file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p1.

txt


**  - 1 **
 : . . .
:

mksarav@mitindia.edu

:
:
:

http://mksarav.tripod.com

11  2000.

# %&% ( (. .

*, - .#, &/ - 1(1* # 

2  45#.
******
""-  16 7(2# * .
  5 /11 7 : ;&2#.
   *2(2,    .6 . %
(2#.

,<# . (*-.

 (2#.

*2

(2#
(# &- =, *21 2# (76#.
 .

( *21 (&%* #) (  2- ?/.

/# (2 .# , (&-.
; *21 (2 &/.

?  (

GNU  &1  (.B &

 (Richard M Stallman)  2; :# /16# ?#

=, *21 -  ,<# 7 . (-
( -.

GNU 6 GNU's NOT UNIX  C(2#.

6 Free

Software Foundation   D# GNU (&- 16# "(&,,< 6 ( .162 &/ 7 ( (- .

6 1

, 1 2#  ?/#"  ?1/ (& GNU/GPL (General

Public License)

   ,/.

 F# #

http://www.gnu.org  1 . 5#.

1

 GNU/ 6 B72#.

   % & #.
 % (16- =# 4#.
- 6.2   ;&2#.
(2# 

G6

 - 16# RedHat

 ( &- *-

(SuSE-Linux, Debian-Linux etc..,) F#

#.
1. ()

I*-  .# *21 :
uname

()

I*- /16#    ?
uname -r

2. 6  .#  :
pwd
pwd 6 present working directory 6 print working directory .
-#.
3.

(  - , &% ls & /1#.

 (6 =, 1)  - .# 6-- 16#

1 of 4

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p1.txt

J& ( )    /&%(2#.
 22#.

/  2K/ J&

 1  #.

1 B 4 %=#.
&%* # . L. .

F# (

  Multi user - Multi Tasking

*: * 7(76 6

 G(  .# 2# 6 1  %=#.

G 6 =, - File Permission   . L. -.
 1  D. #: 1)  .# 
(2 (User) ( ) 2) ( 76 ( &1  .# 6
- (Group) 3)  (Others) *1 User-Group-Others  ,
;16 . 1 M (U Go - I ) . (#.

G( 

.#
2# 7 M,   ? ls -l  &
/1#.

* J&   - , M ?1 ,

?/ (*- #.
ls -l /
  6?

 :2# %-;-  

D.
% - 7 M(2 ?-  ? ? &
6.

% (read), ; (write), .#   (execute) 

7 D.  rwx . C( 2/ .

rwx (U), rwx (G), rwx (O)   - ?/.

G(  2#

tamil.txt   2, (2 ;-%, 2; 2 ;-%,

.#
(2 % &/ ?/.
-rw-rw-r--

4.

1 mksarav

mksarav

1086 Aug 16 17:36 tamil.txt

( & G. /1 ?/# . & 76 4

?#.
..

*: man  , 7#  16?%(.

ls  & F# 76 - man (manual  C(#)

& /1, #.

man ls
7 , . *:21 &:
man man
5.

 /16# G( &(2# (. 1 

.
. (2#.

# - 16#   616 /#.

# %  .
7(2#.
/home/mksarav.

6 *- M   7 

< M #

mksarav  6 # % -

*- #   "tmp"   (2*-.

( (76 ( 2 "cd" & /16*-.

mkdir /home/mksarav/tmp
cd /home/mksarav/tmp

6.

 ? - %?

;6?

"pico" %& /1 ( "" #

, /16 2 5# ,6.

 &-

1=#

2 of 4

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p1.txt

( , &% ?%(2#.

*-  16 ,

?& .# X ( O15#.
pico test.c
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)

printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}
(*-.., gcc   "" # /1 6 test.c 

7.

# 4#. gcc  /1 C .# C++ # # 4

%=#.

5&& test   16  -o  /15#.

gcc -o test test.c

6 test  ?
./test
 .# ? *21   (  2&
6  .#  (current dir) 6.

? & .

 2K/ 6 I*-  .# % test /.

5.166.
( &    head & /1#

8. ()

head /home/mksarav/test.c
head /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO
 2  tail & /1#.

()

tail /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO
()

1 & =#  cat & /15#

cat /home/mksarav/test.c
()

( I? & #  1  more &

/#.

more & /16# 6 B  %6.

 ( & (&6.
("less" is more than "more").
-.

less

  .# =# #.

F# less & .  :#

2 man & info

 &=# /1#.

info D# less  76 -:*- #.

cat /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO | more
cat /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO | less
info less
6 =, 1 ( & F#  C( RTFM .
2&%( -.

2 Read The Fine Manual (RTFM) . (-.

 1 7 - Read The Fucking Manual . 1

*& -.
9.

*- % ?/F# 16-:*-.

 .# 1 date & /15#

date

3 of 4

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p1.txt

10.  =# %12 1(76 , logout 6 exit

& /1#.

2 ;16 L  4 

 ?& .# D ( ;15#.
**  **

4 of 4

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p2.txt


**  - 2 **
 : . . .
:

mksarav@mitindia.edu

:
:
:

http://mksarav.tripod.com

13  2000.

# %&% ( (. ) .

+- . /#, &0 . 2(2+ # 

3  56#.
******
, /# 7 & . / 80  7
0299 6# -0#.

 /2 (  # -

  .9 %? -  2 + HOWTO

 -  =( ..

2 HOWTO. /#

& >3 9?# 3.  =9 

 3= / Linux Documentation Project  &2 
&0(9.

02 +>3 B# C# =C 

man /# info & 02 (+..

D# #

% http://www.linuxdoc.org  3) /

0+..

+>32 HOWTO )# 3#.

7 &

  (2 70  (& .%.  6 59

(# /+ 2 HOWTO?# 2 .%.  ( ..
E+. RedHat  02 /usr/doc/HOWTO  
C .%. - 3 C # -C 29 HOWTO>#
+(3#.

+9 C2   +. 

(3# HOWTO - %(+. -  &2 7 & F#.

#:
-C9..

9 G ( 3# & - C HOWTO.

9(H C ( C -D# -.

C #:

 /7 3 E+. (3 0# 7#

  HOWTO =  C # 2970 (9.

)C 2

&0E .!!
-  2 +3..?
1.

()  (  0 3 cp & 02#.

/ (  3 rm & 029+..
cp /home/mksarav/tamil.txt /home/mksarav/tamil/tamil.txt
rm /home/mksarav/tamil.txt
cp -R /home/mksarav/tamil

/home/mksarav/temp

-R  80  (switch)  &3 02 9 2

?#  59 0#.

-R 9 Recursive  39.

7 2 tamil    .  . /# 9
. 2?# 0290#.
3#.

1 of 3

temp  %  

 ( 3# 9  ( 70#.

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p2.txt

DOS 22 .9 UNDELETE &  9.

(

C9 ( 29& I 70# 2 (# 9.

(  3#  70 29 %06#.

()

(   70 7 & 026#:

rm -Rf < >

..

rm -Rf /home/mksarav/temp

+ -f  &), 70 +-# C .?# & temp

30#2 J70 290#.

(Recursively forced remove).

&

 . deltree &3 9.
2.

3# &0&0) 3#  00..?

+>3 wordstar C(C 9  D#

( .

B3 joe (John's Own Editor) / .

(+. 

70 2  5#.
joe test.txt
My name is M K Saravanan. I am wasted my life without contributing a
single tamil software program to the Free Software Community. It will
never happen again.
)29  ^KS =26# (^ 9 7& Ctrl  39).
joe &0 - ^KX  ( =26#.

L2 

 3& #, =7%(3# 9 - /
&% 7%(9.
3.

3# %3?

E+. 03# L( &?#  (Shell)  (  #

 0299.

- (#D# bash (Bourne Again SHell) 

2 029 ..
9.

?- #M2 Bourne SHell 6#

2= Bourne Shell  &%D# C 

# / 70 20 GNU D. . (9 

C bash .

 Bourne Shell  . &%D# / 

&. 70.
C9&!

... 7 (  3/3) 

- Tab 3 (  70.

 #&%

(   5?# 9 =  ?# 5 7%
.

( =29 &0 59&0 Tab

=2(+...

6 %(9?

ls /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-[Tab =26#]
less /ho[Tab]

--  9 / -?+..

-  ( =2 8  5E ..

Tab +>32

9.
4.

%% /usr/doc %3) / + (3# ) /

&%(+..

(# +- +>3 =# C2 #

=9# C  . - (3#.

E+.  5(3#

/ (&- 3 3. 29# C  

3%7%(3#.
/ (+..

2 of 3

+.  2 /usr/doc/LDP   (

LDP 9 Linux Documentation Project  G(3#.

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p2.txt

C   (#D# 3 9 . (3#.
install-guide
lpg
nag
sag
 G (  2# =9#  3  +. &%
.

 L/ install 5 70# 9 install-guide %D#,

 (3 7 . 29# lpg (linux programmer's guide)

 %D#, &  #>3 . 29# nag
(Network Administrator's Guide)  D#, / +. 
2 L/ 9   +. - sag (System
Administrator's Guide)  D# ..

D. . 29#

html % (  %29  & 6

029+..

& 7/  56#:

file:/usr/doc/LDP/install-guide/index.html
file:/usr/doc/LDP/lpg/lpg.html
file:/usr/doc/LDP/nag/nag.html
flie:/usr/doc/LDP/sag/sag.html
3:

&  . lynx  & 6

02(+..
02( ..

?- . 70 C lynx 

lynx 029 3 6# -9.

(- lynx  & &%7%(3#.

  %9.

 / -lynx

gif  (3# 70

6&& (stored as .gif files) + lynx   %9.

5.

E+. &# % 7%  + 3&0..

less /usr/doc/HOWTO/DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO

(3   >3)

less /usr/doc/HOWTO/Unix-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO
 9 less 3 + / E ..

more /# less

02?# (cat & /) ( &  % %?#.

 2 J (.... cat 2 ) C less
22 0#.

+- HOWTO - .  /#

- -)/ &0  & (Formatting

commands) 02( ..

 C970 less 

 -)/ &0#.
**  **

3 of 3

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p3.txt


**  - 3 **
 : . . .
:

mksarav@mitindia.edu

:
:
:

http://mksarav.tripod.com

16  2000.

# %&% ( (. ) .

+- . /#, &0 . 2(2+ # 

3  56#.


******
2  # / .

# (1970-8

-) # /# 5)9+- &0  (:;.

 &2 -# /# --#   . 
(:.

/ 020# .. . ; <0%.

 =- (3#.

>( ;?# dumb terminal /

9% 3# . (3#.

( &%(3#.
 &0 (3#.

2;# =-

(dumb terminal- -& /#

@+. 5=# >( A2;# dumb terminal

B  =- :; +3 +- . @0  &0 

D <0# dumb terminal? E 0#) >( # ?# (
:;  #.

2 >/  <%( ..

< . .-0# 2; &=#  5; =- 3#

= / & =# # >((3# 2
"F #" / / (3#.

3 (  =# 2;.#.

% 2 2  (0? / @+. &G ..

2  F =# &% 5 3 ( =#
2( ..

(3 "H -F " (super user) / .

#I2  .
<0?# 5#.
2 .

2;  &#.

=-

2 

F 6#, 6#, &%6# #

H -F( "root"   F # <0.

: root-%  :;# 9 (3 99;.

 ;

2( <0#.
1.

# =- 30#2 :   2; #+K#

E3# (:;#.

; ?2 .  

 3 (H F) 0& F -# mksarav.

@+.  2 L=#   +.  (F # )
&3#.

3 +. 6) (password) &3#.

) 2; +

. E <  %03#.

Red Hat Linux release 6.2 (Zoot)
Kernel 2.2.14-12 on an i686
login: mksarav
Password: ****
( F E 6) (password)
02#.

. passwd  &

 +; 6)=#,  @+. 

:03# 6)=# &0#.

+.  passwd & 02

 3# / 02;..  [mksarav@localhost]$ /

1 of 4

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p3.txt

&%<%(  #& (linux prompt) / 9/ . ( c:\>

;).
.#.

: #& +. N% % <0?# 2;

 #  <#.

[mksarav@localhost]$ passwd
(current) UNIX password:
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all auhtentication tokens updated successfully.
[mksarav@localhost]$
2.

- O & #.

/ ( & <0.

whoami ( # )

 mksarav  F 0

 <%(3#; whoami  & 02

mksarav
/ &0#.

 ;! O2 2 & (...

2 whoami / &0. ?
+K32 /#.

( 2 ) /

superuser ;# root  F   & .

/ - ( F 6< ( <0 : F  

 / .
superuser.
<0.

+. ?2 .  3  

?# / - mksarav  ( F 6<&

A;#  mksarav  F    /.

superuser  <% :,

mksarav #% (:;< su

& 02, superuser- 6) &3#.

02;& superuser 2 :;0.

< 2 -6#

[mksarav@localhost]$ su
Password:
[root@localhost]# whoami
root
[root@localhost]# exit
[mksarav@localhost]$ whoami
mksarav
[mksarav@localhost]$
",  #%  username@localhost   A;
F  < &%<%(;,
@+. &;   A;.

3 3 : whoami ? " /

 #& A; F 

&%<%( <0#  # ;.
environmental variable /  ..

PS1  ( < ( .

environmental variable-.

<0, 0#; > 2; 0.

: PS1 -#,

 #&  &-<0# / @+. /#.

PS1 

environmental variable- ;  (; / <0% 3

< & 02; #.
echo $PS1
,

& ;  02;, </  :;

[mksarav@localhost] $ echo $PS1

[\u@\h] \$

2 of 4

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p3.txt

[mksarav@localhost]
 \u ; F =#, \h ; +;  =#
3;. ( hostname / 9/ . -   5=#
+. 3 ( ) ?#.
; localhost  2;0#.

  

hostname- & +

22  <#)
=- Linux, Sun Solaris, Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IRIX, FreeBSD /
/ =<0.

2   -#,  #& / $

2 &%<%(3#.

Sun Solaris   /# ;

</ &-3#:
SunOS 5.7
login: mksarav
Password:
$
: F(; +.  /#; E# F/ & ;
superuser # +; ) 9/ ..

- )2 @  3

H F A:; 2 :; 5 <0# .

2(:    5 %=#.

& :

< 2 -=+.:

$ whoami
mksarav
$ su vijay
Password:
$ whoami
vijay
$ exit
$ whoami
mksarav
$
% whoami  9 % . . .

A; :,

>((#  / :; .K; >6 O /.

(

; + &% 0  whoami & 

[&2 ] )
3.

( 2  92(:; 2;

()

/#  92(:; :; dumb terminal 

  <%( . / 2;.#.

; #

 5( .  < who  & 02#.

[mksarav@localhost] $
mksarav tty6 Oct 13
[mksarav@localhost] $
3:

..

who
22:29

dumb terminal  ( <0#  .

telnet,

rlogin  & 02 <   2(:;# 

5 . <0.
()

 & + 22  <#.

who  w  ( & <0.

w    @+

02 / .K+..
4.

3 of 4

()

@+. 02;# (# &. 2;# C #.

6/5/2008 2:10 PM

file:///C:/pkp.blogspot.com-Gnu-linux-for-beginners-tamil-p3.txt

; /usr/bin

(or) /bin

(or) /usr/local/bin (or) /sbin (or)

/usr/sbin (or) /usr/local/sbin  - 

2( ..

0

( &3< B #. +( 

< whereis  & 02#.

[mksarav@localhost] $ whereis ls
ls: /bin/ls /usr/man/man1/ls.1.gz
[mksarav@localhost] $
+ ls  & B # /bin - (; /#, 3<
3. /usr/man/man1/ls.1.gz   (; /# whereis
& 3 6/2;;.
()

whereis   which  &=# 02#.

which ls
which date
which mkdir
5.

( & 3. man (or) info &

02# / .
keyword &0 :(;.

& /  - +K3 (

2 3 sort E#

&( / @+. < <0#.

% <%;?

man -k sort
-k  & 02 +K32 keyword 06#.
apropos  ( &=# <0.
apropos
apropos

/ (+.:

sort
who
**

4 of 4

**

6/5/2008 2:10 PM