LATIN GRAMMAR: CUM-CLAUSES I: WITH INDICATIVE purely temporal Animus, nec cum adest nec cum discdit, apparet.

The soul is visible neither when it is present nor when it departs. cum inversum: independent actions, cum + logical main clause Caesar vnit in Galliam, cum subit Gall bellum gessrunt. Caesar came into Gaul, when suddenly the Gauls waged war. explicative Cum tacent, clmant. In that they are silent, they cry aloud. conditional Cum poscs, posce Latne. When you ask, ask in Latin. iterative Cum Caesar venibat, Gall bellum gerbant. Whenever Caesar arrived, the Gauls waged war. II: WITH SUBJUNCTIVE historical: as, while Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur discessit. Agesilaus died as he was returning from Egypt. causal: when, since, because Cum Caesar veniat, Haedu praeparant. When Caesar comes, the Aedui prepare. Cum Caesar vnerit, Haedu praeparant. Since Caesar has come, the Aedui are preparing. Cum Caesar veniret, Haedu praeparaverant. Because Caesar was coming, the Aedui had prepared. Cum Caesar vnisset, Haedu praeparbant. Because Caesar had come, the Aedui kept preparing. concessive: whereas, although Nihil m adiuvit, cum posset. He gave me no help, although he was able.