3.2- URINARY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS [ SISTEM URINARI DALAM MANUSIA] 1.

the urinary system is a part of the excretory system [ sistem urinari adalah sebahagian daripada sistem perkumuhan.] 2. the urinary system consists of ; Sistem urinari terdiri daripada: a) a pair of kidneys [sepasang ginjal ] the kidneys are situated to the left and right of the abdominal cavity. [ginjal terletak di sebelah kiri dan kanan bahagian dinding belakang rongga abdomen ] b) a pair of ureters [sepasang ureter] - ureters are canals that connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder [salur yang menyambungkan ginjal dengan pundi kencing ] c) a urinary baldder [satu pundi kencing ]- the urinary bladder receives urine from kidneys through ureters [satu pundi yang menerima air kencing dari ginjal melalui ureter] d) urethra [uretra]- urethra is a canal that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body [satu salur yang menyambungkan pundi kencing dengan luar badan

3. Human kidneys are dark red in colour and is bean-shaped. [Ginjal manusia berwarna merah tua dan berbentuk seperti kacang ] 4. The internal structure of the kidney is divided into [struktur dalam ginjal dibahagi kepada] a) the outer part which is dark red in colour named cortex [bahagian luar yang berwarna merah tua dinamakan korteks] b) the inner part which is light red in colour named medulla. The medulla is pyramid shaped [bahagian dalam berwarna merah muda dinamakan medulla. Medula ginjal berbentuk piramid.]

5. the kidney pelvis is the part where the ureter begins. [Pelvis ginjal merupakan permulaan ureter]

6. Functions of the kidney [Fungsi ginjal]; a) Eliminating excess water and filtering excess mineral salts from the body. [Menyingkirkan air dan menapisgaram mineral berlebihan daripada badan ] Regulating the amount of water and mineral salts in the body [ mengawal kuantiti air dan garam mineral dalam badan] Regulating the blood concentration [mengawal kepekatan darah] Helping to remove nitrogenous substances like urea and uric acid fro the body [membantu menyingkirkan bahan bahan bernitrogen seperti urea dan asid urik dariapada badan ]

b) c) d)

7.the importance of maintaining a healthy kidney [ kepentingan mengekalkan kesihatan ginjal] a) kidneys will function properly if we.. [ginjal akan berfungsi dengan baik jika kita]...

i- drink a lot of clean water [ minum air bersih yang banyak] ii- avoid drinking alcohol [ jauhkan diri daripada minum minuman keras] iii- reduce drinking carbonated drink [ kurangkan minu minuan bergas] iv-reduce eating food with high sugar content [ kurangkan pengambilan makanan bergula tinggi ]

b) if the kidneys do not function properly, toxics ustances and water in the blood will accumulate and cause death. [jika ginjal tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik, bahan toksik dan air dala darah akan berkupul dan ini akan membawa kematian ]

c)if the kidneys of a person do not function properly, or if they are damaged, that person must get treatment by taking medicine given by doctor. [jika ginjal seseorang tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik atau rosak, orang itu perlu mendapakan rawatan dengan engabil ubat yang diberikan oleh doktor] d) a patient with a serious kidney condition must receive kidney dialysis treatment by using a dialysis machine to remove toxic substances from the bosy. [seseorang pesakit dengan keadaan ginjalnya yang teruk perlu meneria rawatan dialysis ginjal dengan menggunakan mesin dialisis untuk mengeluarkan bahan toksik daripada badan.