Chng 1: Gii thiu

CHNG 1: GII THIU

1.1 Gi thiu chung
K thut OFDM ( Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) l mt trng
hp c bit ca phng php iu ch a sng mang, trong cc sng mang ph
trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tnh hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln
ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi phc li tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn
hiu lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi k
thut iu ch thng thng.
K thut iu ch OFDM do R.W Chang pht minh nm 1966 M . Trong nhng
thp k va qua, nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut ny c thc hin
khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cng trnh khoa hc ca Weistein v Ebert
chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c thng qua php bin
i IDFT v php gii iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c bng php bin i
DFT. Pht minh ny cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s lm cho k thut iu
ch OFDM c ng dng tr nn rng ri. Thay v s dng IDFT ngi ta c th
s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT cho b iu ch OFDM, s dng FFT cho b gii
iu ch OFDM.
ng dng k thut OFDM, ta c kh nng truyn thng tin tc cao, s dng
bng thng hiu qu, chng c nhiu lin k t ISI, nhiu lin sng mang ICI,
chng c fading chn lc tn s. K thut OFDM c bit n cch y khong
hn 40 nm nhng m n mi c ng dng rng ri nhng nm gn y. Nhng
sn phm ng dng k thut OFDM c th k n WIMAX (Worlwide
interoperationability for Microwaves Access), WLAN (Wireless Local Area
Network) 802.11, x-DSL (x-Digital Subcriber Line) v DVT (Digital Video
Broadcasting).
Ngy nay k thut OFDM cn kt hp vi phng php m knh s dng trong
thng tin v tuyn. Cc h thng ny cn c gi COFDM (code OFDM). Trong
h thng ny tn hiu trc khi c iu ch OFDM s c m knh vi cc loi
m khc nhau nhm mc ch chng li cc li ng truyn. Do cht lng knh
Trang 1
Chng 1: Gii thiu
(fading v SNR) ca mi sng mang ph l khc nhau, ngi ta iu ch tn hiu
trn mi sng mang vi cc mc iu ch khc nhau. H thng ny m ra khi nim
v h thng truyn dn s dng k thut OFDM vi b iu ch tn hiu thch ng.
K thut ny c s dng trong h thng thng tin my tnh bng rng
HiperLAN/2 Chu u. Trn th gii h thng ny c chun ha theo tiu chun
IEEE.802.11a.
OFDM l mt ng c vin sng gi cho cc h thng thng tin tc cao, do
ngy cng c nhiu h thng thng tin ng dng k thut OFDM. Vic c lng
knh truyn ng vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng thng tin ni chung v h
thng OFDM ni ring.
1.2 Mc ch n
n nghin cu v cc vn c lng knh truyn trong MIMO-OFDM thng
qua m hnh c s m rng BEMs . Phn chnh ca n l tm hiu 2 k thut c
lng MAP v ML .
1.3 B cc ca n
n chia lm 5 chng :
Chng 1 : Gii thiu khi qut n
Chng 2 : Trong chng ny s ln lt trnh by v cc khi nim c bn trong
OFDM, tnh trc giao, cu trc OFDM, u nhc im v s khi h thng
OFDM, ng b trong OFDM, k thut iu ch s dng trong OFDM, vn sp
xp cc pilot, h thng Anten thng minh (MIMO), K thut phn tp Anten
(Antenna Diversity)
Chng 3 : Trong chng ny s ln lt trnh by v cc khi nim c bn trong
knh truyn v tuyn, khi nim knh truyn dn phn tp a ng, p ng xung
ca knh khng ph thuc thi gian v knh ph thuc thi gian, cc m hnh knh
c bn, quan h gia tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu v m hnh knh, knh truyn dn
trong mi trng nhiu trng,
Chng 4 : Trong chng ny s trnh by v k thut c lng knh truyn trong
h thng MIMO-OFDM thng qua m hnh Bayessian , trnh by cc thut ton v
Trang 2
Chng 1: Gii thiu
m hnh tn hiu u pht v u thu ,chng trnh m phng ca k thut c
lng MAP v ML , so snh cc kt qu m phng .
Chng 5 : Kt lun v hng pht trin ti trong tng lai
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
CHNG 2 GII THIU V K THUT OFDM
2.1 Gii thiu chng
Trong chng ny s ln lt trnh by v cc khi nim c bn trong OFDM, s
khc nhau gia OFDM v FDM, tnh trc giao, cu trc OFDM, s khi h
thng OFDM, vn ng b trong OFDM, u nhc im ca h thng OFDM,
k thut iu ch s dng trong OFDM, cc bc thit k h thng OFDM
2.2 Khi nim OFDM
K thut OFDM l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). l s kt hp gia m ha v
ghp knh. Thng thng ni ti ghp knh ngi ta thng ni ti nhng tn hiu
c lp t nhng ngun c lp c t hp li. Trong OFDM, nhng tn hiu c
lp ny l cc sng mang con. u tin tn hiu s chia thnh cc ngun c lp, m
ha v sau ghp knh li tao nn sng mang OFDM
OFDM l trng hp c bit ca FDM (Frequency Divison Multiplex), trong k
thut FDM bng tn tng ca ng truyn c chia thnh N knh tn s khng
chng ln nhau. Tn hiu mi knh c iu ch vi mt sng mang ph ring v
N knh c ghp phn chia theo tn s. trnh giao thoa gia cc knh, mt
bng tn bo v c hnh thnh gia 2 knh k nhau.iu ny gy lng ph bng
tn tng. khc phuc nhc im ny ca FDM, cn s dng N sng mang ph
chng ln, nhng trc giao vi nhau. iu kin trc giao ca cc sng mang ph l
tn s ca mi sng mang ph ny bng tn s nguyn ln ca chu trnh (T) k hiu,
y l vn quan trng trong k thut OFDM, phn ny em xin trnh by k hn
chng 2.
2.3 So snh FDM v OFDM
OFDM khc vi FDM nhiu im. Tt c cc sng mang th cp trong tn hiu
OFDM c ng b thi gian v tn s vi nhau, cho php kim sot tt can nhiu
gia cc sng mang vi nhau. Cc sng mang ny chng lp trong min tn s
nhng khng gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI: inter-carrier interference) do
bn cht trc giao ca iu ch. Vi FDM, tn hiu truyn cn c khong bo v tn
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
s ln gia cc knh m bo khng b chng ph, v vy khng c hin tng
giao thoa k t ISI gia nhng sng mang. iu ny lm gim hiu qu ph. Tuy
nhin vi OFDM nhm khc phc hiu qu ph km khi c khong bo v (guard
period) bng cch gim khong cch cc sng mang v cho php ph ca cc sng
mang cnh nhau trng lp nhau. S trng lp ny c php nu khong cch gia
cc sng mang c chn chnh xc sao cho nh ca sng mang ny s i qua dim
khng ca sng mang kia tc l cc sng mang trc giao nhau nhng tn hiu
c khi phc m khng giao thoa hay chng ph.
Hnh 2.1:K thut a sng mang chng xung v khng chng xung.
Hnh 2.2: Ph ca OFDM v FDM
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
2.4 Tnh trc giao trong OFDM
ORTHOGONAL l thut ng cp n mt mi quan h ton hc chnh xc
gia cc tn s ca cc sng mang trong h thng OFDM. Trong h thng FDM
thng thng, nhiu sng mang c t cch nhau mt khong ph hp tn hiu
thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v cc b gii iu ch thng
thng. Trong cc h thng nh vy, cc khong bo v gia cc sng mang khc
nhau cn c d liu trc v vic a vo cc khong bo v ny lm gim hiu
qu s dng ph ca h thng .
Tuy nhin c th sp xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin ca
chng che ph ln nhau m cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c
s can nhiu gia cc sng mang. Mun c nh vy cc sng mang phi trc giao
v mt ton hc. My thu hot ng nh mt b gm cc b gii iu ch, dch tn
mi sng mang xung mc DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn mt chu k
ca symbol phc hi d liu gc. Nu tt c cc sng mang khc u c dch
xung tn s tch phn ca sng mang ny (trong mt chu k symbol ), th kt
qu tnh tch phn cho cc sng mang khc s l zero. Do cc sng mang c
lp tuyn tnh vi nhau (trc giao) nu khong cch gia cc sng l bi s ca 1/.
Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi can nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI (Inter-
Carrierinterference) cng lm mt i tnh trc giao .
Vic x l (iu ch v gii iu ch) tn hiu OFDM c thc hin trong
min tn s, bng cch s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal
Processing). Nguyn tc ca tnh trc giao thng c s dng trong phm vi
DSP. Trong ton hc, s hng trc giao c c t vic nghin cu cc vect.
Theo nh ngha, hai vect c gi l trc giao vi nhau khi chng vung gc vi
nhau hay l tch ca 2 vect l bng 0. im chnh y l tng nhn hai hm
s vi nhau, tng hp cc tch v nhn c kt qu l 0.
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM

Hnh 2.3 : Tch 2 vect trc giao bng 0
u tin ta ch n hm s thng thng c gi tr trung bnh bng khng (v
d gi tr trung bnh ca hm sin di y ). Nu cng bn k dng v bn k m
ca dng sng sin nh di y chng ta s c kt qu l 0. Qu trnh tch phn c
th c xem xt khi tm ra din tch di dng ng cong. Do din tch ca
1 sng sin c th c vit nh sau:

2
0
sin( ) 0
k
t dt

(2.1)
Qu trnh tnh tch phn c th c xem nh l qu trnh tm ra din tch
bn di ng cong tn hiu. Do , din tch ca mt sng sin c th c vit
nh sau :

Hnh 2.4: Gi tr trung bnh ca sng sin bng 0
Nu chng ta nhn v cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc
nhau.Ta nhn thy qu trnh ny cng bng 0.
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM

Hnh 2.5: Tch phn cc sng sin c cng tn s
Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng,
gi tr trung bnh ca n lun khc khng (hnh 2.5). y l c cu rt quan trng
cho qu trnh gii iu ch OFDM. Cc my thu OFDM bin i tn hiu thu c
sang min tn s nh dng k thut x l tn hiu s gi l bin i nhanh Fourier
(FFT).
Vic gii iu ch cht ch c thc hin k tip trong min s (digital
domain) bng cch nhn tng sng mang c truyn n my thu vi tng sng
mang c to ra trong my thu c cng tn s v pha mt cch chnh xc. Sau
php tch phn c thc hin, kt qu l tt c cc sng mang khc s v khng
ngoi tr sng mang c nhn, n c dch ln trc x, c tch ra mt cch hiu
qu v gi tr symbol ca n khi c xc nh. Ton b qu trnh ny c
lp li kh nhanh chng cho mi sng mang, n khi tt c cc sng mang
c gii iu ch. Nhiu l thuyt chuyn i c thc hin bng chui trc
giao.
2.4.1 Dng biu din ton hc ca s trc giao
Hai hm thc f(t) v g(t) c gi l trc giao (orthogonal) vi nhau trn on
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
{ t0,t1}nu:
1
0
( ) ( ) 0
t
t
f t g t dt

(2.2)
Nu f(t) v g(t) l hai hm phc, tnh cht trn c nh ngha l :
1 1
* *
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
t t
t t
f t g t dt f t g t dt

(2.3)
Trong f*(t) l lng lin hp phc ca f(t)
Nhn xt : t nh ngha c th chng minh rng :
Tp hp cc hm (cosn

t, sinm

t) trc giao tng i mt trn on

0 0 0
2 / t t t k + vi m,m

0; m

n v k nguyn dng c ngha l:

0
0 2 /
0 0
0
(cosn *cos ) 0
t k
t
t m t dt


+

0
0 2 /
0 0
0
(sinn *sin ) 0
t k
t
t m t dt


+

0
0 2 /
0 0
0
(sinn * os ) 0
t k
t
t c m t dt


+

Hnh 2.6 : Cu trc ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian
Do vy ta c th dng tp hp trn nh mt tp hm vect c s trc giao.
Sng mang con trong mt tn hiu OFDM c t chng lp ln nhau m vn duy
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
tr tnh trc giao gia chng. Tn hiu OFDM c to thnh t tng cc tn hiu
sin, vi mi tn hiu sin tng ng mt sng mang con. Tn s bng gc ca mi
sng mang con c chn l s nguyn ln nghch o thi gian k t, kt qu l tt
c cc sng mang u c mt s nguyn ln chu k trn mt k t OFDM. Vy cc
sng mang con trc giao vi nhau. Hnh 2.6 th hin cu trc ca mt tn hiu
OFDM vi 4 sng mang con.
2.4.2.Trc giao trong min tn s
Mt cch khc xem xt tnh trc giao ca tn hiu OFDM l xem xt
trong min tn s ca n. Trong min tn s mi sng mang con c p ng tn s
l sinc =sin(x) / x nh ta thy trong hnh 2.7. l kt qu ca thi gian k t tng
ng vi nghch o khong cch sng mang. Xa hn b thu l lin quan n mi k
t OFDM truyn trong mt khong thi gian c nh ( FFT T ) vi vic khng bp
nhn ti u cui ca k t. Thi gian k t ny tng ng vi bin i ngc ca
khong cch sng mang con ca 1/ FFT T Hz. Tn hiu c dng ch nht trong min
thi gian th s c p ng tn s l sinc trong min tn s. Hnh dng sinc c mt
bp chnh hp, vi nhiu bp cnh suy gim chm vi bin ca tn s khc nhau
t trung tm. Mi sng mang con c nh ti tn s trung tm v khong cch rng
vi l hng tn s bng khong cch sng mang. Bn cht trc giao ca vic truyn
l kt qu ca nh sng mang con v p ng rng vi cc sng mang con cn li.
Khi tn hiu c tch bng cch s dng DFT, ph khng phi lin tc nh hnh
2.7(a) m gm cc mu ri rc, im ly mu c k hiu o nh trong hnh. Nu
DFT c ng b thi gian, tn s ly mu ca DFT tng ng ng vi nh ca
sng mang con, v vy s chng lp trong min tn s gia cc sng mang con
khng nh hng n b thu. Gi tr nh ca cc sng mang cn li tng ng vi
p ng rng, dn n s trc giao gia cc sng mang con.

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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM

Hnh 2.7 : p ng tn s ca sng mang con trong tn hiu OFDM 5 tone
Hnh a. ch ph ca mi sng mang con, v mu tn s ri rc xem xt bi b
thu
Hnh b. ch s kt hp ton b p ng 5 sng mang con ( ng en dy)
2.5 Cu trc OFDM
Cu trc min tn s OFDM gm 3 loi sng mang con :
- Sng mang con d liu cho truyn d liu
- Sng mang con dn ng cho mc ch c lng v ng b
- Sng mang con v dng (null) khng truyn dn, c s dng cho cc bng
bo v v cc sng mang DC.
Hnh 2.8: Cu trc OFDM trong min tn s
Trong mt h thng OFDM, ti nguyn sn c trong min thi gian chnh l
cc symbol OFDM v trong min tn s chnh l cc sng mang con. Cc ti nguyn
ny c t chc thnh cc knh con (sub-channel) cp pht cho ngi dng.
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM

Hnh 2.9: Cu trc knh con OFDM

Hnh 2.10: Cu trc lt OFDM
Cu trc knh con OFDM c pht ho hnh (2.9). Trong k t OFDM th 1
v th 3, nhng sng mang con bn ngoi ca mi lt u l nhng sng mang con
dn ng v c th c lng p ng knh ti nhng tn s ny bng vic so snh
vi nhng sng mang dn ng tham chiu bit trc. p ng tn s ca hai
sng mang bn trong c th c c lng bng php ni suy tuyn tnh trong
min tn s. tnh ton p ng tn s ca nhng sng mang lin kt vi k t
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
OFDM th hai, ta c th ni suy trong min thi gian t s c lng cho k t
OFDM th 1 v th 3
2.6 u nhc im ca h thng OFDM
* u im
-OFDM l gii php phn tp tn s. OFDM chia nh bng tn knh v tin hnh
truyn d liu c lp trn cc bng tn knh con ny
- OFDM t c hiu qu s dng ph tn cao ,do tnh trc giao ca cc thnh
phn sng mang con.
-OFDM l ng c vin ha hn ch truyn dn tc cao trong mi trng di
ng. S d OFDM lm c nh vy bi v chu k k hiu tng cho nn dung sai
tr ca h thng tng v hiu qu s dng ph tn cao ca cng ngh OFDM.
- OFDM cho php gim c nh hng ca tr a ng v knh phading chn
lc tn s chuyn thnh knh phading phng. V vy OFDM l gii php i vi tnh
chn lc tn s ca knh phading. Thun li ny ca OFDM cho php cn bng
knh d dng.
- Do tri rng phading tn s trn nhiu k hiu , nn lm ngu nhin ha li cm
(do phading Rayleigh gy ra) , nn thay v mt s k hiu cnh nhau b mo hon
ton l mt s k hiu cnh nhau b mo.
- Tnh kh thi ca OFDM cao do ng dng trit cng ngh x l tn hiu s v
cng ngh vi mch VLSI
*Nhc im
OFDM l mt k thut truyn dn a sng mang nn nhc im chnh ca k
thut ny l t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR (Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio) ln. Tn hiu OFDM l tng hp tn hiu t cc sng mang ph, nn
khi cc sng mang ph ng pha, tn hiu OFDM s xut hin nh rt ln khin cho
PAPR ln. iu ny khin cho vic s dng khng hiu qu b khuych i cng
sut ln HPA (high-power amplifier).
Mt nhc im khc ca OFDM l rt nhy vi lch tn s, khi hiu ng dch tn
Doppler xy ra tn s sng mang trung tm s b lch, dn n b FFT khng ly
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
mu ng ti nh cc sng mang, dn ti sai li khi gii iu ch cc symbol. ng
thi OFDM i hi ng b tn s v thi gian mt cch chnh xc.
2.7 S khi ca h thng
Hnh 2.11 s khi pht thu h thng OFDM in hnh
2.7.1 My pht
My pht chuyn lung d liu s pht thnh pha v bin sng mang con.
Cc sng mang con c ly mu trong min tn s,ph ca chng l cc im ri
rc.Sau s dng bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) chuyn ph ca cc sng
mang con mang d liu vo min thi gian. Tuy nhin cc h thng trong thc t
dung bin i Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT) v n tnh hiu ca n .Tn hiu OFDM
trong min thi gian c trn nng tn s truyn dn v tuyn
2.7.2 My thu
My thu thc hin hot ng ngc li ca my pht. Theo trc ht , trn
h tn tn hiu RF thnh tn hiu bng tn c s, sau s dng FFT phn tch tn
hiu vo min tn s. Cui cng thng tin dng bin v pha ca cc sng mang
con c gii iu ch thnh cc lung s v chuyn tr li thnh d liu s ban
u.
2.7.3 Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song ( Serial to Para )
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song chuyn lung bit u vo thnh d
liu pht trong mi k hiu OFDM, thng mi k hiu pht gm 40-4000 bit. Vic
phn b d liu pht vo mi mi k hiu ph thuc vo phng php iu ch
c dng v s lng sng mang con.
V d, i vi iu ch sng mang ca16-QAM th mi sng mang con mang 4
bit d liu, nu h thng truyn dn s dng 100 sng mang con th s lng bit trn
mi k hiu s l 400. Ti pha thu qu trnh c thc hin ngc li, khi d
liu t cc sng mang con c chuyn ngc tr li l lung d liu ni tip ban
u.
Do tnh cht chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh (pha inh chn lc tn s) tc
ng ln mt nhm cc sng mang con lm chng suy gim nhanh chng. Ti im
p ng knh xp x 0, thng tin gi trn sng mang con gn im ny s b tn
tht, hu qu l gy cm li bit trong mi k hiu. Do c ch FEC l hiu qu cao
nu cc li c phn tn rng (khng tp chung hay cm li), v vy ci thin
hiu nng, a phn h thng dng ngu nhin ho nh l mt phn ca chuyn i
ni tip thnh song song. Vn ny c thc hin bng cch ngu nhin ho vic
phn b sng mang con ca mi mt bit d liu ni tip. Ngu nhin ho lm phn
tn cc cm bit li trong k hiu OFDM do s tng hiu nng sa li ca FEC.
2.7.4 iu ch cc sng mang con

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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Hnh 2.12: Cho ta thy quan h gia tc symbol v tc bit ph thuc
vo s bit trong mt symbol.
Mi mt symbol b bit trong mt frame s c a vo b mapping, mc ch l
nng cao dung lng knh truyn. Mt symbol b bit s tng ng mt trong M=2b
trng thi hay mt v tr trong constellation (gin chm sao).
BPSK s dng 1 symbol c 1 bit 0 hoc 1 s xc nh trng thi pha
0
0 hoc
0
180 ,
tc Baud hay tc symbol s bng tc bit symbol
R Rb
QPSK s dng 1 symbol 2 bit (Dibit)
/ 2
symbol
R Rb
S bit c truyn trong mt symbol tng ln (M tng ln), th hiu qu bng
thng:

efficiency
log [ / ]
b
m
T
R
R M b pbs Hz
B


tng ln. Tuy nhin sai s BER cng tng ln.
Nyquist ua ra cng thc dung lng knh ti a trong mi trng truyn
khng nhiu C=2B
2
log M
trong B l bng thng ca knh truyn .Do ta
khng th tng M ln ty c,cng thc trn cho php ta xc nh M ln nht, s
bit ln nht c th truyn trong mt symbol.
Mt s phng thc iu ch thng dng trong b mapping:
* M-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
* M-DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying)
* M-QAM (Quarature Amplitude Modulation)
2.7.4.1 M-PSK (M-Phase shitf keying)
Sng mang ch thay i v pha ph thuc bit vo, m khng
thay i bin , nn cng sut ca tn hiu khng i. Mt s
dng PSK thng gp:
* BPSK c 2 trng thi pha ph thuc 1 bit vo.
* QPSK c 4 trng thi pha ph thuc 2 bit (Dibit) vo.
* 8-PSK c 8 trng thi pha ph thuc 3 bit (Tribit) vo.
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
* 16-PSK c 16 trng thi pha ph thuc 4 bit (Quadbit) vo.
Phng php ny i hi pha thu phi khi phc c chnh xc sng mang.

Hnh 2.13: Gin chm sao M-PSK
2.7.4.2 M-QAM
M-QAM l dng iu ch s, sng mang b iu ch c v bin v pha,
phng php ny c s dng rt ph bin trong cc ng truyn v tuyn s tc
cao.
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Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Hnh 2.14: Gin chm sao QAM
2.7.4.3 DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying)
y l mt dng ca M-PSK, trc khi i vo b M-PSK tn hiu s c x
l sai bit, k t ra khi b ny cha ng thng tin v s khc nhau gia hai k t
lin tip
B gii iu ch s so snh s khc bit v pha gia 2 k t lin tip xc
nh k t thu c. Thng thng nhiu tc ng ln 2 k t lin tip gn nh
nhau, sai bit gia 2 k t lin tip s ging nhau trong trng hp c nhiu v
khng c nhiu.
u im ca phng php ny l khng cn khi phc sng mang. Tuy nhin
c sai s nh PSK, tn hiu DPSK vo b gii iu ch cn c t s tn hiu
trn nhiu S/N ln hn t 1 n 3dB so vi PSK. Hnh 2.15, 2.16 v 2.17 cho ta
thy cch thc iu ch v gii iu DPSK.

Hnh 2.15: S iu ch DPSK
Trang 18
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Hnh 2.16: Chui bit vo v pha ca sng mang tng ng
Hnh 2.17: S gii iu ch DPSK
2.8 S sp xp cc pilot (Pilot Arrangements)
Vic s dng nhng k t pilot c lng knh truyn nh gii thiu
trn v trong khi s dng th iu mong mun l phi t c s k t pilot cng t
cng tt. Vn phi quyt l phi chn pilot u v chn nh th no. Khong
cch gia cc pilot phi nh sao cho qu trnh c lng knh truyn t c
tin cy.Vic c lng knh truyn c th c thc hin bng cch hoc l chn
pilot vo tt c cc sng mang ca k t OFDM theo chu k min thi gian hoc
l chn pilot vo mi sng mang ca k t OFDM min tn s hoc chn pilot
c min tn s v min thi gian.
2.8.1 Sp xp Pilot dng khi
Dng th nht c gi l c lng knh truyn theo pilot
dng khi v thng c s dng i vi knh truyn fading
chm, cch sp xp pilot ny cho kt qu tt khi hm truyn ca
knh truyn khng c s thay i qu nhanh. Nu p ng ca
knh truyn bin i nhanh th vic c lng knh truyn s
khng cn ng na v s dn n gii m sai chui bit nhn
c. Khi ngi ta s dng mt b cn bng hi tip quyt nh
Trang 19
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
cp nhp li cc gi tr c lng cho mi sng mang con mang
d liu gia cc k t pilot dng khi.

Hnh 2.18 : Kiu chn pilot dng khi.
Tuy nhin, nu knh truyn l fading nhanh th b cn bng hi tip quyt nh
s ch lm gim n mc ti thiu s thiu ht thng tin trng thi ca knh truyn.
Cho nn bt buc phi tng chu k cp nhp ca sng mang pilot, v iu ny s
dn n lm gim bng thng c ch dng truyn d liu hoc phi chuyn qua
dng cch sp xp pilot dng lc.
2.8.2 Sp xp Pilot dng lc

Hnh 2.19: Kiu chn pilot dng lc.
Trang 20
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Dng th hai l cch sp xp pilot dng lc, dng ny c th c s dng
bm knh truyn bin i nhanh, thm ch trong trng hp s bin i ny xy ra
bn trong mt chu k thi gian ca mt k t OFDM n. Nhng k t pilot c
sp xp tun hon ti mt vi v tr sng mang trong mi k t OFDM nn pha thu
s lin tc c c thng tin v trng thi knh truyn. Tuy nhin nhng thng tin
v trng thi knh truyn c c t nhng pilot ny vn cha hon chnh.
Vic c lng knh truyn ti v tr cc sng mang pilot c th c tnh ton
bng k thut LS /ML hoc MMSE/MAP, trong khi knh truyn ti v tr cc
sng mang con mang d liu c c lng bng cch thc hin ni suy t p
ng gia nhng sng mang pilot. Nhiu k thut ni suy c th c s dng bao
gm ni suy tuyn tnh, ni suy bng a thc,ni suy spline, v nhiu k thut khc
vi chnh xc v hiu qu khc nhau. Hnh nh sp xp ca pilot dng khi v
dng lc c minh ha nh hnh 2.18 v 2.19
2.8.3 Nguyn tc chn pilot min tn s v min thi gian
Pilot c th chn cng vi mu tin c ch c min tn s v min thi gian.
Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai pilot lin tip nhau phi tun theo quy lut ly mu
c min tn s v min thi gian.


Trang 21
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Hnh 2.20: S sp xp pilot v mu tin c ch min tn s v min thi gian
min tn s, s bin i ca knh v tuyn ph thuc vo thi gian tr truyn dn
ln nht ca knh ( k hiu l
ax m
T
). Vi k hiu f
R
l t s ly mu min tn s,
s
f
l khong cch lin tip gia 2 sng mang ph, khong cch gia 2 pilot min
tn s f
D
phi tha mn iu kin sau :
f
R
=
ax
1
f s m
D f T
1 (2.4)
T s ly mu ti thiu min tn s f
R
phi l 1. T s ny c th ln hn 1,
khi s pilot nhiu hn cn thit v knh truyn c ly mu vt mc
(oversampling). Trong trng hp khong cch gia 2 pilot khng tha mn iu
kin ly mu nh phng trnh 2.4 c ngha l f
R
<1 th knh truyn khng th
c khi phc li c hon ton thng qua pilot.
Tng t nh min tn s, khong cch min thi gian ca c hai pilot lin
tip
t
D
cng phi tha mn tiu chun ly mu min thi gian. S bin i ca
hm truyn v tuyn min thi gian ph thuc vo tn s Doppler , ax D m
f
. Theo
tiu chun ly mu min tn s, khong cch
t
D
phi tha mn iu kin:

, ax
1
1
2 ( )
t
D m t S G
R
f D T T

+
(2.5)
T s
t
R
c gi l t s ly mu min thi gian.
Trong trng hp iu kin phng trnh (2.5) khng tha mn th hm truyn
knh v tuyn cng khng th khi phc hon ton c my thu.
2.9 ng dng k thut IFT/FFT trong OFDM
Nh cp trong phn khi nim v OFDM, ta bit OFDM l k thut
iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu c truyn song song nh rt nhiu sng
mang ph. lm c iu ny, c mi knh ph, ta cn mt my pht sng sin,
mt b iu ch v mt b gii iu ch. Trong trng hp s knh ph l kh ln
th cch lm trn khng hiu qu, nhiu khi l khng th thc hin c. Nhm gii
Trang 22
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
quyt vn ny, khi thc hin chc nng bin i DFT/IDFT c dng thay
th ton b cc b to dao ng sng sin, b iu ch, gii iu ch dng trong mi
knh ph. FFT/IFFT c xem l mt thut ton gip cho vic thc hin php bin
i DFT/IDFT nhanh v gn hn bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi thc hin
php bin i DFT/IDFT v gip tit kim b nh bng cch tnh ti ch (inplace).
Ta quy c : Chui tn hiu vo X(k) , 0 k N-1 ,
Khong cch tn s gia cc sng mang l : f
Chu k ca mt k t OFDM l : Ts
Tn s trn sng mang th k l f
k
= f
0
+ kf
Tn hiu pht i c th biu din di dng :

1
0
) ( 2
0
) ( ) (
N
k
t f k f j
e k X t x
, s
T t 0
(2.6)
=

1
0
2 2
) (
0
N
k
ft k j t f j
e k X e
trong :

1
0
2
) ( ) (
N
k
ft k j
a
e k X t x
l tn hiu bng gc.
bng gc:
+Nu ly mu tn hiu vi mt chu k T
s
/N, tc l chn N mu trong mt chu
k tn hiu, phng trnh (2.6) c vit li nh sau :

1
0
/ 2
) ( ) ( ) (
N
k
N fT nk j
s N
n
a a
s
e k X T x t x
(2.7)
+Nu tha mn iu kin
1
s
fT
,
) (
1
s
T
f
, th cc sng mang s trc
giao vi nhau, lc ny, phng trnh (2.7) c vit li :
{X(k)} . ) ( ) (
1
0
/ 2
IDFT N e k X n x
N
k
N nk j
a

(2.8)
Phng trnh trn chng t tn hiu ra ca b IDFT l mt tn hiu ri rc
cng c chiu di l N nhng trong min thi gian.
Ti b thu, b DFT c s dng ly li tn hiu X(k) ban u
Trang 23
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Tht vy, ta c :
N nk j
N
n
a
e n x n DFT k X
/ 2
1
0
a
*
) ( } ) ( {x ) (

1
0
1
0
/ ) ( 2
1
) (
N
n
N
m
N k m n j
N
e m X

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
/ ) ( 2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
N
n
N
m
N
N k m n j
N
k m N m X e m X
=

1
0
) ( ) (
N
m
k m m X
=
) (k X
(2.9)
y, hm
) ( k m
l hm delta, c nh ngha l :

'

0 0
0 1
) (
n khi
n khi
n
(2.10)
2.10 Tin t lp CP (Cyclic Prefix)
i vi mt bng thng h thng cho tc k hiu ca tn hiu OFDM
thp hn nhiu tc k hiu ca s truyn n sng mang. V d i vi iu
ch n sng mang BPSK tc k hiu tng ng vi tc bit. Tuy nhin vi
OFDM bng thng h thng c chia cho N
c
ti ph do tc k hiu c
gim N
c
ln so vi truyn n sng mang. Tc k hiu thp lm cho OFDM chu
ng tt vi nhiu giao thoa k hiu (ISI) gy ra bi hiu ng a ng. C th
gim ti thiu nh hng ca ISI ti tn hiu OFDM bng cch thm khong bo v
pha trc mi k hiu. Khong bo v l bn copy tun hon theo chu k, lm m
rng chiu di ca dng sng k hiu. Mi k hiu OFDM khi cha b sung khong
bo v, c chiu di bng kch thc IFFT (c s dng to tn hiu) bng mt
s nguyn ln chu k ca sng mang ph . Do vy vic a vo cc bn copy ca
k hiu ni ui nhau to thnh mt tn hiu lin tc, khng c s gin on ch
ni. Nh vy vic sao chp u cui ca k hiu v t n vo im bt u ca mi
k hiu to ra mt khong thi gian k hiu di hn.
Trang 24
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM

Hnh 2.18: Thm khong bo v vo tn hiu OFDM
Gi T
FFT
l c ca IFFT dng to tn hiu OFDM, T
G
di ca khong bo v
th lc s dng phng php chn khong bo v di ca k hiu s l:
T
s
= T
FFT
+ T
G
(2.11)
iu ny gip tng di k hiu do chng c nhiu giao thoa k hiu, ngoi
ra khong bo v cng gip chng li li lch thi gian ti u thu.
2.11 ng b trong OFDM
ng b l mt trong nhng vn ang rt c quan tm trong k thut
OFDM bi n c ngha quyt nh n kh nng ci thin cc nhc im ca
OFDM. Chng hn, nu khng m bo s ng b v tn s sng mang th s dn
n nguy c mt tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh, khin h thng OFDM
mt i cc u im c trng nh s trc giao ny. Trong h thng OFDM, ngi ta
xt n ba loi ng b khc nhau l : ng b k t (symbol synchronization),
ng b tn s sng mang (carrier frequency synchronization), v ng b tn s ly
mu (sampling frequency synchronization).
2.11.1 ng b k t
ng b k t nhm xc nh chnh xc thi im bt u mt k t OFDM.
Hin nay, vi k thut s dng tin t lp (CP) th ng b k t c thc hin
Trang 25
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
mt cch d dng hn. Hai yu t cn c ch khi thc hin ng b k t l li
thi gian (timing error) v nhiu pha sng mang (carrier phase noise).
Li thi gian
Li thi gian gy ra s sai lch thi im bt u mt k t OFDM. Nu li
thi gian nh sao cho p ng xung ca knh vn cn nm trong chiu di
khong tin t lp (CP) th h thng vn m bo s trc giao gia cc sng mang.
Trong trng hp ny th thi gian tr ca mt k t c xem nh l dch pha
ca knh truyn v dch pha ny c xc nh nh k thut c lng knh.
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu chiu di ca CP nh hn li thi gian th h thng
s xut hin li ISI. C hai phng php thc hin ng b thi gian, l :
ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot v ng b thi gian da vo tin t lp.
Phng php ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot c p dng cho cc
h thng OFDM m tn hiu c truyn i bng k thut iu tn. Trong phng
php ny, bn pht s m ha mt s tn hiu bit trc thng tin v pha v bin
trn mt s sng mang ph. Phng php ny sau c iu chnh s
dng cho c h thng OFDM m tn hiu truyn i c truyn theo k thut iu
bin. Thut ton ng b thi gian s dng tn hiu pilot gm 3 bc l : nhn bit
cng sut (power detection), ng b th (coarse synchronization) v ng b tinh
(fine synchronization). Trong bc nhn bit cng sut, tin hnh so snh cng sut
tn hiu thu c v gi tr ngng xc nh xem tn hiu nhn c c phi l
tn hiu OFDM hay khng. Trong bc ng b th, tn hiu thu c s c cho
tng quan vi bn sao tn hiu bn pht (do bit trc) xc nh nh t tng
quan thc hin ng b vi chnh xc khng cao (gi tr ti nh tng quan
c gi tr ln nht v t ti gc ta ). Trong bc ng b tinh, do qua qu
trnh ng b th nn gi tr ca li thi gian lc ny nh hn chiu di CP.
ng b tinh s thc hin s cn bng gia cc knh truyn ph c mang thng tin
pilot v gi tr c lng knh.
Trong phng php ng b thi gian s dng tin t lp CP, ngi ta i xt s
sai bit gia hai mu tn hiu thu cch nhau N khong ly mu. t gi tr sai lch
Trang 26
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
ny l d(k) = r(k)-r(k+N). Khi mt trong hai mu nm trong khong CP, mu cn li
nm trong phn tn hiu c ch ca k t OFDM th chng l bn sao ca nhau nn
d(k) c gi tr rt b cng sut ca d(k) rt b. Nu khng nm trong trng hp
trn (tc l cc mu khng cng nm trong khong thi gian truyn ca mt k t
OFDM) th d(k) c gi tr lncng sut ca d(k) kh ln. Nu dng mt ca s
trt c chiu di ng bng chiu di ca tin t lp th cng sut ra c gi tr b
nht khi bt u mt tn hiu OFDM mi xc inh c thi im bt u mt
k t OFDM.
Nhiu pha sng mang
Nhiu pha sng mang l hin tng khng n nh v pha ca cc sng mang
do s khng n nh ca b to dao ng bn pht v bn thu.
2.11.2 ng b tn s sng mang
Trong b tn s sng mang, hai vn chnh c quan tm n l : li
tn s (frequency error) v thc hin c lng tn s.
Li tn s
Li tn s c to ra do s khc bit v tn s gia hai b tao dao ng bn
pht v bn thu, do dch tn Doppler, hoc do nhiu pha xut hin khi knh
truyn khng tuyn tnh. Hai nh hng do li tn s gy ra l : suy gim bin tn
hiu thu c (v tn hiu khng c ly mu ti nh ca mi sng mang hnh sin)
v to ra nhiu xuyn knh ICI (v cc sng mang b mt tnh trc giao).

Hnh 2.19: nh hng ca li tn s (F) n h thng: suy gim bin tn
hiu (o) v b tc ng nhiu ICI ()
Trang 27
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
c lng tn s
Tng t nh k thut ng b k t, thc hin ng b tn s, c th s
dng tn hiu pilot hoc s dng tin t lp. Trong k thut s dng tn hiu pilot,
mt s sng mang c s dng truyn nhng tn hiu pilot (thng l cc chui
gi nhiu). S dng nhng k t bit trc v pha v bin s gip ta c
lng c quay pha do li tn s gy ra. tng chnh xc cho b c
lng, ngi ta s dng thm cc vng kha pha (Phase Lock Loop-PLL).
Nhn xt : Mt vn cn c quan tm n l mi quan h gia ng b k t
v ng b tn s sng mang. gim nh hng ca s mt ng b tn s sng
mang th c th gim s lng sng mang, tng khong cch gia hai sng mang
cnh nhau. Nhng khi gim s sng mang th phi gim chu k ca mi k t trn
mi sng mang, dn n vic ng b k t rt kh khn v phi cht ch hn. iu
chng t hai vn ng b trn c quan h cht ch ln nhau, cn phi c s
dung ha hp l h thng t c cc ch tiu k thut ra.
2.11.3 ng b tn s ly mu.
Ti bn thu, tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian thu c ly mu theo ng h bn
thu, v vy s xut hin s bt ng b gia ng h bn pht v bn thu. Ngi ta
a ra hai phng php khc phc s bt ng b ny. Phng php th nht l
s dng b dao ng iu khin bng in p (Voltage Controlled Oscillator-VCO).
Phng php th hai c gi l : ly mu khng ng b; trong phng php ny,
cc tn s ly mu vn c gi nguyn nhng tn hiu c x l s sau khi ly
mu m bo s ng b.
2.12 H thng Anten thng minh
H thng anten thng minh c lin quan ti loi cng ngh Anten c thit k
tng cng tn hiu nhn c trong mng truy cp khng dy. Mc ch l
lm tng CINR ( carrier-to-interference plus nie ratio). S dng cng ngh Anten
thng minh c th va lm tng cng tn hiu nhn c v lm gim mc
nhiu tng phn ln cng dng trong mt mng giao tip di ng.
Trang 28
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
Cng tn hiu nhn c dao ng khi cc thu bao di ng trong vng ph
sng v vic s dng nhiu anten hoc anten thng minh tng cht lng ng
truyn c nghin cu ngay t khi cc h thng di ng u tin mi ra i.
Bc u tin l s dng nhiu Anten cung cp phn tp thu receive
diversity. H thng ny hoc la chn mt anten vi cng tn hiu mnh nht
hoc ti u phi hp cc tn hiu nhn c t tt c anten. Chun WiMAX h tr
nhiu loi Cng ngh Anten thng minh, bao gm a cng vo ra (MIMO) v h
thng Anten thng minh ci tin (hoc thch ng ) (ASS) trn c hai loi thit b u
cui khch hng v trm gc. Trong khi MIMO cp n vic s dng nhiu
Anten v kt qu qu trnh yu cu cc tn hiu b sung .
Cng ngh MIMO
Ngoi cc nh hng do suy hao, can nhiu, tn hiu khi truyn qua knh v
tuyn di ng s b phn x, khc x, nhiu x, tn x,v gy ra hin tng fading
a ng. iu dn n tn hiu nhn c ti b thu s yu hn nhiu so vi tn
hiu ti b pht, lm gim ng k cht lng truyn thng. Cc fading kh ph
bin trong thng tin v tuyn l fading Rayleigh v fading Ricean [1]
Cng ngh a cng vo ra (MIMO) miu t cc h thng s dng nhiu hn 1
radio v h thng Anten ti mt im cui ca ng kt ni khng dy. Trc y,
chi ph kt hp nhiu Anten v cc radio trong mt u cui khch hng l rt
cao. Cc ci tin gn y trong cng ngh tch hp v trin khai quy m nh cho h
thng v tuyn lm tng tnh kh thi v chi ph hiu qu. Phi hp nhiu tn hiu
nhn c s t c cc li ch tc thi khi tng cng tn hiu nhn c, tuy
nhin cng ngh MIMO cng cho php truyn pht cc lung d liu song song
t c thng lng ln hn. V d, trong mt MIMO 2x2 (tc l gm phn t
pht v phn t thu), vi h thng im-im 2 phn cc, cc tn s cp cho carrier
c th c s dng 2 ln , lm tng tc truyn d liu gp 2 ln
Trong h thng im a im s dng MIMO, mi Anten trm gc pht i
lung d liu khc nhau v mi thit b u cui khch hng nhn c nhiu thnh
phn ca tn hiu pht khc nhau vi mi Anten thit b thu bao khch hng c
Trang 29
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
minh ha trong hnh di y. Bng cch s dng thut ton thch hp, thit b u
cui khch hng c th phn chia v gii m cc lung d liu nhn c trong cng
mt lc. Chun Wimax di ng bao gm cng ngh m ha MIMO cho ti 4 Anten
ti mi im cui ng kt ni, (4x4 MIMO)
Hnh 2.20: H thng Anten MIMO
2.13 K thut phn tp Anten
K thut phn tp l mt trong nhng phng php c dng hn ch nh
hng ca fading. Trong h thng thng tin di ng, k thut phn tp c s dng
hn ch nh hng ca fading a tia, tng tin cy ca vic truyn tin m
khng phi gia tng cng sut pht hay bng thng.
Cc phng php phn tp thng gp l phn tp tn s, phn tp thi gian,
phn tp khng gian (phn tp anten). Trong , k thut phn tp anten hin ang
rt c quan tm v ng dng vo h thng MIMO nh kh nng khai thc hiu
qu thnh phn khng gian trong nng cao cht lng v dung lng h thng, gim
Trang 30
Chng 2: Gii thiu v k thut OFDM
nh hng ca fading, ng thi trnh c hao ph bng thng tn s - mt yu t
rt c quan tm trong hon cnh ti nguyn tn s ngy cng khan him.
K thut phn tp cho php b thu (receiver) thu c nhiu bn sao ca cng
mt tn hiu truyn. Cc bn sao ny cha cng mt lng thng tin nh nhau
nhng t c s tung quan v fading. Tn hiu thu bao gm mt s kt hp hp l
ca cc phin bn tn hiu khc nhau s chu nh hng fading t nghim trong hn
so vi tng phin bn ring l. Cc phng php kt hp thng gp : B t hp
theo kiu qut v la chn (Scanning and Selection Combiners: SC) qut v la
chn nhnh c t s CNR tt nht, b t hp vi cng li (Equal-Gain
Combiners: EGC); B t hp vi t s ti a (Mimal Ratio Combiners: MRC): t
hp tt c cc nhnh, vi h s
k
a
t l thun vi tr hiu dng ca tn hiu v t l
nghch vi bnh phng trung bnh ca nhiu ti nhnh th k [3,4].

Hnh 2.21 Cc b t hp. a) Qut la chn b) B t hp cng li ,c) B t hp t
s ti a
Trang 31
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
CHNG 3 KNH TRUYN V TUYN
3.1 GII THIU CHNG
Knh v tuyn l phn t c bn nht quyt nh cht lng ca h thng v
tuyn. Do vy trc khi thit k mt h thng v tuyn vic nghin cu c tnh ca
knh truyn l nhim v u tin. Da trn c tnh ca knh truyn ngi ta mi
la chn k thut m ha knh , k thut iu ch tn hiu bng tn c s v
giao din v tuyn, cng nh cc phng php cn bng knh , lc nhiu v cc k
thut khc. Ni cch khc c tnh ca knh truyn v tuyn quyt nh n cht
lng v kh nng cung cp dch v ca h thng .Vy knh v tuyn cn phi
phng to phc v cho vic thit k h thng . Mc ch ca vic phng to l
to ra cc qu trnh knh vi cc tnh cht ging nh c tnh ca knh trong mi
trng truyn dn thc t. Trc tin chng ta cn tm hiu v knh v tuyn
Cc phng tin thng tin ni chung c chia thnh hai phng php thng tin
c bn, l thng tin v tuyn v thng tin hu tuyn. Mng thng tin v tuyn
ngy nay tr thnh mt phng tin thng tin ch yu, thun tin cho cuc sng
hin i.

Trong chng ny s ln lt trnh by v cc khi nim c bn trong knh
truyn v tuyn, khi nim knh truyn dn phn tp a ng, p ng xung ca
knh khng ph thuc thi gian v knh ph thuc thi gian, cc m hnh knh c
bn, quan h gia tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu v m hnh knh, knh truyn dn trong
mi trng nhiu trng. Ngoi ra vn v dung lng knh v tuyn cng c
cp n.
3.2 c tnh chung ca knh truyn tn hiu OFDM
Trang 32
Ngun tin Knh tin Nhn tin
Hnh 3.1: S khi chc nng h thng truyn tin
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Knh truyn tn hiu OFDM l mi trng truyn sng in t gia my pht v
my thu. Trong qu trnh truyn, knh truyn chu nh hng ca cc loi nhiu nh
: nhiu Gauss trng cng (AWGN-Additive White Gaussian Noise), Fading phng,
Fading chn lc tn s, Fading nhiu tiaTrong knh truyn v tuyn th tc ng
ca tp m bn ngoi (external noise) v nhiu giao thoa l rt ln. Knh truyn v
tuyn l mi trng truyn a ng (multipath environment) v chu nh hng
ng k ca Fading nhiu tia, Fading la chn tn s. Vi c tnh l truyn tn hiu
trn cc sng mang trc giao, phn chia bng thng gc thnh rt nhiu cc bng
con u nhau, k thut OFDM khc phc c nh hng ca Fading la chon
tn s, cc knh con c th c coi l cc knh Fading khng la chn tn s. Vi
vic s dng tin t lp (CP), k thut OFDM hn ch c nh hng ca
Fading nhiu tia, m bo s ng b k t v ng b sng mang.
3.3 Khi nim knh truyn dn phn tp a ng

Hnh 3.2:Minh ha phn tp a ng
Cht lng ca cc h thng thng tin ph thuc nhiu vo knh truyn, ni m
tn hiu c truyn t my pht n my thu. Tn hiu c pht i, qua knh
truyn v tuyn, b cn tr bi cc to nh, ni non, cy ci , b phn x, tn x,
Trang 33
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
nhiu x, cc hin tng ny c gi chung l fading. V kt qu l my thu,
ta thu c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca tn hiu pht. iu ny nh hng
n cht lng ca h thng thng tin v tuyn.
C ba c ch chnh nh hng n s lan truyn ca tn hiu trong h thng di
ng:
Phn x xy ra kh sng in t va chm vo mt mt bng phng vi kch
thc rt ln so vi bc sng tn hiu RF.
Nhiu x xy ra khi ng truyn sng gia pha pht v thu b cn tr bi
mt nhm vt cn c mt cao v kch thc ln so vi bc sng. Nhiu
x l hin tng gii thch cho nguyn nhn nng lng RF c truyn t
pha pht n pha thu m khng cn ng truyn thng. N thng c
gi l hiu ng chn (shadowing) v trng tn x c th n c b thu
ngay c khi b chn bi vt cn khng th truyn xuyn qua.
Tn x xy ra khi sng in t va chm vo mt mt phng ln, g gh lm
cho nng lng b tri ra (tn x ) hoc l phn x ra tt c cc hng. Trong
mi trng thnh ph, cc vt th thng gy ra tn x l ct n, ct bo
hiu, tn l.
3.4 Cc hin tng nh hng n cht lng knh truyn
3.4.1 Hin tng a ng (Multipath)
Trong mt h thng thng tin v tuyn, cc sng bc x in t thng khng
bao gi c truyn trc tip n anten thu. iu ny xy ra l do gia ni pht v
ni thu lun tn ti cc vt th cn tr s truyn sng trc tip. Do vy, sng nhn
c chnh l s chng chp ca cc sng n t hng khc nhau bi s phn x,
khc x, tn x t cc to nh, cy ci v cc vt th khc. Hin tng ny c gi
l s truyn sng a ng (Multipath propagation). Do hin tng a ng, tn
hiu thu c l tng ca cc bn sao tn hiu pht. Cc bn sao ny b suy hao, tr,
dch pha v c nh hng ln nhau. Ngoi ra khi truyn tn hiu s, p ng xung c
th b mo khi qua knh truyn a ng v ni thu nhn c cc p ng xung
Trang 34
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
c lp khc nhau. Hin tng ny gi l s phn tn p ng xung (impulse
dispersion).
3.4.2 Hiu ng Doppler
Hiu ng Doppler gy ra do s chuyn ng tng i gia my pht v my thu
nh trnh by hnh 3.4. Bn cht ca hin tng ny l ph ca tn hiu thu c
b x lch i so vi tn s trung tm mt khong gi l tn s Doppler.
Gi thit gc ti ca tuyn n so vi hng chuyn ng ca my thu l
n,
khi
tn s Doppler ca tuyn ny l :

( )
n 0 D
cos f
c
v
f
n
(3.1)
Trong f
0
, v, c ln lt l tn s sng mang ca h thng, vn tc chuyn ng
tng i ca my thu so vi my pht v vn tc nh sng. Nu
n
= 0 th tn s
Doppler ln nht s l:


0 max D,
f
c
f
v
(3.2)




Gi thit tn hiu n my thu bng nhiu lung khc nhau vi cng ngang
hng nhau khp mi hng, khi ph ca tn hiu tng ng vi tn s Doppler
c biu din nh sau:

Ph tn hiu thu c biu din li hnh 3.4
Trang 35
Vt
phn
x
Tuyn 1
v

1
Tuyn 2
) (
2
t
) (
1
t
Trm pht
Hnh 3.3: Hm truyn t ca knh
2
max
0
1

,
_

f
f f
A
0
cc trng hp cn li
nu
=
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Mt ph tn hiu thu b nh hng bi hiu ng Doppler do Jake tm ra nm
1974. V c gi l ph Jake. ngha ca ph tn hiu ny c gii thch nh
sau: Gi thit tn hiu pht i tn s sng mang f
0
, khi tn hiu thu c s
khng nhn c chnh xc trn tn s sng mang f
0
m b dch i c v hai pha
vi dch l f
D,max
nh hnh 3.4. S dch tn s ny nh hng n s ng b
ca nhiu h thng.

Hnh 3.4: Mt ph ca tn hiu thu
3.4.3 Suy hao trn ng truyn
M ta s suy giam cng sut trung binh cu a tin hiu khi truyn t may phat n
may thu. S giam cng sut do hin tng che chn va suy hao co th khac phuc
bng ca c phng phap iu khin cng sut.
3.4.4 Hiu ng bng rm (Shadowing)
Do nh hng ca cc vt cn tr trn ng truyn, v d nh cc to nh cao
tng, cc ngn ni, i, lm cho bin tn hiu b suy gim. Tuy nhin, hin
tng ny ch xy ra trn mt khong cch ln, nn tc bin i chm. V vy,
hiu ng ny c gi l fading chm.
3.5 Cc dng knh truyn
Ty theo p ng tn s ca knh truyn v bng thng ca tn hiu pht m ta
c.
+ Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn khng chn lc tn s.
Trang 36
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
+ Knh truyn chn lc thi gian v knh truyn khng chn lc thi gian.
3.5.1 Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn khng chn lc tn s
Mi knh truyn u tn ti mt khong tn s m trong khong , p ng tn
s ca knh truyn l gn nh nhau ti mi tn s (c th xem l phng), khong tn
s ny c gi l Coherent Bandwidth v c k hiu trn hnh 3.5 l f
0
.

Hnh 3.5: Knh truyn chn lc tn s (f
0
<W)
Trn hnh 3.5, ta nhn thy knh truyn c f
0
nh hn nhiu so vi bng thng
ca tn hiu pht. Do , ti mt s tn s trn bng tn, knh truyn khng cho tn
hiu i qua, v nhng thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu c truyn i chu
s suy gim v dch pha khc nhau. Dng knh truyn nh vy c gi l knh
truyn chn lc tn s.



Hnh 3.6: Knh truyn khng chn lc tn s (f
0
>W)
Ngc li, trn hnh 3.6, knh truyn c f
0
ln hn nhiu so vi bng thng ca
tn hiu pht, mi thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu c truyn qua knh chu s suy
gim v dch pha gn nh nhau. Chnh v vy, knh truyn ny c gi l knh
truyn khng chn lc tn s hoc knh truyn fading phng.
3.5.2 Knh truyn chn lc, khng chn lc thi gian
Trang 37
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Knh truyn v tuyn lun thay i lin tc theo thi gian, v cc vt cht trn
ng truyn lun thay i v v tr, vn tc, lun lun c nhng vt th mi xut
hin v nhng vt th c mt i. Sng in t lan truyn trn ng truyn phn
x, tn x qua nhng vt th ny nn hng, gc pha, bin cng lun thay i
theo thi gian.
Tnh cht ny ca knh truyn c m t bng mt tham s, gi l coherent
time. l khong thi gian m trong , p ng thi gian ca knh truyn thay
i rt t (c th xem l phng v thi gian).
Khi ta truyn tn hiu vi chu k k hiu (symbol duration) rt ln so vi
coherent time th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn chn lc thi gian. Ngc
li, khi ta truyn tn hiu vi chu k k hiu (symbol duration) rt nh so vi
coherent time th knh truyn l c gi l knh truyn khng chn lc thi
gian hay phng v thi gian.
3.6 Cc m hnh knh c bn
3.6.1 Knh theo phn b Rayleigh
Hm truyn t ca knh thc cht l mt qu trnh xc sut ph thuc c thi
gian v tn s. Bin hm truyn t ca knh ti mt tn s nht nh s tun
theo phn b Rayleigh nu cc iu kin di y ca mi trng truyn dn c
tha mn:
Mi trng truyn dn khng c tuyn trong tm nhn thng, c ngha l
khng c tuyn c cng sut tn hiu vt tri.
Tn hiu my thu nhn c t v s cc hng phn x v nhiu x khc
nhau.
Hm mt xc sut ca knh phn b Rayleigh
) (r f
y =

'

0 , 0
0 ,
2
2
2
2
r
r e
r
R
r
R

(3.3)
Trang 38
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn

Hnh 3.7 : Phn b Rayleight
3.6.2 Phn b Ricean
Trong trng hp fading Rayleigh, khng c thnh phn tn hiu n trc tip
my thu m khng b phn x hay tn x (thnh phn light-of-sight) vi cng sut
vt tri. Khi c thnh phn ny, phn b s l Ricean. Trong trng hp ny, cc
thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n b thu vi nhng gc khc nhau c xp
chng ln tn hiu light-of-sight. Ti ng ra ca b tch ng bao, iu ny c nh
hng nh l cng thm thnh phn dc vo cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin.
Ging nh trong trng hp d sng sin trong khi b nhiu nhit, nh hng ca tn
hiu light-of-sight (c cng sut vt tri) n b thu cng vi cc tn hiu a
ng (c cng sut yu hn) s lm cho phn b Ricean r rt hn. Khi thnh phn
light-of-sight b suy yu, tn hiu tng hp trng ging nh nhiu c ng bao theo
phn b Rayleigh. V vy, phn b b tr thnh phn b Rayleigh trong trng hp
thnh phn light-of-sight mt i.
Hm mt phn b xc sut ca phn b Ricean :

'

<

,
_

0 0
) 0 , 0 (
) ( 2
0
2
) (
2
2
2 2
r
r A
Ar
I e
r
r p
A r

(3.4)
Trang 39
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
A: Bin nh ca thnh phn light-of-sight.
Io: L hm Bessel sa i loi 1 bc 0.
Phn b Ricean thng c m t bi thng s k c nh ngha nh l t s
gia cng sut tn hiu xc nh (thnh phn light-of-sight) v cng sut cc thnh
phn a ng:
2
2
2
A
k (3.5)
Hay vit di dng

dB:
dB
A
dB k
2
2
2
log 10 ) (

(3.6)
k xc nh phn b Ricean v c gi l h s Ricean.
Khi A

0, k 0 ( dB) thnh phn light-of-sight b suy gim v bin ,
phn b Ricean tr thnh phn b Rayleigh.
3.7 Quan h gia tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu v m hnh ca knh
Trong mc ny ta phn loi ra hai loi tn hiu pht: Tn hiu pht thuc v lp
hm xc nh (deterministic function) v tn hiu pht thuc v lp cc hm xc
sut.
3.7.1 Tn hiu pht l hm xc nh

Hnh3.8: M hnh knh tuyn tnh
Hnh (3.8) m t quan h gia tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu v knh. Do knh
truyn dn l tuyn tnh nn quan h ny c biu din phng trnh sau y:
y(t) = x(t)*
) ( h
=
+

) ( ) ( h t x
(3.7)
Trang 40
) (
) (

j H
h
x(t)
Tn hiu
pht
Tn hiu thu
y(t)
M hnh knh
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Trong x(t) l mt hm xc nh no v l tn hiu pht, y(t) l tn hiu thu
v
) ( h
l p ng xung ca knh. min tn s thay v php cun ca tn hiu
pht vi knh truyn l php nhn nh phng trnh sau

f j H j X j Y 2 ); ( ) ( ) (
(3.8)
H thng truyn dn do vy l tuyn tnh (linear system) v nhn qu (casual
system)
3.7.2 Tn hiu pht l mt hm xc sut
M hnh ca tn hiu pht v thu cng c m t tng t nh hnh(y) , tuy
nhin tn hiu pht c gi thit l mt qu trnh xc sut
) (t
v do tn hiu
thu cng s l mt qu trnh xc sut
) (t
. Khi mi quan h gia tn hiu pht,
tn hiu thu v knh truyn thng qua php ly tch phn nh phng trnh s
khng tn ti. i vi cc qu trnh xc sut s khng tn ti php bin i Fourier,
do vy mi lin h gia hm truyn t ca knh, tn hiu pht v thu nh phng
trnh (x) s khng cn ph hp. xy dng mi lin h ny ngi ta s dng cc
hm tng quan v cc hm tng quan cho ca cc qu trnh xc sut, v php
bin i Fourier c th thc hin c cho cc hm tng quan.
3.7.3 Mi lin h gia hm tng quan cho ca cc tn hiu vo v ra ca knh
min thi gian, mi quan h ny c th vit c

) (
=
) (
*
) ( h
(PT) (3.9)
Vi
) (
=
t t E )] ( ) ( [
*
+
(3.10)
c nh ngha l hm t tng quan ca qu trnh
) (t
v
)] ( ) ( [ ) (
*

+ t t E
(3.11)
c nh ngha l hm tng quan cho ca qu trnh u vo v u ra ca knh.
min tn s mi quan h PT c vit li
) ( ) ( ) (

j H j j
(3.12)
Trong
) (

j
v
) (

j
ln lt l bin i Fourier ca
) (
v
) (
.
3.7.4 Mi lin h gia hm tng quan ca cc tn hiu vo v ra ca knh
Trang 41
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Mi lin h ny min thi gian c th hin bi phng trnh sau
) ( * ) ( * ) ( ) (

h h
(3.13)
min tn s c biu din di dng
2
) ( ) ( ) (

j H j j

(3.14)
Quan h trn l quan h Wiener-Lee, th hin mi quan h gia cc hm t tng
quan ca cc qu trnh u vo v u ra ca knh
Da vo cc hm t tng quan, ngi ta tnh cng sut tn hiu u vo v u ra
ca knh nh sau.
Cng sut tn hiu pht:

d j t E P ) (
2
1
) 0 ( )] ( [
2

+



(3.15)
Tng t ta c th tnh cng sut ca tn hiu thu nh sau:

d j t E P ) (
2
1
) 0 ( )] ( [
2

+



(3.16)
3.8 Knh truyn dn trong mi trng nhiu trng
3.8.1 Khi nim v nhiu trng
Trang 42
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Hnh 3.9: Mi trng truyn dn vi s c mt ca nhiu trng
Mi trng truyn dn thc t khng ch c tc ng ca hiu ng phn tp a
ng v hiu ng Doppler, m cn c s tc ng ca nhiu trng nh trnh by
hnh (2.4). Nhiu trng c th do nhiu ngun khc nhau gy ra nh do thi tit, do
b khuch i my thu, do nhit , hay do con ngi. Tn hiu thu do vy c
vit li nh sau:
) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( t n h t x t y +
(3.17)
phng trnh trn n(t) l tc ng nhiu trng. Vy bn cht ca nhiu trng l
g? c c tnh ph v hm mt phn b nh th no? ti sao gi l nhiu trng?
Nhng vn ny s c trnh by mc tip theo.
3.8.2 Cc php biu din ton hc ca nhiu trng
V mt ton hc, ngun nhiu trng n(t) c th m hnh bng mt bin xc sut
x tun theo phn b xc sut Gauss vi gi tr k vng

(gi tr trung bnh xc

sut) bng khng v lch chun
2
. iu ny c ngha l:

:= E[x] =0 (3.18)
v
2
:=E[(x-

)
2
] (3.19)
Do k vng bng 0 nn lch chun cng l phng sai (variance) ca bin
ngu nhin x. C th hn nhiu trng c cng sut khng i v l
2
.
Trang 43
x(t) y(t)
M hnh knh
Tn hiu thu
n(t)
) (
) (

j H
h
Tn hiu
pht
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Nh ton hc Gauss ngi c tm ra quy lut phn b xc sut ca nhiu trng
do vy hm phn b ny c mang tn ng. Nhiu trng cng c gi l nhiu
Gauss (additive white Gaussian noise). Hm phn b ny c vit li phng
trnh di y [Pro95, Pap9]:
2
2
2
2
1
) (


x
n
e x p

(3.20)


phn b Gauss, thng s

xc nh im gia ca phn b v thng s

2
xc
nh rng ca hm phn b.
3.8.3 Ph cng sut ca nhiu trng c bng tn gii hn
V mt l thuyt, nhiu trng c bng tn v hn v cng sut nhiu l bng
nhau mi tn s. V mt thc t khng tn ti h thng c bng tn v hn.

) ( j
nn

Trang 44
a
t
2

Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn

Hnh 3.10: Mt ph cng sut nhiu.
hnh trn ta gi s h thng c bng tn gii hn B=2 g

, vi chu k ly mu
l a
t
. Mt ph cng sut ca nhiu nh hnh Z c vit li nh sau:
t
F j
g
g a
nn nn

'

>
<




, 0
,
)} ( { ) (
2
(3.21)
Ch rng tt c cc bin ngu nhin u khng tn ti php bin i Fourier
m ch tn ti hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut, trong hm mt
cng sut l php bin i Fourier ca hm t tng quan. phng trnh trn
) ( j
nn
L hm mt cng sut nhiu cn
) (
nn l hm tng quan ca nhiu vi
nh ngha:
) (
nn :=E[
)] ( ) ( + t n t n
=

g
si
2

(3.22)
Theo phng trnh trn, hm t tng quan l bin i Fourier ngc ca hm
mt ph cng sut. Do hm mt ph cng sut c dng hnh ch nht, kt qu
bin i Fourier ngc ca hm hnh ch nht cho ta hm s Si().
Cng sut nhiu c th tnh c bng c t hm mt cng sut nhiu hoc hm
t tng quan ca nhiu nh sau
P n =E[n
) (
2
t
]=

+


2
) (
2
1
) 0 (

d j
nn nn t
(3.23)
Trang 45
g

g

Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn

Khi t s tn hiu trn tp m c tnh theo cng thc sau:
SNR=
n
S
P
P
(3.24)
Vi S
P
l cng sut tn hiu co ch. T s ny quyt nh cht lng tn hiu v
dung lng knh .
S can thip ca nhiu trng n knh truyn dn, c th hn l t s cng sut
tn hiu trn tp m, nh hng trc tip n thng lng ca knh v cht lng tn
hiu thu.
3.8.4 nh hng ca AWGN n h thng OFDM
Nhiu tn ti trong knh vt l ca tt c cc h thng thng tin, bao gm thng
tin v tuyn. Cc ngun nhiu chnh l nhiu nhit, nhiu in trong cc b khuch
i my thu v can nhiu gia cc t bo. Ngoi ra nhiu cn c th to ra bn trong
cc h thng thng tin nh l kt qu ca can nhiu gia cc symbol ISI, can nhiu
gia cc sng mang ICI v mo xuyn iu ch IMD (Inter-Modulation Distortion).
Cc ngun nhiu ny lm gim t s tn hiu/nhiu, gii hn ng k hiu qu ph
ca h thng. Tt c cc loi nhiu trn lm gim cht lng truyn dn trong thng
tin v tuyn. Do vy vic nghin cu cc nh hng ca nhiu n t l li thng tin
v mt s bin php dung ha gia mc nhiu v hiu qu ph h thng l rt quan
trng.
Hu ht cc dng nhiu trong h thng thng tin v tuyn c m hnh ha
chnh xc nh dng nhiu trng Gauss.
3.9 Nhiu xuyn k t ISI
ISI, c nh ngha l xuyn nhiu (crosstalk) gia cc k t trong khong thi
gian T ca cc frame FFT lin tip (trong min thi gian), ngha l cc k t cnh
nhau s giao thoa vi nhau dn n mo dng k t v my thu c th quyt nh
sai v k t ny. Hin tng a ng lm cho mi sng con tri nng lng i
vi nhng knh k cn, iu ny lm cho tn hiu c gi trc s gy nhiu ln
tn hiu ang gi hin hnh. Bng vic chn tin t vng, vn ny s c gii
quyt.
Trang 46
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
V d v ISI c cho hnh (3.11). Chui 0 c pht t BTS. Nu tn hiu
phn x n chm hn ng mt bt so vi tn hiu i thng th my thu k hiu l
1 tn hiu phn x s giao thoa vi k hiu 0 ca tn hiu i thng v my thu
s quyt nh nhm l k hiu 1
Hnh 3.11: V d v ISI
3.10 Nhiu ICI (Inter-carrier interference)
Nhiu giao thoa lin sng mang, c nh ngha l xuyn nhiu (crosstalk) gia
cc sng mang ph ca cng mt frame FFT (trong min tn s). ICI ph hy tnh
trc giao ca sng mang. Nhiu ICI c loi b hon ton nh s dng tp tn s
trc giao lm tp tn s ca cc knh ph.
3.11 Dung lng knh v tuyn
Dung lng ca knh cho ta bit tc ti a ca tn hiu c th truyn c
qua knh m khng b li. Do vy dung lng knh s ph thuc vo b rng bng
tn ca knh v cc tc ng ca cc loi nhiu. Phn ny s trnh by vn tt cc
khi nim v dung lng knh ca Shanon.
3.11.1 L thuyt v dung lng knh s ca Shannon
Gi thit my pht pht i trm tn hiu l
{ }
N
a a a U ,..., ,
2 1 1

, khi lng tin
(entropy) ca khi tin ny c tnh l
H (
1
U
) =

N
l
a p a p
1
1 2 1
) ( log ) (
(3.25)
Trong
) (
1
a p
l xc sut xy ra s kin mu tin
1
a
c truyn i. Lng tin
) (
1
U H
do vy co tnh cht
) ( log ) ( 0
2 1
N U H
.
Trang 47
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Lng tin mt mt khi pht i mu tin
1
a
nhng li nhn c mu tin
1
b
l
) / ( ) , (
1 1 1 1
b a p b a p
, vi -
) , (
1 1
b a p
l xc sut lin hp, cn
) / (
1 1
b a p
l xc sut
iu kin. Tng lng tin mt mt l:
) / (
2 1
U U H
=
) / ( log ) , (
' '
'
2
1
l
l
l
N
l
N
l
l
b a P b a p

(3.26)
Thng lng knh tng ng vi lng tin khng b tht thot
C= max {H(
)
1
U
- H(
) /
2 1
U U
} (3.27)
Thng lng knh l tc truyn d liu ln nht khng li qua mt knh
truyn dn cho trc.
Trong trng hp knh khng nhiu th lng tin tht thot bng khng, c ngha l
) / (
2 1
U U H
= 0 (3.28)
Vi nh ngha trn, Shannon a ra gii hn trn ca tc d liu ca mt
knh truyn dn vt l. Gii hn ny l nn tng cho nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh
l thuyt m knh, l thuyt iu ch, v l thuyt thng tin.
L thuyt v lng thng lng knh ca Shannon cho chng ta bit t l li bt ca
tn hiu nhn c c th c gim n mt mc nh ty bng cc k thut m
knh v k thut iu ch, chng no m tc tn hiu vn cn nh hn thng
lng knh
3.11.2 Thng lng knh tng t c bng tn gii hn
Shannon a ra l thuyt v thng lng ca mt knh truyn dn c bng
tn gii hn nh sau:
Thng lng ca mt knh vi b rng bng tn l B v b can nhiu trng vi t s
ca cng sut tn hiu trn tp m trung bnh l
n
S
P
P
c tnh bi :
C =
) 1 log( ) 1 log( SNR B
P
P
B
n
S
+ +
(3.29)
Nu t l cng sut tn hiu trn tp m c tnh bng dB, th thng lng
knh c gn ng ha bng cng thc sau:
Trang 48
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
C
B
3
1

SNRdB (3.30)
3.12 Kt lun chng
Chng ny trnh by v cc khi nim c bn trong knh truyn v tuyn,
v ci m chng ta c lng trong n ny. Chng tip theo s l ni dung
chnh ca n ny, cc k thut c lng knh truyn v ni suy.
Trang 49
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
CHNG 4 C LNG KNH TRUYN TRONG H THNG
MIMO- OFDM
4.1 GII THIU CHNG
K thut iu ch (Modulation) c th chia thnh iu ch vi sai (diferential) v
iu ch kt hp (coherent).Khi chng ta dng k thut iu ch vi sai th khng cn
phi c lng knh truyn v khi thng tin c m ha sao cho c s khc
bit gia 2 k t lin tip nhau , do phc tp ca tn hiu u my thu gim
i cho nn y cng l k thut c dng ph bin trong thng tin v tuyn . iu
ch vi sai c dng trong chun DAB (Digital Audio Broadcast) ca Chu u. Kh
khn khi dng k thut ny l n s lm gia tng nhiu thm 3dB v ta cng khng
th s dng nhng k thut iu ch chm sao a bin mt cch hiu qu c
(efficient multiamplitude constellations). Mt trong s cc k thut DPSK c
quan tm l iu ch kha dch pha bin vi sai (differential amplitude phase shift
keying), khi ta s c c hiu qu ph tt hn DPSK nu s dng tt m ha
bin vi sai. Hin nhin iu ny yu cu s phn phi bin khng ng u
(non uniform amplitude distribution). Tuy nhin trong h thng thng tin c dy th
knh truyn s khng thay i theo thi gian nn k thut iu ch kt hp l s la
chn hin nhin. Nhng trong h thng khng dy, hiu qu ca k thut iu ch
kt hp gip n tr thnh s lu chn l tng khi h thng yu cu t l li bit
BER (Bit Error Rate) cao nh trong h thng DVB.
c lng knh truyn trong h thng c dy th khng phc tp, knh
truyn c c lng ngay ti thi im bt u v k t thi gian knh truyn
l nh nhau, do vy khng cn phi lin tc c lng knh truyn. Tuy nhin trong
khun kh ca n mn hc ch cp c lng knh truyn trong h thng
OFDM v tuyn.
Trang 50
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
c lng knh nhm mc ch gim s sai khc ca hm truyn ca knh pht
so vi knh thu do nhiu nguyn nhn trong qu trnh truyn dn. Trong n ny
c lng knh truyn s dng cc m hnh knh c s m rng BEM ( Basis
expansion models ) gim cc thng s cn c lng .
4.2 M HNH H THNG
4.2.1 M hnh pht
S dng h thng gii m MIMO-OFDM c
t
N
anten pht v N im bin
i nhanh Fourier (FFT). Sau khi bin i Fourier ngc (IFFT) v loi b cc tin
t lp CP , tn hiu ca k t th m c pht anten th u c th vit nh sau :

1
( ) ( )
, ,
0
1 2
exp
N
u u
n m k m
k
j kn
x X
N
N

(4.1)
Vi { }
,..., 0,..., 1
g
n N N
,
g
N
l di tin t lp .
( )
,
u
k m
X l d liu iu ch
sng mang con th k (hoc l pilot) ca k t th m OFDM t anten pht th u .
4.2.2 M hnh knh truyn chn lc vi BEMs
i vi cc cp anten pht th u v anten thu th r , p ng knh truyn th l
c th c biu din nh sau thng qua m hnh knh c s m rng BEMs .

( , ) ( , )
, , , ,
,
r u r u
l n m n g s q q l
h b N mN c + +

(4.2)
Vi { } 0,... 1 , l L
S g
N N N +
l di k t OFDM sau khi chn tin t lp CP .
Vi n=0,N-1; m = 0,M-1 v M = data + pilot ; tc ngi dng in
thoi di ng l khng thay i trong mt burst. Lth hin chiu di knh truyn .
Xt
,
n g s
b N mN q + +
vi q l gi tr ca hm c bn th q trong m hnh BEM ,
( , )
,
r u
q l
c l h s BEM ca m hnh knh truyn . Q l h s ca hm c bn
c s dng trong m hnh c s m rng. c xc nh nh hnh 4.1
Trang 51
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-30
10
-20
10
-10
10
0
Number of used basis functions
M
S
E

o
f

D
P
S
-
b
a
s
e
d

c
h
a
n
n
e
l

f
i
t
t
i
n
g


1 km/h
5 km/h
10 km/h
20 km/h
30 km/h
40 km/h
50 km/h
60 km/h
70 km/h
80 km/h
90 km/h
100 km/h
Hnh 4.1
Qua ta c th chn Q=3 (vi tc ngi dng di ng di chuyn thp
khong 10km/h) cho n Q=5 vi tc ngi dng di ng di chuyn khong
100km/h.
Qua m hnh knh c s m rng BEMs, ta thy thay v chng ta c lng
knh truyn tc l c lng p ng knh truyn
( , )
, ,
r u
l n m
h vi rt nhiu cc thng s
phc tp th khi s dng m hnh BEMs c lng chng ta c th gim c rt
nhiu thng s . Do thay v c lng
( , )
, ,
r u
l n m
h chng ta s c lng
( , )
,
r u
q l
c (4.2).
khai thc nhng u im ca BEMs trong vic gim s lng thng s ca
knh cn c lng . n s dng pilot c lng h s BEM. c bit i vi
cp anten pht th u v anten thu th r s c p ng xung ca knh truyn tng
ng l th l c th biu din di dng vector nh sau :

( , ) ( , )
,
,
p p
r u r u
l m m l
h B c (4.3)
Trang 52
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
Vi
P
m l v tr chn k t pilot trong burst
y
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
, ,0, , 1,
,..., ,
p p p
T
r u r u r u
l m l m l N m
h h h

1

]

,1 ,
,...., ,
p p p
m m m Q
B b b
1

]

, , 1 ,
,.....
p g p s s p s
T
m q N m N q N m N q
b b b
+ +
1

]


( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1, ,
,...,
T
r u r u r u
l l Q l
c c c 1
]
S Burst d liu v k t Pilot OFDM ti anten pht
Hinh 4.2
p ng xung knh truyn c th vit di dng vector nh sau :

( , ) ( , )
,
r u r u
L
h B c (4)
y
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
0 1
,..., ,
T
T T
r u r u r u
L
h h h

1
1 1
] ]
1
]

1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
, , ,
,..., ,...,
p P
T
T
T T
r u r u r u r u
l l m l m l m
h h h h
1
1
1 1

] ]
] 1
]
,
,
L L
B I B

1
,..., ,...,
p P
T
T T T
m m m
B B B B
1

]
,
Trang 53
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
V
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
0 1
,...,
T
T T
r u r u r u
L
c c c

1
1 1
] ]
1
]
T
( , ) r u
h
v (4) chng ta c th xc nh c gi tr ca
( , ) r u
c
nh sau :

( )
1
( , ) ( , ) r u H H r u
L L L
c B B B h

4.2.3 M hnh tn hiu u thu

cc knh truyn chn lc trn , sau khi loi b tin t lp , th mu tn hiu
thu th n ca k t OFDM th m tai anten thu th r c th biu din nh sau :

1
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
, , , , ,
1 0
,
t
N
L
r r u u r
n m l n m n l m n m
u l
y h x z

(5)
y n=0,,N-1 v
( )
,
r
n m
z l nhiu trng Gausian (AWGN) .T l thi gian ly
mu .
4.2.4 c lng h s BEM v c lng knh truyn
Trong c lng Bayesian , cc thng s ca knh truyn c coi l cc bin
ngu nhin ( vi s liu thng k bit trc ) c tnh ,cc mu tn hiu u
thu tng ng vi k t P pilot c th vit di dng vector nh sau :
, y Sc z + (6)

y

1
,....,
P
T
T T
m m
y y y
1

]

Vi
( ) (1)
,....,
r
p p p
T
T T
N
m m m
y y y
1
1 1

] ] 1
]
v
( ) ( ) ( )
0, 1,
,....,
p p p
T
r r r
m m N m
y y y

1

]
Z l nhiu u vo my thu :

1
,....,
p
T
T T
m m
z z z
1

]

vi
( ) (1)
,....,
r
p p p
T
T T
N
m m m
z z z
1
1 1

] ] 1
]
Trang 54
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
v
( ) ( ) ( )
0, 1,
,....,
p p p
T
r r r
m m N m
z z z

1

]

1
,...,
p
T
T T
m m
S S S
1

]
v
( ) (1)
,....,
t
p p p
T
N
m m m
S S S
1

]
vi

( ) ( ) ( )
0, 1,
,..., ,
p p p p p
u u u
m m m L m m
S s B s B

]

( ) ( ) ( )
, 0 , 1 ,
( ,..., ),
p p p
u u u
l m l m N l m
s diag x x

1

]


( ) (1)
,...,
r
T
T T
N
c c c
1
1 1
] ]
1
]


( , ) ( ) ( ,1)
,..., ,
t
T
T T
r N r r
c c c
1
1 1
] ]
1
]
4.2.4.1 K thut c lng MAP
Da vo phng php Bayesian v cc mu tn hiu thu c min thi gian ,
chng ta c th c lng h s BEM bng cch s dng nguyn l c lng MAP
(maximum-a-posteriori) v c xc nh nh sau :

( )
argmaxln ,
c
c p c y

(7)
Vi
( ) ( )
( )
( )
p y c p c
p c y
p y

T , c lng MAP ca h s BEM c th vit nh sau:

( )
argmaxln ( ) , c p y c p c

]
(8)
Vi
( ) [ ] [ ]
( )
1
1
exp ,
H
z NP
z
p y c y Sc R y Sc
R

( )
,
H
z
R zz
( ) ( )
1
1
exp
H
c
QL
c
p c c R c
R

v
( )
.
H
c
R cc
Trang 55
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
T ta c th biu din c lng MAP ca h s BEM nh sau :

argmin ( ),
MAP
c f c

(9)
Vi
2
1
0
1
( )
H
MAP c
f c y Sc c R c
N

+

( )
1
1
0
H H
c
c S S R N S y

+
(10)
4.2.4.2 K thut c lng ML
c lng ML ca h s BEM c biu din nh sau :

( )
arg axln
c
c m p y c

( 11)
Vi
( ) [ ] [ ]
( )
1
1
exp
H
z
NP
z
p y c y Sc R y Sc
R

0
( )
H
z
R zz N I
Sau mt vi bin i , ta c th vit nh sau :

( )
1
H H
c S S S y

(12)
Sau khi c lng c h s BEM ta c th c lng c p ng xung knh
truyn nh sau :

( , ) ( , ) r u r u
L
h B c

(13)
Trang 56
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
4.3 M PHNG
phn ny chng ta s thc hin m phng c lng knh truyn v h s
BEM , chng ta s dng cc m hnh c s m rng l CE-BEM , GCE-BEM ,
DPS-BEM , KL-BEM .S anten pht l 2, s anten thu l 2, Q =5 , s dng bin i
FFT-128 , tn s ly mu
s
f
=1.92MHz v tn s sng mang
c
f
=2GHz. Chiu di
CP l 10 mu

g
N
=10 .Trong mi burst truyn gm 7 mu ( gm d liu v
pilot) . S pilot s dng l k t cho mi burst . S dng iu ch 64-QAM. Trong
kt qu ly hnh m phng , mi im v th hin MSE c ly trung bnh ca
1000 kt qu khc nhau c kt qu chung nht . Tc ngi dng, v tr chn
pilot ,tt c c th thay i mnh c th so snh cc kt qu m phng vi nhng
iu kin khc nhau thng qua giao din GUI Matlab .
Kt qu m phng :
c lng MAP
Trang 57
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
SNR(dB)
M
S
E

c
u
a

h
e

s
o

B
E
M


Dua vao CE-MAP
Dua vao GCE-MAP
Dua vao DPS-MAP
Dua vao KL-MAP
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
SNR(dB)
M
S
E

c
u
a

d
a
p

u
n
g

x
u
n
g

k
e
n
h

t
r
u
y
e
n

h

t
h
e
o

M
A
P


Dua vao CE-MAP
Dua vao GCE-MAP
Dua vao DPS-MAP
Dua vao KL-MAP
Bng kt qu ca th trn :
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Trang 58
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
CE-BEM 0.0467 0.0261 0.0158 0.0116 0.0096 0.0082 0.0118
DPS-BEM0.0315 0.0132 0.0045 0.0014 3.939e-04 1.433e-04 4.599e-05
GCE-BEM 0.0317 0.0133 0.0045 0.0015 5.175e-04 2.508e-04 2.025e-04
KL-BEM

0.0315 0.0132 0.0044 0.0013 3.939e-04 1.433e-04 4.598e-05
Nhn xt :
Trong c lng MAP th kt qu c da vo m hnh DPS KL l
tt nht , trong mt s trng hp th kt qu m phng MSE ca h da
vo m hnh c s m rng DPS v KL l trng nhau , cn kt qu m
phng MSE da vo m hnh CE l km nht .
Ta thy MSE cng gim khi SNR cng tng ln , do cng sut pht
cng ln so vi cng sut nhiu th nh hng ca nhiu s khng ng
k, cht lng ca h thng s tt hn.
c lng ML
Trang 59
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
SNR(dB)
M
S
E

c
u
a

h
e

s
o

B
E
M


Dua vao CE-ML
Dua vao GCE-ML
Dua vao DPS-ML
Dua vao KL-ML
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
SNR(dB)
M
S
E

c
u
a

d
a
p

u
n
g

k
e
n
h

t
r
u
y
e
n

h


Dua vao CE-ML
Dua vao GCE-ML
Dua vao DPS-ML
Dua vao KL-ML
Bng kt qu MSE ca p ng xung knh truyn h theo ML
Trang 60
Chng 3: Knh truyn v tuyn
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CE-BEM 0.0793 0.0332 0.0176 0.0133 0.0100 0.0117 0.0101
DPS-BEM0.0681 0.0237 0.0067 0.0023 6.828e-04 2.403e-04 6.063e-05
GCE-BEM 0.0682 0.0237 0.0069 0.0024 7.993e-04 3.995e-04 1.988e-04
KL-BEM

0.0681 0.0237 0.0067 0.0023 6.827e-04 2.403e-04 6.064e-05
Nhn xt
Trong c lng ML th kt qu c da vo m hnh DPS KL l tt
nht , trong mt s trng hp th kt qu m phng MSE ca h da vo m
hnh c s m rng DPS v KL l trng nhau , cn kt qu m phng MSE
da vo m hnh CE l km nht .
Qua m phng, ta thy c lng MAP c kt qu tt hn so vi k thut
c lng ML.
Ta thy MSE cng gim khi SNR cng tng ln , do cng sut pht cng ln
so vi cng sut nhiu th nh hng ca nhiu s khng ng k, cht lng
ca h thng s tt hn.
Trang 61