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Embedded Systems: by Sushant Kumar
Embedded Systems: by Sushant Kumar
By Sushant Kumar
Introduction
Part 1
What is an Embedded System ? An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function
An Embedded system
Technology Advances
CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL,
ECL)
Price
Simpler development
CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components
Higher volumes
CMOS VLSI : same device cost 10,000 vs.
10,000,000 units
Embedded System
Microprocessor Micro controller
Micro controllers have built in peripherals and memory which reduces the size of the system
Application Areas
Signal processing systems
Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment. Network routers, switches, firewalls, Mobile phones, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse Engine control unit ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems) Emissions control Diagnostics and Security systems Accessories (doors, windows etc)
Distributed control
Small systems
The Apollo Guidance Computer, the first recognizable modern embedded system developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
Minuteman Missile
1966
First mass-produced embedded system Autonetics D-17 guidance computer Built from transistor logic Reduced prices on nand gate ICs from $1000/each to $3/each Medicinal appliances Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control systems Cellular telephones and telephone switches Home automation products
Other developments
First Microprocessor By mid 1980s micro controllers came Intel 4004 into existence Required external memory and support chips cost of a microcontroller fell below $1 By the end of the 80s, embedded systems were the norm rather than the exception
Moores law
1. Interface
Interface
No User Interface Dedicated to one Task Missile guidance system Full User Interface Performing user- defined PDAs
2. Complexity
Complexity
Simple systems Use buttons,small character/ digit-only displays simple menu system Complex systems Connected to a network Touch screen Real time constraints Part of a critical
3. CPU Platform
Many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, x86, PIC, 8051 etc Desktop computer market is limited to just a few architectures
CPU Platform
PC/104 is a typical base for small, low-volume embedded system design. Uses an embedded real-time operating system such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or VxWorks
CPU Platform
Very-high-volume embedded systems use the system on a chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design.
4. Peripherals
Serial Communication Interfaces Universal Serial Bus (USB) Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time
Processing Units
5. Tools
Embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program Emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent
6. Reliability issues
System cannot be shut down for repair Solutions involve subsystems with spares system must be kept running for safety and monetary reasons
7. Volume
Volume
High Volume Minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration Low Volume Used when cost is not a major factor Performance and reliability constraints
Demand Curve
Billing
Networked system can facilitate automation No need to send personnel Better accuracy and lesser burden
Design Fundamentals
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Means of taking samples Display Communication subsystem Non-volatile memory Power supply Stored program micro-controller
Hardware design
Choosing a microcontroller
Feature set Code space Data Space Data converter Real-time clock
Conclusion
A quiet revolution is in progress in the utility industry. Static metering devices, have been in use for the better part of a century Gradually being replaced with multi-rate, multifunction meters Capable of more accurately accounting for utility usage.
References
www.maxim-ic.com www.electronicsforu.com www.refdesign.techonline.com www.wikipedia.org www.powerelectronics.com www.ucpros.com www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com
Thank You