16

Fourier Series

Assessment Problems


Vm
1
2T /3
1
T
7
AP 16.1 av =
Vm dt +
dt = Vm = 7 V
T 0
T 2T /3 3
9

2

ak =
T

4Vm
3k0 T


2

bk =
T


2T /3

2T /3
0

4Vm
3k0 T

Vm cos k0 t dt +


4k
sin
3

2T /3

 

T

4k
1 cos
3

2T /3



Vm
cos k0 t dt
3

6
4k
=
sin
k
3

Vm sin k0 t dt +



T

Vm
sin k0 t dt
3

 

6
=
k

4k
1 cos
3



AP 16.2 [a] av = 7 = 21.99 V

[b] a1 = 5.196 a2 = 2.598 a3 = 0 a4 = 1.299 a5 = 1.039
b1 = 9


b2 = 4.5

b3 = 0

b4 = 2.25

b5 = 1.8

2
= 50 rad/s
T
[d] f3 = 3f0 = 23.87 Hz
[c] 0 =

[e] v(t) = 21.99 5.2 cos 50t + 9 sin 50t + 2.6 cos 100t + 4.5 sin 100t
1.3 cos 200t + 2.25 sin 200t + 1.04 cos 250t + 1.8 sin 250t + V
AP 16.3 Odd function with both half- and quarter-wave symmetry.


6Vm
t,
vg (t) =
T

0 t T /6;
161

av = 0,

ak = 0 for all k

162

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

bk = 0 for k even
bk =

8

T

8

=
T
=

vg (t) =

T /4
0

f (t) sin k0 t dt,

T /6

k odd

6Vm
8

t sin k0 t dt +
T
T


12Vm
k
sin
2
2
k
3

T /4
T /6

Vm sin k0 t dt

1
12Vm 
n
sin n0 t V
sin
2 n=1,3,5 n2
3

AP 16.4 [a] Using the results from AP 16.2, and Equation (16.39),
A1 = 5.2 j9 = 10.4/ 120 ;

A2 = 2.6 j4.5 = 5.2/ 60

A4 = 1.3 j2.25 = 2.6/ 120

A3 = 0;

A5 = 1.04 j1.8 = 2.1/ 60

1 = 120 ;

2 = 60 ;

4 = 120 ;

5 = 60

3 not dened;

[b] v(t) = 21.99 + 10.4 cos(50t 120 ) + 5.2 cos(100t 60 )

+ 2.6 cos(200t 120 ) + 2.1 cos(250t 60 ) + V
AP 16.5 The Fourier series for the input voltage is


1
8A 
n
sin
sin n0 (t + T /4)
2
2
n=1,3,5 n
2

vi =

1
n
8A 
sin2
cos n0 t
= 2
2
n=1,3,5 n
2

1
8A 
cos n0 t
2 n=1,3,5 n2

8A
8(281.25 2 )
=
= 2250 mV
2
2
0 =

2
2
=
103 = 10
T
200

Problems
..

vi = 2250

1
cos 10nt mV
2
n=1,3,5 n

From the circuit we have

Vo =

Vi
1
Vi

=
R + (1/jC) jC
1 + jRC

Vo =

1/RC
100
Vi =
Vi
1/RC + j
100 + j

Vi1 = 2250/0 mV;

0 = 10 rad/s

Vi3 =

2250
/0 = 250/0 mV;
9

Vi5 =

2250
/0 = 90/0 mV;
25

Vo1 =

100
(2250/0 ) = 2238.83/ 5.71 mV
100 + j10

Vo3 =

100
(250/0 ) = 239.46/ 16.70 mV
100 + j30

Vo5 =

100
(90/0 ) = 80.50/ 26.57 mV
100 + j50

..

vo = 2238.33 cos(10t 5.71 ) + 239.46 cos(30t 16.70 )

30 = 30 rad/s
50 = 50 rad/s

+ 80.50 cos(50t 26.57 ) + . . . mV

AP 16.6 [a] The Fourier series of the input voltage is
vg =

1
4A 
sin n0 (t + T /4)
n=1,3,5 n

= 42


1
n=1,3,5

n
sin
n
2

cos 2000nt V

From the circuit we have

Vo Vg
Vo
Vo sC +
+
=0
sL
R
..

Vo
s/RC
= H(s) = 2
Vg
s + (s/RC) + (1/LC)

163

164

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Substituting in the numerical values yields
500s
H(s) = 2
s + 500s + 108
Vg1 = 42/0

0 = 2000 rad/s

Vg3 = 14/180

30 = 6000 rad/s

Vg5 = 8.4/0

50 = 10,000 rad/s

Vg7 = 6/180

70 = 14,000 rad/s

H(j2000) =

j1
500(j2000)
=
= 0.01042/89.40
108 4 106 + 500(j2000)
96 + j1

H(j6000) = 0.04682/87.32
H(j10,000) = 1/0
H(j14,000) = 0.07272/ 85.83
Thus,
Vo1 = (42/0 )(0.01042/89.40 ) = 0.4375/89.40 V
Vo3 = 0.6555/ 92.68 V
Vo5 = 8.4/0 V
Vo7 = 0.4363/94.17 V
Therefore,
vo = 0.4375 cos(2000t + 89.40 ) + 0.6555 cos(6000t 92.68 )
+ 8.4 cos(10,000t) + 0.4363 cos(14,000t + 94.17 ) + . . . V
[b] The 5th harmonic, that is, the term at 10,000 rad/s, dominates the output
voltage. The circuit is a bandpass lter with a center frequency of 10,000 rad/s
and a bandwidth of 500 rad/s. Thus, Q is 20 and the lter is quite selective.
This causes the attenuation of the fundamental, third, and seventh harmonic
terms in the output signal.
AP 16.7 0 =

2 103
= 3 rad/s
2094.4

j0 k = j3k

Problems
VR =

165

2
2sVg
(Vg ) = 2
2 + s + 1/s
s + 2s + 1


VR
Vg

H(s) =

s2

2s
+ 2s + 1

H(j0 k) = H(j3k) =

j6k
(1 9k 2 ) + j6k
Vg1 = 25.98/0 V

vg1 = 25.98 sin 0 t V;

H(j3) =

j6
= 0.6/ 53.13 ;
8 + j6

VR1 = 15.588/ 53.13 V

(15.588/ 2)2
= 60.75 W
P1 =
2
vg3 = 0,

therefore P3 = 0 W
Vg5 = 1.04/180

vg5 = 1.04 sin 50 t V;

j30
= 0.1327/ 82.37
224 + j30

H(j15) =

VR5 = (1.04/180 )(0.1327/ 82.37 ) = 138/97.63 mV

(0.138/ 2)2
P5 =
= 4.76 mW;
2

therefore

P
= 60.75 W
= P1

AP 16.8 Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0, ak = 0 for all
k, bk = 0 for k even; for k odd we have
8

bk =
T
=

T /8
0

8
k

8

2 sin k0 t dt +
T



k
1 + 3 cos
4


j4
Therefore Cn =
n

T /4
T /8

8 sin k0 t dt



k odd


n
1 + 3 cos
4

n odd

166

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series



2
T
3T
T
AP 16.9 [a] Irms =
(2)2
(2) + (8)2

T
8
8
8
j12.5
j1.5
j0.9
[b] C1 =
; C3 =
; C5 =
;

C7 =

j1.8
;

Irms =



2
I

dc

C9 =

+2

j1.4
;

C11 =


|Cn |2
=

n=1,3,5

34 = 5.831 A

j0.4

2
(12.52 + 1.52 + 0.92 + 1.82 + 1.42 + 0.42 )
2

= 5.777 A
5.777 5.831
100 = 0.93%
5.831
[d] Using just the terms C1 C9 ,

[c] % Error =

Irms =



2
I

dc

+2

|Cn |2
=

n=1,3,5

2
(12.52 + 1.52 + 0.92 + 1.82 + 1.42 )
2

= 5.774 A
% Error =

5.774 5.831
100 = 0.98%
5.831

Thus, the % error is still less than 1%.

AP 16.10 T = 32 ms, therefore 8 ms requires shifting the function T /4 to the right.
i=


n=

n(odd)

4
n jn0 (tT /4)
j
1 + 3 cos
e
n
4

n=

n(odd)

1
n j(n+1)(/2) jn0 t
1 + 3 cos
e
e
n
4

Problems

167

Problems
P 16.1

2
= 31, 415.93 rad/s
200 106
2
= 157.080 krad/s
ob =
40 106
1
1
1
= 5000 Hz;
fob =
= 25,000 Hz
[b] foa = =
6
T
200 10
40 106
100(10 106 )
[c] ava = 0;
avb =
= 25 V
40 106
[d] The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(a) has half-wave symmetry. Therefore,
[a] oa =

ava = 0;

aka = 0 for k even;

bka = 0 for k even

For k odd,
4
T /2
4
T /4
2kt
2kt
dt +
dt
aka =
40 cos
80 cos
T 0
T
T T /4
T
=


2kt T /4 320 T
2kt
160 T
sin
sin
+

T 2k
T 0
T 2k
T


k 160
80
k
sin
+
sin k sin
k
2
k
2

=
bka =

80
k
sin
,
k
2

T /2



T /4

k odd

4
T /2
4
T /4
2kt
2kt
dt +
dt
40 sin
80 sin
T 0
T
T T /4
T


2kt
160 T
2kt T /4 320 T
cos

=
cos

T 2k
T 0
T 2k
T

T /2



T /4

160
80
(0 1)
(1 0)
k
k
240
=
k
The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b) is even; therefore, bk = 0 for all k. Also,
=

avb = 25 V
akb =

4
T /8
2kt
dt
100 cos
T 0
T


2k T /8
400 T
sin
t
=
T 2k
T 0
k
200
sin
=
k
4

168

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

[e] For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(a),
v(t) =

80 
n
1
3
cos no t + sin no t V
sin
n=1,3,5
n
2
n

For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b),



n
200 
1
sin
cos no t V
v(t) = 25 +
n=1 n
4

P 16.2

In studying the periodic function in Fig. P16.2 note that it can be visualized as the
combination of two half-wave rectied sine waves, as shown in the gure below.
Hence we can use the Fourier series for a half-wave rectied sine wave which is
given as the answer to Problem 16.3(c).

v1 (t) =

cos no t
100
200 
+ 50 sin o t
V

n=2,4,6 (n2 1)

v2 (t) =

cos no (t T /2)
60
120 
+ 30 sin o (t T /2)
V

n=2,4,6
(n2 1)

Observe the following, noting that n is even:



2 T
sin o (t T /2) = sin o t
T 2

= sin(o t ) = sin o t

Problems


2n T
cos no (t T /2) = cos no t
T 2

169

= cos(no t n) = cos no t

Using the observations above,

v2 (t) =

cos(no t)
60
120 
30 sin o t
V

n=2,4,6 (n2 1)

Thus,
v(t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) =
P 16.3

cos(no t)
160
320 
+ 20 sin o t
V

n=2,4,6 (n2 1)

[a] Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, av = 0, ak = 0 for all k,
bk = 0 for even k; for k odd we have
8
T /4
4Vm
,
bk =
Vm sin k0 t dt =
T 0
k

and

k odd

4Vm 
1
sin n0 t V
v(t) =
n=1,3,5 n

[b] Even function: bk = 0 for k

2Vm
2
T /2

Vm sin t dt =
av =
T 0
T



1
1
4
T /2

2Vm
+
Vm sin t cos k0 t dt =
ak =
T 0
T

1 2k 1 + 2k

=
and

4Vm /
1 4k 2


2Vm
1
v(t) =
1+2
cos n0 t V
2

n=1 1 4n



2
1
T /2
Vm
[c] av =
Vm sin
t dt =
T 0
T



2
T /2
2
Vm 1 + cos k
ak =
Vm sin t cos k0 t dt =
T 0
T

1 k2

Note:

ak = 0 for k-odd,

ak =

2Vm
(1 k 2 )

for k even,

2
T /2
2
Vm sin t sin k0 t dt = 0 for k = 2, 3, 4, . . .
T 0
T
Vm
;
therefore
For k = 1, we have b1 =
2

bk =

v(t) =

Vm Vm
1
2Vm 
+
sin 0 t +
cos n0 t V

2
n=2,4,6 1 n2

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1610
P 16.4

Starting with Eq. (16.2),

f (t) sin k0 t = av sin k0 t +

an cos n0 t sin k0 t +

n=1

bn sin n0 t sin k0 t

n=1

Now integrate both sides from to to to + T. All the integrals on the right-hand side
reduce to zero except in the last summation when n = k, therefore we have

to +T
to

P 16.5

f (t) sin k0 t dt = 0 + 0 + bk

to +T

[a] I6 =

to

T
2

or

2
to +T
bk =
f (t) sin k0 t dt
T to


to +T
1
sin m0 t dt =
cos m0 t 
m0
to

1
[cos m0 (to + T ) cos m0 to ]
m0

1
[cos m0 to cos m0 T sin m0 to sin m0 T cos m0 to ]
m0

1
[cos m0 to 0 cos m0 to ] = 0 for all m,
m0

to +T

I7 =

to

to +T
1
cos m0 to dt =
[sin m0 t] 
m0
to

1
[sin m0 (to + T ) sin m0 to ]
m0

1
[sin m0 to sin m0 to ] = 0 for all m
m0

to +T

1
to +T
cos m0 t sin n0 t dt =
[sin(m + n)0 t sin(m n)0 t] dt
[b] I8 =
2 to
to
But (m + n) and (m n) are integers, therefore from I6 above, I8 = 0 for all
m, n.

to +T
1
to +T
sin m0 t sin n0 t dt =
[cos(m n)0 t cos(m + n)0 t] dt
[c] I9 =
2 to
to
If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we get
T
1
to +T
1
to +T
T
dt
cos 2m0 t dt = 0 =
2 to
2 to
2
2

I9 =
[d] I10 =
=

to +T
to

cos m0 t cos n0 t dt

1
to +T
[cos(m n)0 t + cos(m + n)0 t] dt
2 to

If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we have

I10 =

1
to +T
1
to +T
T
T
dt +
cos 2m0 t dt = + 0 =
2 to
2 to
2
2

Problems

P 16.6

1611




T /2
1
to +T
1
0
av =
f (t) dt =
f (t) dt +
f (t) dt
T to
T
T /2
0

Let

t = x,

dt = dx,

x=

T
2

when

t=

T
2

and x = 0 when t = 0
Therefore

1
0
1
T /2
1
0
f (t) dt =
f (x)(dx) =
f (x) dx
T T /2
T T /2
T 0

Therefore av =

1
T /2
1
T /2
f (t) dt +
f (t) dt = 0
T 0
T 0

2
0
2
T /2
f (t) cos k0 t dt +
f (t) cos k0 t dt
ak =
T 0
T T /2
Again, let t = x in the rst integral and we get
2
T /2
2
0
f (t) cos k0 t dt =
f (x) cos k0 x dx
T T /2
T 0
Therefore ak = 0

for all k.

2
0
2
T /2
f (t) sin k0 t +
f (t) sin k0 t dt
bk =
T T /2
T 0
Using the substitution t = x, the rst integral becomes
2
T /2
f (x) sin k0 x dx
T 0
4
T /2
f (t) sin k0 t dt
Therefore we have bk =
T 0
P 16.7

2
0
2
T /2
f (t) sin k0 t dt +
f (t) sin k0 t dt
T T /2
T 0
Now let t = x T /2 in the rst integral, then dt = dx, x = 0 when t = T /2 and
x = T /2 when t = 0, also sin k0 (x T /2) = sin(k0 x k) = sin k0 x cos k.
Therefore
bk =

2
0
2
T /2
f (t) sin k0 t dt =
f (x) sin k0 x cos k dx
T T /2
T 0
bk =

and

T /2
2
(1 cos k)
f (x) sin k0 t dt
T
0

Now note that 1 cos k = 0 when k is even, and 1 cos k = 2 when k is odd.
Therefore bk = 0 when k is even, and
4
T /2
f (t) sin k0 t dt when k is odd
bk =
T 0

1612
P 16.8

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Because the function is even and has half-wave symmetry, we have av = 0, ak = 0

for k even, bk = 0 for all k and
ak =

4
T /2
f (t) cos k0 t dt,
T 0

k odd

The function also has quarter-wave symmetry;

therefore f (t) = f (T /2 t) in the interval T /4 t T /2;
thus we write
ak =

4
T /4
4
T /2
f (t) cos k0 t dt +
f (t) cos k0 t dt
T 0
T T /4

Now let t = (T /2 x) in the second integral, then dt = dx, x = T /4 when

t = T /4 and x = 0 when t = T /2. Therefore we get
4
T /2
4
T /4
f (t) cos k0 t dt =
f (x) cos k cos k0 x dx
T T /4
T 0
Therefore we have

T /4
4
ak = (1 cos k)
f (t) cos k0 t dt
T
0

But k is odd, hence

ak =
P 16.9

8
T /4
f (t) cos k0 t dt,
T 0

k odd

Because the function is odd and has half-wave symmetry, av = 0, ak = 0 for all k,
and bk = 0 for k even. For k odd we have
4
T /2
bk =
f (t) sin k0 t dt
T 0
The function also has quarter-wave symmetry, therefore f (t) = f (T /2 t) in the
interval T /4 t T /2. Thus we have
bk =

4
T /4
4
T /2
f (t) sin k0 t dt +
f (t) sin k0 t dt
T 0
T T /4

Now let t = (T /2 x) in the second integral and note that dt = dx, x = T /4

when t = T /4 and x = 0 when t = T /2, thus

T /4
4
T /2
4
f (t) sin k0 t dt = cos k
f (x)(sin k0 x) dx
T T /4
T
0

But k is odd, therefore the expression becomes

8
T /4
f (t) sin k0 t dt
bk =
T 0

Problems
1
1
= 62.5 Hz
=
T
16 103
[b] no, because f (3 ms) = 10 mA but f (3 ms) = 10 mA.

P 16.10 [a] f =

[c] yes, because f (t) = f (t) for all t.

[d] yes
[e] yes
[f] av = 0,

function is odd

ak = 0,

for all k; the function is odd

bk = 0,

for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry

bk =

8

T

8
=
T
=

T /4
0

f (t) sin ko t,



T /8
0

k odd

5t sin ko t dt +

T /4
T /8

0.01 sin ko t dt

8
{Int1 + Int2}
T

T /8

Int1 = 5

t sin ko t dt

T /8
1
t
= 5 2 2 sin ko t
cos ko t 
k o
ko
0

5
k 0.625T
k
sin
cos

k 2 o2
4
ko
4

T /4

Int2 = 0.01

T /8

Int1 + Int2 =

sin ko t dt =

T /4 0.01
0.01
k
cos ko t  =
cos
ko
ko
4
T /8


0.01 0.625T
k
5
+
sin

2
2
k o
4
ko
ko

cos

k
4

0.625T = 0.625(16 103 ) = 0.01

..

Int1 + Int2 =

5
k 2 o2

sin

k
4

5
0.16
8
k
k
2 2 T 2 sin
= 2 2 sin
,
bk =
T 4 k
4
k
4
i(t) =

sin(n/4)
160 
sin no t mA
2 n=1,3,5
n2

k odd

1613

1614

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

2
= 2 rad/s
T

o =

P 16.11 [a] T = 1;
[b] yes
[c] no
[d] no

P 16.12 [a] v(t) is even and has both half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0,
bk = 0 for all k, ak = 0 for k-even; for odd k we have


k
8
T /4
4Vm
sin
Vm cos k0 t dt =
ak =
T 0
k
2

n
1
4Vm 
sin
v(t) =
cos n0 t V
n=1,3,5 n
2

[b] v(t) is even and has both half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0,
ak = 0 for k-even, bk = 0 for all k; for k-odd we have
ak =



8
T /4 4Vp
8Vp
t Vp cos k0 t dt = 2 2
T 0
T
k

1
8Vp 
Therefore v(t) = 2
cos n0 t V
n=1,3,5 n2

P 16.13 [a] i(t) is even, therefore bk = 0 for all k.

av =

Im
1 T
1
Im 2 =
A
2 4
T
4

4

ak =
T

T /4

4Im

=
T

4Im
t cos ko t dt
Im
T

T /4
0

16Im

cos ko t dt
T2

T /4
0

t cos ko t dt

= Int1 Int2
Int1 =

k
4Im
T /4
2Im
sin
cos ko t dt =
T 0
k
2

Int2 =

16Im

T2

16Im
=
T2

T /4
0

t cos ko t dt


T /4

1
t
cos ko t +
sin ko t 
2
2
k o
ko
0


4Im
k
2Im
k
= 2 2 cos
1 +
sin
k
2
k
2

Problems


4Im
k
.. ak = 2 2 1 cos
k
2
.. i(t) =

1615

1 cos(n/2)
Im 4Im 
cos no t A
+ 2
4
n=1
n2

[b] Shifting the reference axis to the left is equivalent to shifting the periodic
function to the right:
cos no (t T /2) = cos n cos no t
Thus

Im 4Im 
(1 cos(n/2)) cos n
i(t) =
cos no t A
+ 2
4
n=1
n2

P 16.14 [a]

[b] Even, since f (t) = f (t)

[c] Yes, since f (t) = f (T /2 t) in the interval 0 < t < 4.
[d] av = 0,
bk = 0,

ak = 0,
for all k

for k even

(half-wave symmetry)

(function is even)

Because of the quarter-wave symmetry, the expression for ak is

8
T /4
f (t) cos k0 t dt,
ak =
T 0

k odd


2

2t
k 2 02 t2 2
8
2 2
4t cos k0 t dt = 4 2 2 cos k0 t +
sin k0 t
=
8 0
k 0
k 3 03

1616

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series



2
k
(2) =
k0 (2) = k
8
2
cos(k/2) = 0,

since k is odd

4k 2 02 2
16k 2 02 8
ak = 4 0 +
sin(k/2)
=
sin(k/2)
k 3 03
k 3 03

..

2
= ;
0 =
8
4


ak =

02


2
= ;
16

03

3
=
64

k22 8
(64) sin(k/2)
k33

f (t) = 64

n=1,3,5

n2 2 8
sin(n/2) cos(n0 t)
3 n3

[e] cos n0 (t 2) = cos(n0 t /2) = sin n0 t sin(n/2)

f (t) = 64


n=1,3,5

n2 2 8
sin2 (n/2) sin(n0 t)
3 n3

P 16.15 [a]

[b] Odd, since f (t) = f (t)

[c] f (t) has quarter-wave symmetry, since f (T /2 t) = f (t) in the interval
0 < t < 4.
[d] av = 0,
bk = 0,
bk =

(half-wave symmetry);
for k even

(half-wave symmetry)

8
T /4
f (t) sin k0 t dt,
T 0
=

ak = 0,

8
2 3
t sin k0 t dt
8 0

k odd

for all k

(function is odd)

Problems


1617
2

3t2
6
t3
6t
cos k0 t + 3 3 cos k0 t
= 2 2 sin k0 t 4 4 sin k0 t
k 0
k 0
k0
k 0
k0 (2) = k

2
k
(2) =
8
2

cos(k/2) = 0,

since k is odd

12
6
bk = 2 2 sin(k/2) 4 4 sin(k/2)
k 0
k 0

..

2
k0 = k
8

k
;
4

k 2 02 =

k22
;
16

192
8
bk = 2 2 1 2 2 sin(k/2),
k
k

..

k 4 04 =

k44
256

k odd

1
8
192 
1 2 2 sin(n/2) sin n0 t
f (t) = 2
2
n=1,3,5 n
n

[e] sin n0 (t 2) = sin(n0 t /2) = cos n0 t sin(n/2)

1
8
192 
1 2 2 sin2 (n/2) cos n0 t
f (t) =
2
2
n=1,3,5 n
n

P 16.16 [a]

[b] av = 0;
ak =

ak = 0,

for k even;

8
T /4
f (t) cos k0 t dt,
T 0
=

bk = 0,

for all k

for k odd



8
T /4
40
8
T /8 120t
cos k0 t dt +
10 + t cos k0 t dt
T
T T /8
T
T 0

80
T /4
320
T /4
960
T /8
t cos k0 t dt +
cos k0 t dt + 2
t cos k0 t dt
= 2
T 0
T T /8
T T /8

1618

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series



960 cos k0 t t sin k0 t

+
= 2
T
k 2 02
k0

T /8
0

320 cos k0 t t sin k0 t

+ 2
+
T
k 2 02
k0
k0

T
k
=
;
4
2


k0


80 sin k0 t T /4
+
T k0 T /8

T /4
T /8

T
k
=
8
4

960 cos(k/4)
T
1
80
[sin(k/2) sin(k/4)]
bk = 2
+
sin(k/4) 2 2 +
2
2
T
k 0
8k0
k 0
k0 T


320 cos(k/2) T sin(k/2) cos(k/4) T sin(k/4)

+

+ 2
T
k 2 02
4
k0
k 2 02
8k0
=

640
160
960
cos(k/4) +
sin(k/2)
2
2
(k0 T )
k0 T
(k0 T )2

k0 T = 2k;
ak =
[c] ak =

(k0 T )2 = 4k 2 2

240
160
80
sin(k/2) 2 2
cos(k/4) +
2
2
k
k
k

80
[2 cos(k/4) + k sin(k/2) 3]
2k2

a1 =

80
[2 cos(/4) + k sin(/2) 3]
= 12.61
2

a3 =

80
[2 cos(3/4) + k sin(3/2) 3]
= 12.46
9 2

a5 =

80
[2 cos(5/4) + k sin(5/2) 3]
= 3.66
25 2

f (t) = 12.61 cos(0 t) 12.46 cos(30 t) + 3.66 cos(50 t) + . . .

[d] t =

T
;
4

0 t =

2 T
=
T 4
2

f (T /4)
= 12.61 cos(/2) 12.46 cos(3/2) + 3.66 cos(5/2) = 0
The result would have been non-trivial for t = T /8 or if the function had been
specied as odd.

Problems

1619

P 16.17 Let f (t) = v2 (t T /6).

av = (2Vm /3)(T /3)(1/T ) = (2Vm /9) and

bk = 0 since f (t) is even

T /6



4
T /6
2Vm
4 2Vm 1

cos ko tdt =
sin ko t 
ak =
T 0
3
T 3 ko
0

8Vm

sin k
3k2
3

Therefore,

and

4Vm

sin k
3k
3




1
n
2Vm 4Vm 

sin
v2 (t T /6) =
cos no t
9
3 n=1 n
3




1
n
2Vm 4Vm 

sin
cos no (t + T /6)
v2 (t) =
9
3 n=1 n
3

Then, v(t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t). Simplifying,






7Vm 4Vm 
1
n
n

v(t) =
sin
cos
cos no t
9
3 n=1 n
3
3




4Vm 
1
2 n
+
sin
sin no t V
3 n=1 n
3

If

Vm = 9


av = 7 = 21.99 (Checks)

then

12
n
n
sin
cos
ak =
n
3
3


12
n
bk =
sin2
n
3

12
=
n

a1 = 6 sin(4/3) = 5.2;

12
=
n

 

1
2

 

1
2n
sin
2
3

2n
1 cos
3

 

 

6
=
n

b2 = 3[1 cos(8/3)] = 4.5

a3 = 2 sin(12/3) = 0;

b3 = 2[1 cos(12/3)] = 0

a4 = 1.5 sin(16/3) = 1.3;

b4 = 1.5[1 cos(16/3)] = 2.25

a5 = 1.2 sin(20/3) = 1.04;

b5 = 1.2[1 cos(20/3)] = 1.8

All coefcients check!

4n
1 cos
3

b1 = 6[1 cos(4/3)] = 9

a2 = 3 sin(8/3) = 2.6;

6
4n
=
sin
n
3

1620

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

P 16.18 [a] The voltage has half-wave symmetry. Therefore,

av = 0;

ak = bk = 0,

k even

For k odd,
ak =



4
T /2
2Im
Im
t cos ko t dt
T 0
T

8Im
T /2
4
T /2
Im cos k0 t dt 2
t cos k0 t dt
=
T 0
T
0



t
4Im sin k0 t T /2 8Im cos ko t
2
+
sin k0 T
=

2
2
T
k0
T
k 0
k0
0


=0


8Im cos k
1

2
T 2 k 2 0
k 2 02

8Im
=
T2
=



T /2
0

1
(1 cos k)
2
k 02

20
4Im
= 2,
2
2
k
k

for k odd



4
T /2
2Im
t sin ko t dt
bk =
Im
T 0
T

8Im
T /2
4Im
T /2
sin k0 t dt 2
t sin k0 t dt
T 0
T
0


T /2

4Im cos k0 t
=
T
k0
=

T /2

4Im 1 cos k
8Im T cos k
2
T
k0
T
2k0

8Im
1
=
1 + cos k
k0 T
2
=

8Im sin ko t
t
2

cos k0 t
2
T
k 2 0
k0

10
2Im
=
,
k
k

for k odd


10 2
20
10
10
ak jbk = 2 j
=
j = 2 2 k 2 + 4/ k
k
k
k k
k
where
i(t) = 10

tan k =


n=1,3,5

k
2

(n)2 + 4
n2

cos(n0 t n )

Problems

[b] A1 = 10 4 + 2
= 37.24 A

tan 1 =

1621

1
= 57.52

10
3
tan 3 =
3
4 + 9 2
= 10.71 A
= 78.02
9
2
10
5
tan 5 =
5
A5 =
4 + 25 2
= 6.33 A
= 82.74
25
2
10
7
tan 7 =
7
A7 =
4 + 49 2
= 4.51 A
= 84.80
49
2
10
9
tan 9 =
9
A9 =
4 + 81 2
= 3.50 A
= 85.95
81
2

i(t)
= 37.24 cos(o t 57.52 ) + 10.71 cos(3o t 78.02 )
A3 =

+ 6.33 cos(5o t 82.74 ) + 4.51 cos(7o t 84.80 )

+ 3.50 cos(9o t 85.95 ) + . . .
i(T /4)
= 37.24 cos(90 57.52 ) + 10.71 cos(270 78.02 )
+ 6.33 cos(450 82.74 ) + 4.51 cos(630 84.80 )
+ 3.50 cos(810 85.95 )
= 26.22 A
Actual value:
 
T
1
i
= (5 2 )
= 24.67 A
4
2
P 16.19 The function has half-wave symmetry, thus ak = bk = 0 for k-even, av = 0; for
k-odd
ak =

4
T /2
8Vm
T /2 t/RC
Vm cos k0 t dt
e
cos k0 t dt
T 0
T 0

where

= 1 + eT /2RC .

Upon integrating we get


4Vm sin k0 t T /2
ak =
T
k0 0


T /2

cos k0 t
8Vm
et/RC

+
k

sin
k
t

0
0

T (1/RC)2 + (k0 )2
RC
0

8Vm RC
T [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1622

4

bk =
T

T /2
0

8Vm

Vm sin k0 t dt
T

T /2
0

et/RC sin k0 t dt


4Vm cos k0 t T /2
=
T
k0 0


T /2

et/RC
sin k0 t
8Vm


+
k

cos
k
t
0
0

2
2
T (1/RC) + (k0 )
RC
0

P 16.20 [a]

8k0 Vm R2 C 2
4Vm

k
T [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]

a2k

b2k

a2k

4Vm
+ k0 RCak
+
k

= a2k [1 + (k0 RC)2 ] +

But

ak =

b2k

8Vm
k

2Vm
k

+ k0 RCak

8Vm RC
T [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]
64Vm2 R2 C 2
,
T 2 [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]2

Therefore a2k =
a2k

2

thus we have

64Vm2 R2 C 2
64Vm2 k0 R2 C 2
16Vm2
= 2
+ 2 2
T [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]
k
kT [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]

Now let = k0 RC and note that T = 2/0 , thus the expression for a2k + b2k
reduces to a2k + b2k = 16Vm2 / 2 k 2 (1 + 2 ). It follows that


a2k + b2k =

k 1 + (k0 RC)2

[b] bk = k0 RCak +
Thus

4Vm

4Vm
k

4Vm
1 + 2
bk
1
= k0 RC +
=
=
ak
kak

Therefore

ak
= = k0 RC
bk

Problems
P 16.21

1623

Since av = 0 (half-wave symmetry), Eq. 16.38 gives us

vo (t) =

1
4Vm

cos(n0 t n ) where
1 + (n0 RC)2
1,3,5 n

tan n =

bn
an

But from Eq. 16.57, we have tan k = k0 RC. It follows from Eq. 16.72 that
tan k = ak /bk or tan n = cot n . Therefore n = 90 + n and
cos(n0 t n ) = cos(n0 t n 90 ) = sin(n0 t n ), thus our
expression for vo becomes
vo =

sin(n0 t n )
4Vm 

n=1,3,5 n 1 + (n0 RC)2

P 16.22 [a] ex
=1x
t/RC

for small x;

therefore

= 1
RC

T /2RC

and

Vm
2Vm [1 (t/RC)]
=
vo
= Vm
2 (T /2RC)
RC

Vm
RC




T
t
4

= 1
2RC



2t (T /2)
2 (T /2RC)

Vm
Vm T
=
t
RC
4RC

8
8
[b] ak =
Vp =
2
2
k
2k2



Vm T
4RC

for

0t

T
2

4Vm
0 RCk 2

P 16.23 [a] Express vg as a constant plus a symmetrical square wave. The constant is Vm /2
and the square wave has an amplitude of Vm /2, is odd, and has half- and
quarter-wave symmetry. Therefore the Fourier series for vg is
vg =

1
Vm 2Vm 
+
sin n0 t
2
n=1,3,5 n

The dc component of the current is Vm /2R, and with

sin n0 t = cos(n0 t 90 ) the kth harmonic phase current is
Ik =

2Vm /k
2Vm

=
/ 90 k

2
2
R + jk0 L/ 90
k R + (k0 L)

1

where k = tan

k0 L
R

Thus the Fourier series for the steady-state current is

i=

Vm 2Vm 
sin(n0 t n )

+
A
2R
n=1,3,5 n R2 + (n0 L)2

1624

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

[b]

The steady-state current will alternate between I1 and I2 in exponential traces

as shown. Assuming t = 0 at the instant i increases toward (Vm /R), we have


Vm t/
Vm
+ I1
e
i=
R
R

0t

for

T
2

and i = I2 e[t(T /2)]/ for T /2 t T, where = L/R. Now we solve for I1

and I2 by noting that
I1 = I2 eT /2

I2 =

and

Vm
Vm T /2
+ I1
e
R
R

These two equations are now solved for I1 . Letting x = T /2, we get
(Vm /R)ex
1 + ex
Therefore the equations for i become

I1 =

Vm
Vm

i=
et/
R
R(1 + ex )


0t

for

T
tT
2

Vm
i=
e[t(T /2)]/
R(1 + ex )

T
2

for

and

A check on the validity of these expressions shows they yield an average value
of (Vm /2R):
Iavg

1
=
T



T /2 V
m
0

1
T

Vm
2R

Vm t/
+ I1
e
dt +
R
R


Vm T
Vm
+ (1 ex ) I1
+ I2
2R
R
since

I1 + I2 =

Vm
R



T
T /2

[t(T /2)]/

I2 e

dt

Problems

1625

1
4A 
sin n0 (t + T /4)
n=1,3,5 n

P 16.24 vi =

0 =

n
1
4A 
sin
cos n0 t
n=1,3,5 n
2

2
103 = 500 rad/s;
4

vi = 60


1

n=1,3,5

sin

4A
= 60

n
cos 500nt V
2

From the circuit

j
Vi
j
jL =
Vi =
Vi
R + jL
R/L + j
1000 + j

Vo =

Vi1 = 60/0 V;

= 500 rad/s

Vi3 = 20/0 = 20/180 V;

Vi5 = 12/0 V;

3 = 1500 rad/s

5 = 2500 rad/s

Vo1 =

j500
(60/0 ) = 26.83/63.43 V
1000 + j500

Vo3 =

j1500
(20/180 ) = 16.64/ 146.31 V
1000 + j1500

Vo5 =

j2500
(12/0 ) = 11.14/21.80 V
1000 + j2500

..

vo = 26.83 cos(500t + 63.43 ) + 16.64 cos(1500t 146.31 )

+ 11.14 cos(2500t + 21.80 ) + . . . V

P 16.25 [a] From the solution to Assessment Problem 16.6 the Fourier series for the input
voltage is
vg = 42


1
n=1,3,5

n
sin
n
2

cos 2000nt V

Also from the solution to Assessment Problem 16.6 we have

Vg1 = 42/0

0 = 2000 rad/s

1626

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Vg3 = 14/180

30 = 6000 rad/s

Vg5 = 8.4/0

50 = 10,000 rad/s

Vg7 = 6/180

70 = 14,000 rad/s

From the circuit in Fig. P16.26 we have

Vo Vo Vg
+
+ (Vo Vg )sC = 0
R
sL
s2 + 1/LC
Vo
= H(s) = 2
Vg
s + (s/RC) + (1/LC)

..

Substituting in the numerical values gives

H(s) =

s2 + 108
s2 + 500s + 108

H(j2000) =

96
= 0.9999/ 0.60
96 + j1

H(j6000) =

64
= 0.9989/ 2.68
64 + j3

H(j10,000) = 0
H(j14,000) =

96
= 0.9974/4.17
96 j7

Vo1 = (42/0 )(0.9999/ 0.60 ) = 41.998/ 0.60 V

Vo3 = (14/180 )(0.9989/ 2.68 ) = 13.985/177.32 V
Vo5 = 0 V
Vo7 = (6/180 )(0.9974/4.17 ) = 5.984/184.17 V
vo = 41.998 cos(2000t 0.60 ) + 13.985 cos(6000t + 177.32 )
+ 5.984 cos(14,000t + 184.17 ) + . . . V


[b] The 5th harmonic at the frequency 1/LC = 10,000 rad/s has been eliminated
from the output voltage by the circuit, which is a bandreject lter with a center
frequency of 10,000 rad/s.
P 16.26 [a] Note nd io (t)
V0 Vg
V0
+ V0 (12.5 106 s) +
=0
16s
1000

V0

1
Vg
1
=
+ 12.5 106 s +
16s
16s
1000

Problems

1627

V0 (1000 + 0.2s2 + 16s) = 1000Vg

V0 =

5000Vg
s2 + 80s + 5000

I0 =

V0
5Vg
= 2
1000
s + 80s + 5000

H(s) =

5
I0
= 2
Vg
s + 80s + 5000

H(nj0 ) =
0 =

5
(5000

2
= 240;
T

H(jn0 ) =

n2 02 )

+ j80n0

02 = 57,600 2 ;

800 = 19,200

5
(5000 57,600 2 n2 ) + j19,200n

H(0) = 103
H(j0 ) = 8.82 106 / 173.89
H(j20 ) = 2.20 106 / 176.96
H(j30 ) = 9.78 107 / 177.97
H(j40 ) = 5.5 107 / 178.48

680 1360 1
1
1
1

cos 0 t +
cos 20 t +
cos 30 t +
cos 40 t + . . .
vg =

3
15
35
63
i0 =

680
1360
103
(8.82 106 ) cos(0 t 173.89 )

1360
(2.20 106 ) cos(20 t 176.96 )
15

1360
(9.78 107 ) cos(30 t 177.97 )
35

1360
(5.5 107 ) cos(40 t 178.48 ) . . .
63

= 216.45 103 1.27 103 cos(0 t 173.89 )

6.35 105 cos(20 t 176.96 )
1.21 105 cos(30 t 177.97 )
3.8 106 cos(40 t 178.48 ) . . .

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1628

i0
= 216.45 1.27 cos(0 t 173.89 ) mA
Note that the sinusoidal component is very small compared to the dc
component, so
i0
= 216.45 mA

(a dc current)

[b] Yes, the solution makes sense. The circuit is a low-pass lter which nearly
eliminates all but the dc component.
P 16.27 The function is odd with half-wave and quarter-wave symmetry. Therefore,
ak = 0,

for all k; the function is odd

bk = 0,

for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry

8

bk =
T
8
=
T
=

T /4
0

f (t) sin ko t,



T /10
0

k odd

500t sin ko t dt +

T /4
T /10

sin ko t dt

8
{Int1 + Int2}
T

T /10

Int1 = 500

t sin ko t dt

T /10
1
t
= 500 2 2 sin ko t
cos ko t 
k o
ko
0

Int2 =

500
k 50T
k

sin
cos
2
2
k o
5
ko
5

T /4
T /10

sin ko t dt =

T /4
1
1
k
cos ko t 
=
cos
ko
ko
5
T /10


1
k
50T
k
500
+

cos
Int1 + Int2 = 2 2 sin
k o
5
ko
ko
5
50T = 50(20 103 ) = 1
..

Int1 + Int2 =

k
500
sin
k 2 o2
5

500
20
8
k
k
2 2 T 2 sin
= 2 2 sin
,
bk =
T 4 k
5
k
5

k odd

Problems
i(t) =

1629

20 
sin(n/5)
sin no t A
2
n=1,3,5
n2

From the circuit,

H(s) =

Vo
= Zeq
Ig

1
1
+ sC
+
R1 R2 + sL

Yeq =

Zeq =

s2

1/C(s + R2 /L)
+ s(R1 R2 C + L)/R1 LC + (R1 + R2 )/R1 LC

Therefore,
H(s) =

320 104 (s + 32 104 )

s2 + 32.8 104 s + 28.8 108

We want the output for the third harmonic:

0 =

2
2
=
= 100;
T
20 103

Ig3 =

20
3
sin
= 0.214/ 90
2
9
5 sin 30 t

30 = 300

320 104 (j300 + 32 104 )

H(j300) =
= 353.6/ 5.96
2
4
8
(j300) + 32.8 10 (j300) + 28.8 10
Therefore,
Vo3 = H(j300)Ig3 = (353.6/ 5.96 )(0.214/ 90 ) = 75.7/ 90 5.96 V
vo3 = 75.7 sin(300t 5.96 ) V
P 16.28 o =

2
2
=
106 = 200 krad/s
T
10
5 106
= 25
0.2 106

.. n =

3 106
= 15;
0.2 106

H(s) =

(1/RC)s
Vo
= 2
Vg
s + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)

n=

1630

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1012
1
=
= 106 ;
RC
(250 103 )(4)

H(s) =

(103 )(1012 )
1
=
= 25 1012
LC
(10)(4)

106 s
s2 + 106 s + 25 1012

H(j) =

j 106
(25 1012 2 ) + j106

15th harmonic input:

vg15 = (150)(1/15) sin(15/2) cos 15o t = 10 cos 3 106 t V
.. Vg15 = 10/ 180 V
j3
= 0.1843/79.38
16 + j3

H(j3 106 ) =

Vo15 = (10)(0.1843)/ 100.62 V

vo15 = 1.84 cos(3 106 t 100.62 ) V
25th harmonic input:
vg25 = (150)(1/25) sin(25/2) cos 5 106 t = 6 cos 5 106 t V
.. Vg25 = 6/0 V
j5
= 1/0
0 + j5

H(j5 106 ) =
Vo25 = 6/0 V

vo25 = 6 cos 5 106 t V

T 1 T
T
3Im
Im + Im =
P 16.29 [a] av =
2 2 2
2
4
i(t) =

2Im
t,
T

i(t) = Im ,

0 t T /2
T /2 t T

2
T /2 2Im
2
T
t cos ko t dt +
Im cos ko t dt
ak =
T 0
T
T T /2

Problems
=

Im
(cos k 1)
2k2

2
T /2 2Im
2
T
t sin ko t dt +
Im sin ko t dt
bk =
T 0
T
T T /2
=

Im
k

av =

3Im
,
4

a3 =

2Im
9 2

b1 =

Im
,

..

a1 =

2Im
,
2

b2 =


Irms = Im

a2 = 0

Im
2

2
9
1
1
+ 4 + 2 + 2 = 0.8040Im
16
2
8

Irms = 192.95 mA
P = (0.19295)2 (1000) = 37.23 W
[b] Area under i2 :

T /2

A=

2
4Im
2 T
t
dt
+
I
m
T2
2

2 3 T /2
t 
4Im
2 T
+Im
= 2

T 3 0
2

2
T
Im

Irms =

1 3
2 2
+
= T Im
6 6
3

1 2 2
TI =
T 3 m

2
Im = 195.96 mA
3

P = (0.19596)2 1000 = 38.4 W

[c] Error =

37.23
1 (100) = 3.05%
38.40

1
80 
cos no t V
P 16.30 vg = 10 + 2
n=1,3,5 n2

o =

2
2
=
103 = 500 rad/s
T
4

vg = 10 +

80
80
cos 500t + 2 cos 1500t + . . .
2

(Eq. 16.81)

1631

1632

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Vo Vg
Vo
=0
+ sCVo +
sL
R
Vo (RLCs2 + Ls + R) = RVg
H(s) =

Vo
1/LC
= 2
Vg
s + s/RC + 1/LC

106
1
=
= 106
LC
(0.1)(10)

106
1

=
= 1000 2
RC
(50 2)(10)
H(s) =

106

s2 + 1000 2s + 106

H(j) =

106

106 2 + j1000 2

H(j0) = 1
H(j500) = 0.9701/ 43.31
H(j1500) = 0.4061/ 120.51
vo = 10(1) +
+

80
(0.9701) cos(500t 43.31 )
2

80
(0.4061) cos(1500t 120.51 ) + . . .
9 2

vo = 10 + 7.86 cos(500t 43.31 ) + 0.3658 cos(1500t 120.51 ) + . . .

Problems
Vrms
=

7.86
102 +
2

2

0.3658

+
2

1633

2

= 11.44 V

V2
= 1.85 W
P
= rms
50 2
Note the higher harmonics are severely attenuated and can be ignored. For
example, the 5th harmonic component of vo is


vo5

80
= (0.1580)
cos(2500t 146.04 ) = 0.0512 cos(2500t 146.04 ) V
25 2

P 16.31 [a] av =

1 T
V
2 4 m

4
T /4

ak =

Vm
4

4Vm
t cos ko t dt
Vm
T

4Vm
k
= 2 2 1 cos
k
2
bk = 0,

all k

av =

60
= 15 V
4

a1 =

240
2

a2 =

240
120
(1

cos
)
=
4 2
2

Vrms =
P =




(15)2



240
2

2

120
+
2

2 

= 24.38 V

(24.38)2
= 59.46 W
10

[b] Area under v 2 ;

v 2 = 3600
A=2

T /4

Vrms =

0 t T /4
57,600 2
28,800
t+
t
T
T2

57,600 2
28,800
t+
3600
t dt = 600T
T
T2

P =

1
+
2

1
600T = 600 = 24.49 V
T
2

600 /10 = 60 W

1634

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series



59.46
[c] Error =
1 100 = 0.9041%
60.00
P 16.32 [a] v = 15 + 400 cos 500t + 100 cos(1500t 90 ) V
i = 2 + 5 cos(500t 30 ) + 3 cos(1500t 15 ) A
1
1
P = (15)(2) + (400)(5) cos(30 ) + (100)(3) cos(75 ) = 934.85 W
2
2
[b] Vrms =
[c] Irms =

(15)2

400
+
2


(2)2

5
+
2

2

2

3
+
2

P 16.33 [a] Area under v = A = 4

Therefore Vrms =

100
+
2


T /6
0

2

= 291.93 V

2

= 4.58 A


T
36Vm2 2
T

t dt + 2Vm2
2
T
3
6

V 2T
2Vm2 T
+ m
9
3

 

1 2Vm2 T


V 2T
+ m
3

= Vm

2 1
+ = 74.5356 V
9 3

[b] vg = 105.30 sin 0 t 4.21 sin 50 t + 2.15 sin 70 t + V



Therefore Vrms
=
P 16.34 [a] v(t) =

(105.30)2 + (4.21)2 + (2.15)2

= 74.5306 V
2

1
1
1
1
480
{sin o t + sin 3o t + sin 5o t + sin 7o t + sin 9o t + }

3
5
7
9

Vrms
=
=


2

480
1


2

1
1
+
+
 2
3 2
5 2
1
1
1
480
1
1+ +
+
+
9 25 49 81
2
117.55 V


2

117.55
[b] % error =
1 (100) = 2.04%
120

1
1
960
sin 5o t
[c] v(t) = 2 sin o t + sin 3o t +

9
25
+

1
1
sin 7o t +
sin 9o t
49
81


Vrms

960
1
1
1
1

+
+
+
= 2 1 +
81 625 2401 6561
2

= 69.2765 V

1
+
7 2

2

1
+
9 2

2

Problems
120
Vrms = = 69.2820 V
3


69.2765
1 (100) = 0.0081%
% error =
69.2820


1
340 680 1
P 16.35 [a] v(t)

cos o t +
cos 2o t +

3
15
Vrms



340 2



680
+

2 

3 2

2

+
15 2

2

1
1
340
+
=
1+4
= 120.0819 V

18 450
170
[b] Vrms = = 120.2082
2


120.0819
1 (100) = 0.11%
% error =
120.2082
[c] v(t)

170
340
+ 85 sin o t
cos 2o t

Vrms
Vrms =



170 2


85
+
2

2

340
+
3 2

2

84.8021 V

170
= 85 V
2

% error = 0.23%
P 16.36 [a] Half-wave symmetry av = 0, ak = bk = 0, even k. For k odd,
ak =

4

T

T /4 4I
m
0

16Im
=
T2

t cos k0 t dt =

16Im

T2

4

T

T /4 4I
m
0

16Im
=
T2

t cos k0 t dt

k
2Im
ak =
sin
k
2
bk =

T /4

cos k0 t
t
+
sin k0 t 
2
2
k 0
k0
0

1
16Im
T
k
2 2
=
0+
sin
2
T
4k0
2
k 0


T /4

,
k

t sin k0 t dt =

16Im

T2

T /4
0

t sin k0 t dt


T /4

sin k0 t
k
t
4Im
 =

cos
k
t
sin
0

2
2
2
2
k 0
k0
k
2
0

1635

1636

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

2Im
[b] ak jbk =
k



2Im
a1 jb1 =

a3 jb3 =

2Im
3

a5 jb5 =

2Im
5

2Im
a7 jb7 =
7

k
sin
2






2
2
1
j

1
1

k
2
2
sin

j
k
k
2


= 0.47Im / 60.28


2
2
+j
3
3






2
2
j
5
5




2
2
1
+j
7
7

= 0.26Im /170.07

= 0.11Im / 8.30



= 0.10Im /175.23

ig = 0.47Im cos(0 t 60.28 ) + 0.26Im cos(30 t + 170.07 )

+ 0.11Im cos(50 t 8.30 ) + 0.10Im cos(70 t + 175.23 ) +
[c] Ig =






A2n


n=1,3,5

(0.47)2 + (0.26)2 + (0.11)2 + (0.10)2

= 0.39Im
= Im
2

  
2

T /4 
2
2
4I
32I
t3 T /4 Im
T
m
m
t dt =
[d] Area under i2g = 2
=

2
T
T
3 0
6
0
Ig =

 


2T
1 Im


T


[e] % error =

Im
= = 0.41Im
6


estimated
1 100 =
exact

0.3927Im
1 100 = 3.8%
(Im / 6)

P 16.37 [a] v has half-wave symmetry, quarter-wave symmetry, and is odd

.. av = 0, ak = 0 all k, bk = 0 k-even
8

bk =
T
8
=
T

T /4
0

f (t) sin ko t dt,



T /8 V
m

k-odd

sin ko t dt +

T /4
T /8

Vm sin ko t dt

T /4 





8Vm
cos ko t T /8
8Vm
cos ko t
=


4T
ko
T
ko
0


T /8

8Vm
k
8Vm
k
=
1 cos
+
cos
0
4ko T
4
T ko
4

Problems
8Vm
=
ko T
4Vm
=
k

k
k
1 1
cos
+ cos
4 4
4
4

1
k
+ 0.75 cos
4
4

1
[10 + 30 cos(k/4)]
k

b1 = 10 + 30 cos(/4) = 31.21
1
b3 = [10 + 30 cos(3/4)] = 3.74
3
1
b5 = [10 + 30 cos(5/4)] = 2.24
5
1
b7 = [10 + 30 cos(7/4)] = 4.46
7


V (rms) Vm

31.212 + 3.742 + 2.242 + 4.462

= 22.51
2

[b] Area under v 2 = 2 2(2.5)2



V (rms) =

T
8

+ 100 2

T
4

= 53.125 2 T

1
(53.125 2 )T = 53.125 = 22.90
T

22.51
1 (100) = 1.7%
[c] % Error =
22.90
P 16.38 [a] From Problem 16.16,

The area under v 2 :

A=4



T /8

T /4
14,400 2
40t
t dt +
10 +
2
T
T
T /8

2

dt

1637

1638

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series


T /4

3200 t2
57,600 t3 T /8

+
400t
+
=

T 2 3 0
T 2
T /8

T /4





6400 t3 T /4
+ 2
T 3 T /8
T /8

T
3T
7T
575
57,600
T + 400 + 1600
+ 6400
=
T
1536
8
64
1536
3

Vrms =

1
T

575
T
3

575
= 13.84 V
3

2
Vrms
= 12.78 W
15
[c] From Problem 16.16,

[b] P =

b1 =

80
(2 cos 45 + sin 90 3) = 12.61 V
2

vg
= 12.61 sin 0 t V

(19.57/ 2)2
= 5.30 W
P =
15


5.30
[d] % error =
1 (100) = 61.71%
13.84
P 16.39 Figure P16.39(b): ta = 0.2 s;

tb = 0.6 s

v = 50t 0 t 0.2
v = 50t + 20
v = 25t 25

0.2 t 0.6
0.6 t 1.0

Area 1 under v = A1 =
2

Area 2 = A2 =
Area 3 = A3 =

0.6
0.2

1.0

A1 + A2 + A3 =


Vrms =

0.6

0.2
0

20
3

100(4 20t + 25t2 ) dt =

625(t2 2t + 1) dt =

100
3


2500t2 dt =

1 100
10
= V.
1 3
3

40
3

40
3

Problems
Figure P16.39(c): ta = tb = 0.4 s
v(t) = 25t 0 t 0.4
v(t) =
A1 =
A2 =

50
(t 1)
3

0.4
0

1.0
0.4

625t2 dt =

Vrms =

40
3

2500 2
60
(t 2t + 1) dt =
9
3
100
3

A1 + A2 =


0.4 t 1

1
(A1 + A2 ) =
T

1 100
10
= V.
1 3
3

Figure P16.39 (d): ta = tb = 1

v = 10t 0 t 1
A1 =

1
0

100t2 dt =

Vrms =

100
3

1 100
10
= V.
1 3
3


1
T /4
Vm ejno t
jno t
Vm e
dt =
P 16.40 cn =
T 0
T jno

T /4 



0

Vm
Vm
n
n
Vm
=
[j(ejn/2 1)] =
cos
sin
+j
1
T no
2n
2
2n
2

Vm
n
n
j 1 cos
=
sin
2n
2
2
v(t) =

cn ejno t

n=

1
T /4
Vm
c o = av =
Vm dt =
T 0
4

1639

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1640
or

sin(n/2)
Vm
1 cos(n/2)
co =
lim
j
n0
2
n
n

(/2) cos(n/2)
Vm
(/2) sin(n/2)
=
lim
j
2 n0
1
1

Vm
Vm
j0 =
=
2 2
4
Note it is much easier to use co = av than to use LHopitals rule to nd the limit of
0/0.
P 16.41 co = av =
1

cn =
T

Vm
Vm T 1
=
2
T
2
T

Vm jno t
te
dt
0 T


T

Vm ejn0 t
= 2
(jn0 t 1)
T n2 02
Vm
= 2
T


ejn2T /T

n2 02

1
Vm
1
= 2
(1
+
jn2)

2
T n2 0
n2 02
=j

Vm
,
2n


P 16.42 [a] Vrms =



2
1
jn T 1
(1)
T
n2 02


n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
1
T 2
v dt =
T 0



1
T Vm 2 2
t dt
T 0
T


Vm2 t3 T
T 3 3 0

Vm
Vm2
=
=
3
3
2
(120/ 3)
P =
= 480 W
10
[b] From the solution to Problem 16.41
15
120
120
= 60 V;
c4 = j
=j
c0 =
2
8

c1 = j

60
120
=j ;
2

c5 = j

12
120
=j
10

Problems
c2 = j

120
30
=j ;
4

c6 = j

120
10
=j
12

c3 = j

120
20
=j ;
6

c7 = j

120
8.57
=j
14

Vrms =




c2

o +2

|cn |2

n=1

602 +

2
(602
2

+ 302 + 202 + 152 + 122 + 102 + 8.572 )

= 68.58 V
[c] P =

(68.58)2
= 470.29 W
10


470.29
% error =
1 (100) = 2.02%
480
P 16.43 [a] Co = av =
Cn =

Vm
(1/2)(T /2)Vm
=
T
4

1
T /2 2Vm jno t
te
dt
T 0
T


T /2

2Vm ejno t
(jno t 1)
= 2
T
n2 o2
=

Vm jn
[e
(jn + 1) 1]
2n2 2

Since ejn = cos n we can write

Vm
Vm
cos n
Cn = 2 2 (cos n 1) + j
2 n
2n
54
[b] Co =
= 13.5 V
4
C1 =

54
27
= 10.19/122.48 V
+j
2

C1 = 10.19/ 122.48 V
C2 = j

13.5
= 4.30/ 90 V

C2 = 4.30/90 V
C3 =

6
9
+
j
= 2.93/101.98 V
2

C3 = 2.93/ 101.98 V

1641

1642

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

C4 = j

6.75
= 2.15/ 90 V

C4 = 2.15/90 V
[c]

Vo
Vo
Vo Vg
+
+ Vo sC +
=0
250 sL
62.5 103
..

(250LCs2 + 1.004sL + 250)Vo = 0.004sLVg

Vo
(1/62, 500C)s
= H(s) = 2
Vg
s + 1/249C + 1/LC
H(s) =
o =

16s
s2 + 1/249Cs + 4 1010

2
2
=
106 = 2 105 rad/s
T
10

H(j0) = 0
H(j2 105 k) =

jk
12, 500(1 k 2 ) + j251k

Therefore,
H1 = 0.0398/0 ;
H2 =
H3 =
H4 =

H1 = 0.0398/0

j2
= 5.33 105 /86.23 ;
37, 500 j20
3j
= 3.00 105 /89.57 ;
j753

105

H2 = 5.33 105 / 89.23

H2 = 3.00 105 / 89.57

4j
= 2.13 105 /89.69 ;
187, 500 j1004

The output voltage coefcients:

C0 = 0
C1 = (10.19/122.48 )(0.00398/0 ) = 0.0406/122.48 V

H2 = 2.13 105 / 89.69

Problems

1643

C1 = 0.0406/ 122.48 V
C2 = (4.30/ 90 )(5.33 105 /86.23 ) = 2.29 104 / 3.77 V
C2 = 2.29 104 /3.77 V
C3 = (2.93/101.98 )(3.00 105 /89.57 ) = 8.79 105 /191.55 V
C3 = 8.79 105 / 191.55 V
C4 = (2.15/ 90 )(2.13 105 /89.69 ) = 4.58 105 / 0.31 V
C4 = 4.58 105 /0.31 V
[d] Vrms
=




C 2
o

+2

4


|Cn |2
=


4

2
|C |2

n=1

=
P =

n=1

2(0.04062 + (2.29 104 )2 + (8.79 105 )2 + (4.58 105 )2

= 0.0574 V

(0.0574)2
= 13.2 W
250


P 16.44 [a] Vrms =

=



1
T /2 2Vm 2
t dt
T 0
T




1 4V 2 t3 T /2

m

T2 3

T





Vm
4Vm2
=
(3)(8)
6

54
Vrms = = 22.05 V
6
[b] From the solution to Problem 16.43
C0 = 13.5;

|C3 | = 2.93

|C1 | = 10.19;

|C4 | = 2.15

|C2 | = 4.30
Vg (rms)
=

13.52 + 2(10.192 + 4.302 + 2.932 + 2.152 )

= 21.29 V

21.29
[c] % Error =
1 (100) = 3.44%
22.05

1644

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

P 16.45 [a] From Example 16.3 we have:

40
av =
= 10 V,
4


k
40
bk =
1 cos
k
2

[b] Cn =

Ak / k = ak jbk

3 = 135 ,

A6 = 4.24 V,

an jbn
,
2



1 = 45 ,

A1 = 18.01 V
A3 = 6 V,

k
40
ak =
sin
k
2

A4 = 0,

6 = 90 ,

Cn =

A2 = 12.73 V,

2 = 90

A5 = 3.6 V,

A7 = 2.57 V,

5 = 45

7 = 135

an + jbn
= Cn
2

C0 = av = 10 V

C3 = 3/135 V

C1 = 9/45 V

C3 = 3/ 135 V C6 = 2.12/ 90 V

C1 = 9/ 45 V

C4 = C4 = 0

C7 = 1.29/135 V

C2 = 6.37/90 V

C5 = 1.8/45 V

C7 = 1.29/ 135 V

C2 = 6.37/ 90 V C5 = 1.8/ 45 V

C6 = 2.12/90 V

Problems
P 16.46 [a] From the solution to Problem 16.29 we have
Ak = ak jbk =

Im
Im
(cos
k

1)
+
j
2k2
k

A0 = 0.75Im = 180 mA
A1 =

240
240
= 90.56/122.48 mA
(2) + j
2

A2 = j
A3 =

240
240
= 26.03/101.98 mA
(2) + j
2
9
3

A4 = j
A5 =

240
= 38.20/90 mA
2

240
= 19.10/90 mA
4

240
240
= 15.40/97.26 mA
(2) + j
2
25
5

A6 = j

240
= 12.73/90 mA
6

[b] C0 = A0 = 180 mA
1
C1 = A1 / 1 = 45.28/122.48 mA
2
C1 = 45.28/ 122.48 mA
1
C2 = A2 / 2 = 19.1/90 mA
2
C2 = 19.1/ 90 mA

1645

1646

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1
C3 = A3 / 3 = 13.02/101.98 mA
2
C3 = 13.02/ 101.98 mA
1
C4 = A4 / 4 = 9.55/90 mA
2
C4 = 9.55/ 90 mA
1
C5 = A5 / 5 = 7.70/97.26 mA
2
C5 = 7.70/ 97.26 mA
1
C6 = A6 / 6 = 6.37/90 mA
2
C6 = 6.37/ 90 mA

P 16.47 [a] v = A1 cos(o t + 90 ) + A3 cos(3o t 90 )

+A5 cos(5o t + 90 ) + A7 cos(7o t 90 )
v = A1 sin o t + A3 sin 3o t A5 sin 5o t + A7 sin 7o t
[b] v(t) = A1 sin o t A3 sin 3o t + A5 sin 5o t A7 sin 7o t
.. v(t) = v(t);

odd function

[c] v(t T /2) = A1 sin(o t ) + A3 sin(3o t 3)

A5 sin(5o t 5) + A7 sin(7o t 7)
= A1 sin o t A3 sin 3o t + A5 sin 5o t A7 sin 7o t
.. v(t T /2) = v(t), yes, the function has half-wave symmetry

Problems

1647

[d] Since the function is odd, with hws, we test to see if

f (T /2 t) = f (t)
f (T /2 t) = A1 sin( o t) + A3 sin(3 3o t)
A5 sin(5 5o t) + A7 sin(7 7o t)
= A1 sin o t + A3 sin 3o t A5 sin 5o t + A7 sin 7o t
.. f (T /2 t) = f (t) and the voltage has quarter-wave symmetry
P 16.48 [a] i = 11,025 cos 10,000t + 1225 cos(30,000t 180 ) + 441 cos(50,000t 180 )
+ 225 cos 70,000t A
= 11,025 cos 10,000t 1225 cos 30,000t 441 cos 50,000t
+ 225 cos 70,000t A
[b] i(t) = i(t),
[c] Yes,

A0 = 0,


Function is even
An = 0 for n even

11,0252 + 12252 + 4412 + 2252

= 7.85 mA
2
[e] A1 = 11,025/0 A;
C1 = 5512.50/0 A

[d] Irms =

A3 = 1225/180 A;
A5 = 441/180 A;
A7 = 225/0 A;

C3 = 612.5/180 A
C5 = 220.5/180 A
C7 = 112.50/0 A

C1 = 5512.50/0 A;

C3 = 612.5/ 180 A

C5 = 220.5/ 180 A;

C7 = 112.50/0 A

i = 112.5ej70,000t + 220.5ej180 ej50,000t + 612.5ej180 ej30,000t

+ 5512.5ej10,000t + 5512.5ej10,000t + 612.5ej180 ej30,000t

+ 220.5ej180 ej50,000t + 112.5ej70,000t A

1648

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

[f]

n
180
70 50 30 10
10

30

180

P 16.49 From Table 15.1 we have

H(s) =

1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

After scaling we get

H  (s) =

o =

106
(s + 100)(s2 + 100s + 104 )

2
2
=
103 = 400 rad/s
T
5

.. H  (jno ) =
It follows that
H(j0) = 1/0

1
(1 + j4n)[(1 16n2 ) + j4n]

50

70

(krad/s)

Problems
H(jo ) =

1649

1
= 0.0156/ 241.03
(1 + j4)(15 + j4)

H(j2o ) =

1
= 0.00195/ 255.64
(1 + j8)(63 + j8)

cos no t
A A
2A 
vg (t) = + sin o t

2
n=2,4,6, n2 1

= 54 + 27 sin o t 36 cos 2o t V
.. vo = 54 + 1.33 sin(400t 241.03 ) 0.07 cos(800t 255.64 ) V
P 16.50 Using the technique outlined in Problem 16.17 we can derive the Fourier series for
vg (t). We get
vg (t) = 100 +

1
800 
cos no t
2
n=1,3,5, n2

The transfer function of the prototype second-order low pass Butterworth lter is
H(s) =

s2

,
+ 2s + 1

where c = 1 rad/s

Now frequency scale using kf = 2000 to get c = 2 krad/s:

H(s) =

4 106

s2 + 2000 2s + 4 106

H(j0) = 1
H(j5000) =

4 106

= 0.1580/ 146.04
(j5000)2 + 2000 2(j5000)2 + 4 106

H(j15,000) =

4 106

= 0.0178/ 169.13
(j15,000)2 + 2000 2(j15,000)2 + 4 106

Vdc = 100 V
Vg1 =

800
/0 V
2

Vg3 =

800
/0 V
9 2

1650

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Vodc = 100(1) = 100 V

Vo1 =

800
(0.1580/ 146.04 ) = 12.81/ 146.04 V
2

Vo3 =

800
(0.0178/ 169.13 ) = 0.16/ 169.13 V
9 2

vo (t) = 100 + 12.81 cos(5000t 146.04 )

+ 0.16 cos(15,000t 169.13 ) + V
P 16.51 [a] Let Va represent the node voltage across R2 , then the node-voltage equations are
Va
Va Vg
+
+ Va sC2 + (Va Vo )sC1 = 0
R1
R2
(0 Va )sC2 +

0 Vo
=0
R3

Solving for Vo in terms of Vg yields

Vo
= H(s) =
Vg
s2 +

1
R3

1
s
R1 C1

1
+ C12 s
C1

R1 +R2
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2

It follows that
R1 + R2
o2 =
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2
=

1
R3

R3
Ko =
R1

1
1
+
C1 C2

C2
C1 + C2

Note that
H(s) =

3
R
R1

s2 +

C2
1
C1 +C2 R3


1
1
1
+
s
R3 C1
C2

1
C1

1
s
C2


R1 +R2
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2

[b] For the given values of R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , and C2 we have

R3

R1
1
R3

C2
C1 + C2

1
1
+
C1 C2

R3
400
=
2R1
313

= 2000

R1 + R2
= 0.16 1010 = 16 108
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2

Problems
H(s) =
o =

(400/313)(2000)s
+ 2000s + 16 108

s2

2
2
=
106 = 4 104 rad/s
T
50

H(jno ) =
=
H(jo ) =

(400/313)(2000)jno
16 108 n2 o2 + j2000no
j(20/313)n
(1 n2 ) + j0.05n

400
j(20/313)
=
= 1.28
j(0.050)
313

H(j3o ) =

j(20/313)(3)
= 0.0240/91.07
8 + j0.15

H(j5o ) =

j(100/313)
= 0.0133/90.60
24 + j0.25

vg (t) =

1
4A 
sin(n/2) cos no t
n=1,3,5 n

A = 15.65 V
vg (t) = 62.60 cos o t 20.87 cos 3o t + 12.52 cos 5o t
vo (t) = 80 cos o t 0.50 cos(3o t + 91.07 )
+ 0.17 cos(5o t + 90.60 ) V

1651