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OD;bpH
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&ur@dKif trSwf ( 1 )
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rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf
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462^95 (*)
365^95 (3)
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75 usyf
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1995-ck? Edk0ifbmv/
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- jzefYcsdol &cdkifom;BuD;pmay
55 (at)? uRef;a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifhaemifyGJHkwef;?
r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
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ppf B ud K acwf &cd k i f E d k i f i H a &;acgif ; aqmif &cd k i f & mZ0if E S i f h p mayok a woD
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ppfawGNrdKUrS uG,fvGefol puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; OD;omZHOD;ESifh a':rykwdkY\ 'kwd,om;
jzpfonf/ 1916-ck? Mo*kwfv(15)&ufaeY zGm;jrifonf/ (10)wef;udk ppfawGNrdKU
tpd k ; &txuf w ef ; ausmif ; rS 1933-34-ck E S p f w G i f a tmif N yD ; ? 1937-ck E S p f w G i f
0dZmyxrESpfudk &efukefwuodkvfrS atmifjrifonf/
&efukefNrdKU ynmoifMum;aepOf wuodkvfyJcl;ausmif;aqmif twlae
udkatmifqef;ESifhrsm;pGm&if;ESD;cJhonf/ wuodkvfausmif;om;or*vnf;aumif;?
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*vnf;aumif; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/
1936-ck ausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfaumifpD0ifwpfOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhNyD;? 1300jynfh
ta&;awmfyHk(1939)ckwGif ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;teuf wpfOD;
tygt0if jzpfonf/ wuodkvfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfaepOf &cdkifjynfe,f
t&yf&yfwGif ausmif;om;or*rsm;udk pwifzGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ wpfNydKifwnf;wGif
&cdkifvli,frsm;Edk;Mum;a&; tpnf;tHk;jzpfajrmufatmifvnf; vHIUaqmfay;cJhonf/
vli,frsm;\ Ed;k Mum;a&;tpnf;tH;k ESihf vlBu;D rsm;\ &cdik w
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OD;bpHrSm acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/
'kwd,urmppftwGif; 1941-ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQqefYusifa&; ajratmuf
awmfvSefa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&vufxufwGif
ppfawGcdkif acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf
vQdKU0Sufa&muf&Sdvmaom odef;azjrifh(wufbkef;BuD;-odef;az)? ocifwifjr? udkwifa&T
wdkYESifh vQdKU0SufpGmawGUqHkNyD; ulnDcJhonf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;NyD;aomtcg EdkifiHa&;
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cJhonf/ xdkpOf 0dZmtxufwef;udk 0ifa&mufajzqdkcJh&m 1951-ckESpfwGif bGJU&cJhonf/
yxrESpf Oya'wef;udkvnf; NyD;qHk;atmifoif,lcJhonf/
1952-ckEpS w
f iG f &mxl;0eftzGUJ rSwqifh tvkyo
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d jzpf a&G;cs,cf eft
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jcif;cH&onf/ 1952-ckESpfwGif ppfawGNrdKU tvkyform;t&m&Sdtjzpf ajymif;a&TUjcif;
cH&onf/ 1958-wGif &efuek Nf rKd U tvkyo
f rm;qufo,
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d tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;
tjzpfjzifh ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ if;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf tvkyftudkif&SmazG&ef
&efukefodkYa&muf&Sdvmaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYtm; apwemtjynfhjzifh xda&mufpGm
ulnDcJhonf/ xdkaemuf tqifhqifh &mxl;wdk;NyD; &cdkifjynfe,ftvkyform;OD;pD;XmerSL;
tjzpf ppfawGNrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ 1975-wGif touf(60)jynfh tNidrf;pm;
,lcJhonf/
OD;bpHonf pmay0goemtavsmuf txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uyif pmay
vdkufpm;jcif;? &cdkif&mZ0if? uAsmvuFmrsm;udk pkaqmif;okawoejyKjcif;? aqmif;yg;
rsm; a&;om;azmfxw
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kd af usmif;om; b0 td;k a0r*Zif;
t*Fvyd pf mu@\ t,f'w
D m? ppfawGNrKd Uxkwf &cdik jf ynfowif;pm;ESihf wjcm; pmapmif
rsm;\ aqmif;yg;&Sif? vGwfvyfa&;acwf &efukef wuodkvf &cdkifausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;xkwfa0aom &cdkifwefaqmif r*Zif;\ yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&SifESifh
twdik yf ifcpH mwnf;ponfjzifh pmaywm0efrsm;udk xrf;cJo
h nf/ pma&;aomtcg "npH
uavmiftrnftjyif ppfawGarmif trnfcGJjzifhvnf; a&;cJhonf/ jrefrm-t*Fvdyf
ESpfbmomvHk; uRrf;usifpGma&;Edkifonf/
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OD;bpH ("npH) twKywdtusOf;
OD;bpH
OD;bpHonf pmaywm0eftjyif &cdkif*DwESifh wl&d,mazmfxkwfa&;? a[majym
toHvTifha&;wm0efudkvnf; okawoD OD;pudE? &cdkifjrefrmy@dwfOD;OD;omxGef;
(uG,fvGef)? OD;atmifodef; (uG,fvGef)wdkYESifh vufwGJNyD; jrefrmhtoH (&cdkiftpDtpOf)rS
xkwfvTifhxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ xdkYjyif &efukefNrdKU &cdkif&mZ0ifESifh pmayavhvm
azmfxkwfa&;toif; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufNyD; OD;pudE\ &cdkifaus;vuf
uAsmrsm;udk yHEk ydS x
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]]&cdkif,Ofaus;rI a0omvDacwfpmapmif}}onf OD;bpH\ apwemxufoefpGm
ulnDrIaMumifh atmifjrifpGm xGufay:EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ if; pmapmif ]]&cdkif*DwESifh
aw;oHu@}}onf OD;bpH\ vuf&mjzpfonf/
nD j zpf o l txuf w ef ; ynm OD ; pD ; XmeT e f M um;a&;rS L ;csKyf OD ; pH o matmif
(uG,fvGef)u &cdkifa&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfrsm;udk okawoejyK azmfxkwfaomtcg
OD;bpHonf rdrd\wpfoufwm okawoejyK pkaqmif;csufrsm;udk vTJtyfulnDcJhonf/
OD;bpHum; &cdkifjynf? &cdkifvlxktwGuf vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
Ed k i f i H a wmf t wG u f v nf ; aumif ; wm0ef a usyG e f p G m tusd K ;aqmif c J h o l Ed k i f i H a &;
acgif;aqmif okawoDpma&;q&mwpfOD; jzpfayonf/
OD;bpHonf 1992-ck Mo*kwfv (9)&ufwGif &efukefNrdKU prf;acsmif;aetdrf
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usef&pfcJhonf/
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taMumif ; t&m
pmrsuf E S m
pDpOfxkwfa0ol\trSm
&cdkif vSjrifh
toQifpudE
2/ a0omvDrS qif;oufvmonfh Ak'ylZed,aw;oH
"npH
12
3/ a0omvDacwf &cdkifhaw;*Dw
(1966-ck? &cdkif,Ofaus;rI a0omvDacwf trSwf-1)
"npH
14
4/ &cdkifjynfrS &wemrsm;
(1959-ck? rwfvxkwf Ir0r*Zif;)
"npH
21
5/ &cdkif&mZ0if (48)apmif
(&cdkifr*Zif;? trSwf-12)
"npH
28
6/ &cdkifpmay
(&cdkifhwefaqmif? twGJ-1? trSwf-1)
"npH
32
7/ &cdkif*DwESifh aw;oH (a[majymcsuf pmwrff;)
"npH
39
8/ rdwfqufpum;
"npH
61
9/ rdk;yef;a0
(1952-53ckxkwf? "n0wDr*Zif;)
"npH
63
"npH
70
1/ OD;bpH odkYr[kwf taygif;toif;aumif;wpfOD;
10/ Asnf;(33)vHk; &cddkifavSawmfoH

(&cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;? twGJ-1? trSwf-1)
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-1-
OD;bpH
11/ &cdkifjynfrS &Tef;vdkuf&wkrsm;
(&cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;? 1957-58)
"npH
74
12/ oBuFefv &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ vSDNydKifyGJobif

(&cdkifGefYzl;? 1968)
"npH
81
13/ q&mxGef;\ &cdkifomjcif;qef;rsm;

(&cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;? 1959^60)
"npH
88
14/ a&S;acwf &cdkifjynf pD;yGm;a&;&m
OD;bpH
96
15/ upye'D
(&cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;? 1960-61)
"npH 111
16/ armif;qGJpcef;
(&cdkifr*Zif;? trSwf-10)
OD;bpH 122
17/ &cdkifjynf(e,f) awmfvSefa&;

(trsdK;om; owif;pm 16-Budrfajrmuf?
1960-rwfv? 27)
"npH 126
18/ EG,fcsdKzdk;acgif dk;rawmif

(1958-59 ck &cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;?
twGJ-1? trSwf-7)
"npH 130
19/ NrdKUa[mif;acwf pD;yGm;a&;&m

(&cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;? twGJ-1? trSwf1)
OD;bpH 135
20/ &cdkifwl&d,mESifh &cdkiftoH

(1961^62? ESpfvnfr*Zif;?
&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf-10 )
"npH 140
21/ ausmif;om;vli,fb0 atmifqef;
OD;bpH 148
22/ &cdkifrsdK;cspfrsm; awmfvSefcJhpOfu
"npH 155
&cdi
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pDpOfxkwfa0ol\ trSmpm
uRefawmfonf toQifpudE\ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI trSwf(2)udk pwifxkwfa0NyD;
aomtcg q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;a&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;um
xkwfa0vdkaomqE &SdvmcJhygonf/ if;qEudk uRefawmf\ q&m OD;Aodef;tm;
ajymjyaomtcg tvGeo
f ifah wmfaMumif; ajymygonf/ xdjYk yif wjcm;aom &[ef;ynm
&Sd? vlynm&SdwdkY\ pmay aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; xkwfa0oifhaMumif; tusKd;taMumif;
rsm;jzifh &Sif;jyygonf/ q&m\ ajymjycsufrsm;udk uRefawmf tvGefpdwf0ifpm;aom
aMumifh q&mhtaejzifh pkpnf;ay;ygu BudK;pm; xkwfa0ygrnf[k uwdjyKcJhygonf/
q&monf q&mBuD;OD;OD;omxGef;? OD;bpH? OD;atmifomOD;? OD;pHomatmif?
OD;ausmf&if? OD;armifpHazmf? OD;jrxGef;atmif? OD;pHausmfxGef;wdkY\ pmayrsm;udk tcuf
tcJrsm;Mum;rS &SmazGpkaqmif;ay;cJhygonf/ ,if;odkY pkaqmif;&m q&mawmf toQif
pudE\ BudK;pm;ulnDrIaMumifh xifoavmuf cufcJrIr&Sd[k q&muajymygonf/
q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;\ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk &cdkifhwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;[k
trnfay;um xkwfa0cJhygonf/ xdktcg pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;xHrS tm;ay;rIrsm;pGm
&&Sdonfhtjyif tBuHay;pm? a0zefpmrsm;vnf; te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS a&muf&Sdvmyg
onf/ xdktBuHay;pmrsm;rSm q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;\ pmayrsm;tjyif q&mBuD;
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OD;bpH
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OD;pHomatmif? OD;ausmf&if? OD;atmifomOD; tp&Sdaom ynm&SdwdkY\ pmayrsm;udk

BudK;pm;xkwfa0ay;yg[k yg&Sdygonf/ if;pmrsm;onf uRefawmfwdkY\qEoabmxm;
rsm;ESifh xyfwljzpf 0rf;omtm;& jzpfcJh&ygonf/
uRefawmfonf pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0&mwGif pma&;olxHrSvnf;aumif;? pma&;
ol\ZeD;? om;orD;rsm;xHrSvnf;aumif; cGifhjyKcsuf&NyD;rS xkwfa0jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh q&mBu;D OD;OD;omxGe;f ? OD;jrxGe;f atmif? OD;bpH? OD;ausm&f if? OD;atmifomOD;?
OD;armifpHazmf? OD;pHausmfxGef;wdkY\ pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0&ef oufqdkifolwdkYxHrS cGifhjyK
csufrsm; awmif;cHcJhygonf/
q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD;\ pmtkyfrsm;udk om;jzpfol q&mOD;armifarmifodef;rS
oludk,fwdkif xkwfa0&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif; ajymjyojzifh 0rf;omtm;& jzpfcJh&ygonf/
q&mBu;D OD;pHomatmif\om;jzpfol q&ma'gufwmapmxGe;f atmifuvnf; q&mBu;D
taejzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tvGwfoabm a&;om;jcif; r&Sdyg/ wcsKdUaom aqmif;yg;
rsm;onf yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0Ny;D aom pmtkyrf sm;wGif yg&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ odaYk omfvnf; pkaqmif;
MunfhygOD;rnf[k ajymygonf/
uRefawmfhtaejzifh &cdkifqdkif&m pmtkyf pmayrsm;udkBudK;pm; xkwfa0jcif;om
jzpfygonf/ q&mBuD; OD;bpHudk uRefawmf rawGUzl;? rjrifzl;vdkufyg/ &cdkifwefaqmif
r*Zif;ESifh &cdkifr*Zif;wGif q&m\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ESpfoufpGm zwfcJh&NyD; q&mBuD;
tm; tajymESifh trsKd;cspfolr[kwf? tvkyfjzifh oufaojycJholtjzpf av;pm;olwpfOD;
jzpfygonf/ pkaqmif;rdorQ q&mhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk &ur@dKif[k trnfay;xm;
ygonf/ &cdkifwdkY\ tajccHaqmif;yg;rsm;[k uRefawmfqdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
,cktcg q&mBuD;\ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk uRefawmfudk,fwdkif pkpnf;xkwfa0cGifh&
aomaMumifh qkawmif;jynfhol wpfOD;tvm; 0rf;omMunfEl;&ygonf/ pmzwfy&dwf
owfrsm;vnf; pmtkyfudk ESpfoufMuvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/
(&cdkif vSjrifh)
9 - 11 - 95
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-3-
OD;bpH (odkYr[kwf)
taygi;f toif;aumif;wpfO;D
(1)
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awmh jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf oluNrdKUBuD;zGm;? &mxl;*kPfodefBuD;om;jzpf igESifhb0
csif;awmh uGmayvdrfhrnf/ iguqdkvQif uRef;om;? v,form;rsdK;EG,fjzpfum; trSef
wnf;/
OD;bpHonf &cdkifrsdK;cspfwpfOD; jzpfonf/ ArmhawmfvSefa&; &JabmfwpfOD;wnf;/
e,fcsUJ udk awmfveS w
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a&;? EdkifiHa&;wdkY yg0ifcJh&mum; vli,facgif;aqmifb0ausmif; om;or*0iftjzpfrS
EdkifiHtusdK;udk aqmif&GufcJhav\/
&efukefwuodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;aepOfumv 1936-ckESpfu &efukef
wuodkvfausmif;om;oydwfjzpfay:vmaomtcg ausmif;om;or*0ifwpfOD;tae
jzifh oydwfwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifqifETJcJhav\/ &cdkifa'owGifvnf; &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m
vli,frsm;Edk;Mum;a&; tpnf;tHk;udk 1936-ckESpf? rwfv(29)&ufaeYu wnfaxmif
cJhMu&m trIaqmiftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/ rEav;wGifusif;yaom ausmif;om; or*
nDvmcHoYkd ppfawGrS ausmif;om;ud,
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OD;bpH
-4-
-5-
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wGif tzGJU0iftjzpfyg0ifcJh&jcif;jzpfonfu xif&Sm;\/
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufvmcJhonf/
oydwaf umifprD w
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Ykd mG ; ausmif;om;or*ukd
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhMu&acs\/ atmifqef;ESifh &if;ESD;oljzpfaomaMumifhvnf; &efukef
wuodkvf yJcl;aqmifwGif&SdaecJhaom atmifqef;uac:,l aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; jyKavh
&Sdwwf\/ OD;bpHtm; 1939-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (12)&ufaeYu EdkifiHa&;udpESifh
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rif;jym;nDvmcH? aygufawmnDvmcH? ausmufawmfnDvmcHrsm;udk xdktpnf;tHk;u
OD;pD;usif;yEdkifcJhjcif;jzpf\/ jynfru ocifjr? ygvDreftrwf OD;b0if;? a':jrpdefwdkY
wufa&mufcJhMuavonf/
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uREkfyfESifh &cdkifhtoH dk;&mydkif;wGif toHvTifha[majymcsufwdkYudk &cdkiftoH
trnfjzifh xkwfa0Mu&ef pum;pyf&SdcJhMuzl;\/ a[majymcJhorQ &cdkifhtoHrSwfwrf;
rSm if;uOD;aqmifcJh&\/ olomtod? olYxHrSm tpDpOfpmtkyfzdkifwGJ&Sdaeonfjzpf\/
xdktoHvTifhcsufudkvnf; ,ck odrf;qnf;&SdaeOD;rnfvm; rodacs/ ppfawGwGif olESifh
awGUpOfumvu ighrSm&SdorQ OD;pHomatmifudk tyfvdkufNyD[k ajymzl;\/ OD;bpHrS
OD;pHomatmif? OD;pHomatmifxrH S rnfox
Yl aH jymif;cJah v&moenf;/ tarGqufcEH ikd o
f l
rSm ajc&mvdkufEdkifol om;orD;aumif;rsm;om jzpfacs&m\/
dk;&mydkif;wGif vufwGJvkyfaqmifaepOf umvay:0dkif;om;wdkY txifjrifao;
wwfonfudk ajzazsmufEdkif&eftwGuf &cdkifdk;&maw;*Dwrsm;udk ESpfOD;om;aygif;
pmwrf;wpfcktjzpf a&;om;wifjyMu&ef tBuHjzpf&Sdxm;cJhMuonf/ xdktcgrSp
tcsuftvufrsm;udk &rdorQazG&SmtyfESHcJhav\/ xdkudk rdrdESifhwGJNyD; &cdkiftoHvnf;
ajymif;vJNyD;aemufwGif olonfpmwrf;tjzpfr[kwfaomfvnf; a[m ajymcsufpmpk
oabmjzifh 22-1-66 aeY a&;om;a[majymcJhonf/ *DwESifhaw;oH[k trnfay;xm;
cJhonf/
igpkpnf;ay;cJhonfhtwdkif; tazmfrygaomfvnf; oluwm0ef,laqmif&Guf
cJo
h nfuakd wmh aus;Zl;wifyg\/ ol\pmaypkwiG f uREyfk Ef iS phf yforQq
kd vufwcJG o
hJ rQ
pmay? ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m? &cdkifhtoH a[majymrIqdkif&m toif;ESifh vkyfief;qdkif&mwdkY
om &SdcJhzl;onfudk olomtodqHk;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ igESifholum; tazmftaygif;?
a&mif;&if;aumif;? taMumif;qHpk nf;? rdwo
f [nf;? vufwcJG MhJ uonft
h jzpfukd a&muf&m
Xme? jzpf&mb0rSm owd&Edkifygap/ b0wpfauGUrSm jyefvnfqHkpnf; vufwGJ
Edkifaumif; ygap[k qEjyKtyfygownf;/
toQifpudE ? (armifawmNrdKU)
24-1-95
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
OD;bpH
- 12 -
- 13 -
(2) a'oemPfeDa&mifvQH ajcmufwef*kP?

rysufrSef pHkjynfh0au jrwf"rav jrwf"r?
um,0pD raemcsD tvDo?
uRefylaZmf *kPfawmfjrwfudk OD;Twfcav OD;Twfc/
("rH r,H ylaZrd)3
a0omvDrS qif;oufvmonfh Ak'ylZed, aw;oH

Ak ' H o &PH ? *p m rd
"rH o&PH? *pmrd
oHCH o&PH? *pmrd
wnf;[laom Ak'aw;oHonf a0omvDwGif vTrf;rdk;cJhonf[k od&onf/
aw;oHudk pnfjcif;azmf pnfjzifhwD;&onf/ a&S;acwfu yk*dKvfrsm;onf bk&m;rsm;
qDr;D ylaZmfonfyh v
JG rf;obifrsm;? tcif;tusi;f rsm;udk jyKvyk af vh&cdS MhJ uonf/ ylZmcGuf
rsm;udk aMu;? ajrrsm;jzifh yHktrsdK;rsdK;oGef;um jyKvkyfcJhMuonfudk a&S;a[mif;
ypnf;rsm;ESifh ausmufkyfBuD;rsm;u oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf/ xdkaMumifh Ak'ylZed,
aw;oHrsm;? tursm;? ,drf;rsm;ay:xGef;vmcJhavonf/
1966-ck? jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif &cdkif,Ofaus;rI xkwfazmfa&;tzGJUrS wifquf
ujycJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ toHk;jyKcJhonfht"du wl&d,mrSm &cdkifpnfESifh &cdkif
yavG(>y)D wdYk jzpfMuonf/ Ak'y Zl ed, ,dr;f \oDcsi;f udak vhvmEdik &f ef azmfjyvdu
k yf gonf/
0dkif;rSqdk / / (tdk----rkedb*0g)3
tm;vHk; / / Ak'Ho&PH *pmrd? "rHo&PH *pmrd? oHCHo&PH *pmrd/
(1) t*&oH bGJUxl;cH ig;rmefatmif&?
udk;yg;*kPf pHkjynfh0au? jrwfAk'av jrwfAk'?
uRefylaZmf *kPfawmfjrwfudk OD;Gwfcav OD;Twfc/
(Ak'H r,H ylaZrd)3
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
(3) bk&m;om;rGef oHCmrGef &Spfweft&d,?

e0*kPf pHkjynfh0au jrwfoHCav jrwfoHC?
uRefylaZmf *kPfawmfjrwfudk OD;Twfcav OD;Twfc/
(oHCH r,H ylaZrd)3
(4) Ak' "rm jrwfoHCm oHk;jzm*kP?
vufq,fjzm yPmobd 0Emrdav 0Emrd?
&Sdcdk;aumfa&mf uRefylaZmf ta[mf0w?
okcrSef edAmefeef;udk jref;&pDav jref;&pD?
Ak'H r,H ylaZrd/ "rH r,H ylaZrd/ oHCH r,H ylaZrd/
(5) rmwmyDwm jrwfq&m csrf;omokc?
pHkjynfh0&ef qkyefobd ermrdav ermrd?
yknmbm*H tbdkYrGef tuRefjyK&?
jrwfukodkvf xdk'geudk trQ0Dav trQ0D/
(oaAomeH ''grd)3
("npH )
rS w f c suf / / (txufy g aqmif; yg;udk &cdki f,Ofa us;rI? a0omvDa cwf
trSwf 1? 1966 ck xkwfpmtkyfwGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/)
(pmwnf ; )
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
OD;bpH
- 14 -
a0omvDacwfu &cdkifaw;*Dw
,Ofaus;rI txGwftxdyfudka&mufcJhonfh a0omvD aw;*Dwtaejzifh rnfrQ
xGef;um;cJhonfudk cefYrSef;&ef cufcJrnf r[kwfygay/ aESmif;acwfrsm;awGU&onfh
&cdkifaw;*DwwdkYonf a0omvDrS qif;oufvmcJhonfhtwGuf vufvSrf;rDaom
aw;*Dwrsm;udk avhvmvdu
k v
f Qiyf if a0omvDuckd efrY eS ;f Edik af yvdrrhf nf/ if;jyif u0d*E
usrf;? wl&d,musrf;wdkYESifh &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;awGU&onfh y*Fwl&d,m wD;rIwf
uckefjcif;rsm;ESifh yGJvrf;obifcif;usif;rIrsm;onfvnf; a0omvD\aw;*Dwudk
ay:vGifapygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf okawoevkyf&efum; rsm;pGmvdkaeayao;onf/
aESmif;acwf oDqdkMuonfh bGJU? &TJU? {csif;? omcsif;? Zrf;? pum;,ifh? Asm?
uysm? yifhul? oHcsyfBuD;? ipnf? 'Hk;? ompGav? [efpGavtp&Sdaom &cdkifaw;oHwdkY
onf vnf;aumif;? 'Hk;tu? ipnftu? yifhultu? e*g;tu? Adkif;awmif;tu?
wdk;e&m;tu? a&S;olkyfBuD;rsm;tu? qHawmufydk;tu? &Sdef'dkif;tu? Ak'ylZed,
tu tp&Sdaom tursm;onfvnf;aumif;? ]]omaMunif;nif;? at;oDcsif;ESifh
nHhEkomcsif;? apmif;ESifhnif;vQif? oHcsif;aESmjim;? ywvm;ESifh? rjcm;wlx? wa,m
ponf? ac:xemr? oko&d ESi?hf yrnfom? wl&,
d mu? c&mwefaumuf? ES>J yD ajrmuf?
tapmuf&Snfjim;? yef;wvsm;ESifh? yef;wsm;ywf0ef;? ywfqdkif;xrf;jzifh? BudK;wef;
&cdi
k o
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- 15 -
avQmufvm;? uNcrD sm;ESi?hf wD;jim;du

k rf nf? pnfig;rnfwnf}h }[k &mZ0ifvuFmyg&So
d nfh
&cdkifwl&d,mrsdK;pHkwdkYonfvnf;aumif; a0omvDaw;*Dwudk ay:vGifaprnf jzpfyg
onf/
a0omvD\ u0d*Eusrf; azmfjytyfaom ysdKU? uAsm? vuFm? &wkponfh
pyfqdkenf;wdkYrSm--(1) toHuGJvdkufenf;? (2) tpiifqdkenf;? (3) jyef*[wfpyfqdkenf;? (4) tp
jzKwfenf;? (5) udk,fwGif;jynfhpyfqdkenf;? (6) pyg,fcsD? pyg,fcsqdkenf;? (7) jrif;Zuf
cGqekd nf;? (8) uefv
Y efaY xGvmqdek nf;? (9) aZmfwcdik v
f ;kH csqekd nf;? (10) rduqdek nf;?
(11) "rwmbGJUqdkenf;? (12) oabmxrf;qdkenf;? (13) oa0rygqdkenf;? (14)
cdkifGefYcufjzmqdkenf;? (15) wjyefndqdkenf;? (16)tmom0wD0wf qHcsqdkenf;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ uJhodkYaom pyfqdkenf;rS ay:xGef;vmonfh &cdkifaw;oHwdkYudk aphpHkpGm
okawoe vkyf&ayOD;rnf/
&cdkifa'orS a&S;tusqHk;aom &Tef;vdkuf&wk? bGJU? omcsif;? pnfjcif;wdkY\
pyfyHkpyfenf;ESifh oDqdkyHk oDqdkenf;wdkYrSm wpfrlxl;jcm;vsuf&Sdaeayonf/ rkwfoHk
avdkufoH? a&vIdif;oHpaom toHwdkYonfobm0tavsmuf &cdkifaw;oHrsm;udk
jzpfay:vmcJhavonf[l od&onf/ ,if;aw;oHrsm;udkvnf; avhvm&efrsm;pGm
vdkayonf/
a0omvDacwfu waumif;oif;wGJjynfodkY c&D;xGufcJhaom a0omvD plvpÈm;
rif;tm; ud,
k jhf ynfu,
kd ahf 'oudk jyefv,
G pf rd ahf omiSm wl&,
d mtpHw
k ;D rIwNf y;D pE&m;bGUJ udk
oDqdkMuonf[k &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm; awGU&onf/ pE&m;bGJUrSm bkef;awmfbGJUjzpf\/
pE&m;rif;rsm;ESifh a0omvDudk trTrf;wifxm;aom tzGJUtEGJUjzpfonf/ a0omvDESifh
pE&m;rif;rsm; taMumif;udk a&;om;ajymqdkvQif pE&m;bGJUudkcsefcJh rjzpfay/
xdkYaMumifh avhvmEdkif&ef tenf;i,f aumufEkwfwifjyvdkufygonf/
(1) xGef;vif;Muufoa&?
vlYjynfausmfaomif;?
rif;aumif;&mZm?
a0omvDrSm? rif;jzpfvma&/
/
&cdi
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OD;bpH
- 16 -
(2) pMumtrGef? vSHysHvnf;&?

bkef;awmfoHav? a0omvDrSm?
pE&m;av/ /
(3) bkef;tm;wufwdk;?
tmPmrdk;au?
eef;dk;pdkifvm?
ausmufavSum;rSm? udk;qufay:a&/
/
bGJUqdkoH? wl&d,mrsdK;pHk wD;rIwfoHwdkYjzifh vTrf;aecJhaom a0omvDacwfumvudk
odkYvQif tpGef;tpawGUae&NyD r[kwfygavm/
wl&d,mrsdK;pHk? tqdkrsdK;pHk? tzGJUtEGJUrsdK;pHkjzifh a0omvDaw;*Dwonf wpfacwf
qef;cJhaomfvnf;? xdkacwfudk jyefvnfawGU&SdEdkif&ef tawmfyifokawoevkyf&OD;
rnfjzpfonf/ ,ck pmtkyf a&S;tusqHk;jzpfNyD; a0omvDwGif toHk;rsm;cJhaom
&cdkifwl&d,mtaejzifh &cdkifpnfESifh>yDac:onfh a>y-yavGtaMumif;udk tenf;i,f
wifjyoGm;vdkygonf/ odkYaomf wl&d,mESpfrsdK;udkom a0omvD trsm;toHk;jyKcJh
onf[k qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfygay/
&cdkifpnf
]]udk;pdwfudk;vH? udk;yif;uef? usifoefwufNyD;? pnfudkwD;}} [k qdkavh&SdcJhMuonf/
plvpÈr if; a0omvDrS yifv,f&yfjcm;odYk avSawmfrsm;ESihf c&D;xGuaf omtcg ud;k pdwf
ud;k vH&adS om avSavmif;Bu;D rsm;ay: usio
f efac: vloefrsm;wufNy;D avSmcf wf&mwGif
&cdkifpnfudk wD;avonf/ avSawmfoH-[efpGavudkvnf; wufcwfom; vloefwdkY
oDqdkMuonf[k od&onf/ &cdkifpnfudk pÈm;rif;rsm;vufxufrsm;pGm toHk;jyKcJhMu
onf[k od&onf/ pnfawmf&eG ;f cJo
h nfah wmifukd pnfBu;D awmif[k ,aeYwikd f ac:a0:
vsuf &SdMuonf/
&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkY 'Gg&m0wDNrdKUu 'obmwDu nDaemifwdkY yifv,furf;em;
a&upm;&modkY arsmygvmaom uu#ykpGefvufrudk A[dkpnfMuufvkyf ajrmufpnf
jyKxm;cJo
h nf[k qdo
k nf/ xdt
k cgrSp pnfw&l ,
d may:vmonfh oabmyif jzpfonf/
t"dym ,frmS pnfw&l ,
d mudk 'Gg&m0wD-a0omvDwYkd pwiftoH;k jyKco
hJ nf[k qdv
k o
kd nf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 17 -
pnfwdl&d,mudk rsm;aomtm;jzifh ydawmufom;ESifhvkyfonf/ wpfzufwGif

EGm;om;a&? wpfzufwGif qdwfom;a&udk Muuf&ayonf/ qdwfom;a&Muufonfh
bufukd ]apmif}bufvaYkd c:Ny;D EGm;om;a& Muufonfb
h ufukd ]NAed ;f } bufvYkd ac:onf/
tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif ]NAdef;}bufvdkYrac:bJ }>*rf;}vdkY ac:onf/ apmifbufudk tjcif;
azmfonfhbuf[kac:NyD; NAdef;bufudk toHvdkufaombufvdkY ac:onf/ pnfwD;onfh
tcg &cdkiftoH ]apmif-NAdef;}qdkaom toHrsdK;xGufvmavonf/ wpfpHkwpfck aumif;rI
ukov
kd jf yKonft
h cg ,if;aumif;rIEiS yhf wfoufonfh wD;vH;k wD;uGurf sKd ;rsm;udk wD;&onf/
apmifbufudk vufESifhtjcif;azmfNyD;vQif NAdef;bufudk qifpG,fac:onfh wkwfESifh
wD;&onf/ r*Fvm&Sdaom trIudpwdkYrSm wD;rnfqdkvQif pnfwdkY\xHk;pHtwdkif; t0wf
0wfay;&onf/ odkY 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif trsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh ESpfrsdK; oHk;rsdK;&Sdonf/
pnf0wfcg;yHkBudK;? &ifodkif;? obifwGJtp&Sdonfh t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqif&onf/
&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkY &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYonf atmufygpnfrsm;udk toHk;jyK cJhMu
onf[k awGU&onf/
1/ ajrmufpnf (A[dkpnf)
2/ oHvGifpnf
3/ rkdk;pnf (pnfajAm)
4/ pnfykwf
5/ pnfBuD; (&Gef;pnf)
6/ 'Hkrif;
7/ pnfyef;awmif;
8/ pnf0rf;
9/ ywfom (ywfr)
10/ wpfzufpnf
11/ yef;wsm; (yef;wsif;)
12/ ywfpnf (usifpnf)
13/ pnfacs
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 18 -
OD;bpH
pnfjcif;
yPmrpnfoH
twD ;
NAdef;---(apmif)4
(NAdef;)2
NAdef;apmif(apmif)3
(NAdef;)2
NAdef;apmif (NAdef;apmif)2
NAdef;apmif (NAdef;)2
NAdef;apmif (apmif)3
(NAdef;)2 apmif
4/ avmu---(&mav)2
jrwfbk&m;
uu XmpnfbGJU
1/ ((uuXm)2 (pnfBuD;)2/)3 (wD;)3
(( NAdef NAdef
NAdef ) (NAdef;apmif)2 )3
apmif apmif apmif
2/ pnfBuD; uuXm --- wD;vdkufyg/
NAdef
NAdef
(NAdefapmif NAdef
apmif apmif apmif
&cdkifyavG(>yD)wl&d,m
pnfjcif;udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfwD;&onf/

pnf j cif ;
1/ tbd(Pfa&mif)3
xdefvif;ajymif
2/ tacgif (&mav)3
pdk;csdef? rm&Zdef
3/ tpdaE,s---wkr&
- 19 -
apmif
1/ awmif>yD
tvsm;wpfawmifcefY&Sd za,mif;tqdkYESifh yavG&Snfudk awmif>yD[k ac:onf/
apmif)
3/ pnfBuD;wD;vdkufcg ----- vGefyif vGefom,m?

NAdef;apmif NAdef;
apmif
apmif
apmif NAdef; NAdef;(apmif)2
apmif
tp&Sdojzifh wD;&onf/
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ok o d & ac: tacgif ; &S d a om wl & d , m (8)rsd K ;ud k &cd k i f r [m&mZ0if B uD ;

atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/
1/ 'lavmif;
2/ c&maumuf
3/ c&m>rm?
4/ vufwH&Snf
5/ ESJ;
6/ >yD qdkaom yvGD
7/ ckoif;
8/ zufvdyfqdkaom NcDacgif;/
tp&Sdojzifh jzpfonf/ ]abm} [laom rIwf&onfh wl&d,mtaMumif;udkvnf;
&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wdkY awGU&onf/
,cktcg toHk;jyKvsuf &Sdaeao;aom &cdkifdk;&m>yDrsm;udk okawoDwpfOD; u
2/ >yDacgif;
za,mif;tqdYk rygbJ EIwcf rf;ESihf avcsed
f rIw&f aom yavGukd >yaD cgif;[k ac:onf/
3/ >yDjym;
opfom;tqdEYk iS hf ukvm;yavGuo
hJ Ykd rIw&f mrS jym;aeaom yavGukd >yjD ym;[k ac:onf/
&cdi
k o
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OD;bpH
- 20 -
- 21 -
4/ oHnif;>yD
oHnif;>yD (ac:) pnif;>yD (ac:) toD;>yDrSm aiGjym;? vQmESifh rIwf&mrS
tqpftydwfjzpf ab;rS rIwf&aom yavGjzpfonf/ (wcsdKUrSm tayguf (5)ayguf
azmufonf/)
5/ xGm>yD
t&SnfqHk; wpfxGm yavGwdkrsdK;jzpf tayguf (3)ayguf &Sdonf/ ponfrsm;
udk tcsdeftcgumv? ae&m? yGJvrf;obif? tcif;tusif;? tjzpftysuf? taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk vdkuf wD;&ouJhodkY yavGudkvnf; olYae&mESifhvdkufatmif rIwf& onf/
pnfjcif;azmfouJhodkY yavGudkvnf; tjcif;azmf rIwf&onf/
"np
"npH
(txufyg a0omvDu &cdkifaw;*Dw aqmif;yg;udk &cdkif,Ofaus;rI
a0om vDacwf? trSwf 1? 1966xkwf pmtkyfwGif azmfjyzl;ygonf)
(pmwnf ; )
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdkifjynfrS &wemrsm;
("npH - a&;onf )
&cdkif&mZ0ifpmayudk tenf;i,f*krlcJhMuaom okawoDwdkYonf &cdkifjynfrS
ay:xGe;f cJah om pmqdyk nm&Srd sm;jzpfonf/ ok0Pa'0D? "raZ,strwfBu;D ? u0dausm?f
0drv? r[mynmausm?f b'lrif;ndK? Oumys?H ynm0Ho? opfwuf ivuf;kH ? pdew
f ifpm;
a&ToJ? r,m; rdyef;&H? OD;'dk;a0? uif;&Gm bkef;BuD;vlxGuf? q&mxGef;? OD;armifbHkwdkYudk
Mum;zl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ pmqdkwdkYum; xif&Sm;vS\/ odkYaomf rxif&Sm; wdrfaum
aeaompmqdkrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm;yif&SdOD;rnfrSm aocsmvSayonf/
&cdkifpmqdkawmfrsm;\ vuf&mrsm;udk c&pfou&mZf 310 rS 750 twGif;u
a0omvDNrKd Uawmfut
kd ajcjyK xGe;f um;cJMh uaom pE&m;rif;rsm;vufxufrpS awGU&Sd
vm&ayonf/ &cdkifjynf a&SU"n0wDacwfup ooFu&mZfygVd tp&Sdaom
a&S;a[mif;tdEd,jynf rZdra'o xGef;um;cJhaom pmayta&;tom;rsm;udk awGU&Sd
cJh&\/ a0omvDNrdKUawmfvnf; xdkbmom&yfrsm;udk oHk;pGJcJhMuao;\/ odkYaomf &cdkif
pmayudk a0omvDacwftv,favmufwGif awGUvmMu&onf[k &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;u
qdkxm;avonf/ &cdkifpmayonf tdEd,pmay&yfrsm;rS ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k ,lq
Muavonf/
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- 22 -
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tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;dk;&m *DwESifhaw;oH
wdkYudk ESpfaygif;tawmfMum &SmazGavhvmcJhNyD; azmfxkwfEdkif&ef BudK;pm;cJholwpfOD;
taejzifhvnf; rsm;pGmESpfaxmif;tm;& &SdvSygonf/
uRefawmfwdkYBuD;jyif;vmonfhumvwGif &cdkifdk;&maw;*DwwdkY aysmufuG,fvkvk
&Sad ecJo
h nfukd awGUvmcJ&h ygonf/ okawoejyKvyk rf I azmfxw
k rf ?I tm;ay;rI? xde;f odr;f
rI uif;rJhNyD; tjcm;aom*Dwaw;oHwdkYESifh a&m,SufvmrIrsm;aMumifh rlysufum dk;&m
oabm rl&if;t&om uif;rJhcJh&ygonf/ ,aeYrSm uRefawmfwdkY\ dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk
azmfxkwfEdkif&ef uJhodkY tcGifhta&;rsdK;&&SdvmMuNyDjzpfojzifh &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oH
tppftrSefwdkYudk t&om&Sd&SdESifh Mum;vmMu&awmhrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ uJhodkY
tcGifhta&;&&Sdonfh tcsdeftcgwGif &cdkifokawoDwdkYESifh &cdkifvli,frsm;u txl;
BudK;pm; vHk;yrf;Muvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifygonf/
&cdi
k o
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&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
OD;bpH
- 40 -
,aeYuRefawmf wifjyaqG;aEG;&m &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHwdkYudk dk;&mrysuf

ay:vGifatmifwifjyvdk&if; jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf dk;&mrl azmfxkwfa&;rSm rvG,ful
vSojzifh cRw,
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odkYaomf ,aeYtzdkYrSm uRefawmfavhvm&&SdcJhorQudk twwfEdkifqHk;0rf;omtm;&
wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnfyif jzpfygonf/
vufOD;rqGuyif
&cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;rSm a&S;txufausmfumv vufOD;rqGuyif okckrtEkynm
&yfrsm; uRr;f usiv
f rd m Ny;D *DwtrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf aw;oHtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk tajctae umva'o
tavsmuf wD;rIwfoDqdk toHk;jyKcJhMuolrsm;jzpfaMumif; &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm; awGU&Sd
&ygonf/ &cdkif&mZ0if 'obmwdunDaemifwdkY yifv,furf;em; a&upm;&modkY
arQmygvmaom uu#ykpeG v
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aom awmifudk ,ckwdkif pnfBuD;awmif[k ac:vsuf&Sdygonf/
yifwl&d,m wD;rIwfumjzifh
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYrSm wl&d,m aw;oHrsm;taejzifh ]]yifwl&d,m wD;rIwfumjzifh}}
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armif;? oHpnfac: BuD;pnfrsdK;wdkYyif jzpfygonf/ BudK;qdkonfrSm BudK;udktoHk;jyK&aom
apmif;? wa,m? rdausmif;? 'l;avmif; trsdK;tpm;yif jzpfygonf/ pnfrsdK; (25)yg;ESifh
ywfoufonfh wpfzufyw
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d pf nf? wcJeufaom pnfrsKd ;
yif jzpfonf/ ]]vD}}qdo
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d mrsKd ;
yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;wl&d,mrsm;rSm c&maumuf? c&mrTm? vufwHwdk? vufwH&Snf?
abm? nif;? jcnfacgif;wdkYyifjzpfNyD; >yDtrsdK;tpm;rSm nif;? >yD? ETJ>yD >yD&SnfwdkYyif
jzpfygonf/ vufckyfrSm vlvufjzifh vufckyfwD;jcif;? 0g;vufckyf? opfvufckyf?
vufazsmufvufckyf? vufMum;vufckyf? ausmufvufckyfrsm;yif jzpfygonf/
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- 41 -
tqdk? twD;? tu
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omcsif;? bGJU? pum;,ifh? Asmjcif;? oHcsyfBuD;? 'Hkcsif;? [efpGav? ompGav aw;oHwdkYudk
oufqdkif&m wl&d,mwdkYjzifh oHaeoHxm;? oHavsmhoHwif;? oHqGJoHiifwdkYudkvdkuf
wD;Muygonf/ &cdkif*DwESifhaw;oHrSm wpfOD;udkwpfOD; tusdK;jyKaeygonf/ if;jyif
tuvnf;&Sdygao;onf/ tuudkvdkufqdk&ygonf/ tqdkudkvdkuf wD;&ygonf/
wl&,
d mudk toH;k jyK&ygonf/ ,ck uReaf wmfwifjyaeonfrmS d;k &m&cdik *f w
D ESihf aw;oH
rsm;om jzpfygonf/ uJhodkY wifjy&mwGif tqdk? twD;? tuoHk;rsdK;pvHk;udka&m
azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
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awmfBuD; 'kwd,txyf t*Fgaxmifh? &m[kaxmifhwdkYwGif xGif;xkxm;cJhaom &cddkif
wl&d,mwD;rIwf uckefaeaom ausmufkyfrsm;udk ,aeYwdkifawGUEdkifygonf/ wa,m?
apmif;aumuf? c&m>rm? c&maumuf? vufwH&Snf? cGufcGif;? ywfom? vif;uGif;
tp&Sdaom wl&d,mrsm;udk wD;rIwfuckefaeMu[efudk awGUjrif&ygonf/ twD;trIwf
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trsKd ;om;wdt
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tuudk ajrmufOD;acwf &&SdcJhonf/ oD&dok"rm&mZmvufxuf bdodufyGJ wD;rIwf
uckefMuyHkudk rsufjrifudk,fawGUjzpfaom ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD;wpfOD;\ rSwfwrf;rS
aumufEIwfNyD; rpwmarmf&pfaumfvpf(p)u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;&Sdonf/
The proceeding opened with a concert and a ballet. Classical songs were
sung, and twenty-four dancers dressed in green and white, with high crowns like
Siamese dances, some carrying musical instruments, danced in two lines which
intermingled seperated, ebbing and flowing gracefully advance which is reminiscent
both of the Burmese yein and the Balinese rdejang.
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
OD;bpH
- 42 -
- 43 -
a&S;tcgu obifudk csD;jrifhonfhtaejzifh pnfobiftrwfBuD;[lyif

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ponfwdkYyif jzpfygonf/
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toHrmS vnf; xdex
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bk&m;yGJrsm; wD;cwfavh&SdMuonf/
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ewfuonfhtcg wD;Muygonf/ qdkMuygonf/ toHudkvnf; &cdkifaw;oHwpfrsdK;
[k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ ausmuf&SifewfBuD;ywfoHudk atmufwGifwifjyvdkufygonf/
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awmifxyd cf smjrif?h tHah vmuf,if?h wufvw
D ufv?D ausmufavSum;udk wG&d ar/
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pnfrsdK;rsm;
OD;bpH
- 44 -
vSu
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kd f
wufvu
kd f e*g;&pfuykd wf&ar/ ywfawywfaw? ywfvwfaw/ ywfawtNy;D
awmifpG,fBuD;? eb,Ha&mufawmifrapmuf/ tarmufausmfcg awmifem;
acgif;udk ausmfvwfaw/
awmifpG,fawmifywfawmifb,uf? ausmufuvyfjyif ausmufewf&Sif?
ausmuf&SifewfBuD; &SdawmfxD;udk wGd&ar---av---? wGd&---ar---/
&cdkifwa&m
- 45 -
(NyKd i;f )om;jzifjh zpfap jyKEikd o

f nf/ wa&mcGuu
f kd Muuf&m orifa&? qdwaf &? *saD &wdu
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f vuf;kH t&if;tzsm;
pGe;f udk anmif&u
G [
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k f azmufonf/
xdt
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f bGUJ BuKd ;udk
toHnn
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onf/ wa&mxd;k wHwiG f awmifavQmaf c:aom avQmw
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aumif;aumif;jzifh yGwfwdkufay;&avonf/
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f rsKd ;om;rsm;ujyaom yifu
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JG bif wa&monf ta&;ygavonftjcm;
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xdk;Edkifavonf/
odkY pnfoHywfoHrsm;udkwifjyNyD;aemuf qufvufNyD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;

,aeYwdkif toHk;jyKaeMuonfh &cddkifrlydkifwa&mtaMumif;udk wifjyvdkygonf/
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udkMuuf? wa&mwHudk? [efatmifvkyfau? usD;kyfiSufESifh}}
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tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tenf;i,fwifjyvdkygonf/
wpfae&m zvm;ac: wa&mcGuf? vufHk;? bGJU? BudK;? vdyfac: ckwHk;? BudK;
bGJU&m'vuf? toHaygufac: ewforD;ayguf? wa&mtdk;? anmif&Gufponfh tpdwf
tydkif;rsm; &SdMuonf/ yxrwa&mcGufudk txltyg;? zvm;oPmef ndxGif;NyD;vQif
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vsuf 'vufwufwyfjcif;? BudK;wGJjcif;? BudK;\tck ckwHk;vdyfwyfjcif;ponfjzifh tpDpOf
twdik ;f jyK&avonf/ wa&mcGuu
f kd ydEo
J m;tESpjf zifh jyKvyk o
f nf/ odaYk omf aMu;zvm;
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&cdik t
f rsKd ;om;wdo
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awGU&ygonf/ ydk;0gbGJU rdausmif;wl&d,mtaMumif;udk zGJUxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
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wnfw
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OD;bpH
- 46 -
csa&? nmbufvufndK;? rdausmif;vdkif (vnf)rSm? pDvdkYxdk;a&}}

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tcsdefumvudkvdkuf aysmfyg;oDqdkwD;rIwfMuyHkudk OumysH(12)&moD&wk

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aw;oHrsm;udk Mum;&ayvdrfhrnf/
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taejzifh {jcif;udk atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyvdkygonf/ {jcif;qdkyHk qdkenf;rsm;rSmvnf;
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av;yg;aemuf0,f? ig;axmufaxmifwm? omoemwGif; ig;pif;tjrwf? e0wwf&Dus?

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- 51 -
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- 54 -
- 55 -
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- 57 -
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okawoejyKvyk Nf y;D azmfxw

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21 - 1 - 66
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q&matmifxGef;vS a&;zGJUcJhaom (pHkprf;&orQ)pmrsm;rSm(1) aumfumEkomjcif;

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- 64 -
- 65 -
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- 67 -
cHau? Mum;yg&vd?Yk oya&m*g? raxmif;wmau? rmrmacgufacguf? qGr;f yd&Yk ef

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,if;uwufau? tcsufoifhpGm? "m;jr0gudk? ,lygcvJh}}/
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rdk;arwdkY\ 0if;wHcg;udktomvTm; o&ufyifatmufodkYvmcJhum tdrfcyef;udk tom
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vl? rdk;yef;jzLESifh? twlxdka0? eHcsif;&SOfau? xdkifvSma&av/ / xdkiftwlau?
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rSefau? rdk;yef;jzL}/ ]ighrSmwlr? rdaemf[[k? tvSrdk;jzL? aiGawmifol}[k xl;axG
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- 70 -
Asnf; (33)vHk; &cdkifavSawmfoH

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[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
i - udkrlum;/ iqrkqdk;? e,frsdK;vnfbd? rPdywjrm;? ukefcgpm;onf? avS;
rQm;udkifum? udkifumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
p - udkrlum;/ pEol&d,? rif;vSjynf&Sif? awmif;yefusifau? oQifyifudk,f
pm;? oGef;xm;onf? zl;rsm;vG,fum? vG,fumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
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q - udkrlum;/ q'efqifrif;? avnif;cH&m? rkqdk;vm? jzwfumpG,fzsm;?

ay;urf;jim;onf? rif;tm;qufum? qufumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
Z - udkrlum;/ Zeurif;BuD;? oabFmpD;? ysufpD;a&wGif? arsm&muyif?
urf;rSmwifonf? jynf&SifpHum? pHumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/
ps - udkrlum;/ psmeftbdPf? rdk;Cf;odkYysHonf? xdefvQHajymif0if;? wefcdk;
jyif;onf? xGef;vif;"rm? usifhBuH&Sm\? oka'mrif;rSm? q&maomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
n - udkrlum;/ an,s"Hw&m;? xdkig;yg;udk? ydkif;jcm;xifxif? odjrifuHkvHk?
NyD;jynfhpHkonf? AdkvfyHkvlrsm;? odjrifMum;atmif? a[mMum;Ak'g? Ak'gaomf
vnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
# - udkrlum;? #ulrif;BuD;? rD;ausmif;pD;? c&D;vGef&Snf? oHvsifjynfudk?
0ifavncg? ncgaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
X - udkrlum;/ Xmyemudk? jrifhvSwef;aqmif? uRef;vHk;ajymifonf? rsm;ajrmif
&SpfoG,f? arGawmf"mwfudk? awmifxG#fwnfum? wnfumaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
! - udkrlum;/ !@Kvrif;? BuD;tif;aMumufvS? !K|*grPD;? wdkufpnfwD;vsuf?
rif ; BuD ; usD j ynf ? ppf x d k ; avonf ? 0ef ; vnf ; atmif u m? atmif u m
aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
- udkrlum;/ X&xm? e*g;omvQif? &DrSmrsdK;jrwf? vSnfhywfwukwf? ork'&m?
rd*vsmudk? ewfrSmrif;jrwf? pD;NyD;vwfonf? oufjrwfMuif&m? Muif&m
P - udkrlum;/
PpOfyifu? wdrfGefYjrvGef? y&pHy? uuKvudk? jyefu
apmifhum? apmifhumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
w - udkrlum;/ wm0wom? xufrSmaeem;? rdewfom;udk? w&m;om,m?
jrwfpGmbk&m;? vmvwfjim;onf? ewfrsm;aomif;aomif;? tavmif;
uRwfum? uRwfumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
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x - udkrlum;/ xHyg;ruGm? r,folZmESifh? ruGmwlpHk? aysmfMuukefonf? tmHk

ay;vrf;? &Trf;&Trf;aomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
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vsuf? rif;BuD;usD;jynf? xdk;0ifavonf? cef;v,fatmifum? atmifum
" - udkrlum;/ "urif;om;? pGrf;pGrf;tm;ESifh? ywjrm;iHkum? ysHusvmonf?
qif;0gkyfa&? vSewfausudk? jrifau0ef;um? 0ef;umaomfvnf;?
[efpd av? [efpGav/ /
e - udkrlum;/ e*g;&mZm? bk&m;vsmESifh? ewf&GmvlUjynf? ajymifhMunf0if; vsif;?
anmifyif&if;? oDwif;oHk;um? oHk;umaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
y - udkrlum;/ yy0wD? a'0D&wem? awmifnmxG#fxm;? rdzk&m;udk? tm;&
BudK;um? BudK;umaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
z - udkrlum;/ z,ukrm? BuD;pGmajymiftm;? yif;clusm;udk? vTm;vTm;cGyfum?
cGyfumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
A - udkrlum;/ Amvvlrdkuf? rdef;rppfudk? ypfwwfwef;wif? ozef;yifwGif?
jrifvQifrif;BuD;? aqmif;a&TxD;ESifh? bdodufcHum? cHumaomfvnf;?
[efpdav? [efpGav/ /
b - udkrlum;/ b'urm? ay:cgtp? Ak'anmifjzL? rdaw;[lonfh? ig;ql&Sifyif?
&Sifyifaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
r - udkrlum;/ ra[mfo"m? bkef;ynmESifh? ykpmewfvl? ar;Mu[lonf? vG,ful
ajzum? ajzumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
, - udkrlum;/ ,upG,fjyL;? bDvl;ESifhjrif;? tefwkcsif;onf? &efudkrdum?
rdumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
& - udrk u
l m;/ &xm;,mOfom? aepMumESi?hf awZmenf;wl? awmufap[lonf?
awmufapaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
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- 73 -
v - udkrlum;/ vbufrif;zsm;? pGrf;pGrf;tm;ESifh &xm;pD;um? ppfxdk;vSmonf?

Adkvfygig;&m? ig;&maomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
0 - udkrlum;/ a0blvawmif? jrifhacgifa&Taqmif;? bDvl;aygif;ESifh? ab;
avmif;xG#fzsm;? rif;om;vkvif? usqHk;usifonf? &efcGifajzum? ajzum
o - udkrlum;/ oHwkukrm? apmrif;vsmonf? q&mjrwfxH? usdK;EGHcpm;? aemif
awmftm;udk? w&m;q,fol? xD;jzLESif;au? ESif;auaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
[ - udkrlum;/ [oFmiSufi,f? ppfjzpfarudk? ajcylavmifqm? rBuHomonf?
a&rSmarQmum? arQmumaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
V - udkrlum;/ Vvrif;om;? &xm;rpD;? rif;BuD;oljrwf? jA['wfudk? trwf
nDnm? jyifESif;vSmonf? t&,lum? ,lumaomfvnf;? [efpdav?
[efpGav/ /
t - udkrlum;/ trcsdKrTD;? o&ufoD;udk? usD;om;wGifNyD? oD;aqmifcsDonf?
a'0Dpm;um? pm;umaomfvnf;? [efpdav? [efpGav/ /
rSwfcsuf/
/ txufyg Asnf;(33)vHk; avSavSmfoHudk pmvHk;aygif; cRwf,Gif;csuf

rsm;ESifh um&efcRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifqifrIrjyKbJ &&SdcJhonfh rl&if;
twdkif; azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tqifhqifhul;,lxm;&Sdojzifh
uJhodkY cRwf,Gif;csufrsm; yg&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
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(txufyg Asnf; (33)vHk; avSavSmfoHudk ]&cdkif,Ofaus;rI? a0omvDacwf

trSwf 1? 1966-ckESpfxkwf} pmtkyfwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyzl;ygonf)
pmwnf ;
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- 75 -
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JG rf;obif oruf&iS af c: owdUk om;
jzpfoo
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vlBuD;oufBuD;rsm;u a&SUqHk;rSoGm;MuNyD; if;wdkYaemufrS vlvwfydkif;u vdkuf&ygav
onf/ xdkaemufrS ]yef;usif;} wD;orm;rsm;u wpfOD;aemufu wpfOD;qifh vdkufMu
&onf/
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usefvlrsm;u vdkufwD;&avonf/
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vuf&Snf cg;&Snftusrsm;udk oyf&yfpGm0wfqif wpfOD;aemufrSwpfOD; wef;pD
vdkufygMuum if;wdkYaemufrS oruf&Sif\rdcifjzpfolu ]a&Smif}ac:aom rudk#f
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orufwufwGif oDqdkMuaom &Tef;vdkufuAsmrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
]tdk;aoQESpfvHk;? cGufaoQzHk;? NyHK;oD;NyHK;oGif? oEmarvif? 0dkif;vdkYMunfh---&Tef;}
&Tef;vdkufuAsm\t"dym,frSm tdk;uav;ESpfvHk;udk cGufuav;ESifh zHk;vdkuf
avNyD/ NyHK;wHk;wHk;ESifh tljrL;aeaom owdkYorD;oEmar\ vifawmfarmifudk 0dkif;
MunfhIvdkufMuprf;yg[k wcsdKUuwdkifqdkvdkufaomtcg usefvlrsm;u Mobmay;NyD;
[kwfygayonf/ rSefygayonfqdkaomoabmjzifh &Tef;[kvdkufqdkMuavonf/
&cdkifom;wdkY\ &Sifavmif;vSnfhaomtcgvnf;aumif;? &xm;yGJvnf;aumif;
odkYaom &Tef;vdkufoDcsif;rsm;udk oDqdkavh&SdMuygonf/ &Tef;vdkufuAsm oDcsif;
rsm;udk &cdkifom;wdkYonf vlpkvla0;jzifh jyKvkyfusif;yaom yGJvrf;obif qif,ifonfh
tcg qdkavh&SdMuygonf/ tvm;wl ][efpdav? [efpGav}[k vdkuf&aom oDcsif;rsm;
udkvnf; oDqdkavh&SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpmGefYaygif;usrf; a0omvDjynfh&Sif
pE&m;rif;rsm;vufxuf xGef;ay:cJhaom a0omvDrif;orD;&wkudk oQdK;vdkuf&wk
&Sifavmif;vSnfhtoGm;rsdK;[k qdkxm;ygonf/ jrefrmjynf tcsdKUt&yfa'orsm;
&Sifavmif;vSnfhaomtcg &TJ;[kvdkuf&aom oDcsif;uav;rsm;udk oDqdkMuonf[k
od&ygonf/ toGm;rsdK;twdkif; &cdkifjynfrS&wkrsm;udkawGU&&m if;wdkYudk oQdK;vdkuf
&wkrsm;[k trnfwyfay;vdkufonfudk awGU&ygonf/
&cdkifjynf oQdK;vdkuf&wk[lum; rMum;zl;rday/ ]&Tef;}vdkuf&wk[lom
Mum;rdzl;ygonf/ ]odefuefrdefwGif}csD&wkrSm &wkdk;dk;r[kwf? oQdK;vdkuf&wk[k qdkxm;
onf/ &cdik pf mqdyk nm&Sd tcsKd Uurl &wkonf ]&Te;f }vdu
k &f wk jzpfonf[k qdak vonf/
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- 76 -
- 77 -
a0omvDjynfh&Sif oD&dpE&m;rif;BuD;vufxuf om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;onf

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vdkufayonf/
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EIwfESifhwdkY? odkY cspfzG,fqif---}
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- 80 -
- 81 -
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- 82 -
- 83 -
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yif jzpfygonf/ oHcsyfBuD;rsm;udk ]NydKifavmif;oHcsyfBuD;rsm;}[k ac:wGifvmMuonf/
oHcsyfBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmonfhtajccH a&aomufjrpfyif jzpfonf[kxifygonf/
NydKifavmif;rNydKifrD ]avSpdkif;}vnf; jyMuonf/ jrif;pdkif;onfh oabmyif/ aemuf
urf;dk;wpfavQmuf oHcsyfBuD;rsm;xdk;um tomtnif vl;vmacgufjyef uckefwD;rIwf
oGm;MuonfrSmvnf; tvGefaysmfp&myif jzpfonf/ em;axmifvnf; pdwf<up&myif
jzpfonf/ oHcsyfBuD;rsm;udk avSorm;tcsif;csif;rdrdf*kPfyk'fudkazmf xdk;Muonfudk
tenf;i,fazmfjyNyD; jzpfygonf/ oHcsyfBuD;rsm;udk NydKifavmif;orm; tcsif;csif;om
xd;k Muonfr[kw?f NyKd iaf vmif;yGMJ unfyh &dowfwu
Ykd ykd g apmif;csw
d u
f m qdak vh&MdS uonf/
&cdi
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- 87 -
]acgif;aygif;wxD;? bBuD;av usef;uefom rmyg,ifhvm;? arwm

[dvdkY rdef;pGm&m? pdwfqdk;rmefyg r[dygauh? EIwfcrf;Aufvef uefawmfBuD;ESifh?
NydKifavmif;MunfhbdkY vmvwfaw? armifdkUavSmfar tm;ri,fuJh? NydKifavmif;
avSmv
f Ykd vufarmif;rSm? wcsuzf spyf g? td-k rrdUk ? rufuvmudk acgif;rSmaqmif;
urf;axmifhxufu t&D;av orufavmif;aoQ EdkifpDaMumif;udk? qkrGef
awmif;zdYk aumif;yga&? unmysKd aoQ td-k rrdUk ? urf;axmif;xufu? vl;usr,f
apwemeefY ajymcyg,uf}
vufvt
H vdu
k f ,SONf yKd iaf &;tpDtpOfrsm;udk vlBu;D rsm;u pDpOfay;Muonf/ tEdik f
&onfhNydKifavmif;rsm;udk aemufqHk;aeY a&Tarmif;? aiGarmif;rsm;ESifh atmifqk
atmifvHudk csD;jrifhygonf/
aemufqHk; qk&onfhNydKifavmif;OD;pD;u a&Tarmif;udkqGJvdkY vSDawmfom;wdkYu
atmifvHudkifNyD;vQif acsmif;dk;wpfavQmuf pkefqefpdkif;NyD; uckefwD;rIwfoDqdkum
y&dowftm; EIwfqufMuavawmhonf/
vlxyk v
JG rf;obif? v,form;vkyo
f m;wdYk yGv
J rf;obif pkaygif;vkyrf S atmifonfh
yGJvrf;obifjzpfonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ avSNydKifyGJudk dk;&mrysuf tNrJwap usif;y
Edkifygap[k awmifhwarQmfvifhum ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygownf;/
"npH
rSwfcsuf/
/ &cdkifGefYzl; (1968 xkwf) ]tpHarmif} uavmiftrnfjzifh

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- 88 -
q&mxGe;f \
&udKifomjcif;qef;rsm;
"npH
pmqdkawmfaeYrsm;wGif jrefrmpmqdkawmfwdkY\ *kPfyk'fudk azmfxkwfavh&SdMuonf/
pmay,Ofaus;rIonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf us,fjyefYonfxuf us,fjyefY
vmatmif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH vlrsdK;pkwdkY\ pmayazmfxkwfa&;rsm;wGifvnf;
tm;ay;oifhMuayonf/ vlrsdK;pkwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rItEkynm&yfrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;jcif;
jzifh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudk zGHUNzdK;apEdkifonf/
uREkfyfwdkY\ "n0wD? &rm0wD? arC0wD? 'Gg&m0wDwnf;[laom 0wDav;&yf
jzpfonfh &uyl&ac: &udKifjynf wpfcsdefwkef;u pmaytEkynm&yfrsm;onf tvGef
wdk;wufyGifhvef;a0qmcJhayonf/ pmqdkawmf 0drv? r[mynmausmf? rif;apmrGef?
t'lrif;ndK? &cdkifoljrwf? OumysH? rdndK? e&ywd? odkufwwf ivufHk;? 'dk;a0? oD&d
rvmrdyef;&H tp&Sdaom &udKifpmqdkawmfBuD;rsm; wpfacwfajymif;cJhNyD;aemuf "n0wD
rS awmausmif;aysmf 0g;ausmif;q&mawmfEiS hf &rm0wDuif;bke;f awmfBu;D wd\
Yk vuf&m
rsm;onf pyful;rwful;tcsdefavmufwGif wpfacwfqef;cJhayao;onf/
&cdi
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- 89 -
t*FvdyfwdkYpdk;ydkifonfh acwfwGifum; &udKifpmay&yfrsm; jyefvnfvef;qef;

ay:vGifa&;twGuf wefcdk;q&mxGef;BuD;onfrsm;aomtm;jzifh omjcif;qef;rsm;udk
zGJUEGJUcJh\/ if;omjcif;rsm;udk omjcif;wwfrsm;u oDqdkavh&SdMuonf/ omjcif;ESifh
ywfouf omjcif;q&mxGef;BuD;}[k emrnfausmfMum;cJhavonf/
,cktcg q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;udk ppfawGNrdKU aps;wef;pmtkyfqdkifrsm;
tvG,fwul&&SdEdkifayonf/ q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;onf trsm;y&dowf
vG,fvifhwul em;vnfEdkifpdrfhaomiSm oDuHk;zGJUEGJUxm;NyD;zwfI&ol em;aomwqif
&olrsm;tzdkY txl;b0ifNidapavonf/ awmvufaus;&Gmrsm; ,aeYwdkif acwf
pm;wkef;yif &Sdygao;onf/ pmaytEkynmokawoDrsm;twGufrl txl;wefzdk;&SdvS
ayonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif omjcif;[lay:cJh\/ ou&mZf (972)ckavmufu taemuf
bufvGefrif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf tif;0rif;aZ,s&Erdwfonf Oaweomjcif;? y#m
pm&Domjcif;? pdrme0dumomjcif;oHk;yk'fudk qufoGif;cJhonf[k awGU&avonf/
omjcif;tzGJUtEGJUrSm a&S;tjzpftysuftaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk om,macsiHpGmzGJUqdk
aom tzGJUtEGJUjzpfojzifh omjcif;[l OD;azarmifwifu jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif
a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf/
&udKifomjcif;rsm;udk ou&mZf (800)ausmfavmufuyif &udKifbk&ifrif;Am;
BuD;vufxuf pmqdkawmfynm&SdBuD; ]0drv}u pwifa&;om;onf[k ausmufpm0ef
a[mif; uG,fvGefol OD;pHa&Tbku a&;om;xm;cJhavonf/ tcsdKUtcsdKUaom &udKif
okawoDrsm;url &udKifomjcif;rsm;onf tvGefa&S;usaomacwfuyif ay:xGef;
cJo
h nf[k ,lqavonf/ owxmEkEiS hf aumfumEkomjcif;rsm;udk pmqdak wmf ]0drv}u
a&;om;zGJUEGJUcJhonf[k OD;pHa&Tbku azmfjyxm;avonf/ owxmEk? aumfumEk?
"r0Zd ,? BuKd ;Mum? a&Trmvm tp&Sad om omjcif;rsm;rSm &udK ipf maywGif txl;xif&mS ;
vsu&f cdS o
hJ nf/ &udK io
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kH rYkd mS jrefrmomjcif;rsm;
ESifh uGJvGJayonf/
q&mxGef;onf a&S;ua&;om;xm;&SdcJhaom omjcif;rsm;udk wpfzefopfqef;
apcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]topfqef;um? xGef;q&mvQif? uAsmoHanmif;?
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- 90 -
- 91 -
a&S;vuf&mav? ,Gi;f um,Guaf u? rysuaf umif;} [lvnf;aumif;? ]a&S;rla[mif;ud?k

jznfhavmif;rH? wpfzeftopf? trSefjzpfatmif? pdppfum&ef? xGef;q&mav?
tm0Zef;au? qef;onfhPfESifh xyfrHNyD;axG? uAsmudk? pDumvkyfau? xkwfvdkuf
awav}[lvnf;aumif; owxmEkomjcif;wGif a&;om;cJhavonf/
q&mxGef;onf omjcif;rsm;udk azmfxkwfa&;om;&m rdrdwdkYtrsdK;om;pm
ay,Ofaus;rI rwdraf umrysuaf ysmuf&atmif a&;om;cJ\
h / xdjYk yif w&m;oHa0*&ap
vdkjcif;aMumifhvnf; a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/ vlxky&dowf tysif;ajyapjcif;tvdkUiSm
vnf; a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf/ avmua&;? "ra&;ESpfoG,faom
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifhvnf; zGJUEGJUa&;om;jcif; jzpfavonf/
omjcif;udk &udKiftrsdK;om;wdkY t,ltqtm;jzifh taMumif;jcif;&mwpfckckudk
om,mpGm zwfIem;aomwqifEdkifatmif a&;om;zGJUEGJUxm;aom uAsmjzpfonf/
]jcif;}rSm tjcif;rSvmonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,yif;ESifh raygif;&bJ &&pfESifhaygif;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ omjcif;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ uav;acsmh omjcif;? qHk;rpmomjcif;? dk;dk;0wK
pmomjcif;? a&S;edygwfawmfvm0wKrsm; omjcif;? wdkufomjcif;[l trsdK;rsdK;&SdMu
avonf/ q&mxGe;f um; txufyg trsKd ;tpm;tm;vH;k udk zGUJ EGUJ cJah om pmqdk jzpfonf/
ae&m q&mxGe;f \ twKyw
u
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Zmwdcsufa<ua'oum; ppfawGNrdKUrS q,frdkifc&D;&Sdonfh upye'Dac: ukvm;wefjrpf
vuf,mbufurf; wefc;kd acsmif;&S&d m wefc;kd &GmBu;D jzpfayonf/ wefc;kd &Gmwpf0u
kd w
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&Sdaeaom awm? awmif? jrpf? acsmif;? urf;yg;ESifh ywf0ef;usif IarQmfcif;rsm;onf
txl;MunfEl;zG,faumif;vSayonf/
q&mxGef;tm; ywf0ef;usifIarQmfcif;obm0wdkYonf pmzGJU&mtNrJwrf;
taxmuftul jzpfapcJah vonf/ q&mxGe;f \ awmzGUJ ? jrpfurf;ajc? yifv,f? uRe;f zGUJ
rsm;onf &udKifjynf\ obm0rsm;udk ay:vGifapcJhavonf/ q&mxGef;onf
ou&mZf 1230-jynfhESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vwGif wefcdk;&Gm zGm;jrifcJhonf/ zcifrSm
OD;atmifZHjzpfNyD; rdcifjzpfolrSm a':pym,fwdkY jzpfMuonf/ q&mxGef;rSm 'kwd,om;
jzpfNyD; i,frnfrSm armifxGef;jzLjzpfonf/ i,fpOfuyif pmayy&d,wdudk wefcdk;
q&mawmfausmif; oifMum;cJh&m xl;cRefvSonfudk awGU&avonf/ (18)ESpft&G,f
uyif omjcif;? vuFm? &wk? oHayguf? a[mpm? oHcsyf? uxdefEIwfxGufcef;? w&m;

awmif;trsdK;rsdK;? Zmwfobifonfrsm;twGuf oDcsif;trsdK;rsdK; zGJUEGJUay;avh&Sdonf/
rdrdudk,fwdkifyif t&yfom;ZmwfyGJwdkY 0ifa&mufujyavh &Sdonf/ pma[m q&m
vnf; vkycf o
hJ nf/ omjcif;rsm;udv
k nf; rdru
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D jkd yavh&cdS ahJ vonf/ q&mxGe;f
onf vufrItEkynmrsm;wGifvnf; uRrf;usifoljzpfojzifh tdrfoHk;ypnf; trsdK;rsdK;udk
0g;BudrfEG,fwdkYjzifh ,ufvkyfum 0g;xdk;avh&Sdonf/ tdrfoHk;awmif;yif ]odkY,ufjyK?
vufrIynm? &wemaumif;}[k urnf;xdk;um ,ufazmfxm;onf[k od&Sd&avonf/
q&mxGef;\ omjcif;qef;rsm;txJrS tcsdKUudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf/
aumfumEk?
owxmEk?
aiGawmifol?
"r0dZ,?
yef;a&TNrdKif?
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a&0wD?
&mr?
vdyfurm?
usDjzL?
owif;a&aomuf?
0HolawmfarmifESr?
y'kra'0D?
t&dErm?
arsmufESifhvlom; r,m;vkcef;?
bdef;pm;omjcif;?
rdk;yef;a0?
Oawe?
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- 92 -
txufygpm&if;rSm rjynfhpHkao;ay/ q&mxGef;onf omjcif;aygif;ajcmuf

q,fausmf a&;om;cJhonf[k od&Sd&avonf/ q&mxGef;\vuf&momjcif;zGJUudk
aumufEkwf azmfjyvdkygonf/
wdrzf UJG
wdrfndKtmum? tZ#mu? b,fnmywfvSnfh? vuf0Jvuf,m?
av;rsufESmudk? arQmfIMunfhu? cdk;aiGUrIefjym? xuf0VmrSm? wdrfvTmwdrfykwf?
ig;MuifBuD;au? odk;rTD;kyfodkY? tkyfumywfoef;? wdrfr&rf;ESifh? wdrf;yef;wdrf0g?
wdrfrdvmau? wdrfZm wdrfajymuf? rIdif;rIef&Dau? wdrfauG;aumufESifh?
wdrfausmufeDa&mif? c&rf;a&mifau? wdrfawmif wdrfvdyf? 0if;0garSmifvdkY?
a&mifrsKd ;rsKd ;au? eDrsKd ;&dyaf Mumif?h Ncyd af &mifwpfrsKd ;? wdrrf ;D cd;k ESi?hf wdrrf ;kd &pfoef;?
ykZeG q
f aD u? wdrrf um&fEiS ?hf wjcrf;eDjym? wjcrf;rSmum;? 0govdv
k ?kd jymovdv
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f ikd ;f u? rIid ;f ndKUqifau? rif;vGif
jrL;<u? vGrf;rItifudk? jrifjyef&u? &if0vIdufzdk? pdwfEkysdK? idk,dkwrf;,rf;?
yef;rLudk? eDylvSef;au? ndK;umEGrf;odkY---/
(owxm? Ekomjcif;rS)
yifv,fzGJU
onf;wGifra,<uDvk? av;rsufESmudk? ararQmfIu? 0rf;Ek0rf;yg;?
'DvidI ;f oHav? nHu&ufau? ,ufaomaomESi?hf tHMh opzG,?f tajymus,af u?
yifv,fe'D? vIdif; csDcsDESifh? rIdif;&Dysys? wjrjrau? urf;prjrif? &SpfcGifwdkif;u?
rIdif;rIefqifjym? rif;vGif0dkif;tHk? jrLcdk;NcHKau? trKHaqmfEId;? &Dv[mav?
oD'gdk;rSm? rdk;oHvDoH? vIdif;*&ufau? ,ufcwfoHESifh? awmfoHvnf;usL;?
0ga,mrnfav? aqmifvjD zL;vd?Yk arQmf w
I ikd ;f yif? abmfuo
JG l Ukd ? ylvu
Ykd Rr;f atmif?
vGrf;rIqifa&---/
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- 93 -
r,foDwmzGJU
MuifZeD;u? rBuD;ri,f? ZrL&pfau? OD;opfa&TodkY? ra&Srwdk? rndKrjzL?
,Of eef;olvQi?f rqlrBuKH ? lygHEk iS ?hf kyyf u
kH uG?J um,ud,
k rf mS ? MumndKyef;a&mif?
&eHYarT;vsuf? *Grf;cJyrm? tom;awmfu? 0g0g0if;0if;? usrdk;arSmifrSm? va&mif
csif;odkY? rdwf&if;vnfwH? a&T&ifwGif;rSm? nif;yGifh&Hau? y'efy&pf? ajyjypf
acsmarm? rsufcHk;wGif av? rifESifhom;odkY? aMumESifhyg;jyif? ezl;wGifvnf;?
wGuf0ifr[d? vuPmESifh? nDnmGwfau? ewfZmwdodkY? oD&dtaoa&?
tjrLawrSm? taetxdkif? t,Oftaus;? uGrf;rpm;bJ? EIwfcrf;zsm;rSm?
[if;om;aq;od?Yk ykv&J wem? oGm;vSpmG ESi?hf rsuEf mS yy? ykPr aD v? wdxpD ad u?
jynfhonfhvodkY? pdrf;jrauom? ckepfxGDrSm? oG,fumjrjr? NzDcsaomtcg?
zsm;wxGmrSm? armfuGo?Ykd oQw& 0if? nif;yGiq
hf if? tjrifEx
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a&T&ifzwfrSm? ojrwfaus;pHk? yef;zl;iHkav? yHkwrQ wdkY? rdef;r"avh? uKÈDav?
vGefodrfarGUau? EGJUonfhcg;rSm? udE&mau? raemwrQ? ajcmufjypfuif;au?
tif;ig;0 ESifh? lyuvsm? vSoD'grSm? nDnmxl;qef;? vSrsdK;pHkwGif? wnfyHk
wef;au? wdkufc ef; av;awmif? yef; Mumanmifr Sm ? wefa qmifr ,Gi f; ?
rD;rarQmfbJ? udk,fa&mifvif;? ajymif0if;jrjr? vSwarrSm? vES,fyvdkY
wGd&vdrfhr,f--/
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jrif;zGJU
jrif;zGJUqdk&m owxmEkrif;om; jrif;ESifhujy&mwGif jrif;pD;usifvnfyHkESifh
jrif;j'yf*kPfudk zGJUEGJUxm;aomtydk'f jzpfavonf/ ae&mwum jrif;a&mufaeonf
udk awGUjrif&avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]yk*HrSmjrif;? ZGef;rSmjrif;} [laompum; jzpfay:
cJh\/ ae&mwumrSm ygcsifonf? yg0ifonfudk xdkuJhodkY cdkif;EIdif;avh &SdMuavonf/
tzGJUrSm tawmfyif aphpyfvSojzifh avhvmEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf/
]xdkrSmvnf;jrif;? onfrSmvnf;jrif;au? NrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyif? a&TjynfwGif;
rSm? jrif;ESifhvludk? jzLvdkYjrifau? rsm;zsifwHk&Smif; vltaygif;u? odef;aomif;
&cdi
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- 94 -
Adv
k af jc? jrif;ppfonfw?Ykd a&TjynfaZX? e*&ud?k wdu
k Mf u,lrnf? vma&mufonf
avm? wcsKd U &Sirf mS ? txifrmS ;Asm? r,m;udw
k ?JG om;udq
k
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a&mufatmifykef;uG,f? NyD;awmhrnf[k? BuHpnfjyKvsuf? eDtdrfxufu?
qif;oufrnfysif? avSum;&if;rSm? jrif;udkjrifau? aMumuftifBuD;pGm?
aemufqkwfumjzifh? b,fnmapmif;vSnfh? 0ef;Munfhaomf? vuf0Jb,fnm?
a&SUrSmawmifajrmuf? xkwaf ,mufywef? tdrjf cifuefrmS ? ruse&f bJ? tjcifwikd f
rS m ? jrif ; wG J v G J E S i f h ? txJ r S m jrif ; ? jyif r S m jrif ; au}? [if ; Zmavmif y G e f ; ?
tkyfa'gufvSrf;u? ZGef;ESifha,mufr? tdk;cGufp? xdkrSwjcm;? ausmufom;
ausmufysdKif? ig;ydudkifESifh? qm;udkifr<uif;? c&if;rusef? MuufOwif;rSm?
jrif;csif;NydKif? tpOfoifhpGm? Al;zmrvGwf? &[wfpnfaygif;? Adkif;aqmif;up?
MunfhorQudk? jrif;ESifhcsnf;om? xrif;vkyfrSm? jrif;jrKyfygvdkY? rsufESmr&Tif?
wpftdrfvHk;rSm? jrif;udkjrifau? aMumufusifwkefvIyf? axmifhMum;wGifav?
0ifcgukwfvnf;? ykwfqdk;awmif;qdk;? c&if;qdk;au? pH*dk;qHcg? wdkYESifhomvQif?
umuG,frvGwf? ykwfacsmifwGif;rSm? jrif;kyfwwfodkY? jynfjrwfaZX? e*&wGif?
rdef;ra,musfm;? BuD;aomi,fol? vlysdKvltdk? yGJIjim;au? rsm;vlAdkvfwGif?
tysdK wpfoif;? udk,fuswfus? abmf'vDESifh vHkcsDwGif;rSm? ajymif;jAefqefcwf?
rzG,&f mrSm? vlwumwd?Yk rsuEf mS yg;jyif? ausmwGiaf emufuek ;f ? vuf;kH ESpzf uf?
yufc;kH xufu? jrif;wufaomoGi?f pdwu
f xif? [pfatmfwcsKd U? owac:wGi?f
,mOfBuD;&SifrSm? &TifrdkUrdkUav/
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wpfOD;jzpfaMumif;udk omjcif;rsm;u oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf/ omjcif;rsm;udk
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0g*Grf;wdkYudk 'dkif;usDtvkyform;wdkYESifh avSavmif;pHkvifpGm,lNyD;vQif if;pyg;? 0g*Grf;
wdkYudk wifaqmif NrdKUawmfteD;aps;BuD; aumif;rGefpGmxm;&rnf[k qifhqdkawmf
rlvdkufavonf/ if;trdefYtwdkif; 'dkif;usDtpdkYudk xdkolBuD;u 'dkif;usDtvkyform;
ulvDrsm;wdkYESifh aus;&GmodkYoGm;a&mufNyD;vQif odkrSD;vsuf&Sdaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk
aumif;pGm wifaqmifxm;&avonf/
xdktcg pyg;&SifESifhwuG &yfuGuf Amylpm&vTwfawmf&Sdaom oabFmpmudkifodkY
wifoGif;&avonf/ if;oabFmpmudkifonf pm&if;t& a&mif;0,faom ukefrsm;\
aps;EIef;twdkif; oifhaiGrsm;udk wGufppf jynfusdK;awmfaqmif taumufawmfaiGrsm;
udk pyg;wpf&mvQif ESpfojymusEIef;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 0g*Grf; tojymwpf&m wefzdk;&Sd
vQif oHk;ojymusEIef;jzifhvnf;aumif; wGufppfpm&if;jyKvkyfNyD;vQif if;pm&if;ESifh
wuG pyg;? 0g*Grf;rsm;udk oabFmodkYa&mufatmif ay;ydkYaqmif&Gufaom 'dkif;usD
tvkyo
f rm;wd\
Yk vkyt
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Ykd pHv
k ifpmG wifoiG ;f &ef pm&if;jyKvyk f
vsuf Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;&avonf/
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- 103 -
ukefonfrsm; usoifhaiGpm&if; wifjcif;

xdktcg pyg;? 0g*Grf;rsm;udk vufa&muf&&Sdaom ukefonfrsm;wdkYonf pm&if;wGif
azmfjyvsufyg&SdaomaiGrsm;udk Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD; vTwfawmf wifoGif;&avonf/
Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;onf t&yf&yftojymaiGwdkYudk ajyNidrf;atmif &&SdaMumif;wHqdyf
vufrSwf a&;xdk;NyD;vQif if;ukefonfwdkYtm; ay;tyfawmfrlonf/
ukefonfwdkYonf if;vufrSwfudk,laqmifvsuf EdkifiHjcm;avSoabFmwdkYudk
apmifha&Smufaeaom a&wHcg;rif;xH if;vufrSwfudk wifoGif;NyD; rdrdwdkYwkdif;jynfodkY
xGufoGm;&ef trdefYtmPmawmfudk cH,l&avonf/
xdktcg a&wHcg;rif;u rdrdwdkif;jynfrS0,f,laom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkY\wefzdk; &oifh
aomaMu;aiGrsm;udk ajyNidrf;atmifoGif;cJhaMumif;od&vQif xGufoGm;ap&ef trdefY
tmPmcsrw
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d ek af om ukeo
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Ykd nf BuKd uo
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rdrdwdkif;jynfodkY xGufoGm;Edkifavonf/
c&D;tMum; oHk;aqmifpm;aomuf&ef a&rdk;vHkNcHKpGm wif,laqmifvdkvQif
oabFmqdyfurf; 'dkif;usDuolBuD;tm; ajym&avonf/ xdktcg 'dkif;usD EdkifiHjcm;
ukefonfwdkYtvdkYiSm bk&ifrif;jrwfu pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom uefawmfBuD;rS 'dkif;usD
tvkyform;wdkYonf a&rsm;udkvHkNcHKatmif wifaqmifydkY&avonf/ a&wifaqmif
ydkYaom tvkyform;vkyfcaiGwdkYudk 'dkif;usDuolBuD;xH if;ukefonfwdkYu xdkufonfh
tm;avsmfpGm ay;tyf&avonf/
vTwfawmfrS aiG&Sif;jcif;
xdkodkYa&mif;0,fa&;udpNyD;qHk;vQif Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;onf a&mif;0,fvsuf
&&Sad om tojymaiGrsm;udk ay;aqmif&ef qdik &f m&yfuu
G pf mudik w
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hf uG v,form;
wdkYtm;qifhac:awmfrlNyD;vQif v,form;wdkY vkyfudkifa&;twGuf axmufyHhvsuf&Sd
aom jynfusdK;aqmif b@mawmfaiGrsm;udkjzwf,l usef<uif;aom aiGrsm;vnf;
tojymwpf&mvQif jynfusdK;awmfaqmif&Guf&ef ig;ojymusEIef;jzifh odrf;ydkuf
usef<uif;aomaiGrsm;udk a&mif;0,f&&Sdonfhaps;EIef;twdkif; r,kwfravsmhapbJ
v,form;wdkYtm; xkwfay;awmfrlavonf/
&cdi
k o
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OD;bpH
- 104 -
xdak emuf taumufawmfaiG t&yf&yfrsm;wdEYk iS hf wpfEpS t

f wGuf v,form;wdu
Yk
ay;qyfcahJ om aiGawmfuv
kd nf;aumif;? aiGojymwpf&mvQif ig;ojymus odr;f ydu
k x
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aom aiGudkvnf;aumif; jynfolYb@mawmfwdkufodkY oGif;&avonf/
xdkaemuf bk&ifrif;jrwftm; awmifolv,form;wdkYu q,fcdkifaus;qufoGif;
vsuf&Sdaom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wdkYudk Amylpm&jynfpdk;BuD;u,laqmif "rowfawmftwdkif;
taumufawmfESifhwuGa&mif;NyD;vQif taumufawmfaiGrsm;udk jynfb@mawmfwdkuf
odkY oGif;&avonf/
xdkaemuf a&mif;&aomaiGwGifvnf; tojymwpf&mvQif ig;ojymusjzifh
omoeb@mawmfwu
kd o
f Ykd oGi;f &avonf/ tvSLawmfocsa jrrS&orQaom tojym
aiGwdkYudkvnf; omoemb@mawmfwdkufodkY oGif;&avonf/ xdkrS usef<uif;orQaom
tojymaiGrsm;udka&mif;&&Sdaom aps;EIef;twdkif; bk&ifrif;\b@mawmfwdkufodkY
oGif;&avonf/
a&mif;0,f&;Xmersm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm;
xdktcg ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;t&m&Sd a&wHcg;rif;aecJhaomaMumifh xdkt&yfudk
,ckwdkifatmif wefcdkuRef;[k ac:Muavonf/ awmifolv,form;wdkYu pyg;? 0g*Grf;
wdkYudk pkyHka&mif;csaomae&mjzpfaomaMumifh ,ckwdkifatmif pyg;xm;0gAdkuRef;
(ppfawGNrdKUe,f)[k ac:Muonf/
Edik if jH cm;rSvma&mufaom avSoabFmwdu
Yk akd pmihaf &Smuf&ef wyfzUJG pnf;xm;aom
ae&mudk ,ckwdkifatmif wyfarmf(aygufawmNrdKUe,f)[k ac:Muonf/
EdkifiHjcm;ukefonfrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;ukefonfwdkY vrf;c&D;oHk;pGJ&ef vHkavmuf
wif,l&eftwGuf bk&ifrif;jrwfupDrH uefwl;xm;aomuRef;udk rif;uefuRef;
(ppfawGNrdKUe,f)[k ,ckwdkifatmif ac:Muonf/
ajrmuf O D ; Nrd K Uawmf vnf ; Amyl p m&jynf p d k ; BuD ; aecJ h a omt&yf u d k ,ck w d k i f
Amylawmift&yf[l ac:Muavonf/ NrdKUawmfqdyfurf;wGif a&mif;0,fa&;jyKaom
ae&mudk ,ckwdkifatmif aps;BuD;? wHcg;0aps;? pyg;aps;qdyf[k ac:Muavonf/
EdkifiHjcm;oabFmwdkYudkapmifha&Smuf&ef wyfzGJUxm;aomae&mudk ,ckwdkifatmif
&cdi
k o
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- 105 -
atmifwyf[k ac:Muavonf/ if;wyf tBuD;trSL;jzpfaoma&wHcg; rif;ae&mudk

,ckwdkifatmif a&wHcg;t&yf[k ac:Muavonf/
jynfusdK;aqmif 'dkif;usDtvkyform;aeaomt&yfudk ,ckwdkifatmif 'dkif;usDuRef;
[k ac:Muavonf/ jynfusdK;aqmif &ufuef;awmftvkyform;rsm; ae&mt&yfudk
,ckwdkifatmif ,Ofonf&Gm[k ac:Muavonf/
ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; rif;e&dwftjrif
xdkpOfu ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkYa&mufcJhaom ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; rif;e&dwfu if;\
c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;BuD;wGif tdEd,jynftm; qefwifydkYa&mif;cs&jcif;aMumifh ajrmufOD;
pnfum;yHkudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;cJh\/
]]&cdkifjynfESifh qufpyfaom tdEd,jynfonf rdk;acgifa&&Sm;? iwfrGwfjcif;
ab;rsm;ESifhawGU&aomfvnf; &cdkifjynfrSm ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; rdk;a&csdefvufr 200-rS
300-xd &GmoGef;jcif;aMumifh &cdkifjynf\<u,f0jcif;rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpf wdk;wuf
omvmcJhaMumif;? ydkaomqefpyg;rsm;udk tdEd,jynfodkY tNrJwifydkYa&mif;cs vdkaom
ukerf sm;udk tdE,
d jynfrS wifoiG ;f MuaMumif;}}[l bke;f awmfBu;D rif;e&dwu
f rSww
f rf;
wifcJhonf/
'wf(csf)wdkYESifh qefa&mif;0,fpOfu
a&S;tcgu qefpyg;rsm;udk tdEd,? b*Fvm;jynf? rm'&yfurf;ajc? oD[kdVf?
ay:wl*D? *dktm? rmvm,k? 'wf(csf) ta&SUtdEd,uRef;pkrsm;odkY wifydkYa&mif;cscJh Muav
onf/ 'wf(csf)rSwfwrf;wpfapmif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;\/
]]1631-ckESifh 1634-cktMum;wGif b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajcwpf0dkuf iwfrGwf
acgif;yg;aomab;qdkufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf/ 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;rsm;onf &cdkifjynfrS pyg;
0,f & ef o G m ;Muonf / oD & d o k " r & mZm\oH w ref r sm;u 'wf ( csf ) vl r sd K ;rsm;onf
rvufumuRef;pkrsm;udk ppfwdkufaeMuojzifh qeftajrmuftjrm;vdkaeaMumif;udk
bk&iftm;avQmufxm;Muavonf/
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OD;bpH
- 106 -
xdkYaMumifh &cdkifbk&ifonf pyg;rsm;udk bk&ifhypnf;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJum bk&ifh

tmPmjzifhoma&mif;cs&ef trdefYxkwfqifhxm;aomaMumifh 'wf(csf)rsm;onf txl;
rausreyfjzpfMuonf/ 'wf(csf)wdkYonf pyg;yGJpm;rsm;xH tjcm;vlrsm;xuf aps;ydkay;
0,f,lMu&ojzifhvnf; rausreyfjzpfMuavonf/
odaYk omf &cdik b
f &k ifrmS olUjynf&q
dS efpyg;rsm;udk pnf;rJu
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wm;qD;xm;Edkifavonf/ tcsufudkMunfhIjcif;tm;jzifhyifvQif &cdkifbk&if\
ukefoG,fa&;tqifhtwef;rSm 'wf(csf)rsm;xuf atmufrus[k od&SdEdkifayonf/
odkYaomf pm&if;pmtkyfrsm;wGif rSwfxm;onfhaps;EIef;t& 'wf(csf)wdkYrSmvnf;
repfemMuacs/ bmaw;bD;,m;wGif 1633-ckESpf qef(um&m) 440-aygifudk '*Fg;
18d-aps; &Sdonf/ ('wf(csf)wpfaygifonf tAdkif'lydkif 1.09-aygifESifh nDrQonf/
(1)um&mudk bk&ifaps;EIef;rSm 10-usyf jzpfonf/)
qefpyg;&Sm;yg;csdef vGwfajrmufcJhNyD;aemuf 'wf(csf)wdkYonf wpfum&mvQif
(5)usyu
f sxd aps;usatmifvyk Ef ikd cf MhJ uonf/ odaYk omf olwt
Ykd xl;wvnf rauseyfMu
aom tjcm;taMumif;wpf&yfrSm bk&ifonftaMumif;rsdK;pHkjyNyD; bmawbD;,m;odkY
aps;EIef;tajctaeudkpHkprf;&ef vlvTwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
'wf(csf)wdkYonf bk&ifht0,fawmfrsm;udka&SmifvTJ ppfwaumif;odkY vlvTwfNyD;
0,f,l&ef BuHpnfcJhaomfvnf; if;ESpfwGifyif wifBudK if;ppfwaumif;e,frS pyg;
rsm;udk bk&ifrSm0,fESifhNyD;jzpf uefYowfaomaps;EIef;ESifhom 0,fcJh&avonf[l
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
- 107 -
&cdkifjynfESifh 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;wdkY ukeful;oef;qufqHa&;udk rpwma[m(vf)u

EdkifiHjcm;om;rSwfwrf;rsm;udkrlwnf a&;om;xm;aom if;\ ]jrefrmjynf} pmtkyf
wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;&Sdavonf/
]oD&dok"ronf} bmaw;bD;,m;&Sdaom 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh rdwfzGJU olwdkY
tm; NrdKUawmfpufHkwpfckzGifh&ef wdkufwGef;av\/ olwdkYonf qefrsm;udktcsdefrSef
axmufyifh&efvdk\/
xdjYk yif olw\

Ykd tif'ekd ;D &Sm; ,mcif;? pdu
k cf if;wdYk tvkyMf urf;orm;uRerf sm;tvGef
vdkae\/ xdkvdkaom ESpfckpvHk;udk &cdkifjynfrS tajrmuftjrm;&Edkifav\/ uRefrsm;rSm
zm&if*Dsrsm; b*Fvm;rSzrf;vmolrsm; jzpfMuav\/
oD&dok"rewf&GmpHaomtcg aemufeef;wufol e&ywdBuD; (1638-45)ESifh
'wf(csf)wdkYonf roifhjrwfMuacs/ NrdKUa[mif;&SdpufHkudkvnf; ESpfaygif;tawmfMum
kyfodrf;xm;Muavonf/ xdkpufHkudk pEok"r (1652-84)rif; eef;wufonfhwdkif
atmif rzGifhbJxm;Muav\/
1653-ckESpfwGif pEok"rrif;onf bmaw;bD;,m;ESifh ukefpnful;oef; a&mif;
0,fa&; pmcsKyfwpfck csKyfvkyfav&m xdkpmcsKyfyg tcsuftwdkif; NrdKUa[mif;&Sd 'wf(csf)
ukefonfwdkYonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vdkufemMuukef\/
pEok"rrif;onf &cdkif&mZ0ifwGif tjrifhrm;qHk; bk&ifwpfyg;[k ausmfapm
xif&Sm;av\/ ol\&Snfaom eef;pHumvtwGif;wGif olonfOa&mywdkufom;
ukeo
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hf if;aom PftajrmftjrifEiS hf rsm;pGmjynfph kH
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uJo
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tdEd,'*Fg;rsm;udktwkcdk;NyD; &cdkif'*Fg;rsm; yHkoGif;Muav\/
aps;em0,f&ef tao;tzGUJ udpr sm;twGuf a<uaphrsm;udo
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rmv'dwfuRef;rsm;rS (
)'wf(csf)oabFmrsm;u rMumrMum,laqmifvmMuNyD;
&cdkifjynfwGif 40-ydmudk wpfusyfESifh a&mif;csav\/
wdkif;jynftwGif;odkY 'wf(csf)rsm;oGif;aomukefrsm;rSm ,if;acwftarT;tBudKifESifh
*syefoJrsm;udk bmaw;bD;,m;rS ,laqmifvm\/ txnftvdyfrsm;udk tdEd,jynf
udkdkref',fyifv,furf;dk;wef;&Sd pufHkrsm;rSwifvmMu\/
baw;bD;,m;NrKd U&Sd 'wf(cs)f wdYk ukeaf &mif;uke0f ,f pm&if;pmtkyx
f w
J iG f ]]b*Fvm;
atmftwGi;f 'wf(cs)f wdYk ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,faom Xmersm;teuf &cdik jf ynfonf
ta&;ygaom wpfae&mjzpfav\[k azmfjyxm;\}}[l a&;om;xm;onf/
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OD;bpH
- 108 -
EdkifiHjcm;ESifh ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
"n0wD? a0omvDESifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfrsm;xGef;um;cJhpOftcgu EdkifiHjcm;om;
yifv,ful;oabFmBuD;rsm;onf NrdKUawmfqdyfurf; tNrJwrf;qdkufuyfvsuf &SdcJhav
onf/
EdkifiHjcm;om; c&D;onfBuD;wpfOD;u ukvm;wefjrpftxuf rdkif-50ausmfrQ
qefwufrdaomtcg tvGefBuD;us,faom qdyfurf;NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUudkawGU&Sd&onf[k
qdkxm;&m a0omvDNrdKUawmfudkqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqMuavonf/
tb,faMumifq
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f u&mZfukd wGuq
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taMumif;udk pHkpHkvifvifod&aomtcg ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmayvdrfhrnf/
NrdKUa[mif;acwfwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifh b,fyHkukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
jyKvkyfcJhonfudkum; &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcmom; txl;ojzifhay:wl*D? 'wf(csf)wdkY
\ rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tawmfoifhzwfIod&SdMu&ayonf/
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rSm tdEd, txl;ojzifhb*Fvm;jynf? r'&yfurf;ajcESifh oD[dkVfwdkYjzpfMuavonf/
tdEd,taemufawmifurf;ajc *dk0ge,f BuD;pdk;aecJhMuaom ay:wl*DwdkYonf
&cdkifbk&ifcGifhjyKcsufaMumifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf 'dkif;usDbuft&yf pcef;cscJhMu\/
if;wdkYonf qef'GpfuRef;ESifh ppfwaumif;wpfzufurf;&Sd ',if;*g;qdkaom t&yf
wdkY wyfpcef;csMuum &cdkifbk&if vufatmufcH b*Fvm;ta&SUajrmufa'oudkulnD
apmifha&Smufay;Muavonf/
ay:wl*DwdkYonf if;wdkYae&if;a'ojzpfaom *dk0gESifhukefpnful;oef; a&mif;
0,fa&;wdkYudk taxmuftyHhay;cJhMuavonf/ odkYulnDcJh&mrS if;wdkYonf &cdkifjynf
udk odrf;ydkuf&ef BuHpnfcJhMuaomfvnf; &cdkifa&wyf? ukef;wyfwdkY\ owdaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? bk&if\ enf;y&d,m,faumif;jcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; ratmifjrifcJh
Muacs/
odkYaomf &cdkifbk&ifonf EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh &cdkifjynftwGuf
umuG,af &;wdt
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Ykd m; aumif;pGmtoH;k jyKEikd cf ahJ vonf/
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- 109 -
ay:wl*w
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d uRe;f pk? bmaw;
bD;,m;NrdKU&Sd 'wf(csf)wdkYESifh qufoG,fcJhavonf/ 'wf(csf)wdkY\ ukefavSmifHk;
(
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'wf(csf)wdkY\ ukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm tawmfBuD;us,fcJhaMumif;rsm;ESifh
&cdkifbk&ifonf EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wGif 'wf(csf)wdkYxuf rnHhvSaMumif;udk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhMuayao;onf/
oGif;ukefxGufukefrsm;
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*
M.S Collis, The Land of the Great Image. P.211, Faber & Faber Ltd.,
London, 1945.
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1/
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2/
The Land of the Great Image, M.S Collis
3/
Burma, D.G.E Hall.

Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay, M.S. Collis and
U San Shwe Bu, J B R S, Vol X, Part I.
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tcsdKUvnf; abmif;'wfa&mufHkESifh NrdKUawmfudk a&mufNyDxifrSwfum jyefvSnfhcJh
Muzl;onf[k ajymMum;cJhMuygonf/ yJcl;NrdKUawmfESifhvnf;aumif;? tm,k'D, NrdKUawmf
ESifhvnf;aumif;? taemufEdkifiHrS trfpwm'efESifh vef'efNrdKUawmfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;
EIdif;pmaomf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfum; xdkacwfxdktcg if;wdkYxuf BuD;us,fcefYnm;
Muao;onf[k taemufEikd if o
H m;c&D;onfrsm;\ rSww
f rf;rsm;wGif rSww
f rf;wifxm;cJh
onf/ zwfI&onf/ &cddkif,Ofaus;rItqifhtwef; rnfrQavmuf jrifhonfudk
ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfu oufaojyrnfrSm rvGJygay/ uREkfyfwdkYonf ,aeY&cdkif,Ofaus;rI
wpf&yfjzpfonfh &cdkifwl&d,mESifh&cdkiftoHudk cufcJpGm&SmazGazmfxkwfae&\/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rIvuf&mwdkYonf &mZ0ifrSm wpfrlxif&Sm;cJhaomfvnf; ,aeYvG,fulpGm
&Smr&avmufatmif aysmufvkeD;yg;jzpf& onfrSm tvGefaMuuGJp&maumif;aom

tjypfyif r[kwfygavm/ xdkaMumifh &cdkiftoHudk &SmazGazmfxkwf&eftwGuf ajrmufOD;
acwfukd &SmazGppkH rf;avhvmzdYk vdt
k yfvmayonf/ &mZ0ifrw
S w
f rf;rsm;udk avhvmaom
tcg tjzpftysufuav;udk pwifawGUvm&ygawmhonf/
ou&mZf 991 cku jzpfygonf/ ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmf BuD;us,fcefYnm;aom
yGJawmfBuD;wpfckudk qif,ifusif;yaeaom tcgor, jzpfygonf/ a&TNrdKUawmfBuD;\
ywfvnfwiG f aps;qdik Bf u;D rsm; zGiv
hf pS x
f m;onfukd awGUjrif&ygonf/ ay:wl*?D 'wf(cs)
tp&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;? b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf urf;ajcwpfavQmuf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;
om;rsm; yoQL;? ,dk;',m;? tdEd,? oD[dkVf? tmcsif(ac:) *smAm;wdkif;jynfom;rsm;ESifh
&cdkifjynftydkif b*Fgq,fhESpfNrdKU &cdkiftrsdK;orD; trsdK;om; rsdK;EG,frsm;jzpfMuaom
oufaxmif? zvefaxmif? NrHKaxmif? Adkvfrif;axmifrS trsdK;om;rsm;? &cdkifjynfr?
0wDav;&yf&Sd q,fhESpfe,frS ta&;ygaom yk*dKvfrsm;? NrdKUpm;e,fpm;tm;vHk;wdkYpkHk;
aeaom tcsdefumvyif jzpfawmhonf/ wdkif;&if;jzpf 0g*Grf;xnf? aiGxnf? qifpG,f
,yf? zsm? a<uxnfypnf;? 0g;xnftrsdK;rsdK;? ausmufoHywjrm;tp&SdonfwdkYESifh
EdkifiHjcm;jzpf oHowKypnf;? ausmufoH ywjrm;? ydk;xnf? aq;? opfarT;? a<uyef;uef
cGufa,muf? aumfaZm tp&Sdonfhypnf;rsm;udk aps;qdkifrsm; awGU&ygonf/
tcsdeftcgrSm &cdkifwl&d,moHrsm; xl;jcm;pGmMum;&ygawmhonf/ &cdkifwl&d,m
oHESifh &cdkiftoHudk odvdkMum;vdkrl tcsdefumvodkY oGm;a&mufpHkprf;avhvm
Mu&efom&Sad wmhonf/ tcsed t
f cgor,um; &cdifk jf ynf&h iS f bk&ifo&D d ok"r&mZm\
bdou
d yf aJG wmfBu;D yifwnf;/ tuRew
f o
Ykd nf &cdik w
f &l ,
d mESihf &cdik t
f oHuakd vhvmvdu
k f
aomtcg a&S;OD;"n0wD? a0omvDacwfukd csev
f yS x
f m; rjzpfEikd af y/ odaYk omfvnf;
,ckavmavmq,ftaejzifh ajrmufOD;acwfudk a&G;cs,fvdkufavonf/
bdodufyGJawmfudk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; rsufjrifudk,fawGUyifjzpf\/ &cdkifwl&d,mESifh
&cdkiftoHudk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; Mum;&aomtcgumvjzpfNyD; if;wdkY\ rSwfwrf;rsm;udk
,aeYawGUjrifzwfIEdkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ xdkpOfu ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfudka&muf&Sd
aeaom ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD;refe&dwf\rSwfwrf;udk pwifavhvmEdkifatmif
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkygonf/ refe&dwfu bk&ifhbdodufyGJrprD OD;&mZfawmif
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdkifwl&d,mESifh &cdkiftoH
OD;bpH
- 142 -
NrdKUpm;udk pwifbdodufoGef;onfhtcrf;tem;rSm wl&d,mtwD;trIwf? tutckefESifh

ywfouf odkYazmfjyxm;\/
''The Proceedin opened with a concert and a ballet. Classical songs were
sung, and twentyfour dancers dressed in green and white, with high crowns like
siamese dancers, some carrying musical instruments, danced in two lines which
intermingled, separated, ebbing and flowing gracefully, a dance which is reminiscent
- 143 -
their reciative, the Vietorious, the Master of Thunder, the Van Lord."
odkY pDwef;vm NrdKUpm;tdrfawmfodkY a&mufaomtcg vomaqmif0&Hwm

wdkYrS apmif;oHrsm;ESifhtwl qdkoHudkMum;&\/
"From the galleries came the sound of voice singing to harp."
There is no animal which better graces a parade then and elephants each
decked till it was a pageant and itself, an ambling treasury of colour and
magnicficence. The howdahs were so various. Each nobleman strove to make
him the most noble. Some were gilt, some lacquered, they were carved with
reliefs of monstars, serpents, flying spirits their canopies were of all shades, and
embroidered or woven, tapestried, of a applique work, their fringer strings of
pearls. It seems that between the elephants as they came on two by two, were
musicians. With them were several troupes of dancers, the girls who had performed
in the palace and others. Richly and gaily dressed, with garlands of flowers on
their heads, they danced and sang like bright birds gliding in and out among the
ranks, passing even beneath the trunks of the war-elephants, taping them with
their fans and carrying out their names resounding names which they wove in to
NrdKUpm;tdrfawmf xrif;auR;yGJusif;yNyD;aemuf vlysdKvl&G,fwdkYtm; aysmfawmf

qufuyGJobif qif,ifusif;yaMumif;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;avonf/ refe&dwfrsufjrif
udk,fhawGUrsm;udk a&;om;xm;aompmtkyfrS xkwfEkwf armf&pfaumfvpfu wpfzef
wifjyxm;csufrsm; jzpfayonf/
a&;om;xm;&m ya'omtursm;? bJav;tursm;? a&S;a[mif;dk;&mtqdkrsm;?
wl&,
d mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;\/ c&m? abmrIwjf cif;? wa,mxd;k jcif;? apmif;wD;jcif;rsm;udk
vnf; azmfjyxm;\/ onfwdkYudk zwfIjcif;tm;jzifh &cdkifokckrtEkynmtqifh
twef;udk odomEdkifonf/
if;aemuf oufaotaxmuftxm;wpfcu
k kd &SmazGvu
kd af omtcg NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U
ou&mZf 853-ckavmufu rif;bmbk&if wnfaxmifcJhaom&ef atmifaZ,s
ykxdk;awmfBuD;ac: &Spfaomif;bk&m;twGif;eH&HwGif xGif;xm;aom ausmufkyfrsm;
txJrSm &cdkifwl&d,mtpHkudk wD;rIwfMuaom &cdkifwl&d,morm;rsm;\ kyfyHkrsm;udk
awGU& rnfjzpfygonf/ &cdkifwl&d,mrSm tawmfyifpHkvifvsuf&SdaeNyDudk odomEdkif\/
AHktrsdK;rsdK;? c&maumuf? c&m>rmvufwefwdk? vufwef&Snf? yef;wsm;? abm? wa,m?
ETJ? vufcwf? apmif;tpHktvifyif jzpfayawmhonf/
xdkrSwzef &SmazGcJh&mwGif &cdkifjynfrS jrefrmjynfodkY bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf
,la qmifo Gm ;aom &cdki fwl& d,mrsm;taMumif; ESi fhy wfouf &mZ0ifvuFm
odkYzGJUEGJUxm;onfudk zwfI&jyefygonf/
]omaMunif;nif;? at;oDjcif;ESifh nHhEkomjcif;? apmif;ESifhnif;vQif?
oHcsi;f aESmjim;? ywvm;u? rjcm;wlx? wa&mponf? ac:xemr? olo&D ESi?hf
yrnfom? 'l&d,mu? c&mwefaumuf? ETJa>yajrmuf? tapmuf&Snfjim;?
yef;wsm;ESifh? yef;usm;ywf0ef;? ywfqdkif;xef;jzifh? BudK;wef;avQmufoGm;?
uajcrsm;ESifh wD;jim;dkufrnf? pnfig;rnfwnf;}/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
both of the Burmese yein and the Balinese redjang."
OD;&mZfawmfpm;udk bdou
d o
f eG ;f Ny;D aomtcg qdo
k ?H rIwo
f w
H u
Ykd kd odMYk um;&jyef\/
''There was a buzz of carversation, sound of songs and flutes filled the air,
and troupes of dancing girls and acrobats perturbed or leaped, sang and made
fun."
''The prince moved off. The crowd was very thick in the palace Courtyards.
There were shouting and songs, more music and dancing."
"When all were in their Proper stations, the processions started, the cavalry
in front, the war elephants second, the nobility third, and the prince last with his
personal attendants, the forty handsome youths who had accom panied him to the
palace. Manrique and the Captain rode among the nobility. It was splendid train,
immensely long.
OD;bpH
- 144 -
- 145 -
odkYaom tudk;tum;rsdK;udk &cddkif&mZ0ifpmayrsm; trsm;tjym;yifawGU&

ygonf/ OumysHtp&Sdaom pmqdkynm&Sdrsm; zGJUEGJUoDuHk;cJhMuaom uAsm? vuFm? &wk?
{tef? &uef? omjcif;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGmawGU&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;
rSm wl&d,mpHk&SdcJhonf/ tursdK;pHkonf qdkaomtcsufudk ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfp&m r&Sd
ygay/
odkYaomf ,ckumvtaeESifh wl&d,m? tqdk? tuwdkYudk awGUvdkjrifvdk
Mum;vdkMu\/ rnfodkYxkwfazmfjy&rnfqdkaomtcsufomvQif ta&;BuD;aeayawmh
onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ,aeYacwfumv &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ rl&if;dk;&m
tqdk tu twD; trIwfrsm;u zHk;vTrf;oGm;cJhjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfayonf/ tdk;udk
t&GufzHk;aeavNyD/ odkYaomf &cdkiftrsdK;om;okawoDwdkYu &SmazGavhvmcJhMuojzifh
tptejyefvnf&&SdvmMuayNyD/ qufvufxda&mufpGm okawoejyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
dk;&mtoHESifhwl&d,mrSm rl&if;rysuf jyefvnfwdk;wufvmrnfrSm rvGJygay/
bDp-D 5000 ausmu
f yif xGe;f um;vmcJah om wkw,
f Ofaus;rI okcrk ynmwdo
Yk nf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&mu wkwfokawoDwdkY jyefvnf&Sm azGcJh&m
wl&d,mausmufkyfrsm;udk awGUvmcJh&avonf/ tkyfrsm;rStpjyK wkwf
trsdK;om; wl&d,mESifhtoHudk azmfxkwfEdkifchJMuzl;avonf/ xdkYtwl tuRefwdkYonf
tm;ravsmhbJ BudK;pm;Muygu rvGJ{uef? ppfrSefaom &cdkifwl&d,mynmESifhtoHudk
&&SdvmMurnfrSm rvGJay/
&cdkifwl&d,m pm&if;jyKpk jy&rnfqdkvQif atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfygonf/
pnfrsdK;ig;yg;? tjym;ESpfq,fausmf? yHk&Snfyef;wsm;? a>y? ETJ? awmifa>y? cifyavG?
nif;? NcDacgif;? ywvm;? cGufcGif;? 'Hkrif;? pnf;pkyf? ywfom? c&maumuf? c&m>rm?
c&m&Sn(f abm)armif;aMu;eif;? ckoif;? apmif;? wa,m? rD;ausmif;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
ywfqdkif;qdkaomwl&d,mudkvnf; awGU&avonf/
&cdkifpnfrsm;ESifhywfouf a&;&rnfqdkvQif a&;ukefEdkifrnf r[kwfyg?
&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY tcif;tusif;tcrf;tem; yGJvrf;obif r*FvmyGJ[lorQwdkY
olYae&mESifholUae&m pnfudkwD;Mu\/ pnftrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonfhtavsmuf pnfoHvnf;
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdavonf/
r*Fvmaqmif yef;wsif;? tvSLyGJaAsmpnf? usifpnf? ewfywfpnf tp&Sdonf

wdkYudk rMumao;aomESpfrsm;u Mum;ae&ao;\/ rIwf&aom wl&d,mxJwGifyavG?
nif;wdkYudk awmvufaus;&GmwdkY Mum;&wkef;yif &Sdao;onf/ ywvm;udkum;
jrefrmwl&d,muJhodkY wD;aeusjzpfonf/ &cdkifwa,mESifh rD;acsmif;udkrl aus;&Gmrsm;
tcktoHk;cswkef; &Sdao;onf/ &cdkifrD;acsmif; wl&d,mESifhywfouf ydk;0gbGJUwGif
]q,f&D;&Hcg? pdwfudkazsmfau? wD;p&mav? ydk;jcnfESpfyif? BuD;wpfyif
au? apG&Sifav;acsmif;? pdwfudkazsmfa&? a&TrD;ausmif;udk? wD;p&mvnf;?
rif;om;vlysdK? q&mausmif;rSm apmif;ESifhaysmfa&? ydk;jcnfESpfyif? aMu;wyif
au? apG&Sifav; acsmif;? pdwfudkazsmfa&? a&TrD;ausmif;udk? aMumif;wnfh&ifcGif?
tomwnfwifNy;D ? oH;k yifBuKd ;ud?k nDatmifnad &? xH;k udu
k iif? usm;udo
k ifau?
rSeBf u;D udak cwfvYkd vufoef; vufv,f vuf<u,f vufr rD;acsmif; q,fpw
d f
rSm? avQmufvdkYcsa&? b,fbufu vufndK; rD;ausmif;vnfrSm? pD;vdkYxdk;a&?
jcif;rsdK;vnf;azmf q&mausmif;rSm wD;vwfawum;}/
odYk rD;ausmif;wl&,
d mESihf &cdik t
f oHay:vGiaf pcJMh uonfukd od&EdS ikd Mf uayonf/
xdkYaemuf q&mxGef;\ wdkufomjcif;? wa,mtaMumif;ESifh azmfjyxm;csufrSm odkY
jzpfonf/
]wa,mwpfvHk;? trsm;oHk;aqmif? tkef;oD;cGefeDaMumif&DudkMuuf wa,m
wefudk [efatmifxdk;au? usD;kyfiSufESif}/
odYk &cdik w
f a,mudk odapEdik yf gonf/ &cdikd t
f oHvnf; wa,moHEiS t
hf wl xGucf hJ
rnfudkum; awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ if;aemuf rdk;yef;a0omjcif;wGif apmif; taMumif;ESifh
odkYzGJUxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
]q&marmifx;DG ? vufaumufps;D rSm xGi;f vkyyf gonf? vS&mpdwBf uKd u?f
jym;eHESpfudk xkvkyfonfum;? 0dPf0ifAsm? t&SifwGm;odkY? ydk;om;wpfyif?
jcnfvQif wpfrsdK;? aemufxyfygonfhaMu;0gBudK;ESifh? vSrdk;i,fMuif? &ifcGifwif
au? ndusifonfy? [wvusfm? vufndK;rSmudk? pDumpyfNrJ? vuf0Judkodwf?
cvkwfac:&m? apmif;pDrSmvQif? <uumEIdufau? pdwfjrifht&? tpwnfa&?
prf;onfuyif? avmurefatmif? ausmif;awmf omrSm? Asm&xefodkY}/
&cdi
k o
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&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
OD;bpH
- 146 -
tuREkfyfwdkY awmvufaus;&Gm aexdkifMuaom trsdK;om;trsdK;orD;rsm;onf

wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D tjyeftvSeaf jymqdMk uaom Zrf;pum;qdak om uAsmpum;ESihf ajymqdk
avh&MdS u\/ xdt
Yk wl wl&,
d mwpfrsKd ;udk toH;k jyKMuavonf/ if;wl&d ,mum; NcaD cgif;
wl&d,myif jzpfonf/ NcDacgif;udk yg;pyfESifhudkufNyD;vufESifh wD;cwfay;&avonf/
NcDacgif;udk toHk;csyHkudk rdk;yef;a0omjcif; odkYazmfjyxm;\/
]rd;k arewfyk ?f tvGr;f ajyatmif? Nc;D acgif;rIw[
f ?k xkw
f ay;cg? vuf
oEmESifh? tom,lvdkY? yg;pyfoi,f? oGm;wifhw,frSm? NyHK;&,fwnfhrSwf?
vufqufudkifAsm? ydkifacsmnufrSm? omvufcyfau? jrnfvwfawum;?
avmurefatmif? bkef;acgifZmwD? a&Tpifpdkufpdkufausmif;awmfxdkufrSm?
xifay:tacgif? zcifeDa&qDonfwef;rSm? rdk;yef;armifa&? "m;ajrmifvufpGJ?
nOfo
h ef;acgifrmS ? arSmifru
kd x
f u
J ? &miJah r&if? 0ifvnfarmifzmG ;? Nc;D acgif;oHu?kd
a&Tusifwdkufu? rMum;vmav? oD;rsm; Gwfqdkif? vufoHaumif;ESifh
usD;a,mifydkif[k---}/
rdk;yef;a0u cspfolxGef;atmifausmf Mum;atmif NcDacgif;rIwf ajymaompum;
jzpfayonf/ um; &cdkifwl&d,mtaMumif; tusOf;rQjzpfayonf/ &cdkiftoH
taMumif;udk qufvufazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
&cdkifhtoHudk wpfaeYwGif tuRefwdkY jrefrmhtoH\ &cdkiftrsdK;om; tpDtpOfrS
pwiftoHvTifhvsuf &SdaeayNyD/ dk;&mtoHudk tuRefwdkYonf 1948-ck ,Ofaus;rI
0efBuD; OD;armifausmfZHvufxufu pwiftoHvTifhcJhMuygonf/ NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUrS
y@dwfq&mOD;omxGef; udk,fwdkifpDpOfxkwfazmfay;cJhavonf/
a&S;a[mif;dk;&m &cdkifaw;oHwdkYonfum; at;jcif;? omjcif;bGJU? &GJ? &wkvuFm?
oHcsyBf u;D ? 'H;k jcif;? yifu
h ?l Asm? obm0aw;uAsm? uav;acsmt
h p&So
d jzifh &SMd uavonf/
oDjcif;taeESifh odkif;oDjcif;? 'Hk;,drf;oDjcif; tp&SdonfwdkYudk awGU&ayrnf/ dk;&m
aw;oHrsm;udk rlrSefoDqdkEdkif&eftwGuf okawoevkyfMuayNyD/
if;wdkYudk ,aeYyif tcsdKUa'orsm; oDqdkaeMuwkef;yif jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
avvIdif;rS vTifhEdkifMuayonf/ dk;&maw;oHrS umvay:aw;oH oDcsif;rsm;vnf;
&SdMu&m tuRefwdkY\ ,aeYumvay:rSm jrefrmumvay:rsm; vTrf;rdk;vsufom &Sdae
onfudk awGUae&ayonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
- 147 -
ESpfaygif;ESpf&mrQ aemufusvsuf tqufjywfaeaom &cdkiftoHudk &cdkifrlrSef

umvay:odYk ajymif;vJw;kd wufatmif MuaH qmif&rnfv
h yk if ef;rSm vG,u
f al om vkyif ef;
&yf r[kwfygay/ tifwdkuftm;wdkuf aqmif&GufoGm;Mu&efom &Sdayawmhonf/
&cdkifwl&d,mum; tajccH&Sdyg\/ &cdkiftoHonfvnf; if;wdkYESifhtwl tajccH
&SdNyD;om; jzpfonf/ jyefvnfrlrSefy:vGifvmNyD; acwftavsmufwdk;wufatmif
BuHaqmifa&;rSm ,aeY&cdkiftrsdK;om; trsdK;orD;wdkY\ wm0efom jzpfayawmhonf/
"npH
rSwfcsuf/
/ 1961-62 ck? ESpfvnfr*Zif;? &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf (10)wGif

azmfjyxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/
&cdi
k o
f m;BuD;pmay
OD;bpH
- 148 -
- 149 -
1970-ck? Zlvdkifv (19)&ufaeYonfum; 24-Budrfajrmuf tmZmenfaeY jzpfay

onf/ rarhEdkifaom aeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG &Jbufawmf acgif;aqmif
BuD; taygif;wdkYtm; aqmif;yg;jzifh OD;Gwftav;jyKyg\/
ESppf OfEpS w
f ikd ;f aeYrsKd ;wGif ]Adv
k cf sKyEf iS u
hf Reaf wmf? Adv
k cf sKyEf iS ahf wGUcJph Ofu} ponfh
aqmif;yg;wdu
Yk kd zwfcI &hJ ayNy/D uReaf wmfonf Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifEiS w
hf uov
kd af usmif;om;
b0u &if;ESD;pGmqufqHcJh&olwpfOD; jzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif pdwfaepdwfxm;? tavhtxESifh vkyfief;vkyf&yfrsm;udk uRefawmfhtae
ESifh b,fvdkod&Sdem;vnfcJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;b0wGif jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;
twGuf olESifh&if;ESD;pGm b,fvdkqufqHvkyfaqmifcJhonfhtaMumif;wdkYudk ,aeYwdkif
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Budrfajrmuf tmZmenfaeYwGif uRefawmfod&SdcJhaom udkatmifqef;? aemuf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;taMumif;udk wifjyvdkygonf/
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jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf ppfawGrSjzpfNyD;? udkatmifqef;u txufjrefrmjynf
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hf pfO;D
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wpfcgwpf&H ausmif;aqmifwpfckwnf;wGif aeMuolrsm;yifjzpfaomfvnf; &if;ESD;pGm
qufqHrd&ef cJ,Of;vSjyefygonf/ udkatmifqef;u yJcl;ausmif;aqmif tay:qHk;
xyfwGifae& uRefawmfrSm tv,fxyfwGifae&ol jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf udkatmifqef;ESifh uRefawmfonf ]oufoufvGwfpm;Mu&mrS A[dk
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yJcl;ausmif;aqmif tay:qHk;xyfwGif tcef;csif;uyfvsuf aecJhMuygonf/ xdkpOfu
p &ufqufqdkovdk tcsdefrsm;pGm olESifhqHkpnf;rdcJhMuygonf/ olESifh txl;yif&if;ESD;
cJh&ygonf/
udkatmifqef;\ wuodkvfausmif;om;b0rS EdkifiHa&;udk ajcpHkypf0ifoGm;onf
txd umvtwGif; olESifhqufqHcJh&yHk? ol\taMumif;rsm;udk ,ckwifjyygrnf/
xdkpOftcgu wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfolYrsufIozG,f jzpfMu\/
oGm;av&m&m rsufESmyGifhNyD; vltrsm;\*kjyKjcif;? tcGifhxl;ay;jcif;rsm;udkcHMu&olrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ t0wftpm;qdkvQifvnf; ajymp&mr&Sd acwfzuf&Sifrsm;yif[kqdk&
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ol\trlt&mu oufaojyvsuf &Sdayawmhonf/
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- 150 -
- 151 -
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udk ajymifavSmifoa&mfvMkd uonfuykd if awGU&ayonf/ olum; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
uJhodkY vuf&Sdtajctaeb0udk auseyfvufcHaeol r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;vSygonf/
udkatmifqef;onf wpfaeYrS eHeufapmapm tdyf&mrS xavhr&Sd/ taMumif;udk
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ausmif;om;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rIpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
odkY&mwGif twef;pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; xl;xl;qef;qef; atmfus,fatmfus,fESifh
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- 152 -
- 153 -
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ay;cJNh y;D uReaf wmf\trnfukd twdak umuf bDtufp[
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Adkvf&efatmifwdkYESifhtwl tif;vsm;uef wpfxyftdrfuav; awGUcJhygonf/
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- 154 -
- 155 -
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