o lng c so snh vi OEL Mt s ni cng b tiu chun phi nhim dnh cho ting

n, laser, bc x khng ion ha, cng thng do nhit & lnh, cng nh cc ha cht

Theo quy nh ca Hi ng Lin minh chu u Da trn t vn ca Y ban Khoa hc v Gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip (SCOEL)

Cc gi tr OEL mang tnh biu th (IOELVs)

2009 Danh sch th 3 ca IOELVs c xut bn n 12/2011, cc quc gia thnh vin phi thi hnh quy nh

Lin minh Chu u Reach Mc khng c tc ng ln cng nhn (DNELs) Phi nh lng c >10 tn/nm Gii hn an ton cao hn IOELVs Gii hn phi nhim ca c
DFG MAK Nng ti a ni lm vic

PEL Gii hn phi nhim cho php Cc An Ton v Sc Khe Ngh Nghip (OSHA) (OSHA) Gii hn php l ca M REL Gii hn phi nhim khuyn ngh Vin quc gia v An ton lao ng (NIOSH) Khuyn ngh, khng phi gii hn php l ACGIH TLV Ngng gi tr gii hn Hi ngh Chnh ph M ca cc chuyn gia v V sinh cng nghip Khuyn ngh, khng phi gii hn php l
AIHA WEEL Gii hn phi nhim mi trng ti ni lm vic - Hip hi V sinh cng nghip M (AIHA) Khuyn ngh, khng phi gii hn php l

Gii hn phi nhim cho php

Cc gi tr phi nhim do Cc An ton v Sc khe ngh nghip ca M cng b (OSHA) Nhm kim sot tc ng n sc khe do tip xc vi cht gy nhim khng kh Ch p dng cho nhng mi trng lm vic quy nh bi OSHA Cc mc phn ng i vi ha cht c tnh cao ca PEL Benzene, asbestos, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde

Gii hn phi nhim

ACGIH TLVs: ACGIH l mt tp on t nhn, phi chnh ph

ACGIH TLVs c xut bn dng hng dn

Khng phi l tiu chun bt buc mang tnh php l

ACGIH TLVs thng thp hn PELs c r sot v sa i hng nm

Gii hn phi nhim

ACGIH TLVS:

Gi tr trung bnh o trong khong 8 gi (TWA) Gii hn phi nhim ngn hn trong 15 pht (STEL) Gi tr trn (C)
V d TLV:

Carbon dioxide = 5000 ppm TWA Osmium tetroxide = 0.0002 ppm TWA Hydrogen chloride = 2 ppm ceiling Ammonia = 35 ppm STEL

Gi tr trung bnh o bng thi gian (TWA)

phi nhim trung bnh cho mt ngi trong mt khong thi gian lm vic nht nh, c xc nh bng cch ly mt hoc nhiu hn mu trong qu trnh lm vic :
C1T1 + C2T2 + + CNTN
TLV TWA* =

T1 + T2 + + TN

Where: C = Nng bay hi T = thi gian

* A TLV c biu th nh l TWA

Gi tr trung bnh o trong khong thi gian 8 gi

phi nhim trung bnh cho mt ngi trong mt khong thi gian lm vic l 8 gi, c xc nh bng cch ly mt hoc nhiu hn mu trong qu trnh lm vic :

TLV TWA 8 =

C 1 T1 + C 2 T 2 + + C N T N
8 hrs

V d:
Mt nhn vin thc hin cng vic ty cht nhn c gim st v phi nhim i vi dung mi Stoddard. Kt qu gim st nh sau:
KHONG THI GIAN (S) NNG (PPM) THI GIAN (GI)

1 2 3

80 110 55

2 4 2

Kt qu
TLV TWA

C1 T 1 + C 2 T 2 + ...+ CN T N
8 Gi

(80 x 2) + (110 x 4) + (55 x 2)

TLV TWA 8 =
8 gi TM Gi TLV-TWA = 89 ppm

Phi nhim qu mc? (TLV-TWA = 100 ppm)

nh gi nh tnh Quan st cng vic Cht nhim bay hi? Da c b ngm vo ha cht? nh gi c t Bng s liu ch an ton Hng dn b ti NIOSH http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ nh lng Phn loi phi nhim Tin hnh ly mu khng kh

nh lng Phn loi nng cht nhim trong phng V d: nng no, trong mg/m3 s sinh ra khi 1 gram (g) of benzene bay hi trong mt cn phng 125 mt khi (m3 )? Khi lng ca cht nhim / th tch ca phng 1 g/125 m3 = 1000 milligrams/125 m3 = 8 mg/m3

Tnh ton nng ppm

(8 mg/m3) ( 78.11 MW (24.45)

=
)

2.5 ppm

ACGIH STEL i vi benzene l 2.5 ppm (Thi gian phi nhim ngn hn 15 pht)

nh gi phi nhim
Gim st khng kh :

Kt qu c so snh viOEL chun

Phng php: Bm ly mu khng kh, mi trng hay nhn B lc dnh cho kim loi, cc loi ht ng than dnh cho dung mi ng gel Silica dnh cho axit

Cc phng php gim st khng kh :

Thit b c trc tip

Thit b d Photoionization dung mi

My m ht- Bi Thit b pht hin kh ga cm tay Hot ng vi bm tay ng d c ci m mu Pht hin 500 loi kh v hi

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nh gi phi nhim: Di kim sot

a s cc cht ha hc trong lu th ng thng mi khng c gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip (OELs).
Do khng c OELs, cc ng ch v cng nhn thng thiu hng dn cn thit cn kim sot phi nhim ngh nghip mc no .

Chin lc kim sot phi nhim ngh nghip c th c gi tr khi khng c OELs c bit n vi ci tn control banding (CB). CB l mt chin lc cht lng nh gi v qun l cc mi nguy him lin quan n phi nhim ha cht ti ni lm vic.

CB l mt k thut quyt nh mt bin php kim sot (v d thng gi, kim sot k thut, ngn chn, ) da trn mt phm vi hay di cc mi nguy (nh kch ng da/mt, rt c hi, gy ung th, ) v cc loi phi nhim (t, trung bnh, nhiu ).

Cc sng kin: T chc Y t th gii (WHO) T chc Lao ng Quc t (ILO) Hn 17 triu cht hu c v v c 170,000 ha cht c th cn ng k theo quy nh ca EU REACH Thay i trong xu hng v sinh cng nghip truyn thng i vi s phi nhim
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Cht lng ca Di kim sot Mt cch tip cn b sung cho v sinh cng nghip truyn thng Tp trung ngun lc vo kim sot tip xc ch khng phi l nh gi phi nhim Cung cp chuyn mn k thut cho ngi s dng ha cht thng qua hng dn n gin

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Web Page: Vin quc gia v an ton lao ng v sc khe (NIOSH) www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ctrlbanding/ n phm: AIHA (2007) Hng dn thc hin phn tch di kim sot ACGIH (2008) Di kim sot: Vn v C hi NIOSH (2009) c tnh ha ri ro mang tnh nh tnh v kim sot cc mi nguy trong lao ng http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-152/

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Kt lun

Phi nhim ha hc qua ng h hp, tiu ha, hp th v tim Cc cch thc phi nhim trong mi trng cng nghip ch yu l qua ng h hp v hp thu. Cc gii hn phi nhim khc nhau : PELs, OELs, TLV-TWA, STEL

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Dr Constantine Stewart, Gim mi nguy ha cht quc t, Cc phng th nghim quc gia Sandia, Chng trnh o to ging vin v h tr thng tin ca M
Hc vin Kimia Malaysia, Hi p hi cc phng th nghim Vit Nam & ECMI Sdn Bhd Malaysia