Bi ging: BTNG C S

Chng I. Khi nim chung v btng ct thp 1

Chng 1
KHI NIM CHUNG V BTNG CT THP (BTCT)
1.1 Tnh cht ca btng ct thp :
- Btng ct thp l vt liu xy dng phc hp do hai loi vt liu l btng v thp
c c trng c hc khc nhau cng phi hp chu lc vi nhau.
- Btng l loi vt liu phc hp bao gm xi mng (cht kt dnh), ct, si - (ct
liu) kt li vi nhau di tc dng ca nc. Cng chu ko ca btng nh hn
cng chu nn rt nhiu (8 - 15 ln).
- Ct thp l loi vt liu chu ko hoc chu nn u rt tt. Do nu t lng ct
thp thch hp vo tit din ca kt cu th kh nng chu lc ca kt cu tng ln rt
nhiu. Dm btng ct thp c th c kh nng chu lc ln hn dm btng c cng
kch thc n gn 20 ln.
- Btng v ct thp cng lm vic c vi nhau l do:
+Btng khi ng rn li th dnh cht vi thp cho nn ng lc c th truyn t
vt liu ny sang vt liu kia, lc dnh c c m bo y th kh nng chu lc
ca thp mi c khai thc trit .
+Gia btng v ct thp khng xy ra phn ng ha hc, ngoi ra h s gin
n ca ct thp v btng sut sot bng nhau:
o
s
=0.000012 ; o
b
=0.000010-0.000015
1.2. Phn loi:
Theo phng php thi cng c th chia thnh 3 loi sau:
- Btng ct thp ton khi: ghp cp pha v btng ti cng trnh, iu ny m
bo tnh cht lm vic ton khi (lin tc) ca btng, lm cho cng trnh c cng
v n nh cao.
- Btng ct thp lp ghp: ch to tng cu kin (mng, ct, dm, sn,) ti nh
my, sau em lp ghp vo cng trnh. Cch thi cng ny m bo cht lng
btng trong tng cu kin, thi cng nhanh hn, t b nh hng ca thi tit, nhng
cng ton khi v n nh ca c cng trnh thp.
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng I. Khi nim chung v btng ct thp 2
- Btng ct thp bn lp ghp: c mt s cu kin c ch to ti nh my, mt s
khc ti cng trnh m bo cng ton khi v n nh cho cng trnh.
Thng th sn c lp ghp sau, cn mng, ct, dm c ton khi.
Nu phn loi theo trng thi ng sut khi ch to ta c:
- Btng ct thp thng: khi ch to, ct thp trng thi khng c ng sut, ngoi
ni ng sut do co ngt v gin n nhit ca btng. Ct thp ch chu ng sut khi cu
kin chu lc ngoi (k c trng lng bn thn).






- Btng ct thp ng sut trc: cng trc ct thp n ng sut cho php (o
sp
),
khi bung ct thp, n s co li, to ng sut nn trc trong tit din btng, nhm
mc ch kh ng sut ko trong tit din btng khi n chu lc ngoi hn ch vt
nt v vng (hnh 1.2).









Hnh 1.1
Dm btng ct thp
thng vng xung
khi chu ti
Hnh 1.2
Dm btng ct thp ng sut trc
th di chu nn trc

Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng I. Khi nim chung v btng ct thp 3
1.3. u v khuyt im ca btng ct thp :
Btng ct thp hin nay l vt liu xy dng c s dng rng ri v c cc u
im sau:
- R tin so vi thp khi chng cng chu ti trng nh nhau.
- C kh nng chu lc ln so vi gch v g, c th chu c ti trng ng lc
v lc ng t.
- Bn vng, d bo dng, sa cha t tn km so vi thp v g.
- Chu la tt hn so vi thp v g.
- C th c thnh kt cu c hnh dng bt k theo cc yu cu v cu to, v s
dng cng nh v kin trc.
Tuy nhin btng cng tn ti mt s nhc im sau:
- Trng lng bn thn kh ln, do kh lm c kt cu nhp ln. Nhng nhc
im ny gn y c khc phc bng cch dng btng nh, btng ct thp ng lc
trc v kt cu v mng....
- Di tc dng ca ti trng, btng d pht sinh khe nt lm mt thm m v gy
thm cho cng trnh.
- Thi cng phc tp, tn nhiu cp pha khi thi cng ton khi.
1.4. Phm vi ng dng v xu hng pht trin:
BTCT c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc, lm kt cu chu lc ca nh, cu, p,
cc cng trnh cp thot nc, mng dn nc, tng chn, nh my thy in,...
BTCT ngy cng t ra chim u th trong cc lnh vc xy dng, nh vo cc tin
b khoa hc k thut, khc phc c mt s nhc im chnh ca btng, btng
ngy cng c kh nng chu lc tt hn, thay th c nhiu kt cu trong cc dng
cng trnh khc nhau.

Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 4
Chng 2 TNH CHT C L CA VT LIU
Tnh nng c l ca btng bao gm : tnh nng c hc - nghin cu v cng
v tnh nng vt l - nghin cu v bin dng, co ngt, chng thm v chng n mn
ca btng.
Tnh nng c l ca btng ph thuc phn ln vo cht lng xi mng, cc c
trng ca ct liu (si, dm, ct liu rng,...) cp phi ca btng, t l nc, xi
mng v cch thi cng. V ph thuc nhiu nhn t nn cc tnh nng khng c n
nh lm, tuy vy tnh nng c l ca btng vn c th m bo tha mn cc yu cu
ca thit k nu chn vt liu, tnh ton cp phi v thi cng theo ng nhng qui nh
ca qui trnh ch to.
Cn c vo trng lng th tch, btng c chia ra hai loi ch yu sau:
- Btng nng : c trng lng th tch t 1800 n 2500 kgf/m
3
.
- Btng nh c trng lng th tch t 800 n 1800 kgf/m
3
.
2.1. Tnh nng c l ca btng :
2.1.1. Cng btng
Cng l c trng c hc ch yu ca btng. Trong kt cu btng ct thp,
btng ch yu chu nn, cng chu nn c th xc nh tng i chnh xc bng
th nghim, v vy cng chu nn c dng lm ch tiu c bn ca btng.
2.1.1.1. Cng chu nn :
Mu th khi vung 15x15x15 hoc lng tr trn ng knh 16cm (din tch
200cm
2
), chiu cao h=2D, c tui 28 ngy, c thnh phn v cch pha trn nh lc thi
cng thc t, mu c dng h trong iu kin tiu chun:

F
N
R
P
= (MPa hoc kgf/cm
2
) (2.1)
Trong : N
P
: Lc nn ph hoi (N hoc kgf)
F : Din tch mt chu nn ca mu th (m.m
2
hoc cm
2
).
2.1.1.2. Cng chu ko :
Thng thng ngi ta lm mu chu ko tit din vung, cnh a, hoc chu un:
tit din bxh, chiu di L=6h (hnh 2.1), hoc c th nn ch mu lng tr trn (hnh
2.1.a)

Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 5








- Cng chu ko vi mu (a):
R
(t)
=
LD
P
t
2
(2.2)
Trong : P: ti trng tc dng lm ch mu
L: chiu di mu
D: ng knh mu
- Cng chu ko vi mu (b):
R
(t)
=
F
N
k
(2.3)
- Cng chu ko vi mu (c):
R
(t)
=
2
5 , 3
bh
M
(2.4)
2.1.1.3. Quan h gia cng chu ko v cng chu nn:
Thng thng ngi ta c th tnh cng chu ko thng quan cng chu
nn bng cng thc thc nghim m khng cn lm th nghim chu ko. n gin nht
l quan h ng thng, theo cng thc:
R
(t)
=0,6 + 0,06R (2.5)
Hoc quan h ng cong:
R
(t)
=
1300 60
150
+
+
R
R
R (2.6)
2.1.1.4. S tng cng theo thi gian:
Cng ca btng tng theo thi gian. Cng lc u tng kh nhanh, sau
chm dn, n mt vi nm sau th hu nh l dng li.
L=6h
L/3
L
a
L=4a
N k
a
D
a
N k
P
P
b
M
L/3 P P
h
Hnh 2.1
Cc kiu mu th ko btng
a). Mu th ch; b). mu th ko
c). mu th un
a)
b)
c)
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 6
xc nh cng ca btng theo thi gian c th dng cng thc nghim
sau:
t R
t
R R lg 7 , 0
28 lg
lg
28 28
= = (2.7)
Trong : t - tui ca btng tnh theo ngy.
Cng thc trn ca tc gi Lin x - Skrantaep (1935) ch cho kt qu ph hp vi
thc t khi tui ca btng t 7-300 ngy, ty theo mi nc c qui nh khc nhau.
2.1.1.5. Gi tr tiu chun ca cng btng:
Gi tr tiu chun ca cng btng hay cn gi l cng tiu chun (R
bn
)
c tnh nh sau (thng c ly vi mu th lng tr):
R
bn
=
kc
R
ch
(2.8)
Trong :
kc
- h s k n s lm vic ca btng trong thc t, c th ly
bng 0,7 0,8.
R
ch
- cng c trng ca mu th, c tnh nh sau:
R
ch
= R
m
(1 - Su) (2.9)
Vi R
m
gi tr trung bnh (cng trung bnh) ca mu th =
n
R
i

(n - s lng mu)
S - h s ph thuc vo xc sut m bo, vi xc sut m bo l 95%
th c th ly S = 1,64.
u - h s ng cht ca btng, c th ly nh sau:
=0,135 cho btng c thnh phn v cht lng thi cng cao.
=0,150 cho btng c thnh phn v cht lng thi cng thng.
T cng thc (2.8) ta cng thy rng c th ly R
bn
bng cng c trng ca
mu lng tr.
2.1.1.6. Cp bn v mc ca btng:
a). Mc theo cng chu nn (M):
Theo tiu chun c 5574 1991, mc btng k hiu l M l cng trung bnh
ca mu th khi vung, cnh a=15cm, tnh bng kG/cm
2
. Btng c cc mc sau:
M50, 75, 100, 150, 200, , M600.
b). Cp bn chu nn (B):
Theo tiu chun mi 356 2005 quy nh phn bit cht lng btng theo cp
bn chu nn, k hiu l B l cng c trng (R
ch
) ca mu th khi vung, cnh
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 7
a=15cm, tnh bng MPa. Btng c cc cp bn B3,5; B5; B7,5; B10; B12,5; B15;
B20; B25; B30; B35;; B60.
Tng quan gia cp bn B v mc M ca cng mt loi btng c th hin
qua cng thc sau:
B = o|M (2.10)
Vi : o - l h s i n v t kG/cm
2
sang MPa, c th ly =0,1.
| - l h s chuyn i t cng trung bnh sang cng c trng,
theo cng thc (2.9) th | = (1 - Su).
2.1.1.7. Cc yu t nh hng n cng ca btng
a). Yu t vt liu:
- Cht lng v s lng ximng: thng thng trong 1m
3
btng cn dng t
250 500kg ximng, khi dng ximng nhiu th cng btng cao hn, nhng
ch to btng cng cao (B25, 30, ) ngoi vic tng lng ximng cn
cn phi dng ximng mc cao (PC40, 50, ) mi em li hiu qu kinh t v s
dng. Chng hn nh: ch to btng c cp bn B7,5; 10; 12,5; 15 c th
s dng ximng PC30, cn khi ch to btng c cp bn B20; 25; 30 cn dng
ximng PC40, nu s dng ximng PC30 th phi dng vi s lng nhiu, khng
t hiu qu kinh t, ng thi lm tng tnh co ngt v t bin trong btng nh
hng xu n cht lng btng.
- cng, sch v t l thnh phn ct liu (cp phi): thit k cp phi hp
l s em n hiu qu s dng cao v tit kim ximng.
- T l nc ximng: t l ny cao s lm gim cng btng v tng tnh
co ngt, t bin, nhng nu t l ny thp (va ) th kh thi cng, c bit l khi
bm btng.
a). Yu t con ngi:
Ngoi vic s dng vt liu tt, sch, cn c yu t con ngi nh hng n
cht lng btng, c bit l trong iu kin thi cng ton khi ti cng trnh, gm
cc yu t sau:
- Cht lng thi cng: thi cng k lng, m cht ng qui cch, s t c
cng btng nh mong mun.
- Cch thc bo dng: trong iu kin thi cng ton khi ti cng trnh, iu
kin bo dng kh t c nh trong phng th nghim, nhng cn bo dng
tht tt trong iu kin c th t c cht lng btng cao v gim co ngt,
c bit l cho sn.
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 8
Cht lng btng qua kt qu th nghim i khi cng khng phn nh ng
cht lng btng thc t, y yu t con ngi c tm nh hng ln, m c th
l ngi lm th nghim, n gm cc yu t sau:
- Ly mu v bo dng mu: ly mu cn tun th ng qui trnh c qui
nh trong tiu chun TCVN 3105-1993. Bo dng mu c th bo dng theo
iu kin tiu chun hoc trong iu kin thc t m cu kin chu nh hng ti
cng trnh.
- Qui trnh th nghim: cn tun th theo tiu chun 3105-1993, ch cc yu
t sau y lm nh hng n kt qu th nghim:
o phng mt ca mu th.
o Khng bi trn mt tip xc ca bn nn mu.
o Tc gia ti: 64 daN/cm
2
trong mt giy.
2.1.2. Bin dng ca btng
Btng b bin dng gm c: bin dng ban u do co ngt, bin dng do tc dng
ca ti trng, ca nhit v bin dng do t bin.
Bin dng do ti trng c th chia lm 3 loi:
- Bin dng do ti trng tc dng ngn hn.
- Bin dng do ti trng tc dng di hn.
- Bin dng do ti trng tc dng lp li.
2.1.2.1. Bin dng do ti trng tc dng ngn hn - mun n hi ca
btng :








c

o

1
2
c
el
c
pl
o
0


o

Hnh 2.2 th ng sut
bin dng ca mu th
lng tr chu nn
o
b
c
b
c*
b
R

A

B


C

Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 9
Khi th nghim, mu th lng tr vi tc t ti trung bnh, quan h gia ng
sut v bin dng c thnh lp theo th nh hnh 2.2.
ng quan h (o - c) ngay t u cong, ng sut cng tng th cong cng
nhiu. Khi ng sut t ti R th mu th b v (im C).
Nu khi ng sut t n tr s o
b
chng hn (im B), ta dn dn gim ti th
c ng (2). Khi o
b
=0 th mu th vn cn bin dng d c
pl
, iu c ngha l
bin dng ton phn o
b
ca btng gm c hai phn: 1 phn c th khi phc li c,
ng sut tr v tr s 0, l bin dng n hi c
el
v 1 phn khng th khi phc li
c l bin dng do c
pl
.
c
b
=c
el
+c
pl
(2.11)
Nh vy quan h ng sut v bin dng l quan h phi tuyn, tuy vy c th vit:
E
b
=tgo =
b
b
c
o
(2.12)
o
b
=E
b
.c
b
(2.13)
Tr s E
b
thay i theo o
b
v tng ng vi tr s ca o
b
, c mt gc o khc nhau.
E
b
gi l mun n hi - do ca btng. Mt khc trn th ta c:
E
b
= tgo
o
=
el
b
c
o
(2.14)
o
b
=E
b
.c
el
(2.15)
vi : o
o
- l gc nghing tip tuyn ti gc ca ng cong (o - c), v l gc
nghing ca ng thng phn chia bin gii gia bin dng n hi v
bin dng do.
E
b
- l mun n hi ca btng, c cho trong ph lc 1.
So snh (2.13) v (2.15) ta c:
c
b
.E
b
= E
b
. c
el
E
b
= E
b

b
el
c
c
= v.E
b
(2.16)
trong : v =
b
el
c
c
gi l h s n hi ca btng (2.17)
khi ti cng nh th v cng tin gn n 1
Thay (2.11) vo (2.17) ta c:

c
c
c
c c
v = =

= 1 1
b
pl
b
pl b
(2.18)
vi :
b
pl
c
c
=
l h s do ca btng (2.19)
Khi ti cng ln th cng tin gn n 1 v khi mu ph hoi th =1.

Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 10
2.1.2.2. Bin dng do ti trng tc dng di hn - tnh t bin ca btng:
Khi ti trng tc dng di hn, bin dng do ca btng vn tip tc tng theo
thi gian; mi u tng rt nhanh, sau chm dn v khong 3-4 nm sau th dng li.
Hin tng bin dng tng theo thi gian trong lc ng sut khng i gi l tnh t
bin ca btng.
Quan h ng sut - bin dng v quan h bin dng - thi gian do ti trng tc
dng di hn th hin trn th ca hnh 2.3a v hnh 2.3b sau:






Theo kt qu nghin cu th nghim, cc nhn t sau y c nh hng n tnh t
bin ca btng:
- Khi ng sut ln th bin dng do t bin cng ln.
- T l nc xi mng cng ln th bin dng do t bin cng ln.
- Tui btng lc t ti cng ln th bin dng t bin cng b.
- m ca mi trng cng ln thi bin dng do t bin cng b.
Ngoi ra, tnh t bin cn ph thuc vo ct liu v phng php thi cng. Trong
tnh ton cu kin btng ct thp, cn ch n nh hng ca tnh t bin ca btng
v n lm vng ca dm tng ln, lm tng s un dc ca cu kin chu nn lch
tm, lm cho khe nt thm rng ra.v.v... T bin ca btng cn gy ra s mt mt ng
sut trong chu ko btng ct thp ng lc trc.
2.1.2.3. Bin dng do ti trng lp li:
Nu ti trng c t vo ri ct ra nhiu ln th bin dng do s c tch ly
dn dn, n khi t n gi tr c
*
b
th mu ph hoi (xem hnh 2.4).


c
b
c*
b

o
b

0
t

c
b

c*
b

0
th ng sut - bin dng (oc) th bin dng - thi gian(c-t)
H.2.3b
H.2.3a
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 11
A
b
o
R
o
C
c c
*
b
B

2.1.2.4. Bin dng do co ngt :
Btng khi ng kt li trong khng kh th nht li nhng nu ng kt di
nc th n ra cht t. Hin tng gi chung l co ngt ca btng.
Sau nm u tin btng co ngt li 0,2 - 0,4mm/m, sau vn tip tc co ngt
nhng tc co ngt gim dn ri dng li. Hin tng co ngt phn b ngoi mt v
c b su, nhng ngoi mt co ngt nhiu hn, cu kin c b mt ln so vi th
tch (nh sn mi) th c co ngt ln.
* Cc nhn t nh hng n co ngt ca btng :
- S lng v hot tnh xi mng : lng xi mng cng ln th co ngt cng
nhiu, btng dng ximng s hiu cao th co ngt cng ln.
- T l nc, xi mng cng ln co ngt cng nhiu.
- Ct liu : ct nh ht v si sp lm tng co ngt.
- Cc cht ph gia ng kt nhanh cng lm co ngt ca btng tng ln.
S co ngt ca btng lm thay i kch thc ca cu kin, gy ra cc khe nt
trn b mt, do lm gim kh nng chu lc ca cu kin.
Bin dng co ngt v bin dng t bin c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Chng
khc nhau ch bin dng co ngt l bin dng khi v xy ra d khng c tc dng
ca ti trng, cn bin dng t bin l bin dng theo phng lc v xy ra khi c tc
dng ca ti trng.
2.2. Tnh nng c l ca ct thp:
Ct thp l thnh phn rt quan trng ca btng ct thp, n ch yu chu lc
ko trong cu kin, nhng cng c lc c dng tng kh nng chu nn. Ct thp
phi t c cc yu cu c bn v tnh do, v s cng chung lm vic vi btng
trong tt c cc giai on chu lc ca kt cu, v bo m thi cng thun li.
Hnh 2.4. th ng sut-
bin dng trng hp ti
trng lp li
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 12
2.2.1. Thp dn v thp do:
Cn c vo tnh nng c hc ca ct thp, c th phn ra hai loi : ct thp do v
ct thp dn. Ct thp do c thm chy r rng trn th ng sut bin dng, cn ct
thp dn khng c gii hn chy r rng, nn i vi loi ct thp dn ngi ta ly ng
sut tng ng vi bin dng d t i l 0,2% lm gii hn chy qui c.




2.2.2. Phn loi thp xy dng:
Thp xy dng c phn loi nh sau (theo tiu chun TCVN 1651 1985 v
tiu chun Nga):
- Nhm CI, AI: l thp trn trn, c | =4 - 10m.m, l thp cun, khng
hn ch chiu di.
- Nhm AII, AIII, CII, CIII: l thp c g (thp gn), c | =12 - 40m.m,
l thp thanh c chiu di chun l 11.7m.
- Nhm AIV, CIV: l thp cng cao, t dng trong xy dng.
Cng ca cc nhm ct thp trn c th xem trong bng ph lc 2.






Hnh 2.5
th ng sut bin dng ca
ct thp chu ko
1- ca ct do
2- ca ct dn
2
1
Thm chy

o
y

0
c
s
*

Hnh 2.6
Cc loi thp xy dng:
a). Thp cun.
b). Thp thanh vn c nh s
hiu.
c). Mt loi thp vn khc.
d). B cc thanh thp khi xut
xng
a). b). c).
d).
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 2. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu 13

2.3. Btng ct thp :
Btng v ct thp c th cng chu lc l nh lc dnh gia btng v ct thp.
Lc dnh ch yu l lc ma st to nn, lc ma st sinh ra do s g gh trn b mt ct
thp. Do nu dng ct thp c g (gn) th lc ma st tng gp 2-3 ln so vi dng
ct trn.
S co ngt ca btng gy ra ng lc nn vo b mt ca ct thp cng lm tng
thm lc dnh.
Lc dnh gia btng v ct thp to cho ct thp c kh nng cn tr s co
ngt ca btng. Kt qu l ct thp b nn cn btng chu ko. Khi c nhiu ct thp,
ng sut ko trong btng tng ln c th t n cng chu ko v lm xut hin
khe nt.
Ct thp cng cn tr bin dng t bin ca btng, do khi c ti trng tc
dng lu di th gia btng v ct thp s c s phn phi li ni lc. V vy trong tnh
ton kt cu btng ct thp chu tc dng ca ti trng di hn th phi xt nh hng
ca t bin.











Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 14
Chng 3. NGUYN L CHUNG V TNH TON v CU TO
3.1. S pht trin ca l thuyt tnh ton cu kin btng ct thp :
T khi btng ct thp xut hin cho n ngy nay, s pht trin v thc hin l
thuyt tnh ton cu kin btng ct thp tri qua 3 giai on c bn:
- Phng php tnh theo ng sut cho php: xt cu kin lm vic giai on
n hi.
- Phng php tnh ton theo giai on ph hoi: xt cu kin trng thi do.
- Phng php tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn: do PP th hai pht trin.
3.2. Cc giai on ca trng thi ng sut bin dng ca cu kin chu un :
phn tch r s khc nhau gia cc phng php tnh ton trn, ly v d xt
1 cu kin btng ct thp chu un, t lc mi bt u chu ti trng tc dng cho n
lc b ph hoi, khi th nghim cu kin chu un c th quan st c 3 giai on tiu
biu ca trng thi ng sut - bin dng trn tit din thng gc vi trc ca cu kin.
a) Giai on I : Lc mi t ti trng, mment cn nh, tit din lm vic
giai on n hi, ng sut v bin dng tun theo nh lut Hook. Khi mment tng
ln, th min btng chu ko xut hin bin dng do, s ng sut php ti min
chu ko ny b cong i nhiu, min btng chu nn ch yu vn lm vic giai on
n hi. Khi ng sut ti min btng chu ko t ti hn cng chu ko R
t
th ti
min ny sp xut hin khe nt, lc trng thi ng sut bin dng vo giai on I.a
(Hnh 3.1a).
b) Giai on II : Khi mment tng ln th min btng chu ko b nt ra v
mment cng tng th khe nt cng m rng. pha trn khe nt vn cn mt phn
btng chu ko, nhng ti khe nt th btng khng chu ko c na v truyn ni
lc ko sang cho ct thp chu. min btng chu nn xut hin bin dng do, do
s ng sut nn c dng ng cong lc ng sut trong ct thp l o
s
, trng thi
ng sut - bin dng vo giai on II.
Nu lng ct thp chu ko khng nhiu lm th khi mment tng ln na,
ng sut trong cc ct thp chu ko ny t ti gii hn chy R
s
v trng thi ng sut -
bin dng ca tit din vo giai on II.a (Hnh 3.1b).
c) Giai on III : Giai on III ca trng thi ng sut bin dng cn gi l
giai on ph hoi. Khi mment tip tc tng ln th s ng sut ca min btng
chu nn cong i nhiu v bin dng pht trin nhng din tch min btng chu nn b
thu hp li v khe nt ko di ln pha trn, ng sut trong ct thp vn gi tr s R
s
v
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 15
y l gii hn chy, lc bin dng ca ct thp tng ch ng sut trong ct thp
khng tng, lc by gi ng sut trong min btng chu nn vn tip tc tng v khi
ng sut ny t ti gii hn cng chu nn R
b
th tit din b ph hoi, y l
trng hp ph hoi th nht (Hnh 3.1c).


















Nu lng ct thp chu ko qu nhiu, trng thi ng sut - bin dng ca tit
din khng tri qua giai on II.a m trc tip t giai on II chuyn sang giai on III.
Khi tit din b ph hoi l do ng sut trong min btng chu nn t ti cng
chu nn R
b
. Nhng ng sut trong ct thp chu ko lc tit din b ph hoi cha t
ti gii hn chy (o
s
<R
s
) y l trng hp ph hoi th 2 hay cn gi l trng hp
ph hoi dn.
Trong thit k cu kin chu un, cn trnh xy ra trng hp ny v:
- Cu kin b ph hoi dn tc l ph hoi t ngt rt nguy him v ph hoi
nhanh khng bit trc c.
a)
o
s

o
t

o
b

M
I
o
s

R
t

o
b
I.a
b)
o
s

o
b

M
II
R
s

o
b
II.a

c)
R
s

R
b

M
III

o
s

R
b
III.a

Hnh 3.1 Cc giai on ca trng thi ng sut bin dng trn tit
din chu un
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 16
- Khng tit kim c ct thp v khng tn dng ht kh nng chu lc ca n.
Th nghim cho thy trong qu trnh bin i trng thi ng sut bin dng t giai
on ny sang giai on khc, trc trung ha x dch vi tr.
Dc theo chiu di ca trc dm, ty theo tr s ca mment un v v tr ca khe
nt m cc tit din thng gc vi trc dm c th vo cc giai on ng sut bin
dng khc nhau, t giai on I n giai on III.
Quan h ng sut v bin dng khi un ca cu kin btng ct thp trong cc giai
on trng thi ng sut hon ton khc nhau. ng sut v bin dng trong vng chu
nn ca tit din dm c quan h vi nhau nh trong trng hp nn trung tm, cn
trong trng hp chu ko nh ko trung tm.
3.3. Tnh ton btng ct thp theo phng php trng thi gii hn :
Khi mt kt cu chu lc qu sc b bin dng hoc chuyn v qu ln hoc trong
kt cu hnh thnh khe nt hay b rng khe nt qu ln th nu kt cu 1 trong nhng
trng hp nh vy gi l trng thi gii hn.
3.3.1. Gii hn I : Tnh theo cng hay l tnh theo kh nng chu lc, trng
thi gii hn trong tnh ton m bo cu kin :
- Khng b ph hoi do dn mi.
- Khng b mt n nh.
- Khng b mt v tr ca cu kin.
- Khng b dao ng cng hng.
iu kin cng l :


s ) . (
i i
tc
i c i
tc
i
m k R S F n n N
ng lc tnh ton kh nng chu lc
Trong :

tc
i
N : ng lc tiu chun
n
i
: H s vt ti; n
c
: H s t hp ti trng
F : Hm s tng ng vi ng lc tc dng
S : c trng hnh hc ca cu kin
R
tc
: Cng tiu chun ca vt liu
k
i
: H s ng cht ca vt liu
m
i
: H s iu kin lm vic ca vt liu.
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 17
3.3.2. Gii hn II : iu kin ca trng thi gii hn II gm:
- iu kin khng b bin dng hoc chuyn v qu nhiu (nh: vng, xoay)
| | f f s
f : bin dng hoc chuyn v, n l mt hm s ca ti trng tiu chun,
ca tnh c hc, tnh n hi do ca vt liu, c trng hnh hc ca cu
kin.
[ f ] : bin dng, chuyn v do quy phm qui nh.
- iu kin khng cho nt cu kin hoc cho php nt nhng hn ch b
rng khe nt cn gi l tnh ton theo s hnh thnh khe, iu kin l :
a
crc
[a
crc
]
[a
crc
] : b rng khe nt do quy phm
a
crc
: b rng khe nt do ni lc gy ra
a
crc
cng l mt hm s do ti trng tiu chun, ca tnh c hc v tnh
n hi do ca vt liu, ca hnh dng v cch b tr thp trong cu kin.
Ni chung tnh theo trng thi gii hn nht thit phi tnh theo trng thi gii
hn I v ty cng trnh thc t m tnh thm trng thi gii hn II.
3.4. Cng tiu chun v cng tnh ton :
Gi tr tiu chun l gi tr c kh nng xy ra nhiu nht trong iu kin s dng
bnh thng (gi tr cng tiu chun c cp chng 2), nhng m
bo s an ton ca kt cu khi tnh ton phi xt n nhng trng hp c bit c th
xy ra, lc ti trng thc t c th vt qu ti trng tiu chun, v ti trng tiu
chun a vo tiu chun thit k l kt qu nghin cu tnh v trong mt thi gian di.
Trong phng php tnh ton dng h s phn nh iu ny.
Trong cng vt liu cng vy, an ton trong tnh ton ngi ta a ra khi
nim cng tnh ton, c xc nh nh sau:
- Cng tnh ton v nn v ko ca btng:
bc
bn bi
b
R
R

= ;
bt
btn bi
bt
R
R

= (3.1)
Trong :
bc
,
bt
: h s tin cy ca btng, tng ng khi nn v khi ko, cho
trong bng 11 TCXDVN 356 2005 [3].

bi
: h s iu kin lm vic ca BT, k n tnh cht ca ti trng, giai
on lm vic ca kt cu, kch thc ca tit din.cho trong bng 15 [3].
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 18
Gi tr R
b
v R
bt
khi cha k n
bi
gi l cng tnh ton gc ca btng, gi
tr ny cho trong bng ph lc 4 (i vi btng nng).
- Cng tnh ton v ko ca thp:
s
sn si
s
R
R

= (3.2)
Trong :
s
: h s tin cy ca thp, cho trong bng 20 [3].

si
: h s iu kin lm vic ca thp, k n s mi khi chu ti
trng lp, s phn b ng sut khng u, cng ca btng
bao quanh ct thpcho trong bng 23 [3].
Gi tr R
s
khi cha k n
si
gi l cng tnh ton gc, gi tr ny cho trong
bng ph lc 2.
3.5. Yu cu chung v cu to:
y ch trnh by cc yu cu chung v cu to ct thp trong cc dng cu kin,
yu cu ring ca tng loi cu kin (chu un, chu nn, chu xon) s c trnh
by trong cc chng sau.
3.5.1. Neo ct thp:
ct thp bm chc vo btng, i vi thp trn - u ct thp cn c un
cong (nh hnh 3.2b), i vi thp c g hoc thp chu nn c th khng cn un cong
hoc un nh hnh 3.2a.




Chiu di on neo ca ct thp vo gi ta l
an
c tnh nh sau:
l
an
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A +
an
b
s
an
R
R
e |
an
| v l
min
(3.3)
Cc gi tr h s trong cng thc (3.3) c cho trong bng 3.1 di y:




|
.
o=45 - 90
7|
3|
2
,
5
|
Hnh 3.2
a). b).
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 19
Bng 3.1: Cc h s
an
,
an
,
an
, l
min
trong cng thc (3.3).
H s
an
v
an
Thp c g Thp trn trn
iu kin lm vic ca ct thp

an

an

an

an

H
s

an
l
min

(m.m)
1. on neo ct thp
- Chu ko trong vng BT chu ko.
- Chu ko hoc nn trong vng BT
chu nn.
2. Ni chng ct thp
- Trong vng BT chu ko
- Trong vng BT chu nn

0,7
0,5


0,9
0,65

20
12


20
15

1,2
0,8


1,55
1

20
15


20
15

11
8


11
8

250
200


250
200

3.5.2. Ni ct thp:
Ct thp phi ni khi :
- Chiu di cu kin qu ln m chiu di thanh thp th hn ch (l=6 12m).
- Thi cng theo phng ng m chiu di thanh thp qu ln lm tr ngi khi
thi cng, khng th dng ct thp c.
- Ct, ni ct thp c ng knh khc nhau chu lc cc nhp khc nhau.
C th dng cch ni hn, buc, hoc ni bng ng lng.
3.5.2.1. Ni hn:
- Hn i u: c thc hin bng my hn chuyn dng, dng ni di cc
thanh thp c | 10 m.m, t l ng knh ca 2 thanh khng nh hn 0,85 - tc l:
|
1
/|
2
0,85 (xem hnh 3.3a).
|
l
|
h
12
Thp
? ng l?ng
lh



Hnh 3.3
a). b).
c). d).
ng mng
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 20
- Hn h quang : cho 2 thanh thp tip xc nhau, dng que hn hn chc 2
thanh thp li, nu 2 thanh thp c | 25 nn b cong thanh thp (nh hnh 3.3b) trc
khi hn m bo 2 thanh thp ng trc nhau; trong mt s trng hp c bit khi
phi hn thp ti cng trng ngi ta c th hn gin tip bng tm thp (hnh 3.3c)
hoc bng ng mng (hnh 3.3.d).
- Chiu di ng hn l
h
: c th xc nh bng tnh ton hoc thc nghim
m bo sao cho khi th nghim ko th v tr thanh thp t l ngoi ng hn, c th
ly nh sau:
o l
h
4| - khi hn c bn thp (hoc thanh kp), hn 2 pha.
o l
h
5| - khi hn khng c bn thp, hn 2 pha.
o Ly bng gp i khi hn 1 pha.
o Chiu dy ng hn h
h
|/4 hoc 4 m.m.
o Chiu rng ng hn |/2 hoc 10 m.m.
3.5.2.2. Ni buc (ni chng) :
t 2 thanh thp st nhau v buc li bng dy thp mm (|1), c th khng cn
buc nhng phi m bo iu kin thi cng v chiu di on thp chng vo nhau l
an

theo cng thc (3.3). Khng c ni chng khi thp c ng knh >36, khng nn
ni chng trong vng btng chu ko.
3.5.2.3. Ni bng ng lng (ng ni) :
t u 2 thanh thp vo trong ng ni, dng my p chuyn dng p cht ng
ni lin kt 2 u thanh thp bng ma st hoc c th lin kt bng ren hay keo dn,
phng php ni ny cn tun th theo tiu chun xy dng TCXD 234 1999. Dng
ni ny cn gi l ni c kh, c u im l t b chim ch do 2 mi thp chng ln
nhau v thanh thp lm vic lin tc m khng cn truyn lc qua btng, xem hnh 3.4,
3.5, 3.6.

Hnh 3.4. Mi ni chng chim nhiu ch
Bi ging: BTNG C S
Chng 3. Nguyn l chung v tnh ton v cu to 21


Hnh 3.5. So snh gia hai kiu ni

Hnh 3.6. My ni thp









Mi ni chng thp
truyn lc vo
btng, nu btng
ngay mi ni v ra
s nh hng n
kh nng chu lc