2/12/2009

Air pollution management and Technologies

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VOCs

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

(N) 78%

(O) 21%
1%

2
1.

???%
3

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

2.

2/12/2009

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Hazardous organic substances and Heavy Metals
Particulate matters (Hydrocarbon + Sulfur + Nitro Oxides Fine PM)
Photochemical Oxidants (NO + HC + O2+ Sunlight O3+ NO2)
Greenhouse gases

Primary Air Pollutants

*
* CO
* SO2
* NO, NO2
* Pb

Secondary Air Pollutants

Carbon monoxide (CO) (~ 50%)

* O3
* NO2 , HNO3
* H2SO4

Dust (PM)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Oxides of Sulfur (SOx)
Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC) Odors VOCs
Normally in low concentrations
(part per million; ppm to part per billion; ppb)

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

2/12/2009

Downstream pollution control device

2. Air ventilation

Improve Dispersion
Tall stacks, Intermittent control schemes and Relocate the plant

FSP

( Fan Static Pr essure )

Poutlet Pinlet VPinlet

Reduce Emissions
Process change and Pollution prevention
1. Dilution

Capture velocity =
0.25 10.16 m/s

Downstream pollution control device

Qsquare V .( 4y 2 )
Qround V .( 10 x 2 .r 2 )
P( pa ) Fd .( VPd ) VPd FSlot .( VPSlot )
Fd 0 . 25
V
VPd

1 .29

10

2
( pa )

Dust velocity in pipe = 12.7 120 m/s

VPipe Particle size

PDuct h pipe helbow ....

Q Actual Q Std

TActual TStd
(170 273)
24
35 m 3 / s
TStd
( 273 25)

Dew point of Gaseous and effect of sulphur

11

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VOCs
12

2/12/2009

Solutions

CO2
emissions

Global Warming
Prevention
Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal)
Shift from coal to natural gas

Greenhouse gases

Improve energy efficiency

(water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,

nitrous oxide, and ozone)

Shift to renewable energy resources

Transfer energy efficiency and
renewable energy technologies to
developing countries

Ozone depletion

Reduce deforestation

Greenhouse Effect

Use more sustainable agriculture

Reduce poverty

13

Ecology = A specific biological community and its physical

environment interacting in an exchange of matter and energy.

Store (sequester) CO2 by

planting trees
Sequester CO2 deep underground
Sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till
cultivation and taking crop land out of
production
Sequester CO2 in the deep ocean
Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and
facilities

Limit urban sprawl

Global Climate changes

Cleanup
Remove CO2 from smokestack
and vehicle emissions

Slow population growth

14

Use feeds that reduce

CH4 emissions by
belching cows

Effect of Air pollutants - CO

(Systemic effect)

Consumer

Producer

O2 + Hb Hb O2
O2/ CO human blood Hb CO 240
O2
Hb CO O2 Hb

Decomposer

CO

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

16

2/12/2009

Intermediates product of chemical reaction between carbonaceous

fuels and oxygen
CO occurs when oxygen is insufficient
Poor mixing of fuel and air
CO formed in high-temp zone

Effect of Air pollutants - CO

17

18

Combustion - Theory

Combustion - Theory

y
C x H y ( b)O 2 3.76(b) N 2 ( x )CO 2 ( ) H 2O 3.76(b) N 2
2

y
(b) ( x ) ( )
4

3.76 =

Methane : CH 4 (2)O 2 7.52 N 2 CO 2 2H 2 O 7.52 N 2

Toluene : C 7 H 8 (9)O 2 7CO 2 4H 2 O
Benzene : C 6 H 6 (7.5)O 2 6CO 2 3H 2 O
19

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

20

20

2/12/2009

Combustion - Theory

Combustion - Theory

A/F in molar ratio of

stoichiometry
1
9 .48 * 0 .46
4 .36 %

AF

Stoic

9 . 48 * 1 . 64
15 . 55 %

= (Equivalent ratio)

A F
A F

Stoic

F A
F A

Stoic

21

21

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

Line: y/x of hydrocarbon (CxHy)

Methane (CH4): y/x = 4
Benzene (C6H6): y/x = 1
Coals: y/x = 0.2 0.8
A F
F A

A F F A
22
Stoic

Stoic

Combustion - Theory

Combustion - Theory

23

m
MWAir
Air 4.67 b.
MWFuel
mFuel Stoic

A F

Stoic

4.67 b.

MWAir
29.1
4.67 * 2 *
17
MWFuel
16

24

2/12/2009

Combustion - Theory

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VOCs

25

26

: Particulate Matter (PM)

PM characterization

Particle characteristics

Concentration
Number

10 micrometers
1 7

Coarse

Distribution
Fine

Monodisperse

Polydisperse

1000/cm3
2.5 g/cm3

27

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

Mass

Size

28

2/12/2009

PM characterization - Sizes

PM characterization Size categories

Aerodynamic diameter

D pa D ps . p

Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP)

PM10
PM2.5
Particles less than 0.1
Condensable Particulate Matter

29

30

PM characterization Formation of PM

PM characterization Lognormal distribution

remains for all weight distribution

ln D p ,gm ( mass ) ln D p ,gm ( number ) 3(ln g )2

31

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

32

2/12/2009

Behavior of PM

Collection Methods

10 m

Gravity settling chamber

Gravity

Mechanical collectors

Centrifugal force

Electrostatic precipitators

Electrostatic force

Fabric (Bag) filters

Inertia impact, Direct interception

and Diffusion

Particulate wet scrubbers

Inertia impact, Direct interception

and Diffusion

33

34

Gravity settling chamber

Collection Methods
Equation

Venturi Wet scrubber

Bag filter

Spray tower
ESP

Cyclone (High Efficiency)

This devices relies upon gravity settling to remove particles from the gas stream. Gravity
settling chambers are used only for very large particles in the upper end of the supercoarse
size range (approximately 75 micrometers and larger).
Particles in still air have two forces acting on them; (1) a gravitational force downward and
(2) the air resistance (or drag) force upward. When particles begin to fall, they quickly reach
a terminal settling velocity, which represents the constant velocity of a falling particle when
the gravitational force downward is balanced by the air resistance (or drag) force upward.

Gravity settler/Cyclone

Particle size

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

35

36

2/12/2009

Centrifugal separator (cyclone)

Mechanical collectors use the centrifugal force of the
particles for collection. The particulate-laden gas stream is
forced to spin in a cyclonic manner. The mass of the
particles causes them to move toward the outside of the
vortex. Most of the large-diameter particles enter a hopper
below the cyclonic tubes while the gas stream turns and
exits the tube.

Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

Electrostatic attraction of particles is accomplished by establishing a strong electrical field and

creating unipolar ions. The particles passing through the electrical field are charged by the ions
being driven along the electrical field lines (Charged particles). Several parameters dictate the
effectiveness of electrostatic attraction including the particle size, gas flow rate, and resistivity.

Charging precipitation rapping

37

38

Case study 4 PM nature

Case study 4 PM nature

()

U La min ar

g ( s air )d p2
18

9 .81 ( 1000 1 .204 ) ( 3 10 6 ) 2

18 1 .75 .10 5
0 .029 cm / s

2
(Stopping distance)

1000 m3/min

Qair
1000 m 3 / min

5747 m 2
U T 0.0029 m / s 60 s / min

25 C 1 atm
1000 kg/m3
U La min ar

g ( s air ) d p2

39

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

18

xstop dis tan ce

U To .d p2 . p .C
18.

Q
U T air
L .W

xstop dis tan ce

U To .d p2 . p .C
18.

0.083 m

40

10

2/12/2009

Collection Methods Bag Filter

overall

Collection Methods Wet scrubber

Im pact Diffusion Interception 100%

KI
T
K
I 0 .7

6 .D 2 / 3
3 .D 2 .V 1 / 2
1 / 6
1/ 2 3 / 2
1/ 2

.
D
.
V

.D b

Cross flow scrubber

Counter-flow scrubber

Co- flow scrubber

Wetted wall

Spray tower

Venturi wet scrubber

T is independent to the gas flow rate Good for unstable gas flow conditions

Filtration (Face) velocity

Air to Cloth ratio U0

Qa
Af

Pollution

Collection Methods Wet scrubber

Dirty gas

Scrubber
Gas Liquid contactor

Mixed gas
and liquid

Cyclone
Gas Liquid separator

Dirty liquid
Clean liquid

Liquid-Solid
separator
Dirty liquid

Flooding

High efficiency

Collection Methods - Choosing

Clean gas

Particle size
Required Collection efficiency
Gas flow rate
Time between cleanings
Nature of particle

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

11

2/12/2009

Types of Air pollutants

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VOCs

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Hazardous organic substances and Heavy Metals
Particulate matters + (Hydrocarbon + Sulfur + Nitro Oxides Fine PM)
Photochemical Oxidants (NO + HC + O2+ Sunlight O3+ NO2
NO2)
Greenhouse gases

45

46

SOx
( < 0.1%) ( 0.5 - 3%)
Pyrites, Sulfates
94 95 % SO2
0.5 2.0 SO3
316 C SO3 (H2SO4)
0.1 1

47

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

S + O2 SO2
S + 1.5O2 SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4

48

12

2/12/2009

SO2

(
0.6 1 % )

Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)

Coal Gasification

Coal Liquefaction

Coal Cleaning
49

NOx

H2S
T, P O2

Free Atmosphere
NO + 1/2 O2 --> NO2

NO SO2
()

()

N2 O2

CaSO4

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

50

NOx

SOx

( 10 20%

Emission
(NO + NO2) --> NOx
>95 [%] as NO
< 5 [%] as NO2

Rules:
NO + NO2 calculated as NO2
Generally only NO (nitrogen

monoxide) is measured !!!

51

52

13

2/12/2009

NOx

NOx

Fuel NOx

Thermal NOx

N2 + O2 2NO ()

NOx

NO + O2 NO2 ( )

( 2)
Fuel O

1)
2)
3)

Fuel O

O2

HCN

NH / NH

HCN

NH / NH

NOx

NO N

NO H 2 O
2

H 2O

- O2

53

NOx

54

NOx

Prompt NOx

- N

- O2

CH N 2 HCN N
N O 2 NO O
HCN O 2 NO N 2
()55

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

56

14

2/12/2009

NOx

2.

Catalytic Reduction

Non-Catalytic Reduction

Activated Carbon ()
( Reduction)

3.

(
) NH3SO4 NH3NO3

4.

Oxidation Reduction
NO (O3)

57

5.

VOCs

57

Definition of VOCs

58

Definition of VOCs

(Volatile Organic Compounds)

:
:
:

:
: 250
101.3 kPa

59

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

1.

60

15

2/12/2009

Control/Reduction Methods

Control/Reduction Methods

Restrict quantity of pollutant formed in production

Restrict or Reduce quantity of pollutant formed in

process

production process

Substitution (water-base paint, Natural gas/propane)

Adsorbed on surface of solids (Adsorption)

Process Modification (Solvent/fuel, fluidized-bed power coating)

Absorbed by liquid solvents (Absorption)

Leakage control (filling, breathing, empty modification, seal leak)

Oxidized by catalytic or Incinerated to non-pollutant

forms (Incineration)
61

C VOCs

emission

y VOCs .C Air .M VOCs

C VOCs

emission

y A . P62 x

V
x VOCs .P VOC
P
. Air .M VOCs
P Air
R .T

. P AVapor

yA

. P AVapor
P

C VOCs

V
x VOCs .PVOC
.M VOCs
R .T

Control/Reduction Methods
Floating roof

Modified seals

Restrict or Reduce quantity of pollutant formed in

production process
Adsorbed on surface of solids (Adsorption)
Absorbed by liquid solvents (Absorption)
Oxidized by catalytic or Incinerated to non-pollutant
forms (Incineration)

63

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

64

16

2/12/2009

Adsorption

Adsorbent (Activated carbon)

(Mass transfer)
(Media)

Adsorbent

Adsorbate

http://www.cee.vt.edu/program_areas/environmental/teach/wtprimer/carbon/sketcarb.html#Carbon

(Adsorption force)

(Physical force)

(Chemical force)

(Physical and chemical force)

(cavernous pores)

65

Adsorption - Adsorbent

67

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

Adsorption - Adsorbent

67

Carbonized
coconuts

Activated
coconuts

66

Adsorption

68

17

2/12/2009

Absorption

Absorption
Gas

Bringing dirty gas into contact with scrubbing clean

Gaz

Liquid

Liquide

Gaz

liquid, and separating clean gas from dirty liquid

Gaz
Liquide

Liquide

Rate of mass transfer is proportional to surface area and

concentration gradient
Need large area with good contact (packed tower)
Generally arranged in counter flow (give best

Liquide

concentration gradient)
Liquid

Gas

Plate (Tray)

Gaz

Gas Solubility
Choosing of Absorbent
The gas solubility should be high, thus increasing the rate of absorption and decreasing the
quantity of solvent required. Generally solvent with a chemical nature similar to the solute to be
absorbed will provide good solubility. A chemical reaction of the solvent with the solute will
frequently result in very high gas solubility, but if the solvent is to be recovered for re-use, the
reaction must be reversible.
Volatility
The solvent should have a low vapour pressure to reduce loss of solvent in
the gas leaving an absorption column.
Corrosiveness The materials of construction required for the equipment should not be
unusual or expensive.
Cost
The solvent should be inexpensive, so that losses are not costly, and
should be readily available.
Viscosity
Low viscosity is preferred for reasons of rapid absorption rates, improved
flooding characteristics in packed column, low pressure drops on pumping,
and good heat transfer characteristics.
Others The solvent should be non-toxic, non-flammable and chemically stable.
71

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

Liquide

Liquide

Packed

69

Absorption

Gaz

Gaz

Bubble (Spray) column

70

Absorption

72

18

2/12/2009

Incineration or Afterburning

Incineration Direct flame Incineration

For removing combustible air pollutants

Flammability of waste and fuel in the mixture of air

When high volume flow rate and low concentration

Explosive Possibility: most violent with slight fuel-rich

Most odorous pollutants are combustible or chemically

Stoichiometric mixture of hydrocarbons and air has a heat

changed to less odorous when heated sufficiently with oxygen

combustion of 100 Btu/scf (3725 kJ/m3)

Organic aerosols causing visible plumes, smog, or health

Lower Explosive Limit (L.E.L) ~ 50% ~50 Btu/scf transportation

hazard will be destroyed

recommend 25%LEL ~10-15 Btu/scf

3 types: direct flame, thermal, and catalytic

Waste gases are burned directly in a combustor w/ or w/o

additional fuel

Most important 3 T: Time, Temperature, Turbulence

73

74

Incineration Thermal Incineration

Incineration Catalytic Incineration

For very low combustible pollutants concentrations, 1 20

Competitive to Thermal Incineration,

Btu/scf (40 750 kJ/m3)

using catalyst to accelerate chemical

Waste gas is preheated and passed through combustion zone

reaction rate, result in much smaller

of a burner with supplement fuel

residence time (1/20 1/50)

Temp 1000 1500 F (540 820 C), low cost chamber and less

Reaction occurs at low temp (320

NOx

540 C) on surface of catalyst, no direct

flame, achieve 95-98% efficiency

75

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

76

76

19

2/12/2009

Incineration Catalytic Incineration

77

Dr. Pisut Painmanakul

20