Do An Tot Nghiep Truyen Hinh Qua Ve Tinh

n tt nghip
Li ni u
Truyn hnh s qua v tinh
Trong nhng nm gn y nn kinh t nc ta bc sang mt giai on mi pht trin mnh m trong mi lnh vc ca cuc sng. iu i hi ngnh v tuyn truyn hnh cn p ng c nhng thng tin x hi mt cch y v hon thin hn. p ng c nhng nhu cu trn gp phn vo y mnh s pht trin ca ngnh truyn thng trn con ng hin i ho. Trong nhng nm gn y a vo s dng nhiu thit b hin i ph hp vi tnh hnh thng tin Vit nam trong c truyn hnh s. Nh s pht trin vt bc ca khoa hc k thut, c bit l s pht trin ca cng ngh s vi s u vit ca n hn hn vi cng ngh tng t. Do truyn hnh s cng ang thay i truyn hnh tng t. Tc pht trin ca ngnh v tuyn truyn hnh nc ta din ra nhanh chng t cc i pht quc gia n hu ht cc tnh, thnh ph v u c my pht hnh cng sut t ln ti nh, vng su vng xa u c cc trm pht li truyn hnh nh s pht trin ca thng tin v tinh. Truyn hnh l ni hi t nhng thnh tu khoa hc tin tin cc sn phm v ng dng cng ngh mi trong lnh vc vin thng - in t - tin hc. Gp phn quan trng vo s pht trin ca truyn thng nc ta. n, ny mang n ci nhn tng quan v h thng truyn hnh ni chung v h thng truyn hnh s ni ring. Tuy nhin y l mt ti rt mi v rng, hn na do thi gian v ti liu tham kho cng vi trnh cn hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong s gp ca thy c gio v cc bn. Em xin chn thnh cm n Ths. Nguyn Xun Quyn v cc bn nhit tnh gip em hon thnh n ny.
n tt nghip

PHN I: TRUYN HNH TNG T
I. C s l thuyt truyn hnh I.1 H thng truyn hnh: H thng truyn hnh l mt h thng bin i hnh nh v m thanh km theo thnh tn hiu in, truyn n my thu, ni thc hin bin i tn hiu ny thnh dng ban u v hin th nn mn di dng hnh nh truyn hnh da trn cm nhn nh sng ca mt ngi truyn i nhng thng tin cn thit. Qu trnh gia cng tn hiu hnh nh pha pht v pha thu c minh ho nh sau: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pha Pht 1
6
2 3 4
Pha thu Hnh I.1 Qu trnh thu pht truyn hnh Pha pht Khi 1: Tn hiu hnh nh cn truyn Khi 2: Camera in t Khi 3: Trung tm x l (Studio) Khi 4: Truyn dn tn hiu hnh Khi 5: My pht hnh Khi 6: ng truyn (cp ng trc) Khi 7: Anten pht Pha thu Khi 1: Anten thu Khi 2: ng truyn dn t anten thu (cp) Khi 3: Mch in t trong my thu hnh.
n tt nghip
Khi 4: n hnh (mn hin hnh) I.2 Nguyn l h thng truyn hnh:
Hnh nh quang (1) c hin th bng chi phn x B(x,y) c thit b Camera in t (2) chiu nh ca vt cn truyn i v bin i nh quang thnh tn hiu in, tc l chuyn i nh tn hiu. Tn hiu mang tin tc v hnh nh gi l tn hiu video. Tn hiu video bin i theo sng ti, mu sc ca hnh nh quang l tn hiu khng lin tc do s phn tn nh quang thnh tng im (gi l phn t hnh). Tn hiu hnh tip tc ti trung tm c gia cng (3) khuych i t tiu chun k thut v qua truyn dn (4) c a ti my pht hnh. Ti y my pht hnh sng mang, c tn hiu hnh iu ch, qua ng truyn dn (6) ti anten (7). Ti y tn hiu c bc x vo khng gian di dng sng cao tn. Ti pha thu th qu trnh ngc li: Anten thu nhn sng t i pht qua b khuych i ln n mc cn thit ri a n b chuyn i tn hiu - nh (chuyn i nng lng in thnh nng lng nh sng), i tn, tch sng phc hi li tn hiu hnh. Sau khi khuych i mc in p cn thit tn hiu hnh c a ti n hnh. n hnh s bin i tn hiu in thnh hnh nh quang tng ng lc ban u pht i. ng b cho cc mch qut pha pht v pha thu ngi ta s dng tn hiu ng b. thc hin c s ng b v ng pha ngi ta dng mt b to xung ng b. Xung ng b a ti b chuyn i nh tn hiu khng ch qu trnh phn tch nh ng thi a n b khuych i v gia cng tn hiu cng vi tn hiu hnh truyn sang pha thu. Tn hiu hnh cng thm xung ng b gi l tn hiu truyn hnh. Vy v tuyn truyn hnh l ngnh k thut s dng cc tn hiu in t, tin hc truyn hnh nh, ting ni n ngi xem. Truyn hnh l phng tin thng tin i chng c s hp dn v mang tnh thuyt phc cao. nc ta, nm 1970 truyn hnh en trng c pht th nghim, nm 1978 pht th nghim truyn hnh mu h SECAM v t thng 1 nm 1991 pht theo h P AL D,K tc l pht h mu PAL kt hp h en trng OIRT. Ngy nay chuyn t k thut Analog sang k thut cng ngh Digital. R rng l ch c chuyn sang k thut Digital th mi pht huy c nhng th mnh ca cng ngh in t. Rt nhiu cng ngh mi c a vo ng dng
n tt nghip
trong truyn hnh em li hiu qu ln nh iu ch Digital nng cao hiu sut my pht, nh v tinh em li vng ph sng rng ln v cc cng ngh v nn tn hiu, k so, kim tra o th nhanh nhy thc hin ngay c khi thit b vn hnh t ng v iu khin t xa, nng cao cht lng hi phc li tn hiu m tn, th tn. I.3 Qu trnh qut: Nh h thng quang hc m nh ca cc vt trong truyn hnh cn truyn i trong khng gian c chiu ln mt mt phng. Cc vt trong kh ng gian c chuyn thnh nh ca chng trn mt phng, ri mi bin i thnh tn hiu hnh nh (trong truyn hnh l nh phng). Nu ta chia tm nh thnh cc nh th mi vung l mt phn t trong mt tm nh (im nh pixels). Mi im nh c chi trung bnh v mu sc ca n, cng nhiu s im nh tc l nh chia ra cng nh v vy chi v mu trn ton din ca mi im nh cng ng nht. Nu ta chia kch thc im nh cng nh m mt thng khng phn bit c, th ta khng cn phn bit c cc im nh ring r na, lc ta c cm gic tm nh nh mt khi lin tc lin nhau ch khng phi c ghp t cc im nh nh li vi nhau. Nh vy nu ta dng nhiu im nh c chi v mu tng ng th ta c th ghp thnh nh. chi ca cc im nh trn mt dng qut s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in tng ng ca cc dng qut . nh quang hc s c nhn bit bng mt lt qut gm cc dng qut theo chiu t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. Dng in t c hi t vo 1 im nh v c li ln lt qua nh c hai mnh theo cc dng lin tip. Mi mnh cha mt na s dng qut ca mt nh. Hai mnh gn nhau c sp xp theo chiu ng sao cho cc dng qut xen k nhau v to thnh mt nh. Tia qut c iu khin bng hai t trng ngang v ng thng qua cp cun dy qut ngi ta gi qu trnh l qu trnh qut xen k tuyn tnh. Qu trnh ny s c lp li cho nh tip theo. Nh vy thng tin v nh s c bin i lin tc thnh dng tn hiu in theo thi gian trong khong thi gian qut ht 1 tm nh v quay v dng 1 ca nh tip theo trong thi gian ny, tn hiu hnh c xo mt (thi gian xo bng thi gian qut ngc ca mt). C nh vy nh s c lin tc qut.
n tt nghip
Xung ng b cng c truyn i t u pht n u thu h thng qut ti u thu hon ton ng b vi h thng ti u pht nhm bo m ti to li mt cch chnh xc hnh nh ban u. S dng qut cng nhiu th cht lng nh cng p. Khong cch tt nht t v tr ngi xem n my thu hnh l:
D
Trong :
H /2 tg 5 0
64
D l khong cch ngi xem n my thu H l chiu cao ca mn hnh Xung qut dng
Xung qut mnh
mman manhmnh Hnh 1.2 Dng xung qut dng v xung qut mnh
I.4 S nh Truyn trong mt giy v tn hiu video cho ngi xem c cm gic mt hnh nh chuyn ng lin tc, s lng nh truyn trong mt giy cng ln th chuyn ng trong nh cng thy lin tc m nh khng b nhp nhy. Trong in nh ngi ta chiu 24hnh/s hnh s chuyn ng lin tc v nh sng khng b chp. Nhng i vi truyn hnh trnh tnh trng b rung lc hoc c nhng vt en tri trn mn hnh khi b lc ngun khng bo m cht lng ngi ta truyn 25 nh trn mt giy di in li c tn s l 50HZ v truyn 30 nh trn mt giy vi in li c tn s di 60HZ. loi b cc hin tng chp sng trong truyn hnh, ngi ta s dng phng php qut xen k tc l mi nh c qut hai lt, lt u truyn tt c cc dng l (mnh l) lt hai truyn tt c cc dng chn (mnh chn). Khi khi phc li nh, nh trn my thu hnh khng b nhp nhy v tn s in li 50HZ hoc 60HZ bng tn s nhp nhy ti hn. Tiu chun h truyn hnh OIRT v CCIR mi giy truyn i 50 mnh. Trong c 25 mnh l v 25 mnh chn, hnh thnh 25 nh. Tuy mi dng ch chp sng 25 ln nhng hai dng k nhau chp sng thnh 50 ln trong mt giy v rng v khong cch ca mi dng l rt b nn mt ngi khng phn bit c.
n tt nghip
I.5.Hnh dng tn hiu Video: I.5.1.Tn hiu Video.
nh truyn hnh c chia thnh nhiu im nh nh cc im nh ny mang thng tin v chi v mu sc ca vt. Ti b to nh bin i thng tin cha trong cc im nh thnh mt tn hiu in tng ng biu din cho tnh cht ca im nh l qu trnh bin i nng lng quang thnh nng lng in. Ti cc tn hiu in tng ng ca cc im nh s c sp xp mt cch lin tc cho ta mt dng cc tn hiu mang thng tin trn vn v mt bc nh. y chnh l dng tn hiu video. Khi tia in t qut ht mt lt qua tt c cc dng ca nh t trn xung di. Sau tia li qut ngc tr li t di ln trn gi l thi gian qut ngc ca nh. Trong thi gian ny, tn hiu khng mang theo tin tc ca nh nn dng lm truyn xung tt (xo) mt nhm tt tia in t ca ng thu trong thi gian qut ngc ca nh. Khong 23 36 chu k ca dng. I.5.2 Tn hiu ng b Tn hiu ng b dng khng ch qut trong my thu hnh iu khin tia in t trong ng thu lm vic ng b v ng pha vi tia in t qut trong ng pht. Tn hiu ng b c truyn i v c to ra trn knh thng tin cng vi tn hiu video. Tng hp tn hiu video v tn hiu ng b cho ta thng tin video v thng tin ng b. Tn hiu ng b dng dng xc nh cc dng qut v iu khin qu trnh qut dng. Cc tnh hiu ng b mnh dng iu khin qu trnh qut mnh v t ti nh xung xo mnh. Tn hiu ng b cng l cc xung c bin v thi gian xc nh nn cn gi l xung ng b dng v xung ng b mnh. Tn hiu ng b mnh cn mang theo cc xung cn bng gm cc chui xung nm trc v sau xung ng b mnh trong khong thi gian xo mnh. I.5.3 Ph tn hiu video: Xc nh cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu chnh l xc nh tn ph tn hiu hnh. ng vi cc chi tit ln ca nh l tn s thp, vi chi tit nh ca nh l thnh phn tn s cao ca tn ph tn hiu hnh.
n tt nghip
Tn s cao nht ca ph tn hiu ph thuc vo s dng qut, rng di tn tn hiu tng ln th s dng qut cng ln, r cng cao v vy s dng phng php qut xen k s gim i di tn tn hiu. Nu s dng qut xen k th ta nng tn s mnh ln gp i (50 mnh) do gim tn s tn hiu hnh xung mt na. c im ca ph tn hiu gia cc nhm ph hai tn s dng tn ti cc khong trng ta c th li dng khong chng truyn thng tin khc hay p dng trong truyn hnh mu ph ca tn hiu mu c t vo khong trng ca ph tnh hiu chi. II. Truyn hnh mu II.1 Khi nim tng qut v nguyn l truyn hnh mu Tt c cc nguyn tc ca truyn hnh en trng u c tn dng truyn hnh mu, ni cch khc truyn hnh mu trc ht phi lm li tt c cc cng vic c ca truyn hnh en trng. im khc bit gia truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu ch ch thay ch quan tm n cng sng ti ca tng im trn cnh th by gi truyn hnh mu phi quan tm ti tnh cht mu sc ca tng im 1 trn nh. Truyn hnh mu c c trng bng cc thng s v sng mu sc v bo ho mu. Mu sc l cm nhn ch quan ca con ngi tuy nhin kt qu trn mu cho thy mt mu bt k l tp hp li ca 3 thnh phn mu [(, Lc, Lam) (Red, Green, Blue)}. bo ho mu c coi nh s m rng cho n khi no 1 mu sc khc xa mu trng trong iu kin trung tnh. Trong truyn hnh mi nh mu u c th phn tch v tng hp t cc mu c bn theo nhng t l nht nh ta s c mu trng v cc mu khc nhau. phn tch hnh nh mu l Camera truyn hnh cn tng hp nh l cc my thu hnh mu. II.2 Tnh tng hp gia truyn hnh mu v truyn hnh en trng. Tnh tng hp thun cho mi tivi en trng c cng tiu chun truyn hnh khng cn phi thay i iu chnh gi u c th trc tip thu c chng trnh truyn hnh mu sang nh hin trn mn hnh vn l en trng. Tnh tng hp ngc ti mi tivi mu c cng tiu chun truyn hnh cng khng cn thay i iu chnh u c th trc tip thu c truyn hnh en trng. nh hin trn mn my thu hnh mu ch l en trng.
n tt nghip
thc hin c tnh tng hp th i pht truyn hnh mu phi pht i by thng tin 1. Tn hiu hnh video iu bin 2. Tn hiu ting, m thanh iu tn 3. Tn hiu xung ng b dng FH 4. Tn hiu xung ng b mnh FV 5. Tn hiu hiu mu ER Ey 6. Tn hiu hiu mu EB - EY 7. Tn hiu ng b mu Khi pht truyn hnh mu i khng c gy nhiu mu ln nh en trng do pha i pht khng trc tip gi i tn hiu mu c bn m gi i cc tn hiu hiu mu tc l ly tn hiu mu tr i tn hiu chi lm nh vy s khng gy ra nhiu mu ln nh en trng v tin hiu l s khng II.3 L thuyt 3 mu: II.3.1 nh sng v mu sc: nh sng l sng in t nm trong di tn s t 3,8.10 14HZ tc truyn lan trong khng gian C =3.108m/s C = 300.000km/s
C
7,8
14
Mu sc l mt thuc tnh ca dao ng in t m mt ngi cm nhn c. Mi nh sng c bc sng khc nhau tc ng ln mt ngi, th mu sc cm nhn c s khc nhau. II.3.2 Chn ba mu c bn: tiu chun ho vic o mu trn th gii ngi ta quy nh ba mu c bn v ngy nay ang c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh truyn hnh c coi l h s mu R, G, B/Red, Green, Blue . Mu , k hiu bng ch R (Red) c bc sng . Mu lam, k hiu bng ch B (Blue) c bc sng iu kin chn ba mu c bn l
R
= 700mm
G B
. Mu lc, k hiu bng ch G (Green) c bc sng
= 546,8mm
= 435,8mm
n tt nghip
. Nu em hai trong ba mu c bn trn vi nhau th khng th cho ra mu c bn th ba. . Nu em chn ba mu c bn trn vi nhau theo cc t l kh c nhau th s em cho ra c cc mu trong t nhin. II. 3.3 Ba yu t xc nh mt sc mu. . chi (Luminance) cho bit mu sng hay ti . Sc mu (Hue) cho bit mu sc khc nhau . bo ho mu (Saturation) cho bit nng mu m hay nht. II.3.4 tch mu: Bng h thng knh quang hc v knh lc mu ta c th tch t mt ngun nh sng trng hoc t mt nh mu ra thnh ba mu c bn theo cng thc sau: Mu c bn + Mu ph = Mu trng VD: Mu + xanh l = mu trng Mu lc + tm mn = mu trng Mu lam + vng II.3.5 Trn mu: Nu em chiu 3 ngun sng mu c bn c cng cng ln phng
Vng Tm Mn Lam Lc
= mu trng
Hnh I.3 trn mu
Trng
Xanh l
mu trng s phn chiu hon ton th ti nhng vng giao nhau Nu em trn ba mu c bn trn theo t l c bn khc nhau th ti vng chnh tm s c cc mu nh t nhin. II.3.6 Cc nh lut c bn v trn mu: Nh ton hc ngi c H.Grasman a ra nh lut trn mu nh sau.
n tt nghip
. Bt k mt mu sc no cng c th to c bng cch chn ba mu c bn c lp tuyn tnh i vi nhau. . S bin i lin tc ca cc bc x c th to nn mu khc. . Mu sc tng hp ca mt s bc x khng phi c xc nh bi c tnh ph ca cc bc x c trn m c xc nh bi mu sc thnh phn ca cc bc x . II. 4 Cc thng s c bn ca tn hiu v tuyn truyn hnh: II.4.1 Tn hiu truyn hnh mu ton phn PAL D/K Tn hiu mu ton phn c to bi tn hiu chi E /Y, tn hiu mu Em , xung ng b mu Esm, xung xo tng hp Ex v xung ng b tng hp Es Biu thc biu th l: Emt = E/y + Em + Esm + Ex + Es Trong : Emt : Tn hiu mu ton phn E/y = 0,3 E/R + 0,59 E/G + 0,11E/B E/R: tn hiu mu c bn E/G: tn hiu mu lc c bn E/B: tn hiu mu xanh lam c bn Em = m2(E/B - E/y )sin t m1(E/R - E/y )cos t(tn hiu mu) m1 , m2: h s bin tn hiu mu = 2 fm tn s gc mang mu fm : tn s mang mu Esm : ng b mu Ex : xo tng hp Es : ng b tng hp ca knh truyn hnh vi PAL D/K l 6,5 MHZ II.4.2 Cc thng s ca tn hiu mu: II.4.2.1 Tn hiu chi EY (Lumirace Signal) cho my thu hnh en trng lc thu chng trnh truyn hnh mu vn nhn c nh en trng bnh thng vi cc bc sng chnh xc nh nh truyn i. Cc h truyn hnh mu i chng, ngoi cc tn hiu phn nh tin tc mu cn phi to ra v truyn sang pha thu tn hiu chi thng c k hiu l EY. Tn hiu chi chnh l tn hiu hnh truyn hnh en trng. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh mu c bn u c mang tin tc v chi, v rng khi chi ca (tn hiu chi)
10
n tt nghip
hnh cn truyn tng hoc gim th bin cc tn hiu mu c bn cng tng hoc gim theo, nhng t l gia chng khng thay i. Tn hiu chi c to thnh bi tng hp tuyn tnh cc tn hiu mu c bn sau khi sa phi tuyn l E/y = 0,3 E/R + 0,59 E/G + 0,11E/B Trong E/y : tn hiu chi E/R: tn hiu mu c bn E/G: tn hiu mu xanh lc c bn E/B: tn hiu mu xanh lam c bn Hin nay cc h NTSC, PAL, SECAM u s dng biu thc ny hnh thnh tn hiu chi b lp m mu. Ch khc nhau gia cc h ny l rng di tn tn hiu chi. rng di tn tn hiu chi c chn bng rng di tn tn hiu hnh h truyn hnh en trng cng tiu chun. II.4.2.2 Cc tn hiu hiu mu (Color dibberence Signal) Tn hiu chi, v l thuyt cha ton b tin tc v chi ca cnh vt truyn i. V vy, truyn tt c tin tc v mu sc ca cnh vt, ch cn thm mt tn hiu na, n ch cha ton b tin tc v tnh mu (c sc mu ln bo ho mu) Song trong cc tn hiu mu c bn E/R , E/G ,E/B c cha c tin tc v chi ln tin tc v tnh mu ca cnh vt. V vy nu truyn tn hiu chi v cc tn hiu mu c bn l khng cn thit. khc phc tnh trng ny. Cc h NTSC, PAL, SECAM u dng cc tn hiu mu hoc cc t hp tuyn tnh ca n thay cho cc tn hiu c bn. kt hp gia truyn hnh mu vi truyn hnh en trng th i pht hnh mu pht i cc tn hiu hiu mu ly tn hiu mu tr i tn hiu chi lm nh vy l khng gy nhiu mu ln mn nh en trng v ti nh trng cc tn hiu mu l s khng. Ta c cc tn hiu mu sau: ER y = ER EY = 0,7ER 0,59EG 0,11EB EG y = EG EY = - 0,3ER + 0,41EG 0,11EB EB y = EB EY = - 0,3ER + 0,59EG + 0,89EB
11
n tt nghip
V l thuyt cc tn hiu mu ch cha tin tc v tnh mu, khng cha tin tc v chi ca cnh truyn i (ta dng cc mch ma trn hnh thnh cc tn hiu mu). Nh vy my thu en trng khi ta truyn tn hiu mu vn thu c tn hiu en trng ng ra th phi truyn i tin tc chi E Y v ba tn hiu hiu mu k trn. Trong thc t trong bn tin tc l E Y v ba tn hiu hiu mu ta ch cn truyn i ba tin tc l ta c th suy ra tin tc th 4. Ngi ta chn E R EY v EB EY truyn i cng vi E Y (EY l tin tc bt buc phi truyn cho cc my thu en trng). Ti my thu tin tc cn li E G EY s c suy ra t ba tin tc trn. L do khng truyn EG EY cng cng sng chun nh nhau gi tr tn hiu EG y nh hn ca EB y v ER y. ER - Ey = EG - Ey = EB - Ey = i, ngi ta loi EG EY L do th hai loi EG EY na l v mt kh tinh t vi mu l cy, do di tn i hi ca EG EY cao hn nn kh truyn hn nu so vi di tn ca ER EY v EB EY ch vo khong 1,5 MHZ. Ti my thu EG EY s c suy ra t ER EY v EB EY EG EY = - 0,509(R/ - Y/) 0,194(B/ - Y/) Gi tr cc tn hiu hiu mu ph thuc vo bo ho mu, b o ho mu cng cao, gi tr tn hiu mu cng ln. Kt lun: Dng tn hiu hiu mu thay cho tn hiu mu c bn c cc u im sau. . Gim r rt nhiu do tn hiu mu sinh ra trn nh truyn hnh en trng my thu hnh en trng cc mng trng ca nh truyn hnh mu. Bi v lc truyn mu trng, phi iu chnh sao cho li vo ca b lp m mu t c iu kin. E/B = E/G = E/R cho nn E/R y = E/B y = 0 0,70v 0,41v 0,70v
Chnh v vy trong khi phi chn hai trong 3 tn hiu hiu mu truyn
12
n tt nghip
Cn lc truyn cc chi tit c bo ho mu thp, gi tr cc tn hiu hiu mu nh (cc cnh thng gp hng ngy c bo ho thp). . Gim nh nh hng ca nhiu ti chi ca nh truyn hnh. Mt ngi rt nhy cm vi s sai lch chi (so vi s sai lch mu sc). D truyn cc tn hiu E/ Y, E/R v E /B hay truyn E /Y, E/B y , E/R y c ba tn hiu u chu nh hng ca nhiu. M trong cc tn hiu E /R v E/B cha tin tc ca chi. Cn trong cc tn hiu hiu mu E/R y v E/B y v l thuyt, khng cha tin tc ny. V vy tc ng ca nhiu ti tn hiu hiu mu ch lm thay i tn hiu mu chs khng lm thay i chi. Trong khi , nu truyn tn hiu E /R v E/B th khng nhng thay i tn hiu mu m cn lm cho chi thay i nhiu hn. . Thun tin cho vic xy dng mch in my thu hnh mu ch cn cng tng tn hiu hiu mu vi tn hiu chi s nhn c cc tn hiu mu c bn E/R , E/G v E/B II.4.2.3 Sng mang ph truyn tn hiu hiu mu: Ta khng th truyn tn hiu chi v hai tn hiu hiu mu theo mt ng truyn, v ph ca chng u l ph ri rc. pha thu khng th no tch ring chng. Nn ch c tn hiu chi E Y truyn trc tip, cn li hai tn hiu hiu mu phi dch ph v pha tn s cao nht ca tn hiu chi. Vic la chn sng mang ph v phng php iu ch hai tn hiu mu l nguyn nhn tn ti cc h mu ngy nay NTSC, PAL, v SECAM II.4.2.4 Tn hiu xung ng b mu: cho mu sc ca nh truyn hnh mu khng sai so vi mu ca nh quang truyn i, iu kin trc tin l phi m bo cho c tn s v gc pha ca sng mang ph chun c to ra ti my thu hnh mu v ca sng mang ph pha pht lun bng nhau. Do gip cho mch tch sng mu my thu lm vic c tt, phi truyn sang pha thu mt tn hiu c bit, gi l tn hiu ng b mu thc hin ng b v ng pha cng c bc sng mang ph chun c to ra my thu hnh mu. II.5 Mt s h truyn hnh mu chnh c s dng trn th gii hin nay
13
n tt nghip
Nh trnh by phn trn vic chn sng mang mu iu ch vo vi tn hiu chi EY ta thy c mt vng tn s m y c c tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu, (tn hiu chi chn ph tn hiu mu v ngc li) y l s xuyn ln. Vn la chn sng mang mu v phng php iu ch hai tn hiu mu nh th no cho s xuyn ln trn gim i ti thiu l nguyn nhn sinh ra cc h mu khc nhau. Nh NTSC, PAL, SECAM, c ba h ny u c mt n th li km mt kia, khng h no t c tuyt i u im, chnh v vy c ba h vn song song tn ti. II.5.1 H truyn hnh mu NTSC (National televisio n System Committee T chc h thng truyn hnh quc gia) II.5.1.1 H ny c cc c im chnh sau: H truyn hnh mu NTSC l h truyn hnh mu c tnh tng hp u tin trn th gii vo nm 1950 c hnh thnh ti nc M. Theo h NTSC tn hiu chi c to ra t ba tn hiu mu c bn v pht i trong ton di tn dnh cho h thng truyn hnh en trng thng thng. Tn chi c xc nh theo biu thc Y/ = 0,299R/ + 0,587G/ + 0,114B/ C rng ri tn 0
/ / / /
4,2MHZ
Trong Y , R , G , B l cc gi tr in p tn hiu chi v ba mu c bn sau hiu chnh gamma. H ny truyn ng thi cng mt lc hai tn hiu mu E I v EQ cng vi tn hiu chi. H NTSC cho php dng mt tn hiu mu c di tn rng v mt tn hiu mu c di tn hp hn, phi hp r mu ca nh truyn hnh v chng li hin tng nhiu gia cc tn hin mu sau mch tch sng ng b. EI = 0,73(ER EY) 0,27(EB EY)c rng di tn l 1,5 MHZ EQ = 0,48(ER EY) + 0,41(EB EY)c rng di tn l 0,5MHZ iu bin nn vung gc EI v EQ vo sng mang mu ph c tn s c chn l f = 3,58 MHZ Tn s qut dng fH = 15750 HZ Tn s qut mnh fV = 60 HZ Khong cch hnh cch ting: 4,5 MHZ II.5.1.2 Dng th vc t mu gii thch tn hiu mu E I v EQ
14
n tt nghip
(ER EY) EI
0 1,5MHZ
33 0
EQ EI
Hnh I.4 th gii thch tn hiu EI v EQ h NTSC Ring tn hiu EQ v mt ngi khng nhy cm khng phn c cc chi tit nh ca hnh nh. Do ch cn gi tn hiu i trong mt di thng hp t (0 0,5)MHZ l , di khng hp gim bt cc thit b. . Gii thch gc vung. Ta em dch sng mang mu 3,58 MHZ ly mt gc dng (+45 0) vt trc mang tn hiu EI v mt gc li sau m (-450) mang tn hiu EQ cho hai tn hiu khi ln vo nhau. c im ca sng iu bin nn l khi tn hiu mu cn gi i khng c (bng khng) th sng mang mu cng b trit tiu ht (bng khng). Bin ln nht ca sng iu bin nn cng ch bng cao ca tn hiu mu. Vi hai c im trn ngi M chn phng thc iu bin nn mang tn hiu mu i nhm khng gy nhiu mu ln nh en trng. II. 5.1.3 S khi mch to m mu pha pht
(
) 330 0
0 1,5MHZ 0 0,5MHZ
(EB EY)
15
n tt nghip

Khuych i EY EY
nh mu cn truyn i
ER EG EB
Mch ma trn
Tn hiu chi Ey
Hai tn hiu hiu mu (ER - EY )(xoay 330) EI
Mch to m mu (cch gi tn hiu mu i).
(EB - EY )(xoay 330) EQ
Dng mt sng mang ph mu C 3,58MHZ iu bin nn v vung gc mang hai tn hiu EI v EQ ri t hp thnh 1 tn hiu mu C
Tn hiu
ante n My pht sng mang hnh nh fA fA
iu bin AM Y
C 0
MHZ
Hnh I.5 s 4 khi mch pha pht f to m mu 3,5 sng mang

8 Tn hi u Audio m m thanh ft iu tn ft
My pht
em tn hiu mu C lng vo trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi EY
II.5.1.4 S khi mch gii m mu pha thu

Knh mu Tn hiu video mu Mch cng hng 3,58 MHZ - Chn lc - Khuych i Trung tn mu Cng Bursh So pha Tch sng iu bin nn Mch ma trn G-Y E R - EY E G - EY (EB - EY)
E R - EY (EB - EY)
FH Xung qut dng
To li sng mang mu 3,58 MHZ
Dch pha 450
16
n tt nghip
Hnh I.6: S khi mch gii m mu pha thu Tn hiu video mu a n mch gii m mu trc ht c mch cng hng 3,58 MHZ tip nhn, chn lc ly trung tn mu ri khuych i cho trung tn mu mnh ln v a n mch tch sng iu bin nn (cn c gi l mch tch sng ng b). Mun tch c sng iu bin nn ly ra tn hiu mu th trc ht my thu phi to li sng mang mu 3,58 MHZ ri cho so pha ng b vi sng mang mu pha pht gi n lm chun v c xung qut dng m cng ly xung ng b mu do i pht gi n. Sng mang mu 3,58 MHZ c dch pha 450 ri em cng vi sng iu bin nn do i pht gi n thnh sng iu bin thng thng ri dng i t tip im cao tn tch sng iu bin ly ra hai tn hiu hiu mu (E R EY) v (EB EY) ri cho qua mch ma trn G Y cho ra ba tn hiu hiu mu. Tn hiu mu NTSC c cha tng cng 7 tin tc: 4 tin tc c sn truyn hnh en trng EY, 2 tin hin mu EI v EQ, tn hiu ng b mu. Trong tn hiu ng b mu l tin tc v pha gc ca sng mang ph cn thit phi truyn i tch sng iu bin nn. H truyn hnh NTSC tn ti mt s nhc im trong quan trng hn c tn hiu mu rt nhy cm vi mo pha vi sai. Do s bin i pha sng mang mu ph, lm cho mu sc ca nh khi phc thiu chnh xc. i hi cc thng s k thut ca cc thit b truyn hnh phi c chnh xc cao, sai lch l rt nh. II.5.2 H truyn hnh mu PAL (Pluse Alterntion line: pha thay i theo dng) khc phc nhc im ca h NTSC nhiu h truyn hnh mu ln lt ra i v c nhng khc bit so vi h NTSC. H truyn hnh PaL l h truyn hnh mu c Cng ho Lin bang c nghin cu v c xem l h tiu chun t nm 1966. y l h truyn hnh ng thi, n ng thi truyn tn hiu chi v hai tn hiu hiu mu.
17
n tt nghip
II.5.2.1 Dng th vc t mu gii thch nguyn l sa mo pha trong h PAL Trong h truyn hnh mu PAL ngi ta cng truyn tn hiu chi Y / v hai tn hiu hiu mu U v V. Y/: 0,299 R/ + 0,587 G/ + 0,114 B/ V = 0,877 (R Y) U = 0,493 (B Y) Di tn tn hiu video h PAL rng 5 MHZ (tng thch vi chun qut 625 dng/50. Hai tn hiu mu U v V c rng di tn bng nhau v bng 1,3 MHZ. H PAL dng mt sng mang ph mang ng thi hai tn hiu hiu mu U v V, dng phng php iu ch vung gc v c thnh phn sng mang ph mang tn hiu V o pha theo tng dng qut. Vic o pha ny xy ra trong thi gian qut ngc ca dng. Vic o pha thnh phn sng mang ph tn hiu hiu mu V ca h PAL nhm gim nh hng ca mo pha tn hiu mu n cht lng nh mu c khi phc. th gii thch qu trnh ny nh sau:
18
n tt nghip
EV +2EV
M1+ M//2
EV
M/
M1
M//2
(EB EY) 0 +EU

M/2
+2EV
EU
- EV
M2
- 2EV
Hnh I.7: th gii thch nguyn l sa mo pha h PAL Gi s ti dng th n th pha i pht gi i mt tn hiu mu l vc t OM1 c gc pha l v c to l + E V v EU nhng n pha thu nhn c th b sai pha thnh vc t OM/1. n dng tip theo n + 1 th my pht c pht i mt mu gi l vc t OM2 c to l - EV v + EU th my thu nhn c cng b sai pha thnh vc t OM/2 nhng y l mu gi my thu li phi o ngc pha li thnh mu tht, do thnh vc t OM //2. By gi em cng hai vc t mu ca hai dng k lin k nhau li v bo l mt mu ca mt dng ta c vc t tng hp l M/1 + M /2 chnh l vc t OM1 ko di ra. Vy l gc pha tr v gc pha ban u khng b mo pha na, ch l bin ln ln gn gp i ta dng chit p gim xung mt ln l xong.
19
n tt nghip
II.5.2.2 S khi mch to m mu h PAL pha ph t

Khuych i EY Tn hiu video mu Tn hiu chi EY Hai tn hiu EV hiu (E R - EY )(x h s)
(EB - EY )(x h s) EM
EY
Mch to m mu (cch gi tn hiu mu i) Dng mt sng mang ph 4,43 MHZ iu bin nn v vung gc mang hai tn hiu Ev v EM trong ring EV c lin tc o pha theo dng k Ri t hp thnh mt tn hiu mu C
anten Tn hiu mu C
EY
iu bin AM
My pht hnh fA
fA
Y C 0
4,43
f (MHZ)
em tn hiu mu C lng vo trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi E Y
Hnh I.8: S khi mch to m mu h PAL pha pht
20
n tt nghip
II.5.2.3 S khi mch phi gii m mu h PAL pha thu

Mch cng hng 4,43 MHZ - Chn lc - Khuych i Trung tn mu
Trc tip Tr 64MS
Knh mu tn hiu video mu
+2EU
Tch sng iu bin nn
(ER - EY)
Mch ma trn G -Y
(ER - EY ) (EG - EY)
+
o pha 1800
2EV
(EB - EY)
(EB - EY )
fH
Xung qut dng
Cng Burst
So pha
To li sng mang mu 4,43Mhz

44,43MHZ
Dch pha 450
Hnh I.9: S khi mch to m mu h PAL pha thu
Cc tn hiu mu sau tch sng v tn hiu chi sau b tr c a vo ma trn to li tn hiu mu c bn ban u. C th nhn thy, phn gii mu theo chiu dc h PAL bng mt na phn gii ca thng tin chi. II.5.2.4 H PAL c cc c im chnh sau: Tn hiu chi vn xc nh nh h NTSC nhng di tn rng 5 MHZ tng thch vi tiu chun qut 625/50. Tn hiu mu c ghp knh theo tn s cng tn hiu chi truyn i. Hai tn hiu hiu chnh mu l: V = 0,877(R Y) U = 0,493 (B Y) Hai tn hiu mu U, Y c rng di tn b ng 1,3 MHZ Tn s qut dng: fH = 15625 HZ Tn s qut mnh: fV = 50HZ Khong cch hnh cch ting: 5,5 MHZ (PAL D/K: 6,5 MHZ) H PAL dng mt sng mang ph mang ng thi hai tn hiu mu U v V dng phng php iu ch vung gc v c thnh phn sng mang ph mang tn hiu V o pha theo tng dng qut, o pha trong thi gian qut ngc ca dng.
21
n tt nghip
Tn s sng mang ph phi min tn s cao ca ph tn tn hiu chi f sc = 4,43 MHZ C hai h PAL v SECAM u dng chung mt lun c cho rng hai dng k lin k nhau th tn hiu hnh nh v mu sc hon ton ging nhau, coi nh l mt. Do , h PAL ly tn hiu mu ca dng trn cho i chm li 64MS l mt chu k qut dng ng thi xut hin cng vi mu ca dng sau n ri em cng hai dng mu li v bo l mu ca mt dng sa c mo pha. Cn h SECAM th ly tn hiu mu dng trn cho i chm li cng 64MS ng thi xut hin cng vi mu ca dng di n v bo l hai mu ca mt dng mc d pha i pht ch pht i mi dng k c mt mu (ln lt v mu). II.5.3 H truyn hnh mu SECAM (Squentiel Couleur Ammoire): l h truyn hnh mu ng thi ln lt. Sau nhiu nm hon thin nm 1967 h cn c tn SECAM IIIB h ny c tnh chng nhiu tng i cao, km nhy vi mo pha, mo pha visai, mo bin visai. II.5.3.1 Tn hiu mu v phng php iu ch: Trong h truyn hnh SECAM ngi ta truyn i tn hiu chi Y / v hai tn hiu hiu mu D/R v D/B Trong Y/ = 0,299 R/ + 0,587 G/ + 0,114 B/ D/R = - 1,9 (R Y) D/B = 1,5 (B Y) Tn hiu chi Y/ c rng bng tn l 6MHZ, hai tn hiu hiu mu c rng di tn bng nhau v bng 1,3 MHZ, du tr th hin cc tnh ca (R Y) tn hiu ch Y/ ng truyn tt c cc dng, cn hai tn hiu mu D /R v D/B truyn ln lt theo dng qut trn hai sng mang ph c tn s trung tm l fOR v fOB theo phng php iu tn. fOR = 282 x fH = 282 x 15,625 = 4,40625 MHZ fOB = 272 x fH = 272 x 15,625 = 4,25 MHZ Ngi ta chn fOR v fOB khc nhau lm tng tnh chng nhiu m khng gim h thng tng hp, v tn s cao lm gim mo giao thoa gia cc tn hiu my thu hnh
22
n tt nghip
II.5.3.2 Tin nhn tn cao pha pht v gii nhn tn cao pha thu V h SECAM mang tn hiu mu i bng phng thc iu t n m sng iu tn c bin rt ln khng h b suy gim nn h SECAM phi b xung thm hai k thut tin nhn v gii nhn (khc vi h NTSC v PAL) Dng mch cng hng c c tuyn tn s dng chung nga pha pht suy gim sng mang mu xung cc tiu nhm khng gy nhiu mu ln nh en trng v dng chung xp pha thu khi phc li sng mang mu, nh chung cng hng c chnh ng tn s bng 4,286 MHZ.
U Pha thu Pha pht
4,250
4,286
4,406
F(MH)
FoB
FoR
Hnh 10: c tnh dng chung V h SECAM dng phng thc iu tn mang cc tn hiu hiu mu. Do trong khi iu tn. Nhiu lt vo pha tn s cao ca tn hiu mu l rt nhiu hn nhiu vng tn s thp khi cng bin . V vy trc khi a vo iu ch ngi ta c khuych i cho tn hiu mu mnh hn ln pha tn s cao trc khi a vo iu tn vn cng c nhiu v c gi l tin nhn tn cao. pha thu, sau khi iu tn ly ra tn hiu mu th phi suy gim tn s cao xung cho tr li bnh thng v gi l gii nhn t n cao.
K Tin nhn pha pht Gii nhn pha thu 0 F(MHZ)
23
n tt nghip
Hnh 11. Tin nhn tn cao pha pht, gii nhn tn cao pha thu II.5.3.3S khi mch to m mu h SECAM:
Khuych i EY EY
Tn hiu video mu
Tn hiu chi EY
Mch to m mu
Tn hiu mu C
Hai tn hiu hiu (cch gi tn hiu mu i). mu DR (ER - EY )(xh s) Dng th Dng th Dng th Dng th
(EB - EY )(xh s) DB
n Ey Ey
n +1 Ey
n +2 Ey
n +3
DR
fOB = 4,06 MHZ iu tn
DB
DR
DB
anten
EY Y C 0
4,250 4,406 C C
4,406
iu bin AM f (MHZ) 6
My pht hnh
fA
em tn hiu mu C lng vo trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi EY
Hnh 12:s khi mch to m mu h SECAM
24
n tt nghip
Mch cng hng 4,286MHZ dng chung xp. -Chn lc -Khuych i Trung tn mu
Truyn hnh s Tn hiu mu ln lt ln ln

Trc tip
DB DR DB DR DB DR DR D R DR Chuyn mch PERMUTALOR Tn hiu mu ng thi ring Tch sng FM f0= 4,406MHZ bit
Mch ma trn
(ER Ey ) (EG Ey )
SECAM
II.5.3.4.Mch gii m mu h Secam pha thu
phi nhn tn (ER Ey ) cao
Knh mu Tn hiu Video mu
Tr DR DB DR DB 64 S
DR DB
Tch sng G-Y F.M (EB Ey ) DB DB DB f0B=4,250MH (EB Ey ) Z gii nhn tn cao
Mch cng hng 4,250MHZ nhn dng mu (Ident fH xung qut dng gate)
Trit mu Killer Flip Flop
fH xung qut dng
Hnh.13: Mch gii m h secam pha thu
Nguyn Quang Luy n
Khoa TVT - HBK HN
25
n tt nghip
Tn hiu video mu a n mch gii m SECAM trc ht i qua mch cng hng dng xung chung xp iu chnh ng tn s 4,286 MHZ chn lc v khuych i trung tn mu ri chia ba ng nh sau: Ng 1: Trc tip a tn hiu mu n u vo ca chuyn mch SECAM (permutator) Ng 2: Cho tn hiu mu i qua dy tr sng 64ms lm chm li thi gian mt dng k ri cng a n u vo ca chuyn mch SECAM. Vy l u vo ca chuyn mch SECAM ch t mt dng u tin ra, cn t dng th hai tr i th dng no vo cng ng thi c hai mu v lam nhng tn hiu mu y l ln lt v mu vn ln ln v ng i. Khi thng qua chuyn mch SECAM th tn hiu mu c hng i cho ng tuyn nn u ra cu chuyn mch SECAM .th mi dng k u ng thi c c hai mu v lam v ring bit tch ra thnh hai ng. Chng c dn n hai mch tch sng iu tn ly ra tn hiu hiu mu ly ra mu , mch tch sng iu tn phi chnh theo tn s f0R = 4,406 MHz ly ra mu lam, mch tch sng u mang chnh theo tn s FOB = 4,250 MHZ cc tn hiu mu ny c gii nhn tn cao cho tr li bnh thng ri a n mch ma trn G Y ly ra ba tn hiu hiu mu. Ng 3: Trung tn mu c a n mch cng hng 4,250 MHZ nhn dng mu m ca nhn dng v dng xung qut dng fH m ca nhn dng. Nu khng nhn dng ra c tn hiu mu th n s iu khin cho mch trit mu kho chuyn mch SECAM lm tt knh mu khng gy nhiu mu ln nh en trng. Cn vic iu khin lp trng thi ca chuyn mch SECAM l ly xung qut dng thng qua mch Flp Flp chia i tn s i vo iu khin. II.5.3.5 Mt vi c im chnh h SECAM Tn hiu chi vn xc nh nh hai h trn nhng rng di tn 6 MHZ. Truyn hnh ng thi ln lt tng dng mt hai tn hiu mu DR v DB DR = - 1,9 (ER EY) DB = 1,5 (EB EY) C mt dng truyn i DR: 1 dng DB ri li DR v DB Hai tn hiu ny c rng di tn bng 1,3 MHZ.
26
n tt nghip
iu tn DR, DB vo hai sng mang mu ph ring c tn s fOR = 4,406 MHZ fOB = 4,25 MHZ Tn hiu mu SECAM c 8 tin tc c sn en trng, tin tc th 5 tn tc th 6 ca fM R v fM B ch xut hin ci n hoc ci kia ti mi thi im fM R = fOB = fM B = fOB = dng mt trong hai ti my thu. u im ni bt ca h SECAM: tn hiu iu tn t nhy cm vi mo pha nn h SECAM m bo c mu sc ca nh truyn hnh c n nh cao. 280 KHZ 230 KHZ
Tin tc th 7 l nhn dng dc, tin tc th 8 l nhn dng ngan g ch s
27
n tt nghip

PHN II: TRUYN HNH S
CHNG I: TNG QUAN TRUYN HNH S. I.Gii thiu chung. Truyn hnh mu vi ba h: NTSC. PAL, SECAM xut hin vo nhng thp k 50, 60 to nn mt bc ngot ln trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh truyn hnh. C ba h s dng cc tn hiu thnh phn l tn hiu chi v hai tn hiu mu (Y, R-Y, B-Y). iu khc nhau c bn gia ba h ny l phng php iu ch tn hiu hiu mu, tn s sng mang mu v phng thc ghp knh. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh truyn hnh ang chuyn sang mt bc ngoc mi qu trnh chuyn i t cng ngh Analog sang Digital. Nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng Thi i Digital Video, Digital Television bt u, cng ngh Analog sp ht vai tr lch s. Truyn hnh Analog ngy cng a vo s qun lng, nhng ng cho truyn hnh s. Cng ngh truyn hnh ang tri nghim mt s thay i ln lao mt s thay i v cht!. Tht vy, thit b Analog truyn thng nh my ghi hnh, Camera, Mixer, k xo... c Digital ho. Vi nm trc y, thit b s dng cng ngh Digital mi ch l nhng hn o Digital nh trong i dng Analog mnh mng. Ngy nay nhng hn o Digital nh b t khng nh mnh v tr thnh chu lc Digital rng ln, nhanh chng chim lnh mi trng cng ngh truyn hnh. Trn thc t, cc nh sn xut gim vic thit k cc thit b truyn hnh Analog. V vy thit b Analog ngy cng vng bng trn th trng. Trong mt tng lai khng xa, cc thit b sn xut chng trnh, cc my pht hnh, cc thit b vi deo, Audio ni chung s c thay th bng thit b Digital. Cng khng c g qu, nu ta gi qu trnh Digital ho l mt cuc cch mng v cng ngh Digital s lm thay i tn gc cch suy ngh cch tip cn , phng thc sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh, l cha k n vic nng cp cht lng tn hiu, tnh linh hot, v kh nng hi nhp vo trng thng tin chung nh Fax, Telephone, My tn .. s hi nhp ny to iu kin khng ch c ngha v mt kinh t, k thut m cn to cho ngnh truyn hnh nhng kh nng ng dng mi.
28
n tt nghip
Vi cng ngh Digital, tn hiu Video trong cc trung tm truyn hnh s khng cn xut hin trn mn hnh hin sng vi nhng thnh phn quen thuc mc trng, mc en... Th h k tip, trong mt vi nm ti s ch cn bit n tn hiu truyn hnh nh nhng chui bits (bits stremam) hoc th mt EYDGRAM). Tn hiu Video thc s tr thnh nhng chui s liu hon ton tng thch v c kh nng truyn ti, x l trong mng my tnh. Trong cc Studio Digital, vic truyn v x l Video s c thay th vic truyn v x l Data. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin ngy nay, truyn hnh Digital trong tng lai s lm thay i v cn bn dy chuyn cng ngh, phng thc sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh. Cng ngh truyn hnh s ang bc l th mnh tuyt i so vi cng ngh tng t trn nhiu lnh vc. *Tn hiu s t nhy cm vi cc dng mo xy ra trn ng truyn. *C kh nng pht hin li v sa sai. *Tnh a nng v linh hot trong qu trnh x l tn hiu. *Hiu qu s dng di thng cao v c kh nng truyn nhiu chng trnh trn mt knh RF. *Tnh phn cp. V d: mt dng d liu c th c truyn mt chng trnh c phn gii cao duy nht hoc mt vi chng trnh c phn gii tiu chun. *Kh nng ti nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau. *Tit kim nng lng, vi cng mt cng sut pht, din ph sng ln hn cng ngh tng t. Cng sut my pht s ch bng 1/4 cng sut my pht tng t. *Truyn hnh s vi cng ngh mng n tn (SFN) c th tit kim c ti nguyn tn s qu him ca quc gia. *D dng thch nghi vi cc bc pht trin tip theo sang truyn hnh phn gii cao hoc pht thanh vi cht lng CD trong tng lai. *Th trng a dng, c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v. *Chi ph khai thc thp. *Hon ton c kh nng ho nhp vo xa l thng tin. Tuy nhin vic chuyn i tn hiu truyn hnh t tng t sang s cng gp phi nhiu vn cn xem xt nghin cu.
29
n tt nghip
Qu trnh s ho tn hiu phi qua ba cng on: ly mu, lng t ho, s ho. Tn hiu Video theo tiu chun OIRT c tn s nh hn hoc bng 6MHz, m bo cht lng tn s ly mu phi ln hn 12MHz, vi s ho 8 bit/s, truyn ti y thng tin mt tn hiu Video thnh phn vi phn gii tiu chun, tc bit phi ln hn 200 bit/s. i vi truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV) tc bit phi ln hn 1 Gbit/s. Dung lng ny qu ln, cc knh truyn hnh thng thng khng c kh nng truyn ti. C mt s vn mu cht cn xem xt trong qu trnh s ho tn hiu truyn hnh, trong bao gm: *Tn s ly mu. *Phng thc ly mu. *T l gia tn s ly mu tn hiu chi v tn hiu hiu mu (trong trng hp s ho cc tn hiu thnh phn) *V nn tn hiu Video c th truyn tn hiu truyn hnh s trn cc knh truyn hnh thng thng trong khi vn m bo cht lng tn hiu theo mc ch s dng. I.1.c im ca truyn hnh s: 1.1.Yu cu v bng tn. Tn hiu s gn lin vi yu cu bng tn rng hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu tng t . V d i vi tn hiu tng hp yu cu tn s ly mu phi bng 4fsc nh i vi h NTSC l 14,4 MHz. Nu thc hin m ho 8bit/mu, tc dng bit s l 115,2 Mbit/s, rng bng tn khong 58 MHz. Trong khi tn hiu tng t cn mt bng tn l 4,2 MHz. Bin php khc phc nn tn hiu. 1.2.T l tn hiu trn tp m (Signall/Noise). *T l : Signal/noise Nhiu, tp m trong tn hiu tng t c tnh cht cng. T l S/N ca ton b h thng l do tng cng cc ngun nhiu thnh phn gy ra v vy S/N ca ton b h thng < S/N c t l thp nht ln. *i vi tn hiu s nhiu l cc bit li c khc phc bng mch sa li. Khi c qu nhiu bit li, s nh hng ca nhiu c lm gim bng cch che li, t s S/N ca h thng s gim rt t hoc khng i tr trng hp t l li qu ln lm cho mch sa li mt tc dng khi dng bit khng cn ngha tin tc. nhiu
30
n tt nghip
* ngha: c im c ch cho vic sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh vi cc chc nng bin tp phc tp , cn nhiu ln c v ghi, vic truyn tn hiu qua nhiu chng cng c thc hin rt thun li vi tn hiu s m khng lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu hnh. 1.3.Mo phi tuyn. Tn hiu s khng b nh hng bi mo phi tuyn trong qu trnh ghi v truyn. Cng nh i vi t l S/N tnh cht ny rt quan trng trong qu trnh ghi c nhiu ln. 1.4.Chng ph (Aliasing). Mt tn hiu s c ly mu theo c chiu ngang v chiu dc nn c kh nng xy ra chng ph theo c hai hng. Theo chiu dc, chng ph trong h thng tng t v s l nh nhau. ln ca mo chng ph theo chiu ngang ph thuc vo thnh phn tn s vt qu tn s ly mu gii hn Nyquist. ngn nga hin tng chng ph theo chiu ngang c th thc hin bng cch s dng tn s ly mu bng hai ln tn s cao nht trong h thng tng t. 1.5.X l tn hiu Tn hiu s c th c chuyn i v x l tt cc chc nng m h thng tng t khng lm c hoc gp nhiu kh khn. C th thao tc cc cng vic phc tp m khng lm gim cht lng hnh nh. Kh nng ny c tng cng nh kh nng lu tr cc bit trong b nh v c th c ra vi tc nhanh. Cng vic tn hiu s c th thc hin d dng l: sa li gc thi gian , chuyn i tiu chun, dng hu k, gim rng bng tn. 1.6.Khong cch gia cc trm truyn hnh ng knh. Tn hiu s cho php cc trm truyn hnh ng knh thc hin mt khong cch gn nhau hn nhiu so vi h thng tng t m khng b nhiu. Mt phn v tn hiu s t chu nh hng ca nhiu ng knh, mt phn l do kh nng thay th xung ho v xung ng b bng cc t m, ni m h thng tng t gy ra nhiu ln nht. 1.7.Hin tng Ghosts (bng ma) Hin tng ny xy ra trong h thng tng t do tn hiu truyn n my thu theo nhiu ng. Vic trnh nhiu ng knh ca h thng s cng lm gim i hin tng ny trong truyn hnh qung b. I.2.S khi h thng thu pht hnh s.
31
n tt nghip
S dng phng php s to, lu tr v truyn tn hiu ca chng trnh truyn hnh trn knh thng tin m ra kh nng c bit rng ri cho cc thit b truyn hnh. *Nguyn l cu to ca h thng v cc thit b truyn hnh s.
Bin i A/D
T/h truyn hnh Digital
Thit b pht M ho knh Bin i tn hiu
Knh thng tin T/h truyn hnh Analog Thit b thu Bin i A/D Gii m Bin i tn hiu
Hnh 1. S khi h thng thu pht hnh s. I.3.Nguyn l hot ng. u vo ca thit b truyn hnh s s tip nhn nhng tn hiu truyn hnh Analog , qua b bin i A/D tn hiu truyn hnh s c bin i thnh tn hiu truyn hnh s. Cc tham s v c trng ca tn hiu ny c xc nh t h thng truyn hnh c la chn. Tn hiu truyn hnh s c a n thit b pht sau qua knh thng tin tn hiu truyn hnh s c a ti thit b thu qua gii m, b chuyn i, b bin i tn hiu Digital thnh tn hiu truyn hnh tng t. (B gii m). H thng truyn hnh s s trc tip xc nh cu trc m ho v gii m tn hiu truyn hnh. M ho knh thng tin m bo chng cc sai st cho tn hiu trong knh thng tin. Cc thit b bin i trn c gi l b iu ch v gii iu ch. Ty theo phng php bin i tn hiu s dng tn hiu Video tng hp hoc tn hiu Video thnh phn m c im ca h thng truyn hnh cng thay i theo.
32
n tt nghip
II.S ho tn hiu truyn hnh. II.1. M u.
Cc h truyn hnh mu c s dng hin nay (NTSC, PAL, SECAM) l nhng h truyn hnh tng t. Tn hiu Video l hm lin tc theo thi gian . Tn hiu truyn hnh tng t (t khu to, truyn dn pht sng n khu thu) chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t (nhiu v can nhiu t ni b h thng v t bn ngoi lm gim cht lng hnh nh. Tn hiu Video s c to t tn hiu Video tng t. Tn hiu Video s c hai trng thi logc 0 v 1. Tp hp cc gi tr logic 0 v 1 biu din tn hiu Video s. Tn hiu Video s c tnh chng nhiu cao, c nhiu u im hn tn hiu Video tng t. Ngy nay nhiu nc s dng truyn hnh s thay th truyn hnh tng t trong nhiu cng on ca h thng truyn hnh. II.2.Bin i tng t sang s. Qu trnh bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s bao gm ba giai on: *Ly mu tn hiu :L qu trnh gin on theo thi gian bng tn s ly mu (fsa) . Kt qu cho ta chui cc mu (sample). *Lng t ho tn hiu : L qu trnh ri rc ho bin tn hiu, c ngha l chia bin ra nhiu mc khc nhau v mi mc khc nhau s c gn mt gi tr bin . *M ha tn hiu: l qu trnh bin i tn hiu c lng t ho thnh tn hiu s bng cch sp xp cc mc tn hiu tng ng theo h m thp phn ( theo h m nh phn 0 v 1 ) III.C s bin i tn hiu truyn hnh. III.1.Bin i tn hiu Video. Bin i tn hiu Video tng t thnh tn hiu Video s l qu trnh bin i thun, cn qu trnh bin i Video s thnh Video tng t l qu trnh bin i ngc. Trong h thng truyn hnh s c s dng rt nhiu b bin i thun ADC v cc b bin i ngc DAC. Trong truyn hnh mu tin tc hnh nh truyn c biu din bng ba tn hiu mu c bn: (R), Lc (G), v Lam (B). N c th c truyn bng ba kh nng sau: *Ba tn hiu bng rng R, G , B. *Mt tn hiu chi bng rng Y v hai tn hiu bng hp I,Q.
33
n tt nghip
*Mt tn hiu Video mu tng hp.
Nh vy, c th chia tn hiu Video thnh hai loi chnh: tn hiu Video mu tng hp v tn hiu Video thnh phn. V th qu trnh bin i Video tng t thnh tn hiu Video s s c hai cch chnh. *Bin i tn hiu Video mu tng hp. *Bin i tn hiu Video mu thnh phn (tn hiu chi Y v hai tn hiu hiu mu R-Y v B-Y hoc ba tn hiu mu c bn R, G, B). III.2.Tn s ly mu tn hiu Video. Tn s ly mu c chn sao cho hnh nh c cht lng cao nht, tn hiu truyn c tc bit nh nht, tc bng tn nh nht v mch thc hin n gin. vic ly mu khng gy mo, phi chn tn s ly mu tha mn nh l Nyquist: fsa (2f gh). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, khi tn s ly mu tin gn ti 13MHz th cht lng khi phc nh rt tt, cn nu nh hn 13MHz, cht lng nh gim r rt ( khi ly mu tn hiu Video mu tng hp). V d nh gim nt conture ( nho) cc chi tit nh theo chiu ng. Trong trng hp ly mu tn hiu thnh phn , nu gim tn s ly mu tn hiu mu t 1/2fsa ca tn hiu chi xung 1/4fsa c th gy ra mo di dng dng nhp nhy hoc xut hin cc vng theo dng. Vic chn tn s ly mu ti u vi tng loi tn hiu nh sau: III.2.1.Tn hiu Video tng hp. i vi tn hiu Video tng hp (NTSC v PAL), tn s ly mu tn hiu Video s (fsa) thng gp nhiu ln tn s sng mang mu f SC, v d fSa = 2fSC; fSa= 3fSC hoc f Sa= 4fSC. H SECAM dng hai ti tn mang mu, v s dng iu tn nn khng dng c mt tn s fSa cho cc tn hiu hiu s mu v chn tn s ly mu ti u rt kh. h NTSC, tn s ly mu (fSa), nu mun c th c mi quan h cht ch vi c tn s dng (fH) v tn s sng mang mu fSC. Nhng iu ny khng th thc hin c h PAL v SECAM. Nu chn fSa= 3fSCi vi h NTSC tng ng 10.74 MHz l gi tr cha ln. Nu chn fSa= 4fSCtng ng 14.3MHz s cho cht lng hnh nh rt tt. Vic chn tn s ly mu cng ln s lm cho vic s dng cc b lc trnh chng ph (c t trc b ADC) d dng hn v b lc ti to cng
34
n tt nghip
a li mt c tuyn tt hn, tuy nhin n s lm tng tc bit, dn n lng ph di thng. tin ti xu hng chun ho cho cc thit b Video s, ngi ta a ra hai tiu chun v tn s ly mu l 4f SC NTSC v 4fSCPAL, tn s ly mu bng 4 ln tn s sng mang mu, v s dng 8 bit hoc 10 bit biu din cc mu. Tn hiu Video s tng hp cn mang y nhng nhc im ca tn hiu Video tng t, nht l hin tng can nhiu gia tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu. Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta thng s dng phng php s ho tn hiu Video thnh phn. Tn s ly mu ln i hi thit b, ng truyn v cc b nh c dung lng ln. Chi ph cho ton b h thng do vy tng ln gp nhiu ln. Tn s ly mu thch hp nht nm trong khong 12 14MHz. S ho tn hiu Video tng hp c u im l tc bit thp so vi s ho tn hiu Video thnh phn, iu cng c ngha l lng bng t d ng trong cc my ghi hnh hn ch hn. Tuy nhin tn hiu s tng hp bc l, nhiu nhc im trong qu trnh x l s, to k xo, dng hnh... III.2.2.Tn hiu Video thnh phn. Vi tn hiu Video thnh phn, tn s ly mu thng c biu th thng qua t l tn s ly mu tn hiu chi v tn s ly mu cc tn hiu hiu mu. V d 14:7:7 l t l ly mu ng vi tn s ly mu tn hiu chi l 14MHz v i vi hai tn hiu hiu mu l 7MHz. H thng dng tiu chun 14:7:7 vi 8 bit/mu cho ta tc bit bng 244 Mbit/s ln hn tc bit h 12:4:4 40% v h 12:6:6 17%. 4:2:2 l tiu chun trong t s ly mu gia tn s ly mu ca tn hiu Video thnh phn Y/CB/CR= 4:2:2 v cc tn s ly mu tng ng vi cc tn hiu thnh phn bng (vi cu trc ly mu trc giao): fs(Y) = 13,5 MHz; fs(CB) = 6,75 MHz; fs(CR) = 6,75 MHz Gi tr 13,5 MHz l mt s nguyn ln tn s dng cho c hai tiu chun 525 v 625 dng: 13,5 MHz = 864fHi vi tiu chun 625 (fH = 15625 Hz)
35
n tt nghip
13,5 MHz = 858 fHi vi tiu chun 525 (fH = 15750 Hz) Tn s ly mu quyt nh b rng ti a ca di ph tn hiu. Theo Shanno v Nyquist, tn s ly mu ti thiu phi bng hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu. Nh vy vi tn s ly mu nh trn, b rng di ph ca tn hiu thnh phn theo l thuyt s bng 6,75 MHz i vi tn hiu chi, v 3,75 MHz i vi tn hiu hiu mu CB, CR. Video s thnh phn c coi l phng php s ho c s dng hin ti cng nh trong tng lai ti cc studio hon ton s (All Digital Stu dio). Tn hiu Video s thnh phn c th d dng c x l, ghi, dng trong cc cng on hu k ti cc studio. Tn hiu Video s thnh phn loi b c nhng nh hng do sng mang mu trong tn hiu Video tng hp gy nn. Trong qu trnh s ho tn hiu Video s thnh phn khi nim tn s ly mu phi l bi s ca sng mang mu tr nn khng ph hp. Tn s ly mu, nh trn trnh by, ngoi yu cu c gi tr trong khong t 12414 MHz l bi s ca tn s dng cn phi t iu kin l tn s ly mu chung cho c hai tiu chun truyn hnh 525 v 625 dng, c th tin ti mt tiu chun Video s chung cho ton th gii. Loi b c nhng iu phin phc gy nn bi tnh trng a h truyn hnh tng t. Tm li, tn s ly mu p ng c nhng yu cu trn c cc t chc pht thanh truyn hnh (SMPTE, EBU, CCIR) thng nht la chn l: FSa= 13,5 MHz chung cho c hai tiu chun 525 v 625 dng. C hai tiu chun s dng chung cng mt tn s ly mu, cng mt lng mu trong thi gian tch cc ca mt dng. Thi gian mt dng ca hai h 625 v 525 bng 64 s v 63,56 s (h 625 c thi gian ln hn), trong khi thi gian tch cc ca mt dng trong h 625 l 52 s. Nu c hai h u ly thi gian tch cc bng 52 s, thi gian xo dng tng ng vi tng h l 12 s v 11,59 s thng s c bn i vi mi h l: Tng s mu mi dng: H 625 dng: 64 x 13,5 =864 mu. H 525 dng: 63,56 x 13,5 = 858 mu S mu trong thi gian tch cc ca mi dng: H s 625 dng: 52 x 13,5 = 702mu
36
n tt nghip
H 525 dng : 52 x 13,5 = 702 mu S mu trong thi gian xo dng: H 625 dng : 12 x 13,5 = 162 mu H 525 dng : 11,56 x 13,5 = 156 mu. III.2.3.Cu trc mu (sample)
Tn hiu hnh nh t camera v c hin th trn nh hnh cha thng tin v ng b theo mnh v dng, l nh hai chiu. V vy khi phc chnh xc nh, tn s ly mu phi c lin quan n tn s dng. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy, tn s ly mu phi l bi s ca tn s dng. Khi im ly mu trn cc dng qut s thng hng vi nhau, do trnh c cc hiu ng mo ng bin. Nh vy, vic ly mu khng nhng ph thuc vo thi gian m cn ph thuc vo to cc im ly mu. V tr cc im ly mu hay cu trc ly mu c xc nh theo thi gian, theo cc dng v theo cc mnh. Hm ly mu c th bin i dng xq(t,x,y). Tn s ly mu ph hp vi cu trc ly mu s cho php khi phc hnh nh tt nht. V vy tn s ly mu phi thch hp theo c 3 chiu t,x,y. Tuy nhin, trong cc cu trc ly mu ph bin, ta ch xt cc mu theo 2 chiu x,y. C 3 dng cu trc c dng ph bin cho tn hiu Video: III.2.3.1.Cu trc trc giao. Cc mu c sp xp trn cc dng k nhau thng hng theo chiu ng. Cu trc ny c nh theo mnh v theo nh (hai mnh). Trong trng hp ny tn s ly mu tho mn nh l Nyquist do tc bit rt ln c s dng. Dng 1, mnh 1
Dng 2, mnh 1 Dng 2, mnh 2 Dng 1, mnh 2
Hnh II.2 Cu trc trc giao
37
n tt nghip
III.2.3.2.Cu trc quincunx mnh.
i vi cu trc quincunx mnh, cc mu trn cc dng k nhau thuc mt mnh xp thng hng theo chiu ng (trc giao), nhng cc mu thuc mnh mt li dch i na chu k ly mu so vi cc mu ca mnh th hai.
Dng 1, mnh 1 Dng 1, mnh 2 Dng 2, mnh 1 Dng 2, mnh 2
Hnh II.3. Cu trc quinncunx mnh Phn b ph tn cu trc quinncunx mnh rt c ngha vi mnh 1, n cho php gim tn s ly mu theo dng. Ph tn ca cu trc ni trn ca mnh 2 so vi ph ca mnh 1 b dch i v c th lng vi ph tn c bn, gy ra mo cc chi tit nh (khi hnh nh c cc sc ng). III.2.3.3.Cu trc quinncunx dng. Cc mu trn cc dng k nhau ca mt mnh s lch nhau na chu k ly mu, cn cc mu trn mt dng ca mnh 1 s lch so vi mu ca dng tip theo ca mnh 2 mt na chu k ly mu. y khng xy ra trng hp lng ph bin vi ph chnh v khng b mo. iu cho php s dng tn s ly mu nh hn 25% tn s Nyquist, v tit kim c ph bin ca tn hiu s.
Dng 1, mnh 1 Dng 2, mnh 1 Dng 1, mnh 2
Dng 2, mnh 2
Hnh II.4. Cu trc quincunx dng.
38
n tt nghip
Tu theo cu trc ly mu, s xut hin mo nh c trng. i vi cu trc trc giao, phn gii ca nh s gim. i vi cu trc quincunx mnh s xut hin nhp nhy cc im nh.Ngc li cu trc quincunx dng s xut hin cc vng trn theo chiu ngang (mo ng bin). Tm li cu trc trc giao cho cht lng nh co nht, v i vi mt ngi th phn gii thp d chu hn l hai loi mo nu trn. II.2.4. Cc chun ly mu tn hiu Video. Qu trnh ly mu l bc u tin ca vic s ho tn hiu Video , trc ht ta tm hiu v mt vi tiu chun ly mu. C nhiu tiu chun Video s thnh phn, im khc nhau c bn gia chng t l gia tn s ly mu v phng php ly mu tn hiu chi v cc tn hiu mu, trong bao gm: tiu chun 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:4:0, 4:1:1. Di y ta xt phng thc tng chun. Tc ly mu da trn c s tn s chun l 3,375 MHz. III.2.4.1.Chun 4:4:4 Mu tn hiu ch c ly i vi cc phn t tch cc ca tn hiu Video . Vi h PAL, m hnh c chia lm 625 x 720 im (pixel).
im ly mu tn hiu chi Y im ly mu mu CR im ly mu mu lam C B
Hnh II.5. Tiu chun 4:4:4. Cc tn hiu chi (Y), tn hiu hiu mu (CR, CB) c ly mu ti tt c cc im ly mu trn dng tch cc ca tn hiu Video. Cu trc ly mu l cu trc trc giao, v tr ly mu nh trnh by trong hnh v trn y: Tiu chun 4:4:4 c kh nng khi phc hnh nh cht lng tt nht trong cc tiu chun, thun tin cho vic x l tn hiu. Tiu chun ny c th dng trong trng hp x l tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu RGB. N c th c dng trong studio nhm ri rc ho tn hiu. Tuy nhin tiu chun ny s i hi tc bit rt cao. Cc t chc tiu chun quc t thng nht v ch tiu tn s ly mu cho truyn hnh s theo tiu chun ny vi tn gi l CCIR -601.
39
n tt nghip
Vi chun 4:4:4 tc dng d liu (v d cho h P AL) c tnh nh sau: *Khi ly mu 8 bit: (720 + 720 + 720) x 576 x 8 x 25 = 249 Mbit/s *Khi ly mu 10 bit: (720 + 720 + 720) x 576 x 10 x 25 = 311 Mbit/s III.2.4.2.Chun 4:2:2.
im ly mu tn hiu chi Y im ly mu mu CR
im ly mu mu lam C B
Hnh II.6. Tiu chun 4:2:2. im u ly mu ton b ba tn hiu : chi (Y) v hiu mu (C R, CB) im k tio ch ly mu tn hiu chi Y, cn hai tn hiu hiu mu khng ly mu. Khi gii m mu suy ra t mu ca im nh trc. im sau na l ly mu ba tn hiu Y, C R, CB Tun t nh th, c 4 ln ly mu tn hiu chi Y, th hai ln ly mu C R, hai ln ly mu CB to nn c cu 4:2:2. i vi h PAL tc dng d liu theo chun ny c tnh nh sau: *Khi ly mu 8 bit: (720 + 360 + 360) x 576 x 8 x 25 = 166 Mbit/s *Khi ly mu 10 bit: (720 + 360 + 360) x 576 x 10 x 25 = 207 Mbit/s Tiu chun 4:2:2 l tiu chun c bn ca truyn hnh s. Cht lng hnh nh ca tiu chun ny cao hn sau tiu chun 4:4:4. N cho php x l tn hiu mt cch thun li. III.2.4.3.Chun 4:2:0. Theo chun ny, tn hiu Y c ly mu ti tt c cc im nh ca dng, cn tn hiu hiu mu th c cch mt im s ly mu cho mt tn hiu hiu mu. Tn hiu hiu mu c ly xen k, nu hng chn ly mu cho tn hiu hiu mu CR th dng l s ly mu cho tn hiu hiu mu C B.
im ly mu tn hiu chi Y im ly mu mu CR
Hnh II.8. Tiu chun 4:2:0.
im ly mu mu lam C B
40
n tt nghip
i vi h PAL tc dng d liu theo chun ny c tnh nh sau: *Khi ly mu 8 bit: (720 + 360) X 576 X 8 X 25 = 124,4 Mbit/s *Khi ly mu 10 bit: (720 + 360) X 576 X 10 X 25 = 155,5 Mbit/s III 2.4.4. Chun 4:1:1 im nh u ly mu Y, CR, CB: ba im nh tip sau ch ly Y khng ly mu CR, CB. Khi gii m mu ca ba im nh sau phi suy ra t im nh u. Tun t nh th, c bn ln ly mu Y, c mt ln ly mu C B ,mt ln ly mu CB y l c cu 4:1:1
im ly mu tn hiu chi Y im ly mu mu CR im ly mu mu lam C B
Hnh II.8 Tiu chun 4:1:1 i vi h PAL, tc dng d liu theo chun ny c tnh nh sau: *Khi ly mu 8 bit: (720 + 180 + 180) X 576 X 8 X 25 = 124,4 Mbit/s *Khi ly mu 10 bit: (720 + 180 + 180) X 576 X 10 X 25 = 155,5 Mbit/ Tiu chun ny cho cht lng hnh nh tng i thp, thng c dng cho in thoi truyn hnh. Chng II. Nn nh s. I.Mc ch nn. Vi k thut s ho truyn hnh, tc truyn v do vy di thng truyn l qu ln. Do vy i hi rng knh truyn l rt ln. V d: tn hiu Video s thnh phn (s ho 8 bit 625 dng ) c tc bit bng 216 Mbit/s. Di ph cn thit truyn tn hiu ny c b rng khng di (3/4)x216 phi cn 4 Transponder ghp lin nhau. Trong Studio truyn tn hiu bng cp, rc ni cht lng cao v vi khong cch ngn, vic nn di tn ch mang tnh kinh t, nn vic truyn tn 162 MHz . Nu truyn qua v tinh bng C vi tiu chun 40 MHz/ 1 Transponder th
41
n tt nghip
hiu c th thc hin c m khng cn nn. Song s rt kh khn, thm ch khng th thc hin c vic truyn tn hiu Video s qua v tinh vi rng di tn mt knh 27 MHz hoc qua h thng truyn hnh qung b trn mt t vi tiu chun 7 8 MHz cho mt knh truyn hnh tiu chun. Do vy nn Video l cng on khng th thiu c khc phc nhng kh khn v yu cu di bng tn cho php. II.Thc cht ca nn Video. Bn cht ca nn Video l mt qu trnh trong lng s liu (data) biu din lng thng tin ca mt nh hoc nhiu nh c gim bt bng cch loi b nhng s liu d tha trong tn hiu Video. Cc chui nh truyn hnh c nhiu phn t ging nhau. Vy tn hiu truyn hnh c cha nhiu d liu d tha, ta c th b qua m khng lm mt thng tin hnh nh. l qu trnh xo dng ,xo mnh, vng nh tnh hoc chuyn ng rt chm, vng nh nn ging nhau hoc khc nhau rt t. Thng th chuyn ng trong nh truyn hnh c th d bo, do ch cn truyn cc thng tin chuyn ng. Cc phn t ln cn trong nh ging nhau, do ch cn truyn cc thng tin bin i. Cc h th ng nn s dng c tnh ny ca tn hiu Video v cc c trng ca mt ngi (l km nhy vi sai s trong hnh nh c nhiu chi tit v cc phn t chuyn ng). Qu trnh sau nn l gin nh to li nh gc hoc mt xp x nh gc. II.1.M hnh nn nh. Tng u tin ca b m ho Video , tn hiu Video c trnh by di dng hiu qu nn hiu qu nht. im ct yu l phi xc nh ci g c m ho. S biu din c th cha nhiu mu thng tin m t tn hiu hn chnh l bn thn tn hiu, nhng hu ht cc thng tin quan trng ch tp trung trong mt phn nh ca s m t ny. Trong cch biu din hiu qu, ch c phn nh d liu l cn thit truyn cho vic ti to li tn hiu Video.
Ngun Biu din thun li Lng t ho Gn t m X l knh Gii t m Gii lng t Gii m Video Biu din thun li Video khi phc
M m Video
Hnh II.9. M hnh h thng nn Video
42
n tt nghip
Hot ng th hai ca b m ho l lng t ho gip ri rc ho thng tin c biu din. truyn tn hiu Video qua mt knh s, nhng thng tin biu din c lng t ho thnh mt s hu hn mc. cng an ny xy ra sai s, sai s ny c gi l sai s h thng. Hot ng th ba l gn cc t m . Cc t m ny l mt chui cc bt dng biu din cc mc lng t ho. Cc qu trnh s ngc li trong b gii m Video. Mi hot ng c gng loi b phn d tha trong tn hiu Video v li dng s gii hn ca h thng nhn ca mt ngi, Nh b i phn d tha, cc thng tin ging nhau hoc c lin quan n nhau s khng c truyn i. Nhng thng tin b i m khng nh hng n vic nhn cng s khng c truyn i. II.2. d tha d liu. Nn s liu l qu trnh gim lng s liu cn thit biu din cng mt lng thng tin cho trc. Cn phi phn bit gia s liu v thng tin . Thc t gia s liu v thng tin khng ng nht vi nhau. S liu (v do l tn hiu) ch l phng tin truyn ti thng tin. Cng mt lng thng tin cho trc c th biu din bng cc lng s liu khc nhau, n bao gm s liu hoc t khng cho thng tin thch hp ln xc nh bit. d tha s liu l trung tm trong nn nh s. d tha d liu khng phi l mt khi nim tru tng m l mt thc t c th nh lng c bng ton hc. Nu r1 v r2 l lng s liu trong hai tp hp s liu cng c dng biu din mt lng thng tin cho trc th d tha s liu tng i ca t p hp s liu th nht so vi hp s liu th hai c th c nh ngha nh sau: RD= 1- 1/CN Trong CN thng c gi l t s nn v CN = r1/r2. Trong trng hp r1=r2 th CN= 1 v RD= 0, c ngha l so vi tp hp s liu th hai th tp hp s liu th nht khng d tha. Khi r2<<r1 th CN tin ti v cng v RD tin ti 1, c ngha l d tha s liu tng i ca tp hp s liu th nht l kh ln hay tp hp s liu th hai c nn qu nh. y c s kt hp gia t l nn v cht lng hnh nh. T l nn cng cao s lm gim cht lng hnh nh v ngc li. Cht lng v qu trnh nn
43
n tt nghip
c th thay i ty theo c im ca hnh nh ngun v ni dung nh. nh gi cht lng nh, ngi ta tnh s bit cho mt im trong nh nn (N b). N c xc nh l tng s bit nh nn chia cho tng s im: Nb= S bit nn/ s im Trong nn nh s c ba loi d tha s liu. II.2.1.D tha m (Coding Redundancy). Nu cc mc ca tn hiu Video c m ho bng cc Symbol nhiu hn cn thit th kt qu c d tha m. gim d tha m, trong nn nh thng s dng cc m c di thay i (VLC) nh m Huffman, m RLC.. Lng thng tin v hnh nh c xc xut cao s c m ho bng t m t bit hn so vi lng thng tin c xc xut thp hn. II.22.D tha trong pixel (Interpixel Redundancy). V gi tr ca bt k pixel no , cng c th c d bo t cc pixel ln cn n, nn thng tin t cc pixel ring l tng i nh. S tham gian ca mt pixel ring vo nh l d tha. Nhiu tn (bao gm: d tha khng gian, d tha hnh hc, d tha trong nh) c t ra phn bit s ph thuc ny ca pixel. Ta dng d tha pixel ch tt c cc tn trn. gim d tha trong pixel ca mt nh, dy pixel hai chiu dng cho vic nhn v ni suy phi c bin i thnh mt dng c hiu qu hn. Trong cc phng php nn nh ngi ta thng s dng phng php bin i Cosin ri rc (DCT) bin i pixel t min khng gian sang min tn s, bng cch ny s gim c d tha d liu trong pixel min tn s cao. II.2.3.D tha tm sinh l. Bng trc quan ta thy, s thu nhn cng sng ca mt ngi thay i ch gii hn trong mt phm vi nht nh. Hin tng ny xut pht t s tht l mt khng p ng vi cng nhy ca cc thng tin nh thy. Thng tin n gin c tm quan trng t hn thng tin khc trong vng nhn thy. Thng tin ny c gi l d tha tm sinh l nhn. N c th c loi b m khng nh hng ng k n cht lng nh. Khc vi d tha m v d tha trong pixel, d tha tm sinh l c lin quan n thng tin nh hng, n quan trng ti vic lng t ho. iu c ngha l nh x mt khong cch rng cc gi tr u vo ln mt s
44
n tt nghip
hu hn cc gi tr u ra. l ton t khng o ngc (mt thng tin) cho kt qu nn s liu c tn hao. III.Cc phng php nn. Cc h thng nn l s phi hp ca rt nhiu cc k thut x l nhm gim tc bit ca tn hiu s m vn m bo cht lng nh. C 2 k thut nn l nn khng tn hao v nn c tn hao. III.1.Nn khng tn hao. Nn khng tn hao l qu trnh nn khng mt thng tin, cho php phc hi li ng tn hiu ban u sau khi gii nn. y l qu trnh m ho c tnh thun nghch. H s nn ph thuc vo chi tit nh c nn. H s nn ca phng php ny lun nh hn 2:1 Cc k thut nn khng mt thng tin bao gm: III.1.1.M ha vi di t m thay i (VLC) Phng php ny cn c gi l m ho Huffman v m ho entropy, da trn tnh thng k ca tn hiu, kh nng xut hin ca cc gi tr bin trng hp trong mt bc nh v thit lp mt t m ngn cho cc t m c tn sut hin cao nht, v t m di cho cc gi tr cn li. Khi thc hin gii nn, cc thit lp m trng hp s c s dng to li gi tr tn hiu ban u. M ho v gii m Huffman c th c thc hin mt cch d dng bng cch s dng cc bng tm kim. III.1.2.M ho vi di ca t m ng (RLC) Phng php ny da trn s lp li ca cng mt gi tr mu to ra cc m c bit biu din s bt u v kt thc ca gi tr c lp li. Ch c cc mu c gi tr khc 0 mi c m ho. S mu c gi tr bng 0 s c truyn i dc theo cng dng qut. Cui cng, cc chui 0 c to ra bng qu trnh gii tng quan nh phng php DCT hay DPCM. III.1.3.S dng khong xo dng v mnh. Vng thng tin xo c loi b khi dng tn hiu truyn i vng thng tin tch cc ca nh. Theo phng php ny, thng tin xo dng v mnh s khng c ghi gi v truyn i. Chng c thay bng cc d liu ng b ngn hn tu theo ng dng. II.1.4.Bin i cosin ri rc (DCT)
45
n tt nghip
Qu trnh DCT thun nghch c coi l khng mt thng tin nu di t m h s 13 hoc 14 bng tn i vi dng Video s s dng 8 bit biu din mu. Nu di t m h s nh hn h s ca php bin i DCT nh hn th qu trnh ny tr nn c mt thng tin. Trong k thut truyn hnh, nn c hiu qu ngi ta thng kt hp hai phng php nn khng tn hao vi nn c tn hao. III.2.Nn c tn hao. Nn c tn hao chp nhn mt mt mt t thng tin gia tng hiu qu nn, n rt thch hp vi ngun thng tin l hnh nh v m thanh. N cho t l nn nh cao c th truyn dn, pht sng. ng thi cng cho mt t l nn thch hp cho x l v lu tr nh trong studio. Nn tn hao thc hin theo 3 bc: -Bc 1: bin i tn hiu t min thi gian sang min tn s bng cch s dng cc thut ton bin i cosin ri rc DCT. Bc ny thc hin vic gim d tha ca pixel trong nh, tuy nhin qu trnh ny khng gy tn hao tn hiu. -Bc 2: Thc hin lng t ho cc h s DCT, lm trn cc s liu. Vic mt mt s hiu xy ra giai on lm trn ny. -Bc 3: Nn s liu bin i v lm trn bng cch m ho entropy, y dng cc m khng tn hao nh m Huffman, RLC... IV.Cc loi m dng trong nn. I.1.M RLC (Run length Coding). RLC l loi m xy dng trn c s s dng s ln lp li ca cc im nh. RLC tch chui cc gi tr ging nhau v biu din nh l mt tng. Khi dn gi tr ny to li s ln biu din tng. K thut ny ch c th p dng cho cc chui symbol tuyn tnh. Do , khi p dng cho s hiu nh hai chiu, hnh nh c tch thnh mt chui cc dng qut. Mt loi ci bin ca m RLC l m VLC (m c di thay i c), m ny dng biu din cc gi tr symbol cng nh di chy. Cch thc hin l tnh phn b xc sut ca cc di chy v cc gi tr symbol. RLC khng thch hp trc tip cho cc nh t nhin c tng nh lin tc c m ho bng mt qu trnh s ho tuyn tnh, v RLC phi nn tp s liu c bc chy tng i ln ging nhau, trong khi nh c tng lin tc c tn
46
n tt nghip
s khng gian thp, vic thay i cc vng rng c lm y bng cc gi tr pixel ging nhau l tng i nh. RLC t n s khng cho cc mc nn c ngha. RLC c dng kt hp vi cc k thut khc nh cc chun nn JPEG, MPEG s cho kt qu nn tt. RLC c dng cho cc h s lng t ho tt hn l dng trc tip cho s liu nh. II.2.M Shannon-Fano. M ny da trn xc sut xut hin ca nhng symbol ngun bn trong mt lng thng tin. Phng php ny s dng nhng t m c di thay i m ho cc symbol ngun thng qua xc sut ca chng. Vi nhng symbol c xc sut xut hin cng ln th t m dng m ho chng cng ngn. II.3.M Huffman. M Huffman thuc loi m entropy hoc m thng k. T tng chnh l dng m VLC, s dng t bit m ho cc gi tr hay xy ra, v nhiu bit m ho cc gi tr xy ra. T tc bit s gim ng k. Ni chung, m Huffman s t hiu sut thp nu xc sut xut hin cc phn t gn nhau. Ngc li hiu sut cao nu xc sut xut hin cch xa nhau. Trn thc t m Huffman c pht trin trn mt tp nh, nhng sau c p dng trn cc nh khc, mi nh c phn b xc sut symbol ring ca n. Do , m Huffman khng cn ti u cho nh c bit no. III.4.M d on (DPCM) Phng php m d on hay cn gi l iu xung m vi sai (DPCM). Phng php ny khng m ho bin thng tin mi mu, m ch m ho cc thng tin c bin chnh lch gia mu cho v mu d bo. Do phn b chnh lch v bin im nh c th hnh chung xung quanh im 0. Nu da trn cc c trng thng k nh, th s khc nhau ny l khng ln lm, do vy m ho n ch cn gim mt s t bit l . Phng php m ho d on cn s dng c im ca mt ngi v cho php dng c trng phi tuyn v lng t ho. Sau y l s m ho v gii m DPCM.
47
n tt nghip
S b m ho:
Tn hiu Video s + e B lng t B d on e
M ho entropy -
Knh
+ V
S b gii m
Knh tn hiu + Gii m entropy B P d on eq +
u ra gii m
Nhm trnh cc li c th xut hin trong khi truyn, mt mu y c gi i theo chu k nht nh, cho php cp nht c cc gi tr chnh xc. M ho DPCM cng s dng thm cc k thut d on v lng t ho thch nghi hon thin thm k thut nn ny. II.4.1.DPCM trong mnh (intraframe DPCM). Tn hiu d bo c to t cc mu nm trong cng mt mnh, cc mu c bin i nm trn cng mt dng qut (m gia cc pixel) v cng vi cc dng qut ln cn (m gia cc dng). Vic to tn hiu d bo ca DPCM trong mnh da trn mi lin kt gia cc im nh. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy h s lin kt gim nhanh khi i xa im nh quan st theo chiu ngang (cc pixel trn cng mt dng) v theo chiu ng (cc pixel ca dng k nhau). Do khi to tn hiu d bo cn ch n cc mu tn hiu nm k nhau. Tn hiu d bo c th l hm tuyn tnh hoc c th l hm phi tuyn ca cc mu ln cn. Vic to tn hiu d bo phi tuyn i hi thit k mch phc tp hn, do trong thc t khng dng cho tn hiu Video. III.4.2. DPCM gia cc mnh. Tn hiu d bo c to trn c s cc mu nm cc mnh k nhau trc . Phng php DPCM gia cc mnh tn dng quan h cht ch gia
48
n tt nghip
cc mnh k nhau ca nh v c trng ca mt (nhy mo vi nh tnh hn nh ng). Nghin cu thng k v cu trc nh cho thy rng s khc nhau gia cc nh k nhau l khng ln lm. to li mt nh trung thc ch cn truyn cc im nh lm bin i v khi phc li (ti phi thu) tt c cc im nh cn li t mnh trc hoc nh trc trong b nh. Phng php DPCM gia cc mnh thun li cho truyn hnh thoi. V tn hiu truyn hnh thoi c c im l nh chuyn ng t, tc chuyn ng chm, do vng nh rng, t hay i gia cc mnh k nhau. Phng php c bn ca DPCM gia cc mnh l m ho trc tip vi sai gia cc mnh k nhau. c trng lng t l phi tuyn nn s chnh lch nh gia cc mc s c khi phc vi chnh xc cao hn so vi mc chnh lch ln. iu khng nh vic khi phc mt cch chnh xc cc vng nh rng, chuyn ng chm (m trn tt c cc mo rt d nhn bit). Ngc li, ti vng nh c nhiu chuyn ng, khi khi phc li s km chnh xc hn v do c im ca mt ngi, phn gii ca nh c th thp hn. Cc loi DPCM thng dng nht: III.4.2.1.Intraframe DPCM. y l phng php ly mu t phn nh chuyn ng, ch truyn cc phn nh chuyn ng v khi phc cc im nh cn li bng tr trung bnh cc nh c truyn. III4.2. 2.Phng php lm y c chn lc (Selective replenishment) Phng php an cho cc mnh cn gi l phng php lm y c chn khi nh truyn t chuyn ng v tc thp. Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc ch truyn phn im nh c chn mi mnh v nhn nh c chiu sng lu. III.4.2.3 Phng php chia thnh nhng phn nh chuyn ng v tnh. Phng php ny l s kt hp ca phng php lm y c chn lc v phng php ly mu tng phn trong nh chuyn ng cng vi DPCM gia mnh vi d bo 1 phn t. Mi nh c chia thnh phn t chuyn ng v phn t tnh, i vi phn nh tnh dng phng php lm y c chn lc; i vi cc phn t nh ng th s dng phng php ly mu tng phn.
49
n tt nghip
III.5.M chuyn v (Transform Coding).
i vi vic m ho ring r tng im mt s khng t c hiu qu bi v khng tn dng ht c mi quan h gi cc khi im trong nh s. Phng php m chuyn v l mt cch c hiu qu trong vic m ho khi im thng qua bin i tuyn tnh cc im ny thnh cc h s chuyn v v m ho cc h s chuyn v . Trong h thng PCM (tuyn tnh) v DPCM ngi ta cn c vo bin tn hiu thc hin, cn trong m chuyn v th da vo vic chuyn i tin hiu t min thi gian sang min tn s. y khng dng php bin i Fourier v n khng ph hp, m ngi ta dng php bin i tuyn tnh. Phng php gm cc bc nh sau: Chia nh thnh cc khi tiu nh vi kch thc nxn. Bin i tuyn tnh cc phn t (mu) ca tn hiu mi tiu nh. M ho cc phn t ca tn hiu. H thng m ho v gii m m chuyn v:
nh nn NxN To nh nxn nh con Bin i thun a)M ho nh nn Symbol decoder Bin i ngc b)Gii m To hp nxn nh con nh gii nn Lng t ho Symbol encoder nh nn
Trong m chuyn v, bc u tin l phi chn mt chuyn i thch hp gim s i lp gia cc im trong khi mt cch hiu qu. Mc d bn thn qu trnh chuyn i ny khng lm gim tc bit i cht no nhng n c hiu qu trong vic gim d liu trong qu trnh lng t ho. Hay ni cch khac, qu trnh chuyn i thnh m chuyn v khng h xy ra nn d liu m ch l bc chun b cho vic gim d liu trong qu trnh lng t ho. Sau khi chn c bin i trc giao th bc quan trng nht l xc inh bit ch nh v
50
n tt nghip
thit k h thng lng t ha cho cc h s ny ton b qu trnh nn d liu c thc hin ti y. Bc cui cng l s dng m entropy gim tc d liu. Mc ch ca vic chia nh thnh cc nh con nxn l tch lin kt cc pixel ca tng nh con hoc gi cng nhiu thng tin v mt s t cc h s bin i. Sau trng thi lng t ho tch c chn lc hoc lng t ho th hn cc h s mang tin t nht, Cc h s ny t nh hng ti cht lng nh con c khi phc. Qu trnh m ho xc nh cc h s lng t ho c thc hin bng m VLC. Chn chuyn v (bin i): cc h thng m chuyn v (bin i) trn c s bin i Karhuman Loeve (KLT), DFT, DTC, Walsh hadamard (WHT). Vic chn mt chuyn v c th cho 1 ng dng nht nh ph thuc vo mc sai s khi phc ca n v c th tnh bng my tnh. C th nn trong khi lng t ho cc h s bin i (nhng ngoi thi gian chuyn v). Hu ht cc h thng m chuyn v trn thc t u da trn c s DCT, n cho php phi hp tt gia kh nng gi thng tin v phc tp tnh ton. Mt c tnh quan trng ca DCT so vi cc bin i sin khc l: nu nh bin i DFT s dn n lin kt khng lin tc trong ni dung cn chuyn v cc thnh phn tn s cao v nu cc h s ny c trung chuyn, lng t ho th s gy ra hin tng Gibbs v gy ra sai s. Cn DCT khng to ra s ri rc trong lin kt, do n hn ch c sai s do Gibbs gy ra. Phng php ny tp trung vo mt s cc h s chuyn v m khng phi l cc im nh ca nh gc v lng thng tin ch trong mt s t cc h s chuyn v. Nh vy s bit dng cho qu trnh chuyn v s t i. Mt l do na l do h thng th gic ca con ngi khng nhn bit c hon ton cc chi tit ca nh khi cc chi tit bin i nhanh so vi cc chi tit bin i chm, do vy, m ho cc h s chuyn v tn s cao ta ch cn mt s it bit m cht lng hnh nh vn cao. Trong h chuyn v hai chiu cho cc nh s, da trn c s tng quan gia cc mu trn dng hnh. Trc tin mt khi c chia thnh nhiu khi hnh ch nht vi kch thc pxq. Sau cc khi ny c chuyn v v cc h s thu c sau qu trnh chuyn v c lng t ho v m ho. Phng php
51
n tt nghip
chuyn v xut hin mo do vic chia nh thnh cc khi nh con, kt qu gy nhe v phn x cc khi nh con. V.Nn trong nh. 1.Nguyn l nn trong nh. S nguyn l qu trnh nn trong nh.
iu khin tc Bng lng t Tin x l DCT thun Lng t ho M ho entropy Mch trn Khuych i m Tn hiu nh nn
Ngun nh
S nn trong nh Nn trong nh l loi nn nhm lm gim bt thng tin d tha trong min khng gian. Nn trong nh s dng c hai qu trnh nn c tn hao v nn khng tn hao gim bt d liu trong mt nh. Qu trnh ny khng s dng ca cc nh trc v sau nh ang xt. Thut ng nh y cn c hiu mt cch chnh xc, bi v trong k thut nn nh cho php s dng hoc mnh (fied) hoc nh (frame) nh mt nh gc. Nu k thut nn dng mnh th nn trong nh s to ra hai nh trong mi nh. 2.Tin x l. Trc khi thc hin bin i DCT, c nh c chia thnh cc khi ln ring bit khng chng nhau (khi MB). Mi MB bao gm 4 block cc mu tn hiu chi (Y) v 2:4 hoc 8 block cc mu tn hiu s mu (C R, CB). S cc block ph thuc vo cc loi chun Video.
0 2 1 3 4 5 0 2 1 3 4 6 b.4:2:2 5 7 0 2 1 3 4 6 8 10 c)4:4:4 5 7 9 11
a)4:2:0 (4:1:1)
52
n tt nghip
a)Cu trc cc block tn hiu chi (qut lin tc)
b)Cu trc cc block tn hiu chi (qut xen k) Tt c cc block c cng kch thc v mi block l mt ma trn im nh kch thc 8 x 8 c ly t mt nh mn hnh theo chiu t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Cu trc ca MB cng ph thuc vo loi qut nh. Nu qut lin tc th cc block bao gm cc mu t cc dng lin tc (lc ny qut theo nh frame). Ngc li trong trng hp qut xen k, trong mt block ch gm cc mu ca mt na nh (nn theo mnh- field. Vic chia thnh nh con ch thc s c nghia cho bc chuyn v tip theo. 3.Bin i cosin ri rc (DCT). Cng on u tin ca hu ht cc qu trnh nn l xc nh cc thng s tin d tha trong min khng gian ca mt mnh hoc mt nh ca tn hiu vi deo. Nn khng gian c thc hin bi php bin i DCT (Discrete Cosine Tranform). DCT bin i d liu di dng bin thnh d liu di dng tn s. Mc ch ca qu trnh bin i l tch lin kt ca tng nh con, hoc g i cng nhiu nng lng ca nh con vo mt phn nh cc h s hm truyn. Vic m ho v truyn ch thc hin i vi cc h s nng lng ny, v c th cho kt qu tt khi to li tn hiu Video c cht lng cao. DCT tr thnh tiu chun quc t cho cc h thng m chuyn v bi n c c tnh gi nng lng tt, cho kt qu l s thc v c thut ton nhanh thc hin chng. Cc php tnh DCT c thc hin trong phm vi cc khi 8 x8 mu tn hiu chi Y v cc khi tng ng ca tn hiu mu. Vic chia hnh nh thnh cc block c thc hin khi tin x l. Hiu qu ca vic chia ny rt d thy v l mt trong cc hng quan trng ca m ho c cht lng cao. Nu tnh ton DCT trn ton b frame th ta xem ton b frame c d tha l nh nhau. Nh c tnh thay i ca cc
53
n tt nghip
nh khc nhau v cc phn khc nhau ca cng mt nh, ta c th ci thin mt cch ng k vic m ho nu bit tn dng. V vy, s dng cc c tnh thay i ca cc phn t d tha trn c s m rng khng gian ca nh, DCT c tnh trn cc MB v mi MB c x l ring bit. hiu bit ng dng ca DCT trong nn nh, ta tm hiu thut ton bin i cosin ri rc. DCT l ton t dng tnh cc thnh phn tn s ca mt tn hiu c ly mu ti mt tc ly mu. 4.Lng t ho. Bc tip theo ca qu trnh nn l lng t ho cc h s F(u,v) sao cho gim c s lng bit cn thit. V cc h s c gi tr khc nhau, cho nn cc h s ring c th tnh bng cc phng php khc nhau.
Q(u,v)
F(u,v)
F0,0 F0, ....
Bng lng t 8x8
F0,0/Q 0,0 Fq(u,v) ... . .
F1,0 1 F1, .... .... 1
Lng t ho theo trng s
....
Cc h s ng vi tn s thp c gi tr ln hn, v nh vy n cha phn nng lng chnh ca tn hiu, do phi lng t ho vi chnh xc cao. Ring h s mt chiu i hi chnh xc co nht, v n biu hin chi trung bnh ca tng khi phn t nh. Bt k mt s sai st no trong qu trnh lng t ho, h s mt chiu u c kh nng nhn bit d dng, v n lm thay i chi trung bnh ca khi. Ngc li, vi cc h s tng ng vi tn s cao v c cc gi tr nh, th biu hin bng tp cc gi tr nh hn hn cc gi tr cho php. Qu trnh ny c th thc hin bng cch cho nhng khong cch gia cc bc lng t ho thay i theo h s. Lng t ho c thc hin bng vic chia cc h s F(u,v) cho cc h s v tr tng ng trong bng lng t Q(u,v) biu din s ln nh hn cc gi tr cho php ca h s DCT. Cc h s c tn s thp c chia cho cc
54
n tt nghip
gi tr nh, cc h s ng vi tn s cao c chia cho cc gi tr ln hn. Sau cc h s c lm trn (b i cc phn thp phn).
Fq (u, v) F(u, v) Q(u, v) gi tr nguy n gn nht F(u, v) Q(u, v) / 2 Q u, v
Cc gi tr F(u,v) s c m ho trong cc cng on tip theo. Cn phi xc nh l trong qu trnh lng t c trng s c xy ra mt thng tin, gy tn hao. y l bc gy tn hao duy nht trong k thut nn. Mc tn hao ph thuc vo gi tr cc h s trn bng lng t. Nhiu lng t i vi tn hiu mu kh nhn thy hn i vi tn hiu chi, cho nn c th thc hin lng t ha th tin hiu mu. Nh vy, khi lng DCT ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lng t ho khi thit k h thng nn Video v n nh hng trc tip n vic khi phc cht lng hnh nh tt hay xu. Vic dng cc m bin i sao cho thu c kt qu tt tu thuc vo thnh phn tn s bin i chi tit nh sng tng vng trong min khng gian nh. Cc nh cng chi tit th h s thnh phn tn s cao cng ln, nu h s trong cc bng lng t tng ng qu thp c th dn n trn b m. Mt thng tin hi tip v b m cho php iu khin mt h s cn bng, qua iu khin ti u trng thi ca b m. H s cn bng ny ch a vo cc thnh phn AC m thi. H s cn bng l mt hng s trong mt cu trc khi c bn cha ng hai khi mu v mt s thay i v khi chi ph thuc vo cu trc nh ban u. 5.M ho entropy. Cc gi tr lng t ho c th ch biu din nh cc t m c di c nh hay ng u, tc l cc gi tr lng t ho biu din cng mt s bit. Tuy nhin hiu qu m ho khng cao. ci thin ngi ta dng m ho entropy. M ho entropy dng c tnh thng k ca tn hiu c m ho. Khi dng m ho entropy c hai vn c t ra: -Th nht : m ho entropy lm tng phc tp v yu cu b nh ln hn so vi m di c nh. -Th hai: m ho entropy gn lin vi tnh khng n nh ca tn hiu Video s lm tc bit thay i theo thi gian. Do cn c mt c cu iu khin b m khi m ho ngun tc bit bin i c ghp vi knh c tc khng i.
55
n tt nghip
VI.Nn lin nh. 1.M hnh.
Mt tnh cht ca tn hiu Video l cha thng tin d tha trong min thi gian. C ngha l, trong mt chui nh lin tc, lng thng tin cha trong mi nh s thay i rt t t nh ny sang nh khc. Tnh ton s dch chuyn v tr ca ni dung hnh nh l mt phn rt quan trng trong k thut nn lin nh. M hnh nn lin nh nh sau:
Ngun nh B chuyn ng Nn trong nh nh nn
Mt chui Video l mt chui nh tnh c hin ra vi tc nhanh s cho cm gic chuyn ng lin tc. Mc d cc frame c s khc nhau, cn thit phi c mt tc frame cao t c cm gic chuyn ng thc s. T to ra nhiu d tha tm thi gia cc frame k nhau, s b chuyn ng chnh l loi b phn d tha ny. Sau qu trnh b chuyn ng, tng hiu qu nn cn s dng k thut nn trong nh x l d tha trong khng gian trong phn tha ca b chuyn ng. 2 Xp x v b chuyn ng. Nhiu thay i v cng sng t frame ny n frame k tip l do chuyn ng ca i tng. Trong m b chuyn ng, frame hin ti c d bo t frame trc bng cch xp x chuyn ng gia hai frame v b chuyn ng . S khc nhau gia frame hin ti v frame trc gi l phn d tha ca b chuyn ng v phn d tha ny s c m ho. i vi mt chui Video bnh thng , c trng v nng lng ca phn d tha thp hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng trong tn hiu Video gc do loi b thnh phn d tha tm thi. M ho phn d tha thay v m ho Video gip m bo thng tin d tha tm thi khng b m ho lp li. Nh vy, vic xc nh phn nh ng l xp x chuyn ng. Qu trnh khi phc mt nh bng cch dng cc phn t nh trc cng vi thng tin v chuyn ng chnh l b chuyn ng. S nh gi chuyn ng c th l ton frame. thc hin ti u, chia mi frame thnh cc khi (8x8 pixel) sau mi nh gi chuyn ng cho tng khi. Vic nh gi ton b chuyn ng frame s gy ra hai vn sau:
56
n tt nghip
-Thi gian dng theo di mt vng nh rng ca nh cho vector chuyn ng c tnh ton. -Cc khi chuyn ng dn n vic xc nh ci g t vo khng gian trng (do khi chuyn ng). S dng xp x v b chuyn ng l thay th hai yu cu trong h thng m/ gii m. u tin b gii m phi lu nh trc trong khi to nh tip theo. Sau , b m ha phi to li mi nh sau khi m ho n d b o cho b gii m to nh nh th no. iu ny cn thit v b gii m khng c bt k mt nh gc no c th to li khi b chuyn ng. Mt phng php d on tm ra cc chi tit nh thay th gia hai khung hnh lin nhau v to ra mt vector chuyn ng ch v tr ca chi tit nh ny trong khung hnh tng ng. Theo , vector chuyn ng s phi hp vi tt c cc khi c nn trong khung hnh trc m khi cc im nh ny c lp li ti mt v tr mi.
V tr khi 8x8 pixel V tr khi trc Vng tm kim
Vector chuyn ng
V tr khi hin ti
Vector chuyn ng gia 2 khung hnh lin nhau C nhiu phng php khc nhau xc nh vector thay th, mt trong s cc phng php ny c tn gi l phi hp cc khi (block matching). Khi s liu im nh c la chn , gi l khi tham chiu, trong khung hnh hin ti chuyn ng trong khung hnh trc . Cc gi tr DCT tham chiu c so snh vi cc gi tr khi 8x8 im trong vng tm kim tm ra khi thch hp nht, tng ng khi s sai khc l nh nht. Khi vector xc nh khong cch gia v tr tham chiu v v tr phi hp tm thy c to ra. Thng tin s liu v vector chuyn ng c truyn ti cng vi khi h s DCT sai lch.
57
n tt nghip
gim qu trnh tnh ton vector chuyn ng, phn gii ca nh c th c gim xung theo c 2 chiu ngang v chiu ng. Bng cch ny c th gim s bit cn x l v d on cc phn chnh c thay th trong khung hnh. V d mt nh vi phn gii y l 720 x 480 c th gim n mc 360 x 240. nh vi phn gii thp c th dng cho vng d on ln hn. u tin,mt d on chuyn ng gn ng s c tin hnh trn cc nh c phn gii thp ny. Sau , mt php d on vector chuyn ng chnh xc s thc hin tnh ton v tr thay th chnh xc ca i tng gia hai khung hnh. Qu trnh d bo s thc hin qua nhiu bc thu c d bo chnh xc cui cng. i vi cc i tng chuyn ng nh c th b qua trong giai on d on chuyn ng gn ng, do vector d on s mang sai s. Trng h p ny s s dng cc khi nh hn. Vi mt vng thay th c kch thc ln, sai s trong qu trnh phi hp s tr nn ln hn gia cc khi c cng mc xm song khng c lin h v chuyn ng. Hn na, nhiu nhng kiu chuyn ng trong bc nh c th to ra s xung t trong vng tm kim. gii quyt vn ny c s phn chia trong vic phi hp cc khi. 3.Tc truyn sau khi nn. Ta c mi quan h gia tc truyn C bng tn knh truyn W: W C (W:MHz; C : Mbit/s) Di y thng k tc truyn ca cc loi nh: -nh tnh: 1,2 9,6 kbit/s -nh chuyn ng chm: 12 40 kbit/s -Truyn hnh thoi : 58 2000kbit/s -Truyn hnh en trng: 70 108 Mb/s -Truyn hnh mu: 216 Mb/s -Truyn hnh HTV : 1,1 2,3Gb/s Sau khi s dng cc thut ton nn Video, th tc truyn ca tn hiu hnh c gim i ng k ,c ngha l rng di thng cng gim i. -C = 2 13 Mb/s 9 MHz - Di thng W: 1,5MHz
58
n tt nghip
Nh vy do u im nh vy cho nn vic truyn tn hiu truyn hnh s c nn Video hin ang c s dng rng ri cho hiu qu kinh t v k thut cao. Cht lng ng truyn cao, tit kim bng tn. VII. Cc chun MPEG 1. Gii thiu chung v chun MPEG. Chun MPEG ( Moving Picture Expert Group) l chui chun video vi mc ch l m ho tn hiu hnh nh v m thanh cho DSM (Digital Storage Media) tc t 1,5 n 50 Mbit / s v c bit n nh l MPEG -1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4,...Cc chun MPEG tin ti ti u ho cho cc ng dng video ng v cc c im ca n cng bao gm mt thut ton cho vic nn d liu Audio vi t l l 5:1 cho ti 10:1. Trong chun MPEG, ngi ta nh ngha cc loi nh khc nhau cho php s linh hot cn nhc gia hiu qu m ho v truy nhp ngu nhin . Cc loi nh nh sau: 1.1. nh loi I ( Intra-picture). L nh c m ho ring. nh I c cha ng d liu ti to li ton b hnh nh v chng c to thnh bng thng tin ca ch mt nh . nh I cho php truy cp ngu nhin, tuy nhin t c t ln nn thp nht. 1.2. nh loi P (Predicted - Picture). L nh m ho c b chuyn ng t nh I hoc nh P pha trc (nh d on trc). nh P cung cp cc h s nn cao hn nh I. 1.3. nh loi B (Bidiretional Predcited-picture). L nh c m ho s dng b chuyn ng t nh I v nh P pha trc v pha sau (nh d on hai chiu). nh B c t l nn cao nht. S khi qu trnh m ho v gii m chun MPEG. 1.4 Nhm nh (GOP). i vi chun MPEG, cht lng nh khng nhng ph thuc vo t l nn trong tng khun hnh m cn ph thuc vo di ca nhm nh. Nhm nh (Group Of Picture) l mt khi nim c bn ca MPEG. GOP l n v mang thng tin c lp ca MPEG. Cng ngh MPEG s dng 3 loi nh I,P,B. Trong nh P, B khng phi l mt nh hon chnh, m ch cha thng tin v s khc bit gia nh v nh trc n (i vi nh P), hay s khc bit vi c nh trc v nh sau n
59
n tt nghip
(i vi nh B). c mt khun hnh hon chnh, nh P v nh B cn c d liu t cc nh ln cn, v vy MPEG a ra khi nim GOP. Mi GOP bt buc phi bt u bng mt nh hon chnh I v tip sau l mt lot cc nh P v B. Nhm nh c th m (Open) hoc ng (closed). Nhm nh m lun bt u bng mt nh I v kt thc mt nh trc nh I tip theo, c ngha l nh cui cng ca GOP dng lm nh u tin ca GOP tip theo lm nh chun. Th t hin nh Th t truyn nh nh
1 1 1
2 3 B
3 4 B
4 2 P
5 6 B
6 7 B
7 5 1 7 I
1 1 I
2 3 B
3 4 B
4 2 P
GOP Cu trc GOP m
GOP Cu trc GOP ng
i vi cu trc khp kn, vic d on nh khng s dng thng tin ca GOP khc. Trong trng hp ny theo quy nh, nh cui cng ca mt GOP bao gi cng l nh P. Nhm nh ny c xc nh bi 2 thng s m v n. Thng s m xc nh s khung hnh P v khung hnh B xut hin gia hai khung hnh I gn nhau nht. S n xc nh s khung B gia hai khung P. T l nn video ca MPEG ph thuc rt nhiu vo di ca GOP. Tuy nhin GOP di thng gy kh khn cho qu trnh tua, nh v, sa liDo tu thuc vo tng khu (sn xut, dng, truyn dn, pht sng) m ta chn di GOP thch hp. Trong sn xut hu k, nu yu cu truy cp ngu nhin vo bt c nh no, iu c ngha l yu cu truy cp chnh xc n tng nh, GOP khi ch c nh loi I, trng hp ny s cho t len nn rt thp. tng t l nn, s lng nh P v B phi tng ln, lc ny s khng cho php vic s
60
n tt nghip
dng hnh cng nh lm k xo trn chui nh . Trong trng hp ny GOP c th bao gm 12 nh. 1.5 Cu trc dng bt MPEG video. Cu trc dng bt video bao gm 6 lp: a. Khi: khi 8x8 cc im nh tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu dng cho phng php nn DCT.
Khi im nh 8x8
CR
Y CB
Macroblock
.. Mng .
Khun g
Nhm nh
Kin trc dng bt video b. Cu trc khi (macroblock): Mt cu trc khi l mt nhm cc khi tng ng vi lng thng tin cha ng cho kch thc 16x6 im trn nh. Cu trc khi cng xc nh lng thng tin cha trong s thay i tu theo cu trc mu c s dng. Thng tin u tin trong cu trc khi mang dng ca n (l cu trc Y v Cr, Cb) v cc vector b chuyn ng tng ng . c. Mng(Slice) : Mng bao gm mt vi cu trc khi k nhau. Kch thc ln nht ca mng c th gm ton b bc nh v kch thc nh nht ca mng l mt cu trc khi. Thng tin u ca mng cha ng v tr ca mng trong ton b nh v h s cn bng lng t. Kch thc thng tin u ca mng c xc nh bng s li cho php xut hin trong mng i vi mt ng dng nht nh theo , b gii m c th b qua cc mng c nhiu li, xc nh tnh hiu qu ca phng php nn nh, theo h s cn bng lng t c th
61
n tt nghip
c iu chnh thng xuyn vi vic s dng mng c kch thc nh hn. H s DC tham chiu (dng trong m ho DPCM) s c so snh chun ti u mi mng. d. nh: Lp nh cho php b gii m xc nh loi ca nh c m ho l nh I, P hay B. Thng tin u dng ch th t truyn khung b gii m c th sp xp cc nh theo mt th t ng. Thng tin u ca nh cn cha cc thng tin ng b, phn gii v phm vi ca vector chuyn ng. e. Nhm nh : Nhm nh l t hp rt nhiu cc khung I, P v B. Cu trc ca nhm nh c xc nh bi hai tham s m v n. Mi nhm nh bt u bng khung I v xc nh im bt u tm kim v bin tp. Thng tin gm 25 bt cha m nh thi v iu khin. f. on video: on video bao gm thng tin u, mt s nhm nh v thng tin kt thc on. Thng tin u ca on video cha kch thc mi chiu ca nh, kch thc im nh, tc bt ca dng video s, tn s nh v b m ti thiu cn c. on video thng tin u to thnh mt dng bits c m ho gi l dng c bn (Elementary Stream). 1.6. Nguyn l nn dng bt. Vi cc loi nh ni trn, vic m ho theo loi no l tu thuc vo nh thit k. Tuy nhin cu trc ca b m ho MPEG c th theo s sau: * Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch m ho MPEG Cch hot ng ca b m ho ph thuc vo loi hnh nh m ho ti thi im ang xt. Nn MPEG l s kt hp gia nn trong nh v nn lin nh. Dng thc u vo l Rec-601 4:2:2 hoc 4:2:0 c nn lin nh trc to ra nh khc bit u ra b cng. nh ny sau li c nn trong nh qua cc bc : bin i DCT, lng t ho, m ho. Cui cng, nh ny c trn vi vector chuyn ng a n b khuychiu i m s thu c khin tc bit nh nn.
62
n tt nghip
Bng lng t
Video
+ 4:2:2 4:2:0 DCT -
Lng t ho
M ho enteopy
Trn
Video Khuych nn
i m
Gii lng t ho
+ + IDCT
nh d on
nh so snh
Xc nh vector chuyn ng
Vector chuyn ng
iu khin nhm nh
S khi ca qu trnh m ho MPEG Tc bt ca tn hiu video c nn khng c nh, ph thuc vo ni dung nh ang xt. Ngc li, ti u ra ca b m ho, dng bt phi c nh xc nh tc cho dung lng knh truyn. Do , ti u ra ca b m ho phi c b nh m ln. B m ho phi kim tra trng thi y ca b nh m Khi s liu trong b nh m gn bng dung lng cc i, th cc h s bin i DCT c lng t ho t chnh xc hn. Trong trng hp ngc li, c ngha l b nh m cha s liu qu t, th vic lng t ho cc h s s tng ln. Qu trnh gii m theo l thuyt l qu trnh ngc li vi qu trnh m ho trn.
63
n tt nghip
2. Tiu chun MPEG-1.
L tiu chun nn mt nh ng c kch thc 320x240 v tc bt cn t 1 Mbit/s n 1,5 Mbit/s dng cho ghi hnh trn bng t v a quang (CD) ng thi truyn dn trong cc mng (v d mng my tnh). 3. Tiu chun MPEG-2 MPEG-2 hng ti cc ng dng rng ri hn v c tc t cao hn MPEG-1, bao gm cc ng dng DSM(lu tr s), cc h thng TV hin ti nh (PAL, NTSC, SECAM), cp, thu lm tin tc in t , truyn hnh trc tip qua v tinh, EDTV (truyn hnh m rng), HDTM (truyn hnh phn gii cao)
64
n tt nghip
CHNG III: AUDIO S V CC TIU CHUN NN AUDIO S I. Khi nim m thanh. m thanh l do vt th rung ng, pht ra ting v lan truyn i trong khng kh. S d tai ta nghe c nh c mng nh. Mng nh ni lin vi h thng thn kinh. m thanh cng truyn lan c trong cc cht kh, cht lng, cht rnnhng khng truyn lan c trong chn khng. Mt s cht truyn m rt km, thng l loi mm, xp nh bng, da, c kh. Cc cht ny gi l cht ht m, c dng lm lt tng cc rp ht, cc phng cch m ht m, gim ting vang. Vn tc truyn lan ca m thanh ph thuc vo cht truyn m . V d nh khng kh l 340m/s, trong nc l 1480m/s, trong st l 5000m/s. Tn s ca mt m n l s ln dao ng ca khng kh truyn m trong mt giy ng h. Tai ngi c th nghe thy tn s t khong 16Hz n 20.000Hz. * Di tn s t 16Hz n 20.000Hz gi l tn s m thanh (hay m tn) *Di tn s di 16Hz gi l h m . * Di tn s trn 20.000Hz gi l siu m. II. Pht tn hiu m thanh. II.1.1. S khi my pht tn hiu m thanh.
An ten
Ch sng
Trung gian
Cng sut
Fid
iu khin
Ngun
iu ch
Hnh 1: S khi my pht

II.1.2. Chc nng tng khi.
Tn hi u
m thanh
65
n tt nghip
2.1 .Khi ch sng: C th l mt tng hoc mt s tng c kt cu phc tp. Nhim v ca n l to ra dao ng in tn s gc cung cp cho cc tn s sau. V vy gi l ch sng. 2.2. Khi trung gian: C th l mt tng khuych i tng in p v cng sut t ch sng a sang. Tu theo yu cu ca mi my pht m tng trung gian c th l cc tng m, nhn hoc chia. Tng m va khuych i va cch ly nh hng ca tng sau i vi ch sng, gi cho ch sng n nh. Tng nhn hoc chia tng tn s hoc gim tn s hai ba ln so vi tn s ch sng a sang tu theo yu cu c a my pht. m bo cho yu cu cung cp cho khi cng sut trc khi ra ng ten, trong khi trung gian c th c thm mt vi tng khuych i in p v cng sut cao tn tu theo tng my. 3. Khi cng sut: L tng khuych i cng sut m bo c cng sut yu cu pht ra anten. 4. Anten: C nhim v bin dao ng in cao tn thnh sng in t truyn ln ra khng gian, tu theo my pht v yu cu thng tin m thit b anten c th n gin hay phc tp, c th bc x sng in t c hng hoc khng hng. 5. H thng fid truyn dn nng lng cao tn u ra my pht n anten. 6. Khi iu ch: Trong my pht thanh thng c lin tng m v nn, xn, cc tng khuych i m tn v thit b iu ch. 7. Khi ngun: Thng l tp hp cc loi chnh lu v cc thit b cung cp in cho ton my pht. 8. Khi iu khin: Dng iu khin my hot ng, gi an ton cho ngi khai thc v cho thit b. II.2. Su ch tiu cht lng cho my pht tn hiu m thanh. II.2.1. n nh tn s. L mt ch tiu rt nghim ngt i vi my pht. Bn my thu ch c th thu c thng tin lin tc v tt khi tn s bn pht khng x dch ra gii hn cho php. Do , tn s my pht phi m bo gii hn n nh cho php VD my pht tn s 7MHz c php x dch khng qu 3.10-6. n nh tn s do khi ch sng quyt nh l ch yu.
66
n tt nghip
II.2.2. Mo tn s:
L mc khuych i khng ng u i vi cc tn s c tn hiu c ch cn pht i, lm cho tng quan v mc ca cc tn s m thanh trong ni dung tin tc khng cn trung thc na. II.2.3. Mo phi tuyn: Chnh l mo dng ca tn hiu hay cn gi l mo khng ng thng. Tn hiu cn truyn i l hnh sin nhng qua my pht sng hi nn b bin dng i khng cn l hnh sin na. Meo phi truyn to ln th m thanh s b nght, r Mo phi tuyn cng t th ting ni cng trung thc. Mo ghi tuyn ch yu do ch cng tc ca tng khuych i tn hiu , iu ch, khuych i dao ng iu ch quyt nh. II.2.4. su iu ch: Cn gi l h s iu ch l m ch tiu rt quan trng trong cc my pht iu ch bin . N l t s gia bin in p tn hiu vi in p giao ng cao tn. Trong cc my pht thanh iu ch bin th su iu ch t trung bnh l : 70% n 80%. II.2.5. Mc bc x sng hi: L sng c tn s gp hai, ba ln tn s cng tc ca my pht. Ngi ta phi hn ch bc x sng hay ca my pht, nht l my pht c cng sut ln. V khi c sng hi pht ra s lm gim hiu sut pht sng ca my ph t v gy ra can nhiu cho cc i khc, nu sng hi trng tn s hoc ngay k tn s cng tc ca i . II.2.6. Mc tp m v ting : L nhng ting n trong my pht to ra, s cn nhiu n tn hiu c ch, khi mc tp m c ting ln c th khng cn nhn bit c ni dung tin tc na. Ma tp m v ting c so snh vi mc tn hiu c ch. n nh tn s , mo tn s, mo phi tuyn, su iu ch , mc bc x sng hi, mc tp m v ting l nhng chi tit c bn i vi my pht thanh sng di,trung, ngn.
67
n tt nghip
II.3.Nguyn l ghi m II.3.1. Cc phng php ghi m .
i vi tn hiu m thanh tng t c cc phng php ghi truyn thng sau: II.3.1.1. Ghi m c gii: Dng thit b c gii khc nhng tn hiu m thanh thnh dng cc rnh vng trn trn a nha. Khi cn pht li tn hiu m thanh trn a ghi, th cho kim a ht chuyn ng trn nhng rnh vng , ng dng trong a ht. II.3.1.2. Ghi m quang hc: L phng php dng Micro v b iu ch quang a m thanh cn ghi vo nhng phin nha cm quang. Ri em phin nha nh hnh ghi m, khng ch nh sng ca n quang hc chiu ti, pht ra tn hiu ban u. Phng php ny ng dng trong in nh. II.3.1.3. Ghi m t: L phng php dng dng in m tn tc ng ln bng t v li t d trn bng t theo quy lut ca dng in m tn. Lc pht li th nhng mc t d trn bng qua u t c li bin thnh dng in m tn. Phng php ny ng dng trong truyn thanh v i sng. II.3.2 Cc chi tiu cht lng ca my ghi m . II.3.2.1 Tc chuyn bng nh dng l tc chuyn ng danh nh ca bng t chy qua u t. Tc chuyn bng tnh theo cm/s. My ghi m c cht lng cng cao th tc chuyn bng cng ln. Thng l 76,2cm/s -38cm/s-19,05cm/s- 9,53 cm/s4,76cm/s. Nu tc nhanh hay chm qu mc th s pht sinh mo tn s, nhanh qu th ting nghe eo o chm qu th nghe khi c bng my khc th tc chuyn bng sai lch khng qu 0,2% so vi tc khi ghi. II.3.2.2. Mc sai iu. L s mo do tc chuyn bng khng u trong khi ghi hoc trong khi c bng. II.3.2.3. Gii tn s cng tc: Cc my ghi m c cht lng cao bao gi cng c gii tn s cng tc rt rng. Tc nhanh di tn s rng hn khi dng tc chm. VD ng vi
68
n tt nghip
19.05cm/s th di tn cng tc l 40 12.000Hz vi tc 9,53cm/s th di tn s cng tc l 60 10.000Hz. II.3.2.4. Mo tn s: Do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Khi ghi, hay c, tc chuyn bng khng n nh. - Tc c khng cng vi tc ghi. - B khuych i khng khuych i ng u c di tn s cng tc. - Cc u t c kt cu hon chnh, bng t su. mo tn s ca my ghi m ph thuc vo p tuyn tn s ca h thng ghi t v mc hiu chnh tn s ca b khuych i. II.3.2.5. Mo khng ng thng: Ca my ghi m ph thuc vo mo khng ng thng ca h thng ghi t v ca phn khuych i tn hiu mo khng ng thng ca h thng ghi t gy ra do tng quan khng ng thng gia lng cm ng t d v tr s dng in u t ghi . Mo khng ng thng sinh ra do nhiu nguyn nhn - Do cc ng cong t ho ca bng t - Do c tuyn , ch lm vic ca tranzitor c sai lch - Do cc u t v bin p. II.3.2.6. Cng sut ra danh nh L cng sut m tn ra ca b khuych i c, ng vi mo khng ng thng cho php cc my chy pin thng c cng sut b hn my chy in, my chy pin c cng sut vai trm mili ot, my chy in mt vi ot. II.3.2.7 nhy u vo: l in p u vo b khuch i gh i m bo mc ghi ln mt trn bng t. II.3.2.8 Di ng:Di ng l t s gia mc tn hiu ghi v c ln nht ca mc tn hiu ghi v c nh nht. Di ng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca bng t v mc tp m. II.3.3. Nhc im ca cc phng php ghi tn hiu m thanh tng t - Do mo phi tuyn s d l do ghi m da trn c s ca vic bin tn hiu t l vi mt i lng vt l no ca vt liu ghi ( t d trn bng, ln ca rnh ghi trn a, vt ghi trn a).
69
n tt nghip
- S hn ch ca t s tn hiu trn tp m. Do vy lm i s phong ph ca m thanh trong t nhin. khc khc nhng nhc im ny ngi ta chuyn sang ghi m thanh bng k thut s thay v ghi m tng t, ghi m s chuyn mc tn hiu sang m s nh phn ghi li theo chui cc con s "0" v "1" do vy ln b ca tn hiu cn ghi s khng cn l tr ngi na. III. Khi nim c bn ca audio s. Vo u thp k 80 cc thit b audio s dn thay th v chim lnh cc audio tng t trong sn xut v pht sng , u im ni bt ca audio s l ghi m s nhiu ln m cht lng khng suy gim, mo tn hiu nh mt cch l tng 0,01%), di ng m thanh ln gn mc t nhin (>90dP), vic tm kim d liu nhanh chng, lu tr s v cc h thng sn xut chng trnh audio s da trn c s my tnh t ra rt hiu qu. Cng ngh s cho php ghi, x l, truyn dn pht sng v thu nhanh hon ton trong mi trng s. Mt tiu chun audio s ra i vi s lin kt ca hai hip hi, hip hi k thut audio AES (Audio Engineeting Society) v hip hi truyn thanh truyn hnh Chu u EBU (European Broadcasting Union) xy dng cho nn tng pht trin ca thit b ghi m v cc thit b ti Studio, ni x l tn hiu v phn phi hon ton s. Thit b audio s c tn hiu vo ra tng t, dng thay th trc tip cc thit b s v hot ng trong mi trng tng t. Trong k thut sn xut v truyn dn c xu hng s tin ti thay th hon ton qu trnh ghi, x l v truyn dn u lm vic trong mi trng s. cc thit b s c th ho nhp vo mi trng tng t th cc tn hiu tng t cn phi c chuyn i sang s v ngc li, tn hiu s thc s tr ln hp dn khi tn hiu tng t qua b bin i A/D to thnh tn hiu s v c sai lch khng ng c. III.1. M ho knh truyn. c s dng trong cc h thng ghi s v truyn dn nhm lm cho cc c tnh ca d liu sau m ho ngun ph hp vi cc c tnh ca my ghi hay knh truyn, m knh truyn s sa i d liu gc nhm t c mt bt cao nht c th c trong gii hn c tnh ca di thng knh truyn. Dng in mt chiu hay cc tn s thp s khng c chuyn i trong qu trnh ny
70
n tt nghip
trong truyn dn, d liu truyn dn ph thuc vo tc chuyn i thng tin phi nh hn dung lng knh truyn, dn n s khng thch ng vi knh truyn, di thng knh truyn c ci thin khi d liu truyn dn t c c c tnh tt nht do gii thch cho qu trnh m ho knh truyn. M ho knh truyn l lm cho hnh dng ph tn hiu audio s b mo nh nht. Hai t chc AES v EBU a ra cc tiu chun truyn dn tn hiu audio s nh tiu chun AES3-1992, ANSI S4-1992, IEC -958. III.2. c im ca tn hiu s liu AES/EBU c trng giao din ca nh dng chuy n dng AES/EBU - nh dng: S truyn dn ni tip ca hai knh s liu c ly mu v m ho tuyn tnh . - Cc thng s pht: + Tn hiu ra cn bng + Cc b ni XLR ( cm:XLR) vi chn c v gi ci. . Chn 1: u cp, tn hiu mt (t) . Chn 2: chn tn hiu (khng phn bit cc) . Chn 3: chn tn hiu (khng phn bit cc) . Tr khng ngun: 110 20% ohm . Cn bng <-30 dB (6MHz) . Bin tn hiu ra t 2 n 7v qu ti 110 ohm. Cn bng . Thi gian qu ln v xung : 5 n 30ns. - Cc thng s thu: . u vo cn bng . Cc b ni XLR ( cm XLR) . Chn 1 : u cp, chn mt (t) . Chn 2: chn tn hiu (khng phn bit cc) . Chn 3: Chn tn hiu (khng phn bit cc) . Tr khng vo 110 20% ohm. . H s thu khng tin cy : qu 7v ti 20 KHz . Mc tn hiu cc i 7v . Loi cp : cp i dy xon c v bc c ly cho php l 100 n 250m.
71
n tt nghip
III.3. Cc c im giao din knh chun AES/EBU. nh dng knh ngi ta s dng c dng trong cc thit b CD s v RDAT s (CD Compact Disk v RDAT-Rotary Drgital audio tabe - bng audio s quay) vi tn hiu vo v ra s. N cng c bit n trong giao din s ca hng sony - philips. - nh dng : + Truyn dn ni tip ca hai knh s liu c ly mu v m ho tuyn tnh. - Cc thng s pht: + Tn hiu ra khng cn bng + Cc b ni (Rc cm m thanh RCA) + Bin tn hiu ra : 500mv ng vi ti 75 ohm - Cc thng s thu: + Tn hiu vo khng cn bng + Cc b ni gic cm m thanh + Tr khng vo 75 ohm III.4. Gii m v ghp knh tn hiu AES/EBU. B gii m BPM c dng khi phc chui tn hiu audio s AES/EBU m ho BPM thnh dng s liu. Sau , cc tn hiu s liu t hai knh , ca b ghp dng s liu, c tch ra thnh hai dng bt s liu audio song song. Cc bt ph (V,U,C,P) Cng c trch t mi khung con iu chnh qu trnh x l v ng b cc khung ph v ton b khung.
72
n tt nghip Khi phc xung clock(m) Xt s liu

Tn hiu AES/EBU

CK CK Data Knh1
CK
Chuyn i
Lc
Gi i m nh du lng pha BPM
Chuyn i ni tip song song v tch knh

Syne (dng)
B m knh 1 B m knh 2
VUCD bits
Knh2
Hnh : B gii m v tch knh dng s liu audio AES/EBU ni tip B xn s liu, khi c s hin din ca tp m, c gii thiu nh mt b bin ng ti bn thu. B bin ng c hiu l c c tnh thay i trong thi gian truyn dn ca b gii m bt. B lc c s dng loi tr tp m trc khi xn s liu. III.5. ng b audio s Cc tn hiu audio s c to thnh t cc mu ri rc. Nu ta mun chn, trn hay ghp cc tn hiu audio s t cc ngun khc nhau, i hi phi c tn hiu ng b ca mi mu t ngun chun. Tn hiu audio cn phi c b xung nhm to ra mt tn hiu audio s y , trong khng cn cc s c nh ting lch cch hay n trong tn hiu. S phc tp ca ng b ho c th thay i tu theo vn quan tm l ng b gia cc ngun tn hiu audio hay gia cc ngun tn hiu audio v Video III.5.1.ng b gia cc tn hiu audio s Tiu chun AESII-1991 ch r kh nng ng b ho c tn s v pha ca cc thit b vn hnh trong audio. Cc my pht chuyn dng phn phi cc tn hiu chun rt n nh v phc v cho vic ng b ho tn s to iu kin cho chng trnh audio ln. Trong trng hp ny thit b sn xut l cc thit b con , cn cc my pht chun l my ch. Trong cc audio nh, c th dng tn hiu ra ca b thit b lm chun cung cp v phn pht cho cc thit b khc thng qua b khuych i phn phi tn hiu s. Tiu chun AESII ch r
73
n tt nghip
cc mu tn hiu audio s phi cng pha vi tn hiu chun , lch pha cho php ca khung audio ti u pht l 5% v ti u thu 25%. Hai tn hiu ca audio s c tn s ly mu khc nhau hoc khng th ng b cng nhau th cc b chuyn i tc ly mu v ng b c s dng. Qu trnh ng b thc hin c khi tc ca hai dng s liu c kim sot v c mi quan h vi nhau phc tp v chi ph ca thit b cao hn khi qu trnh ng b khng c thc hin c. V cc mu tn hiu u pht v u thu khng c mi lin h no. III.5.2. ng b gia tn hiu audio s v tn hiu video. Trong truyn hnh tn hiu m thanh s chun cn phi c ng b vi tn hiu video chun nhm ngn chn hin tng tr gia tn hiu audio v tn hiu video, v cho php chuyn mch gia tn hiu audio v tn hiu video khng c ting lch tch. Trong h thng 625/50, s lng cc mu audio trn mt khung video c quy nh chnh xc (1920 mu audio vi tn s ly mu 48 KHz). Mi quan h v pha gia tn hiu audio v tn hiu video c duy tr mt cch r dng. Tn hiu m thanh tiu chun audio AES 3 c th gi ng b vi tn hiu video bi v tn hiu chun 48KHz nhn c t tn hiu video chun trong h thng 625 dng. III.5.3 Ghi audio s nh dng bng audio s DAT (digital audio tape) u tin c pht truyn cho my ghi m dn dng (u t quay nn cn gi l R -DAT, Rotary digital audio tape). Tuy nhin DAT c cht lng cao, nn c dng cho mc ch chuyn dng. Cc tn hiu vo tng t c s ho, m ho knh (u ch 8 -10) trc khi ghi m trn bng kim loi 3,81mm. nh dng R -DAT gm 4 mode ghi /pht, ly mu 48KHz, v 2 mode pht li tc ly mu 44,1 KHz. - Cc c trng ca R-DAT c trng chung: + S knh audio :2 + Thi gian ghi: 2h (4h,32KHz,mode2). + u t khng tip t, u ghi chng vi u pht . + Thi gian d mnh: 200 ln so vi bnh thng
74
n tt nghip
+ Kch thc Casselte : 73x54x10,5mm c trng in: + p ng tn s: phng 10Hz 22KHz (fs = 48KHz) + Di ng : 96 dB + Tn s ly mu + 32KHz + 44,1 KHz + 48 KHz (cht lng cao) Ly mu + 16bit tuyn tnh, 48 v 44,1 KHz + 12 Bit phi tuyn, 32 KHz (mode2) + Mo : <0,005% c trng c: + 30mm trng u t ,900 + Trng : 2000r/min(1000r/min@ 32KHz mode 2) + Tc bng : 8,15monls (4,075mm/s @ 32 KHz, mode2) + rng rnh : 13,591mm + rng bng : 3,81mm + dy bng : 13mm III.6. C s v nn audio. III.6.1. Khi nim k thut nn s liu audio. Ngy nay, trong cc h thng truyn hnh s dng cc h thng m thanh a knh ti tn h gia nh. Khi dung lng lu tr v rng knh truyn s liu c quan tm ng mc, tc dng s liu ca cc tn hiu m thanh ny s c ln gi c mc m thanh trung thc. V d vi 16 bt m ho tn hiu audio ly mu ti tn s ly mu 48KHz to ra dng s liu c tc 1,54 Mbit/s. Nh vy, tc dng s liu trong h thng m thanh a knh t c tng cng l 4,5 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin thi gian lu tr v gi thnh thit b rt cao. Vy gim gi thnh v tc lu tr l ta phi nn dng s liu audio s. H thng nn tn hiu m thanh l loi b i nhng thnh phn thng tin d tha trong cc tn hiu audio. Tn hiu audio nn c t hp trong my tnh to cho cc ng dng a truyn thng nh phn phi chng trnh trn a
75
n tt nghip
CD-ROMS v qua mng. V n cng c th em s dng trong truyn hnh qung b qua v tinh (DSB) III.6.2. K thut nn s liu audio K thut m ho ngun c dng loi b d tha ca tn hiu audio v cc k thut "psychoa causlic masking - che mt n tm sinh l nghe" c dng nhn dng v loi b ni dung khng thch hp (cc mu khng phi l audio). C hai k thut nn d liu chnh sau y . III.6.2.1.Nn khng tn hao. Nn khng tn hao cho php khi phc thng tin d liu gc sau b gii nn m khng gy ra tn hao (ngc li vi nn). N loi b d tha thng k tn ti trong tn hiu audio bng cc gi tr d bo t cc mu trc. C th t t l nn thy (tt nht l 2:1) v ph thuc vo phc tp ca tn hiu audio gc. Nh m ho d bo min thi gian m ta c th nn khng tn hao. - Thut ton visai: tn hiu audio c cha cc m lp li cng nh s lng ln d tha v cc m thanh khng thch hp. D liu lp li c loi b trong qu trnh m ho v c khi phc li ti phn gii m. K thut DTCM ( iu xung m visai) cng c s dng trong tn hiu audio. Tn hiu audio c tch ra thnh mt s cc bng tn con c cha mt s m ri rc. Sau m ho bng DPCM v b d bo thch hp cho cc tn hiu c chu k ngn. Loi m ho thch nghi ny thc hin trn c s quan st nng lng tn hiu u vo nhm sa cha kch c bc lng t ph hp . Bc ny c gi l b thch nghi DPCM (ADPCM). - B m ho entropy tch d tha bng cch biu din cc h s lng t ho ca bng tn con nhm nng cao hiu qu m ho. Cc h s ny c truyn theo bc tng tn s, to cc gi tr ln ti cc tn s thp v bc chy di ca cc gi tr nh hoc gn bng 0 cho cc tn s cao. - Cc thng s qu ti khi d liu : Cc gi tr nh phn t qu trnh bin i (s sang tng t) ADC, c nhm thnh cc khi d liu c trong min thi gian ln trong min tn s. III.6.2.2. Nn tn hiu c tn hao. Nn c tn hao nh kt hp hai hay nhiu k thut x l s dng c im cc HAS l tch cc thnh phn ph c bin nh gia cc thnh phn
76
n tt nghip
ph c bin ln. Phng php gim s liu x l cao c h s nn t 2:1 n 20:1 n ph thuc vo qu trnh nn v gii nn, v vo yu cu cht lng audio. H thng nn s liu c tn hao s dng k thut m ho th cm, nguyn l ca n l loi b d tha trong tn hiu audio bng cch b i nhng tn hiu nm di th ngng m. Do ngi ta gi cc h thng nn s liu c tn hao l mt cc thnh phn m. Nn c tn hao kt hp nhiu k thut *.K thut masking che che ph min thi gian v tn s cc thnh phn tn hiu *.Che ph nhiu lng t cho mi m audio bng cch xp xp cc bt lm cho mc nhiu lng t lun di th che mt n. Ti cc tn s gn tn hiu audio, t s SNR = 20 30 db ( phn gii 4 5 bit) *.M ho ni (Joint Coding). K thut ny tch d tha trong h thng a knh audio (mt s ng k d liu ging nhau tn ti trong tt c cc knh). Do , gim d liu c thc hin nh m ho cc d liu ging nhau v ch th cho b gii m lp li III.7. Nn tn hiu audio theo chun MPEG Hin nay trn th gii tn ti nhiu h m thanh dng trong truyn hnh nh h MICAM s, h MUSICAM s, A-2 (Two audio) tng t h AC 3 (audio coding 3) s c nn. III.7.1. Tiu chun nn MPEG 1 ( ISO/LEC 11172) Tiu chun nn MPEG 1 c pht truyn v dng cho m ho m ng v tn hiu audio km theo cho lu tr vi tc khong 1,5 M bt/s. Chun MPEG - 1 da vo nguyn l nn tn hiu audio cu tiu chun MPEG Chun MPEG s dng tn s ly mu ca CD DA (Com pact Disc Digital Audio) v DAT (Digital audio tape). Bn cnh cc tn s ly mu ny MPEG cn s dng cc tn s: 44,1 KHZ, 32 KHZ ly mu v tt c u s dng 16 bits. i vi s liu audio trn a Compact th c hai knh u c tn s ly mu l 44,1 KHZ vi 16 bits/mu, khi tc s liu audio l 1,4 Mbit/S. Do vy chng cn phi c nn li.
77
n tt nghip Chuyn i t min thi gian sang min tn s

M ho khp ni

Bt ch nh +lng t ho +m ho To khung B nh s liu
Cc mu Audio PCM @ 32/44. 1/4 8KHz
Dy bt m ho
M hnh tm sinh l nghe
S liu ph
Hnh
S cu trc c s ca b m ho MPEG tn hiu audio
Dng bt m ho
Khung khng ng gi
Ti to (khi phc)
Chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian
Cc mu audio PCM @ 32/44, 1/48 KHz
D liu ph
Hnh . Cu trc c s ca b gi m MPEG tn hiu audio

III.7.2. Thut ton nn tn hiu audio MPEG bao gm cc bc sau: III.7.2.1. Audio c chuyn v min tn s, v ton b di ph ca n c chia thnh 32 bng con thng qua b lc bng con *.Lc bng con : ph tn hiu c chia thnh cc bng con c rng di thng bng nhau , thnh cc bng ti hn c th thay i, n tng ti vi KHz khi tn s trn 10 KHz, tn s di 500Hz rng di bng l 100 Hz, mt bng con c ti vi bng ti hn . B lc bng con c mt phn gi ln nhau v thng s dng cho cc mu k nhau trong min thi gian. VD trong mc II ca chun MPEG mt khung audioc 1152 mu gc c chia thnh 32 bng con c rng bng nhau (750 Hz @ tn s ly mu 48 KHz) mi bng con c 36 mu
78
n tt nghip
Sau mi tn hiu bng con c lng t ho u vi cc bt ch nh c trng bo v bng con bng t s tch cc masking trn tp m (MNR). T s c tnh tch cc khi ng cong cc mc chn trn mc tp m *.Bng chuyn i : Thut ton sa i DCT (MDCT) c s dng bin i tn hiu: audio t min thi gian sang min tn s thnh mt s lng ln cc bt con, Ging nh b lc bng con chuyn i cc bng con cng nm k nhau Lc bng ghp : y l s kt hp gia b lc bng con v b lc bng chuyn i. Tn hiu c chia thnh 32 bng con do b lc bng, sau thut ton sa i MDCT c p dng cho 18 mu trong tng bng con to ra tng cng 576 bng con t c phn tch thi gian l 3,8 ms c tnh quan trng ca b lc bng l phn tch c tnh tho hip. Mt b lc bng c phn tch thp s cho s lng nh cc bng con v thnh phn m ca ph tn hiu audio nm trong bng con. Khi K thut mc ngng masking gim i th cn rt nhiu bt cho lng t ho tn hiu ca mi bng con, s lng cc bng con gim i trong b lc dn n phc tp ca b m ho v gii m gim i trong khi t c phn tch trong khong thi gian ngn Mt b lc bng c phn tch cao cho ra mt lng ln cc bng tn con v cc thnh phn m ca ph tn hiu audio nhng khng nm trong tt c cc bng con.Cc bng con khng c thnh phn m khng cn m ho, kt qu b m ho s liu khng gy tn hao.Cc bng con c th ti to tt hn bng ti hn bng c tnh HAS nhng phn tch thi gian km Nh vy b lc bng chuyn i 256 di c phc tp ging b lc bng 32 di bng con / III.7.2.2. Vi mi bng con ngi ta xc nh mc bin tn hiu v mc nhiu bng m hnh tm sinh l nghe psychoacaushic modelyl thnh phn chnh ca b m ho MPEG Audio v chc nng ca n l phn tch tn hiu vo. Psychoacoushic model cc xc nh t l Signal- mask cho mi bng t l Sigmal mask c s dng xc nh s bit cho qu trnh lng t ho mi bng gim i kh nng nghe thy ca m thanh.
79
n tt nghip
III.7.2.3. Mi bng con c lng t ho thng qua lng t cc thnh phn nghe thy trong mi bng. N i km vi m Huffman m ho cc gi tr ph tn hiu v cho nn s liu tt hn v nh dng s liu Chun MPEG p dng vi audio a na ba mc nn.Mc I nn c bn vi tc bit ln nht 448 bit/S, mc II v III l mc m rng mc I v tc ca chng t c 320 Kbit/S v 384 Kbit/S. Nu ta t c t l nn cao b vo chi ph cng tng theo cho b gii m v m ho III.7.3. ng dng v c im ca 3 mc tiu chun MPEG *.Mc I : ng dng trong cc thit b dn dng *.Mc II : ng dng trong cc thit b chuyn dng v Multimedia *.Mc III : Dng trong cc h thng m ho bing ni 64 K bit/s v thp hn, dng m ho cht lng cao cho tn hiu m nhc c im ca tng mc III.7.3.1. c im ca mc I *.Tc dng s liu t 32 n 448 K bit/s (tng cng) *.Tn hiu vo chia thnh cc khung bao gm 384 mu trn mt knh *.Chu k khung l 8ms cho knh 48KHz *.32 bng con c rng bng nhau to ra t cc khi block gm 12 mu (32 x12 = 384 mu) *.H s t l 6 bit trn mt bng, h s t l khc nhau cho mi bng *.Phn phi bit theo phng thc thch ng trc *.Mi mu bng con c lng t ho mt cch chnh xc bng cch tnh ton phn b cc bt . S dng cho cc knh n hay a knh Stereo *.p ng c cc ng dng ca ngi s dng III.7.3.2. c im ca mc 2 MPEG mc II audio ci thin phng thc hot ng ca mc I cho php nn tt hn t c tc 128 K bit/s *.t c tc dng s liu t 32 n 384 K bit/s (tng cng) *.Tn hiu vo c chia thnh cc khung cha 1152 mu trn mt knh *.32 bng con c rng bng nhau to ra t cc khi block gm 36 m u (32 x 36 = 1152 mu) *.Chu k khung l 24 ms cho knh 48 KHz
80
n tt nghip
*.H s t l 6 bit trn mt bng, h s t l khc nhau cho mi bng * Phn phi bit theo phng thc thch ng trc *.Mi mu bng con c lng t ho mt cch chnh xc bng cch tnh ton phn b cc bit *.S dng knh n (mono) hay Stereo *Tiu chun nn audio MPEG c nhiu ng dng rng ri trong chuyn i ROM, DVB, DBS, Multimedia vv... III.7.3.3. c im mc III Mc III l lp cho tc dng bit thp, t c tc 64 K bit /s *.t c tc dng s liu t 32 n 320 K bit/s *.Tn hiu vo c chia thnh cc khung cha 1152 mu trn mt khung *.Chu k khung l 24 ms cho knh 48 KHz *.32 bng con c rng bng nhau c chia thnh 18 MDCT (32 x36 = 1152 mu) *.H s t l c s dng lm gim cc mc lng t v tp m lng t *.Phn phi bit theo phng thc thch ng trc *.S dng m VLC (Huffman) cc gi tr lng t *.S dng knh n (mono) hay stereo *.S dng trong cc ng dng cn tc bt thy nh vy mng ISDN vin thng, ng truyn v tinh v m thanh cht lng cao qua mng Intenet III.7.3.4 Chun nn MPEG 2 Tiu chun MPEG - 2 (ISO/IEC 13818) c t nm 1994 c ng dng l s m rng ca tiu chun MPEG 1 nhm p ng cho cc nhu cu ca cc ng dng mi *.Tiu chun MPEG l a nng, cho php t cht lng cao, tc truyn s liu nhanh v thit b phc tp. Cht lng audio c th thay i trong mt phm vi rng tu thuc vo tc dng bit t thp n cao, tc s liu t 32 n 1066 K bit/s Phm vi rng c thc hin nh chia khung s liu audio MPEG - 2 thnh hai phn Mt phn l dng bt gc thch ng vi MPEG1(384 Kb/s ca mc II) phn cn li l bit m rng. Vi layer III (mc III cho tc dng bt l 64 Kb/s trn mt knh, c th nn tc l 320 K bit/s tc l c th nn m ho c tn
81
n tt nghip
hiu c rng bng 5 knh audio y bng tn. Nh vy cc thut ton m ho mi c dng pha my pht hnh m khng cn thay i pha my thu S m rng trn c th thc hin c nh cng thm vo mi mc *.1/2 tc ly mu (16 : 22,05; 24 Kb/s) *.Dng lng a knh (tc bit a knh m rng n 1 Mb/s cho php t cht lng cao). Cc d liu nu c ly vo khng gian d liu ph ca cu trc MPEG - 1 audio khung Tiu chun audio MPEG - 2 pht trin sau v tng thch vi tiu chun MPEG 1. Tuy nhin b gii m MPEG - 1 ch c th gii m c cc knh tri v phi ca dng d liu MPEG - 2 audio . Tt c cc lp ca MPEG - 1 v MPEG - 2 u ging nhau III .7.4. u im ca hai tiu chun MPEG *.Dng bt MPEG -1 c th m rng thnh dng MPEG - 2 mt cch d dng *.T dng bit MPEG, mi b gii m MPEG -1 c th tch cc tn hiu Mono hoc cc tn hiu Stereo v cc tn hiu MPEG -2 cn li *.Trong h thng MPEG c th ng thi truyn nhiu thng tin ph Dng s liu ph c th thay i trong qu trnh pht sng, n c th lin kt hai chiu gia pha pht v thu. H thng tng tc cho php thu chng trnh ring m mnh yu thch *.MPEG -1 c dng rng ri vi k thut chuyn dng, VD truyn v phn phi s, Audio *.Tiu chun MPEG c s dng rng ri trong nhng nm xp ti, cho php s dng pht thanh s trn mt t v qua v tinh DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasling) v DBV cho truyn hnh v tinh . Truyn hnh cp v pht sng trn mt t k thut s
82
n tt nghip
Kt lun
Ngnh cng nghip truyn hnh trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring ang giai on chuyn mnh mnh m, c th ho nhp vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh thng tin khc. Nghin cu v k thut truyn hnh c th theo kp vi tc pht trin ca th gii v n u cc cng ngh mi ca truyn hnh trong tng lai Sau mt thi gian nghin cu ti liu v c s gip hng dn tn tnh ca cc thy c gio m c bit l Ths. Nguyn Xun Quyn ng gp nhiu kin qu bu gip em hon thnh bn n ny Bn n c hon thnh trong mt thi gian ngn trnh hiu bit c hn ti liu thiu thn nn khng th khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt v mt s im cha hon chnh hp l, c bit v phn truyn hnh s em rt mong c s gp , ch bo ca cc thy c gio bn n ny ca em c tt hn Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n tt c cc thy c gio v c bit l Ths. Nguyn Xun Quyn nhit tnh gip em hon thnh bn ny
83
n tt nghip
mc lc
Li ni u ................................................................................................ 1 phn I. truyn hnh tng t ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. I. C s l thuyt truyn hnh................................................................... 2 I.1 H thng truyn hnh: ...................................................................... 2 I.2 Nguyn l h thng truyn hnh: ....................................................... 3 I.3 Qu trnh qut:................................................................................ 4 I.4 S nh Truyn trong mt giy v tn hiu video .................................. 5 I.5.Hnh dng tn hiu video: ................................................................. 6 I.5.1.Tn hiu vi deo. ......................................................................... 6 I.5.2 Tn hiu ng b ....................................................................... 6 I.5.3 Ph tn hiu video: .................................................................... 6 II. Truyn hnh mu................................................................................ 7 II.1 Khi nim tng qut v nguyn l truyn hnh mu ............................ 7 II.2 Tnh tng hp gia truyn hnh mu v truyn hnh en trng. ......... 7 II.3.1 nh sng v mu sc:................................................................ 8 II.3.2 Chn ba mu c bn:................................................................ 8 II. 3.3 Ba yu t xc nh mt sc mu. .......................................... 9 II.3.4 tch mu: ................................................................................ 9 II.3.5 Trn mu: ............................................................................... 9 II.3.6 Cc nh lut c bn v trn mu: ............................................. 9 II. 4 Cc thng s c bn ca tn hiu v tuyn truyn hnh: .................. 10 II.4.1 Tn hiu truyn hnh mu ton phn PaL D/K ........................... 10 II.4.2 Cc thng s ca tn hiu mu:................................................ 10 II.4.2.1 Tn hiu chi EY (Lumirace Signal)................................... 10 II.4.2.2 Cc tn hiu mu (Color dibberence Signal) ....................... 11 II.4.2.3 Sng mang ph truyn tn hiu hin mu: .......................... 13 II.4.2.4 Tn hiu xung ng b mu: ............................................. 13 II.5 Mt s h truyn hnh mu chnh c s dng trn th gii hin nay13 II.5.1 H truyn hnh mu NTSC (National television Stem Committee T chc h thng truyn hnh quc gia) ......................................... 14 II.5.1.1 H ny c cc c im chnh sau: .................................... 14 II.5.1.2 Dng th vc t mu gii thch tn hiu mu E I v EQ . 14 II. 5.1.3 S khi mch to m mu pha pht............................. 15 II.5.1.4 S khi mch gii m mu pha thu ........................... 16 II.5.2 H truyn hnh mu PaL (Pluse Alterntion line: pha thay i theo dng)............................................................................................. 17 II.5.2.1 Dng th vc t mu gii thch nguyn l sa mo pha trong h PaL............................................................................... 18 II.5.2.2 S khi mch to m mu h PaL pha pht .................. 20 II.5.2.3 S khi mch phi gii m mu h PaL pha thu ............ 21 II.5.2.4 H PaL c cc c im chnh sau: ................................... 21 II.5.3 H truyn hnh mu Secam ..................................................... 22 II.5.3.1 Tn hiu mu v phng php iu ch: ............................ 22
84
n tt nghip
II.5.3.2 Tin nhn tn cao pha pht v gii nhn tn cao pha thu ................................................................................................. 23 II.5.3.3 S khi mch to m mu h SecamError! Bookmark not defined. II.5.3.5 Mt vi c im chnh h Secam..................................... 26 Phn II. Truyn hnh s .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. I.Gii thiu chung. ............................................................................. 28 I.1.c im ca truyn hnh s: ..................................................... 30 1.1.Yu cu v bng tn. ............................................................. 30 1.2.T l tn hiu tp m (SignallNoise). ....................................... 30 1.3.Mo phi tuyn. ...................................................................... 31 1.4.Chng ph (Aliasing). ........................................................... 31 1.5.X l tn hiu ........................................................................ 31 1.6.Khong cch gia cc trm truyn hnh ng knh. .................. 31 1.7.Hin tng Ghosts (bng ma) ................................................ 31 I.2.S khi h thng thu pht hnh s. ......................................... 31 I.3.Nguyn l hot ng. ................................................................. 32 II.S ho tn hiu truyn hnh. ............................................................. 33 II.1. M u. .................................................................................. 33 II.2.Bin i tng t sang s. ......................................................... 33 III.C s bin i tn hiu truyn hnh. ................................................. 33 III.1.Bin i tn hiu Video. ........................................................... 33 III.2.Tn s ly mu tn hiu Video. ................................................. 34 III.2.1.Tn hiu Video tng hp. ................................................... 34 III.2.2.Tn hiu Video thnh phn. ................................................ 35 III.2.3.Cu trc mu (sample) ..................................................... 37 III.2.3.1.Cu trc trc giao. .......................................................... 37 III.2.3.2.Cu trc quincunx mnh. ............................................. 38 III.2.3.3.Cu trc quinncunx dng. ............................................ 38 II.2.4. Cc chun ly mu tn hiu Video. ...................................... 39 III.2.4.2.Chun 4:2:2. .................................................................. 40 III.2.4.3.Chun 4:2:0. .................................................................. 40 I.Mc ch nn. .................................................................................. 41 II.Thc cht ca nn Video.................................................................. 42 II.1.M hnh nn nh....................................................................... 42 II.2. d tha d liu. .................................................................. 43 II.2.1.D tha m (Coding Redundancy). ...................................... 44 II.22.D tha trong pixel (Interpixel Redundancy). ........................ 44 II.2.3.D tha tm sinh l. ........................................................... 44 III.Cc phng php nn.................................................................... 45 III.1.Nn khng tn hao. ................................................................. 45 III.1.1.M ha vi di t m thay i (VLC) ........................... 45 III.1.2.M ho vi di ca t m ng (RLC)............................ 45 III.1.3.S dng khong xo dng v mnh.................................... 45 II.1.4.Bin i cosin ri rc (DCT) .............................................. 45
85
n tt nghip
III.2.Nn c tn hao. ....................................................................... 46 IV.Cc loi m dng trong nn. ........................................................... 46 I.1.M RLC (Run length Coding). ................................................. 46 II.2.M Shannon-Fano. ................................................................... 47 II.3.M Huffman. .......................................................................... 47 III.4.M d on (DPCM) ............................................................... 47 II.4.1.DPCM trong mnh (intraframe DPCM)................................ 48 III.4.2. DPCM gia cc mnh. ..................................................... 48 III.5.M chuyn v (Transform Coding). ........................................... 50 V.Nn trong nh. ................................................................................ 52 1.Nguyn l nn trong nh. .............................................................. 52 2.Tin x l. .................................................................................. 52 3.Bin i cosin ri rc (DCT). ........................................................ 53 4.Lng t ho. .............................................................................. 54 5.M ho entropy............................................................................ 55 VI.Nn lin nh. ................................................................................. 56 1.M hnh. ..................................................................................... 56 2 Xp x v b chuyn ng. ........................................................... 56 3.Tc truyn sau khi nn. ............................................................ 58 VII. Cc chun MPEG ........................................................................ 59 1. Gii thiu chung v chun MPEG. ............................................... 59 1.1. nh loi I ( Inta-picture). ....................................................... 59 1.2. nh loi P (Predicted - Picture). ............................................. 59 1.3. nh loi B (Bidiretional Predcited-picture). ............................. 59 1.4 Nhm nh (GOP). ................................................................. 59 1.5 Cu trc dng bt MPEG video. .............................................. 61 1.6. Nguyn l nn dng bt. ........................................................ 62 2. Tiu chun MPEG-1. .................................................................. 64 3. Tiu chun MPEG-2 ................................................................... 64 I. Khi nim m thanh......................................................................... 65 II. Pht tn hiu m thanh.................................................................... 65 II.1.1. S khi my pht tn hiu m thanh........................................ 65 II.1.2. Chc nng tng khi. ............................................................ 65 II.2. Su ch tiu cht lng cho my pht tn hiu m thanh............... 66 II.2.1. n nh tn s. ............................................................. 66 II.2.2. Mo tn s:....................................................................... 67 II.2.3. Mo phi tuyn:.................................................................. 67 II.2.4. su iu ch: ............................................................... 67 II.2.5. Mc bc x sng di: ........................................................ 67 II.2.6. Mc tp m c ting : ...................................................... 67 II.3.Nguyn l ghi m ................................................................. 68 II.3.1. Cc phng php ghi m ................................................... 68 II.3.2 Cc chi tiu cht lng ca my ghi m . ............................. 68 II.3.3. Nhc im ca cc phng php ghi tn hiu m thanh tng t .............................................................................................. 69
86
n tt nghip
III. Khi nim c bn ca audio s....................................................... 70 III.1. M ho knh truyn. ............................................................... 70 III.2. c im ca tn hiu s liu AES/EBU ................................... 71 III.3. Cc c im giao din knh chun AES/EBU. ......................... 72 III.4. Gii m v ghp knh tn hiu AES/EBU. ................................. 72 III.5. ng b audio s ................................................................... 73 III.5.1.ng b gia cc tn hiu audio s ......................................... 73 III.5.2. ng b gia tn hiu audio s v tn hiu video. ................ 74 III.5.3 Ghi audio s ..................................................................... 74 III.6. C s v nn audio. ................................................................ 75 III.6.1. Khi nim k thut nn s liu audio. ................................ 75 III.6.2. K tht nn s liu audio .................................................. 76 III.7. Nn tn hiu audio theo chun MPEG....................................... 77 III.7.1. Tiu chun nn MPEG 1 ( BO/LEC 11172) ..................... 77 III.7.2. Thut ton nn tn hiu audio MPEG bao gm cc bc sau: ................................................................................................. 78 III.7.3. ng dng v c im ca 3 mc tiu chun MPEG ............ 80 III .7.5. u im ca hai tiu chun MPEG................................... 82 Kt lun ................................................................................................... 83
87

Do An Tot Nghiep Truyen Hinh Qua Ve Tinh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Do An Tot Nghiep Truyen Hinh Qua Ve Tinh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n tt nghip

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

. Mu lc, k hiu bng ch G (Green) c bc sng

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Hnh I.3 trn mu

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Mch to m mu (cch gi tn hiu mu i).

(EB - EY )(xoay 330) EQ

ante n My pht sng mang hnh nh fA fA

Hnh I.5 s 4 khi mch pha pht f to m mu 3,5 sng mang

em tn hiu mu C lng vo trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi EY

II.5.1.4 S khi mch gii m mu pha thu

FH Xung qut dng

To li sng mang mu 3,58 MHZ

Dch pha 450

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

(EB EY) 0 +EU

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

II.5.2.2 S khi mch to m mu h PAL pha ph t

em tn hiu mu C lng vo trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi E Y

Hnh I.8: S khi mch to m mu h PAL pha pht

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

II.5.2.3 S khi mch phi gii m mu h PAL pha thu

Knh mu tn hiu video mu

Tch sng iu bin nn

(ER - EY ) (EG - EY)

To li sng mang mu 4,43Mhz

Dch pha 450

Hnh I.9: S khi mch to m mu h PAL pha thu

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

em tn hiu mu C lng vo trong ph tn ca tn hiu chi EY

Hnh 12:s khi mch to m mu h SECAM

Truyn hnh s Tn hiu mu ln lt ln ln

II.5.3.4.Mch gii m mu h Secam pha thu

phi nhn tn (ER Ey ) cao

Knh mu Tn hiu Video mu

Trit mu Killer Flip Flop

fH xung qut dng

Hnh.13: Mch gii m h secam pha thu

Nguyn Quang Luy n

Khoa TVT - HBK HN

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Tin tc th 7 l nhn dng dc, tin tc th 8 l nhn dng ngan g ch s

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh

Truyn hnh s qua v tinh