Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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CONT ENTS
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PREAMB LE
P ART I
THE UN IO N AN D ITS T ERR IT ORY
ART IC LE
1 Name an d t erri t ory o f t h e Un i on .
2 Ad mi s si on or es t ab li sh ment of n ew St at es .
2A [Rep ea l ed. ]
3 Format i on of n ew St at es an d alt erat i on of areas , b ou nd ari es or
n ames of ex i s ti n g St at es .
4 La ws mad e un d er art i cles 2 an d 3 t o p rovi d e for t h e a men dmen t o f
t h e Fi rs t and t h e Fou rt h Sch edu les and s up p lemen t al, i n ci d en tal
an d cons equ en ti al mat t ers .
P ART I I
CIT IZE NSH IP
5 Ci t i zen sh ip at t h e commen cement of t h e Con s t it ut i on .
6 Ri gh t s of ci t i zen sh ip of cert ai n p ers on s wh o h ave mi grat ed t o
In d i a from Paki s t an .
7 Ri gh t s of ci t i zen sh i p of cert ai n mi gran t s t o Paki s t an .
8 Ri gh t s of ci t i zen sh ip of cert ai n p ers ons of In d i an ori gi n resi din g
ou t s id e In d i a.
9 Pers on s volu n t ari ly acq u i ri n g cit i zens hi p of a forei gn St at e n ot t o
b e ci ti zens .
10 Con t i nu an ce of t h e ri ght s of ci t izen s hi p .
11 Parli amen t t o regu lat e th e ri gh t o f ci t i zens hi p b y la w.
P ART I I I
FU ND AMEN TA L R IG H TS
Gen er a l
12 Defi n i t i on .
13 La ws i n con s is t en t wit h or in d erogat i on o f t h e fu n d amen t al ri gh ts .
Right to Equality
14 Equality before law.
ii Contents
ARTICLE
PART V
THE UNION
CHAPTER I. -THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice-President
52 The President of India.
53 Executive power of the Union.
54 Election of President.
55 Manner of election of President.
56 Term of office of President.
57 Eligibility for re-election.
58 Qualifications for election as President.
59 C ond itions of P resid ent’s office.
60 Oath or affirmation by the President.
61 Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term
of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63 The Vice-President of India.
64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during
casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66 Election of Vice-President.
67 Term of office of Vice-President.
68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the
term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70 D isch arge of P resid ent’s fun ction s in other con tin gencies.
71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-
President.
72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.
73 Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
v Contents
ARTICLE
97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker
and Deputy Speaker.
98 Secretariat of Parliament.
Conduct of Business
99 Oath or affirmation by members.
100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and
quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101 Vacation of seats.
102 Disqualifications for membership.
103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and
committees thereof.
106 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110 D efin ition of “M o n ey B ills”.
111 Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112 Annual financial statement.
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114 Appropriation Bills.
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118 Rules of procedure.
vii Contents
ARTICLE
Council of Ministers
163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Advocate-General for the State
165 Advocate-General for the State.
Conduct of Government Business
166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.
CHAPTER III. THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168 Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171 Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172 Duration of State Legislatures.
173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176 Special address by the Governor.
177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
Officers of the State Legislature
178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and
Deputy Speaker.
180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office
of, or to act as, Speaker.
181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.
182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and
Deputy Chairman.
184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the
office of, or to act as, Chairman.
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ARTICLE
185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.
186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman
and Deputy Chairman.
187 Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188 Oath or affirmation by members.
189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and
quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190 Vacation of seats.
191 Disqualifications for membership.
192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and
committees thereof.
195 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199 D efin ition of “M on ey B ills”.
200 Assent to Bills.
201 Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202 Annual financial statement.
203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204 Appropriation Bills.
205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
xi Contents
ARTICLE
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and
creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
PART XI
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional
courts.
248 Residuary powers of legislation.
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the
national interest.
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and
laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption
of such legislation by any other State.
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the
Legislatures of States.
255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as
matters of procedure only.
CHAPTER II. ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256 Obligation of States and the Union.
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A [Repealed.]
258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
xv Contents
ARTICLE
259 [Repealed.]
260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Co-ordination between States
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
PART XII
FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
CHAPTER I. FINANCE
General
264 Interpretation.
265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267 Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272 [Repealed.]
273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which
States are interested.
275 Grants from the Union to certain States.
276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277 Savings.
278 [Repealed.]
279 C alcu lation of “n et p roceeds”, etc.
280 Finance Commission.
281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
xvi Contents
ARTICLE
283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited
to the public accounts.
284 C ustod y of su itors’ dep osits and oth er m on eys received b y p ub lic servan ts and
courts.
285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287 Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain
cases.
289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291 [Repealed.]
CHAPTER II. BORROWING
292 Borrowing by the Government of India.
293 Borrowing by States.
CHAPTER III. PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the
exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298 Power to carry on trade, etc.
299 Contracts.
300 Suits and proceedings.
CHAPTER IV. RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN
THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
xvii Contents
ARTICLE
303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard
to trade and commerce.
304 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306 [Repealed.]
307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
PART XIV
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I. SERVICES
308 Interpretation.
309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities
under the Union or a State.
312 All-India services.
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of
certain services.
313 Transitional provisions.
314 [Repeated.]
CHAPTER II.— PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316 Appointment and term of office of members.
317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of
the Commission.
319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing
to be such members.
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.
xviii Contents
ARTICLE
PART XIVA
TRIBUNALS
323A Administrative tribunals.
323B Tribunals for other matters.
PART XV
ELECTIONS
324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election
Commission.
325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a
special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States
to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to
such Legislature.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A [Repealed.]
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of
the People.
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of
the States.
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-
Indian Community.
338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the
welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
xix Contents
ARTICLE
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
I. — The States.
II. — The Union territories.
SECOND SCHEDULE
PART A— - Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.
PART B— [Repealed.]
PART C— Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the
People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of
States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative
Council of a State.
PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
THIRD SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
FOURTH SCHEDULE— Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
FIFTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled
Areas and Scheduled Tribes
PART A— General.
PART B— Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
PART C— Scheduled Areas.
PART D— Amendment of the Schedule.
SIXTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
List I — Union List.
List II— State List.
List III— Concurrent List.
EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.
NINTH SCHEDULE— Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
xxiii Contents
ARTICLE
APPENDIX
INDEX
xxiv Contents
ARTICLE
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INDEX
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1 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P R E AM B L E
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1 . Nam e a nd terri tory of the Uni on. — (1 ) In d i a, t h at i s Bh arat, s h all b e
a Un i on of St at es .
(2 ) Th e St at es an d th e t erri t ories t h ere of s h al l b e as s p eci fi ed i n t h e
Fi rs t Sch edu le.
(3 ) Th e t errit ory o f In d i a sh all comp ri s e —
(a ) t h e t errit ori es of t h e St at es ;
(b ) t h e Un i on terri t ori es s p eci fi ed in th e Fi rs t Sch ed u le; an d
(c) s u ch ot h er t erri t ori es as may b e acqu i red.
2 . Admi s si on or es ta bl is hm ent of new Sta tes . — Parli amen t may b y la w
ad mi t in t o t h e Un i on , or es t ab li sh , n ew St at es on s u ch t erms an d con d i ti on s
as i t t hi n ks fi t .
2 A. [S i kki m t o b e as so cia t ed wit h t h e Uni on .] Rep . b y th e Co ns t it u ti on
(Th i rt y - s i xt h Amend men t ) Act , 19 7 5, s . 5 ( w.e.f . 26 -4 -1 9 7 5 ).
3 . F orm a ti on of new Sta tes and a l tera ti on of a rea s , bounda ri es or
na m es of exi s ti ng Sta tes . — Parli amen t may b y la w —
(a ) form a n ew St at e b y s ep arat ion o f t erri t or y from an y St at e o r b y
u n it in g t wo or m ore St at es or p art s of St at es or b y u n i t i n g an y t erri t ory
t o a p art of an y St at e;
(b ) i n creas e th e area of an y St at e;
(c) d i min is h t h e area of an y St at e;
(d ) alt er t h e b ou nd ari es of an y S t at e;
(e) alt er t h e n ame of an y St at e:
Provi d ed t h at n o Bi ll fo r t h e p u rp os e s h all b e i n t rod u ced i n ei th er Hou s e
o f Parli amen t ex cept on th e recommen d ati on of t h e Pres i d en t an d u n les s ,
wh ere t h e p rop os al con t ain ed in th e Bi ll affect s t h e area, b ou n d ari es or
n ame of an y o f t h e St at es , t h e Bi ll h as b een referred b y t h e Pres i d ent t o t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f t h at St at e f or ex p ress in g i t s vi ews t h ereon wi t h in s u ch
p eri od as may b e sp eci fi ed i n t he referen ce or wi t h in su ch fu rt her p eri od as
t h e Presi d en t may all ow an d t h e p eri od s o sp eci fi ed or allowed h as exp i red.
Exp l a na ti on I. — In t h i s arti cle, i n clau s es (a ) t o (e), “ S ta te ‟‟ in c lu d e s a
U n io n te rrito ry , b u t in th e p ro v iso , “ S ta te ‟‟ d o e s n o t in c lu d e a U n io n
t erri t ory.
Exp l a na ti on II. — Th e p ower con ferred on Par li amen t b y cl au s e (a )
i n clu d es th e p ower t o form a n ew St at e or Un i on t errit ory b y u n i t in g a p art
o f an y St at e or Un i on t erri t ory t o an y ot h er St at e or Un i on t erri tor y.
4 . Law s ma de under a rti cl es 2 a nd 3 to provi de f or the a m endm ent of
the F i rs t a nd the F ourth Schedul es a nd s uppl em ental , i ncidenta l a nd
cons equenti a l m a tters . — (1 ) An y law re ferred t o i n art i cle 2 or ar t i cle 3
s h all con t ai n s u ch p rovi s i on s fo r t h e amen d men t of t h e Fi rs t Sch ed u le and
t h e Fou rt h Sch edu le as may b e n eces s ary t o gi ve e ffect t o t h e p rovi s i on s of
2
3 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5 . Ci ti zens hi p a t the com m encem ent of the Cons ti tuti on. — At t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Cons t it uti on , every p ers on wh o h as h i s domi ci le i n
t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a an d —
(a ) wh o was b orn in th e t erri t ory of In d i a; or
(b ) ei th er of wh os e p aren t s was b orn i n t h e t errit ory o f In d i a; or
(c) wh o h as b een ordi n ari l y res i d en t i n t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a for n ot
les s t h an fi ve years i mmed i at ely p reced in g s uch commen cemen t,
s h all b e a ci ti zen of In d i a.
6 . Ri g hts of ci ti zens h i p of certa i n pers ons w ho ha ve m igra ted to
I ndi a f rom P a ki s ta n. — Not wi th s t an di n g an yt h i n g in arti cle 5 , a p ers on
wh o h as mi grat ed t o th e terri t ory o f In d i a from t h e t errit ory n o w i n clu d ed
i n Pakis t an sh all b e d eemed t o b e a ci ti zen of In d i a at t h e commen cem ent
o f t h i s Cons ti t ut i on i f —
(a ) h e or ei th er of h i s p aren ts or an y o f h i s gran d p aren ts was b orn in
In d i a as d efi n ed i n t h e G overn men t of In d i a Act , 1 9 3 5 (as ori gi n all y
en act ed ); and
(b )(i ) in th e cas e wh ere s u ch p ers on h as s o mi grat ed b efore t h e
n i n et eent h d ay o f J u l y, 1 9 4 8 , h e h as b een ord in ari ly res i d ent i n th e
t erri t ory o f In d i a s i n ce t h e d at e o f h i s mi grati on , or
(i i ) i n th e cas e wh ere s u ch p ers on h as s o mi grat ed on or a ft er t h e
n i n et eent h d ay o f J u l y, 1 9 4 8 , h e h as b een regi st ered as a ci ti zen o f In d i a
b y an o ffi cer ap p oi n t ed in t hat b eh alf b y t h e G overn men t o f t h e
Domi n i on of In d i a on an ap p li cat i on mad e b y h i m th erefor t o s u ch
o ffi cer b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on i n t h e form an d
man n er p res crib ed b y t h at G overn ment :
4
5 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Gen er a l
1 2 . Def i ni ti on. — In th is P a rt, u n le ss th e c o n te x t o th e rw ise re q u ire s, “ th e
S ta te ‟‟ in c lu d e s th e G o v e rn m e n t a n d P a rlia m e n t o f In d ia a n d th e
G overn men t an d t h e Legi s lat u re o f each of t h e St at es and all l o cal or ot h er
au t h orit i es wi th in th e t erri t ory o f In d i a or u nd er t h e con trol o f t h e
G overn men t of In d i a.
1 3 . Law s i ncons is tent w i th or i n deroga ti on of the f unda m enta l
ri g hts .— (1 ) All laws i n force in th e t erri t ory o f In d i a i mmedi at el y b efor e
t h e commen cement of t h i s Con st i tu t i on, i n s o far as t h e y are i n con s is t en t
wi t h th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part , s h all, t o t h e ext ent of s u ch in con s i st en cy,
b e voi d .
(2 ) Th e St at e s h all n ot make an y la w wh i ch t akes away or ab ri d ges t h e
ri gh t s con ferred b y t h i s Part an d an y la w mad e i n con t raven t i on o f t h i s
clau s e s h all, t o t h e ex t en t of t h e con t raven t i on , b e voi d .
(3 ) In t h is arti cle, u n les s t h e cont ex t oth erwi s e req ui res , —
(a ) “ la w ” in c lu d e s a n y O rd in a n c e , o rd e r, b y e -law, ru le, regu lat i on ,
n ot i fi cat i on , cus t om or u s age h avi n g i n t h e t errit ory o f In d i a th e forc e
o f law ;
(b ) “ la w s in fo rc e ” in c lu d e s la w s p a sse d o r m a d e b y a L e g isla tu re o r
ot h er comp et ent aut h ori t y i n t h e t errit ory o f In d i a b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti t ut i on and n ot p revi ou s ly r ep ealed ,
n ot wi t hs t an d in g t h at an y s u ch law or an y p art t h ereof ma y n ot b e t h en in
op erat i on eit h er at all or i n p art icu lar areas .
(4 ) Not h in g i n th i s art i cle s h all ap p l y t o an y amen d men t of t hi s
Con s t it ut i on mad e un d er art i cle 3 6 8.
Ri g h t t o Eq ua l it y
1 4 . Equal i ty bef ore l aw . — The St at e s h all n ot d en y t o an y p ers on
eq u ali t y b efore t h e la w or t h e eq u al p rot ect i on of t h e la ws wi t h in t he
t erri t ory o f In d i a.
1 5 . P rohi bi ti on of di s cri mi na ti on on g rounds of rel ig i on, ra ce, ca s te,
s ex or pl a ce of bi rth. — (1 ) Th e St at e s h all n ot d i s cri mi n at e agai n s t an y
ci t i zen on grou n d s on l y o f reli g i on , race, cas t e, s ex , p lace of b i rt h or an y
o f t h em.
(2 ) No ci t i zen s h all, on grou n d s on l y o f reli gi on , race, cas t e, s ex , p lace
o f b i rt h or an y o f t h em, b e s ub j ect t o an y d i s ab i li t y, li ab i li t y, res t ri ct i on or
con d i ti on wi th regard t o —
(a ) acces s t o s h ops , pu b li c restau ran ts , h ot els an d p laces of p u b li c
en t ert ai n men t ; or
6
7 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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1.On the commencement of s. 3 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, art. 22 shall stand amended
as directed in s. 3 of that Act. For the text of s. 3 of that Act, see Appendix III.
10 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Ri g h t t o Fr eed o m o f Reli g io n
2 5 . F reedom of cons ci ence a nd f ree prof es si on, pra cti ce a nd
propa g a ti on of rel ig i on. — (1 ) Su b j ect t o p u b li c ord er, morali t y an d h ealt h
an d t o th e ot h er p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part , all p ers on s are equ all y en ti t led t o
freed om o f c on s ci en ce an d th e ri gh t freel y t o p ro fes s , p ract i s e an d
p rop agat e reli gi on .
(2 ) Not h i n g i n t hi s art i cle s h all affect t h e op erat i on of an y ex i s t in g law
or p reven t t h e St at e from maki ng an y law —
(a ) regu lat i n g or res t ri ct in g an y econ omi c, fi n an c i al, p oli t i cal or
ot h er s ecu lar acti vi t y wh i ch may b e ass oci at ed wi t h reli gi ou s p ract i ce;
(b ) p rovi d i n g for s oci al we l fare an d reform or t h e t h rowi n g op en of
Hi n d u reli gi ou s i n st it ut i on s of a pu b li c ch aract er t o all clas s es an d
s ect i ons of Hi n d u s .
Exp l a na ti on I. — Th e weari n g and carryi n g o f ki r p an s s h all b e deemed t o
b e in clu d ed i n t h e p rofes s i on of t h e Si kh reli gi on .
Exp l a na ti on II. — In s ub -clau s e ( b ) of c lau s e (2 ), t h e referen ce to Hi n d u s
s h all b e con st ru ed as i n clud in g a referen ce t o p ers on s p rofes s i ng t h e Si kh ,
J ai n a or Bu dd hi s t reli gi on , and th e referen ce t o Hi n d u reli gi ou s i n s ti tu t i ons
s h all b e con s t ru ed accordi n gly.
2 6 . F reedom to ma nag e reli gi ous affa i rs . — Sub j ect t o p ub li c ord er,
morali t y an d h ealt h , every reli gi ou s d en omin ati on or an y s ect i on t h ereof
s h all h ave t h e ri ght —
(a ) t o es t ab li sh and mai n t ai n i nst i tu t i ons for reli gi ou s an d ch ari tab le
p u rp os es ;
(b ) t o man age it s own affai rs i n mat t ers of reli gi on ;
(c) t o own an d acqu i re movab le an d i mmovab le p rop ert y; an d
(d ) t o ad mi n is t er s u ch p rop ert y i n acco rd an ce wit h law.
2 7 . F reedom a s to pay m ent of ta xes f or prom oti on of a ny parti cul ar
rel i gi on. — No p ers on s h all b e c omp elled t o p a y an y t ax es , t h e p roceed s of
wh i ch are sp eci fi call y ap p rop ri at ed in p aymen t of ex p en s es for t h e
p romot i on or main t en an ce of an y p art i cu lar reli gi on or reli gi ou s
d en omin at i on .
12 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
* * *
3 1 . [ Co mp ul so r y a cq ui s it io n of p r op ert y.] Rep . b y th e Cons t it u t i on
(Fo r t y -fo ur t h Amen d men t ) Act , 19 7 8, s . 6 ( w.e.f . 20 -6 -1 9 7 9 ).
S a vin g o f Cer ta in La ws
3 1 A. Sa vi ng of l aw s provi di ng f or a cqui s i ti on of es ta tes, etc. —
(1 ) Not wi t hs t an d in g an yt h in g con t ai n ed i n art i cle 1 3 , n o law p rovi d in g
for—
(a ) t h e acqu i si ti on b y t h e S t at e o f an y es t at e or o f an y ri gh t s t herei n
or t h e ex ti n gui sh ment or mod i fi cat i on of an y s u ch ri ght s , or
(b ) t h e t aki n g over o f t h e man agemen t of an y p rop ert y b y t h e St at e
for a li mi t ed p eri od ei th er in th e p ub li c in t erest or in ord er t o s ecu re th e
p rop er man agement of t h e p rop ert y, o r
(c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper
management of any of the corporations, or
(d ) t h e ex ti n gu is h men t or mod ifi cat i on of an y ri gh t s of man agi n g
agen t s , s ecret ari es an d t reasu rers , man agin g di rect ors , d i rect ors or
man agers of corp orat i on s , or o f an y vot i n g ri gh t s of s h areh old ers
t h ereof, or
(e) t h e ex ti n gu is hmen t or modi fi cat i on of an y ri gh t s accru ing b y
vi rt u e of an y a greemen t , leas e or li cen ce for t h e p u rp os e of s earch i n g
for, or wi n n i n g, an y mi n eral or mi n eral oi l, or t h e p remat u re t ermi n ati on
or can cellat i on o f an y s u ch agreemen t , leas e or li cen ce,
s h all b e d eemed t o b e voi d on t h e grou n d th at i t is i n cons is t en t wi th , or
t akes awa y or ab ri d ges an y o f t h e ri gh t s con ferred b y art i cle 1 4 or art i cle
19:
Provi d ed t h at wh ere su ch law i s a law mad e b y t h e Legi s lat u re o f a
St at e, t h e p rovi s i ons of t h is art icle s h all n ot app ly t h eret o u n less su ch law,
h avi n g b een res erved for t h e con s i d erat i on of t h e Pres i de n t, has recei ved
h i s as s en t :
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at wh ere an y law makes an y p rovi s i on for t h e
acq u is it i on b y t h e St at e of an y e s t at e and wh ere an y lan d comp ri s ed th erei n
i s h eld b y a p ers on un d er h is p ers on al cu lt i vat i on , i t s h all n ot b e law fu l for
t h e St at e t o acq ui re an y p ort i on of s u ch lan d as i s wit hi n t h e cei li n g li mi t
ap p li cab le t o h i m u nd er an y law for t h e t i me b ein g i n force o r a n y b u i ld i n g
or s t ru ctu re s t an di n g th ereon or ap p u rt en an t t h eret o, u n les s t h e law relat i n g
t o t h e acqu i si ti on of s u ch l an d , b u i ldi n g or s t ru ct u re, p rovi d es for p a ymen t
o f comp en s at i on at a rat e wh i ch s h all n ot b e les s t h an t h e market va lu e
t h ereof.
(2 ) In t hi s arti cle, —
(a ) th e e x p re ssio n „„e sta te ‟‟ sh a ll, in re la tio n to a n y lo c a l a re a , h a v e
t h e s ame meani n g as t h at exp r es s i on or it s local eq u i valen t h as i n t he
14 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-seco nd A m end m ent) A ct, 1976, s. 4, fo r “the princip les specified in
clau se (b) o r clause (c) o f article 39” (w .e.f. 3.1.1977). S ectio n 4 has been declared invalid by the
Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and others vs. Union of India and others (1980) s. 2, S.C.C. 591.
2. In Kesavananda Bharati vs. the State of Kerala (1973),Supp. S.C.R.1., the Supreme Court held the
provisions in italics to be invalid.
15 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART I V
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
3 6 . Def i ni ti on. — In th is P a rt, u n le ss th e c o n te x t o th e rw ise re q u ire s, „„th e
S ta te ‟‟ h a s th e sa m e m e a n in g a s in P a rt III.
3 7 . Appli ca ti on of the pri nci pl es contai ned i n this Part. — Th e
p rovi s i on s con t ai n ed i n t h is Part s h all n ot b e en forceab le b y an y cou rt , b u t
t h e p rin ci p les th erei n lai d d own are n everth eles s fu nd ament al i n t he
go vern an ce of t h e cou nt ry an d i t sh all b e th e d u t y of t h e St ate t o ap p ly
t h es e p rin cip les i n maki n g laws .
3 8 . Sta te to s ecure a s oci al order f or the prom oti on of w elf are of the
peopl e. — (1 ) Th e St at e s h a ll s t rive t o p romot e t h e wel fare o f t h e p eop le b y
s ecu rin g an d p rot ect in g as effe ct i vel y as i t may a s oci al ord e r i n wh i ch
j u st i ce, s oci al, econ omi c and poli t i cal, s h all i n form a ll t h e i n st i tu t i ons of
t h e n at i on al li fe.
(2 ) Th e St at e sh all, i n p art i cu lar, s t ri ve t o mi n imi s e t h e in equ ali t i es in
i n come, an d en d eavou r t o eli mi n at e in equ ali t i es i n s t atu s , faci li t i es an d
op p ort u ni t i es , n ot on ly amon gs t i n di vi du als b ut als o amon gs t grou p s o f
p eop le res i di n g in di ffe ren t areas or en gaged i n d i fferen t vocat i o n s .
3 9 . Certai n pri nci pl es of pol icy to be f ol l ow ed by the State. — Th e
St at e sh all, i n p art i cu lar, d i rect i t s p oli cy t o ward s s ecu rin g —
(a ) t h at th e ci ti zens , men and women eq u all y, h ave t h e ri gh t t o an
ad equ at e mean s of li ve li h ood ;
(b ) t h at th e own ers h ip and con t rol o f t h e mat eri al res ou rces of t h e
commu n it y are s o d i s t rib ut ed as b es t t o s ub s erve th e common good ;
(c) t h at th e op erat i on of t h e econ omi c s ys t em d oes n ot resu lt in t h e
con cen t rati on of wea lt h an d mean s of p rod u ct i on t o t h e common
d et ri men t ;
(d ) t h at th ere is equ al p ay for eq u al work for b ot h men and women ;
(e) t h at t h e h ealt h an d st ren gth o f wor kers , men an d women , and t h e
t en d er age of ch i ld ren are n ot ab u s ed an d t h at ci ti zens are n ot forced b y
econ omi c n ecess i t y t o en t er avocat i on s u ns ui t ed t o th ei r a ge or st ren gt h ;
(f ) t h at ch i ld ren are gi ven op p ort u ni t i es and faci li t i es t o d evelo p i n
a h ealt h y man n er an d in con dit i on s of freed om an d di gn it y a n d t h at
ch i ld h ood an d you t h are p rot ect ed agai n st ex p loi t ati on an d agai n s t
moral an d mat eri al ab an d on men t.
3 9 A. Equa l jus ti ce a nd f ree l eg a l ai d. — Th e St at e s h all s ecu re t h at th e
op erat i on of t h e legal s ys t em p romot es j us t i ce, on a b as i s of eq u al
op p ort u ni t y, an d s h all, i n p art icu lar, p rovi d e free lega l ai d , b y s u i t ab le
legi s lat i on or s ch emes or in an y ot h er way, t o en s u re t h at op p ort u ni ti es for
17
18 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART I VA
20 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART I VA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
5 1 A. F undam ental duti es . — It s h all b e t he du t y of ever y c i t i zen of
In d i a—
(a ) t o ab i d e b y t h e Con s t i tu t i on and res p ect i t s id eals an d
i n st i tu ti on s , t h e Nati on al Fla g a n d t h e Nati on al An t h em;
(b ) t o ch eri sh an d fol lo w t h e n ob le id eals wh i ch i ns pi red o u r
n at i on al st ru ggle for freed om ;
(c) t o u p h old an d p rot ect th e s overei gn t y, u n i t y an d i n t egrity o f
In d i a;
(d ) t o d efen d t h e cou n t ry an d ren d er n ati on al s ervi ce wh en called
u p on t o d o s o;
(e) t o p romot e h armon y an d t h e sp i rit of c ommon b rot h erh ood
amon gs t all t h e p eop le of In d i a t rans cend i n g reli gi ou s , li n gu is t i c an d
regi on al or s ect i on al d i vers it i es ; t o ren ou n ce p ract i ces d erogat ory t o t h e
d i gn it y o f women ;
(f ) t o valu e an d p res erve t h e ri ch h erit age of ou r comp os i t e cu lt u re;
(g ) t o p rot ect an d i mp rove t h e n at u ral en vi ron ment i n clud i n g
fores t s , lakes , ri vers an d wi ld li fe, an d t o h ave comp as s i on fo r li vi n g
creat u res ;
(h ) t o d evelop t h e s ci ent i fi c temp er, hu mani s m an d t h e s pi rit of
i n qu i ry an d reform;
(i ) t o s afegu ard p ub li c p rop ert y an d t o ab ju re vi olen ce;
(j ) t o s t ri ve t oward s ex cellen ce i n all s p h eres of i n d i vi du al an d
col lect i ve act i vi t y s o t h at t h e n at i on con s t an t ly ri s es t o h i gh er l evels o f
en d eavou r and achi evemen t .
20
21 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART V
THE UNION
C H A P T ER I.— T H E E X EC U T I V E
Th e Pr es id ent an d Vi ce -Pr es id e nt
5 2 . The P resi dent of I ndia . — Th ere s h all b e a Pres i d en t of In d i a.
5 3 . Executi ve pow er of the Uni on. — (1 ) Th e ex ecut i ve p ower of t h e
Un i on s h all b e ves t ed in t h e Pres i d en t and sh all b e ex erci s ed b y h i m ei th er
d i rect ly or t h rou gh o ffi cers s u b ord i n at e t o h im i n accord an ce wi t h th is
Con s t it ut i on .
(2 ) Wi t h ou t p rej ud i ce t o t h e gen erali t y o f t h e fore goi n g p rovi s i on , t h e
s u p reme comman d of t h e Defen ce Forces o f t h e Un i on s h all be ves t ed in
t h e Presi d en t an d t h e ex ercis e thereo f s h all b e regu lat ed b y la w.
(3 ) Not h i n g in th is arti cle s h all —
(a ) b e d eemed t o t ran s fer t o t h e Pres i d en t an y fu n ct i ons con fe rred
b y an y ex i s t in g law on t h e G overn men t of an y St at e or ot h er au t h orit y;
or
(b ) p reven t Parli amen t from con fer ri n g b y la w fu n ct i on s on
au t h orit i es ot h er th an t h e Pre s iden t .
5 4 . El ecti on of P resi dent. — Th e Pres id en t s h all b e elect ed b y t h e
memb ers of an elect oral co l lege con s i st i n g of —
(a ) t h e elect ed memb ers of b ot h Hou s es of Par li amen t ; an d
(b ) t h e elect ed memb ers of t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb li es of t h e St ates .
Exp l a na ti on . — In th is a rtic le a n d in a rtic le 5 5 , „„S ta te ‟‟ in c lu d e s th e
Nat i on al Cap i t al Terri t ory o f De lh i an d t h e Un i on t erri t ory o f P o n d i ch erry.
5 5 . M a nner of el ecti on of P resi dent. — (1 ) As far as p ract i cable, t h ere
s h all b e u n i formi t y i n t h e s cale o f rep res en t at i on of t h e d i fferen t St at es at
t h e elect i on of t h e Presi d en t .
(2 ) For t h e p u rp os e of s ecu rin g s u ch un i formi t y amon g t h e St at es in t er
s e as wel l as p ari t y b et ween t h e St at es as a wh ole an d t h e Un i on , t he
n u mb er of v ot es wh i ch each elect ed memb er of Parli ame n t an d of t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f each Stat e is en t it led t o cas t at su ch elect i on s h all
b e d et ermi n ed in th e fol lo wi n g man n er: —
(a ) ever y e lect ed memb er of t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f a St at e
s h all h ave as man y vot es as th ere are mu lt ip les of on e t h ou s and in th e
q u ot i en t obt ain ed b y d i vi d in g th e p opu lat i on of t h e St at e b y t h e t ot al
n u mb er of t h e elect ed memb ers o f t h e As s emb ly;
21
22 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the total membership of the House by which the charge was investigated or
caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been
sustained, such resolution shall have the effect of removing the President from his office as
from the date on which the resolution is so passed.
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill
casual vacancy. — (1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be
completed before the expiration of the term.
(2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death,
resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case
later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to
fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of article 56, be entitled to hold office for the
full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
63. The Vice-President of India.— There shall be a Vice-President of India.
64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.— The Vice-
President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other
office of profit:
Provided that during any period when the Vice-President acts as President or discharges
the functions of the President under article 65, he shall not perform the duties of the office of
Chairman of the Council of States and shall not be entitled to any salary or allowance payable
to the Chairman of the Council of States under article 97.
65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the
office, or during the absence, of President.— (1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the
President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President shall act as President until the date
on which a new President elected in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter to fill such vacancy enters upon his
office.
(2) When the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or
any other cause, the Vice-President shall discharge his functions until the date on which the
President resumes his duties.
(3) The Vice-President shall, during, and in respect of, the period while he is so acting as,
or discharging the functions of, President, have all the powers and immunities of the President
and be entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by
Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments,
allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
66. Election of Vice-President.— (1) The Vice-President shall be elected by the members
of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance
with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and
the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot.
(2 ) Th e Vi ce -Pres i d en t s h all n ot b e a memb er of ei t h er Hou s e o f
Parli amen t or of a Hou s e of t h e Le g i s lat u re of an y St at e, an d i f a memb er
o f ei t h er Hou s e of Parli amen t or of a Hou s e o f t h e Legi s lat u re of an y St at e
b e elect ed Vi ce -Pres i d en t , h e sh all b e d eemed t o h ave vacat ed h i s s eat i n
25 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say—
"I, A.B., d o s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d t h at I wi l l b ear t ru e fai t h and
s o l e mn l y a f f i r m
alle gi an ce t o th e Cons ti tu t i on of In d i a as b y law es t ab li s h ed an d t h at I wi ll
fai t h fu l l y d i s ch arge t h e d ut y u p o n wh i ch I am ab ou t t o en t er. "
70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.— Parliament may make
such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any
contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
71. Ma tters rela ti ng to, o r connected w i th, the el ection of a
P res i dent or Vi ce -P res i dent. — (1 ) All d ou b t s an d d i sp ut es aris i n g ou t of
or i n con n ect i on wit h t h e elect i on of a Pres i d ent or Vi ce -Pres i d en t s h all b e
i n qu i red in t o and d eci d ed b y t he Su p reme Cou rt w h os e d eci si on sh all b e
fi n al.
(2) If the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared void by the
Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of
the office of President or Vice-President, as the case may be, on or before the date of the
decision of the Supreme Court shall not be invalidated by reason of that declaration.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law regulate any
matter relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President.
(4) The election of a person as President or Vice-President shall not be called in question
on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason among the members of the
electoral college electing him.
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.— (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons,
reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence
of any person convicted of any offence—
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial;
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law
relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the power conferred by law on any
officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by
a Court Martial.
(3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend, remit or
commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the
time being in force.
73. Extent of executive power of the Union.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend—
(a ) t o t h e matt ers wi th resp ect t o wh i ch Parli amen t h as p ower t o
make laws ; an d
27 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3 ) In this article, th e exp ression “p opulation ” m eans the p opu lation as ascertain ed at th e
last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2026 have been published, be construed, —
(i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to that clause, as a
reference to the 1971 census; and
(ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) as a reference to the 2001 census.
82. Readjustment after each census.— Upon the completion of each census, the
allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into
territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as
Parliament may by law determine:
Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the House of the People
until the dissolution of the then existing House:
Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date as the President
may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect, any election to the House may
be held on the basis of the territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment:
Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026
have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust—
(i) the allocation of seats in the House of People to the States as readjusted on
the basis of the 1971 census; and
(ii) the division of each State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted
on the basis of the 2001 census,
under this article.
8 3 . Dura ti on of Hous es of Pa rl ia m ent. — (1 ) Th e Cou n ci l of St at es
s h all n ot b e s u b j ect t o d is s olu t ion , b u t as n early as p os s i b le on e -t h i rd of
t h e memb ers th ereof s h all ret i r e as s oon as may b e on t h e exp i rati on of
ever y s econ d year i n accord an ce wi t h th e p rovi s i ons mad e i n th at b eh alf b y
Parli amen t b y law.
(2 ) Th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le, u n les s s oon er d is s olved , s h all con t i nu e
for fi ve years from t h e d at e ap p oi n t ed for i t s fi rs t meet i n g and n o lon ger
an d t h e ex pi rat i on of t h e s aid p eri od of fi ve years s h all op erat e as a
d i ss olu t i on of t h e Hou s e:
Provi d ed th at t h e s aid p eri od may, wh i le a Proc lamat i on of E mergen cy
i s i n op erati on , b e ext end ed b y Par li amen t b y law for a p eri od n ot
ex ceed in g on e year at a t i me an d n ot ex t en di n g i n an y cas e b eyon d a p eri od
o f s i x mon th s aft er t h e Proclamat i on h as ceas ed t o op erat e.
8 4 . Qua lif i ca ti on f or m em bershi p of Pa rl iam ent. — A p ers on s h all n ot
b e qu ali fi ed t o b e ch os en t o fi ll a s eat in Parli ament un les s h e —
(a ) i s a cit i zen of In d i a, an d make s an d su b s cri b es b efore s ome
p ers on au th ori s ed in t h at b eh alf b y t h e Elect i on Commi ss i on an oat h or
31 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India but not exceeding in
any case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before Parliament.
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in either House of Parliament which
will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the destination of any grant so made or
of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, and the
decision of the person presiding as to whether an amendment is inadmissible under this clause
shall be final.
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 115 and 116, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law passed in accordance
with the provisions of this article.
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.— (1) The President shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament another statement showing the
estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the House of the People a
demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 112, 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India to meet such expenditure or
the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India
to meet such expenditure or grant.
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.— (1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have
power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in resp ect of t h e es t i mat ed exp end i tu re for
a p art of an y fi n an ci al year p e n d in g th e comp let i on of t h e p roced u re
p res crib ed i n art i cle 1 13 for t h e vot i n g o f s u ch gran t an d t h e p as s in g of
t h e law i n accord an ce wi t h t h e p rovi s i on s of art i cle 1 1 4 i n relat i on t o
t h at ex p en di tu re;
(b ) t o make a gran t for me et i n g an un exp ect ed d eman d up on th e
res ou rces of In d i a wh en on accou n t of t h e magn i tu d e or t h e ind efi n i t e
ch aract er of t h e s ervi ce t h e d eman d can n ot b e s t at ed wi th the d et ai ls
ord i n ari ly gi ven i n an ann u al fi nan ci al s t at ement ;
(c) t o make an ex cep ti on al gr an t wh i ch forms n o p art of t h e cu rren t
s ervi ce of an y fi n an ci al year ;
43 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the
second of those resolutions; and
(b ) may b e wi t h d rawn at an y t i me b y t h e Pres i den t.
Exp l a na ti on . — Wh ere th e Hou s es of Par li amen t are s u mmon ed t o
reas s emb le on d i fferen t d at es , th e p eri od of s i x weeks s h all b e reckon ed
fr om t h e lat er of t h os e d at es for t h e p u rp os es of t h i s claus e .
(3 ) If an d s o far as an Ordi n an ce u nd er th is art i cle makes an y p rovi s i on
wh i ch Parli amen t wou ld n ot un der t h is Cons t it ut i on b e comp et en t t o en act ,
i t sh all b e voi d .
* * * * *
C H AP T E R IV. — T H E U N I O N J U D I C I A R Y
1 2 4. Es ta bl is hm ent a nd cons tituti on of Suprem e Court. — (1) Th ere
s h all b e a Su p reme Cou rt of In d i a con si s ti n g of a Ch i ef J u s t i ce o f In d i a
an d , u nt i l Parli ament b y law p r es cri b es a larger nu mb er, of n ot more t h an
1
s even ot h er J ud ges .
(2 ) Ever y J u d ge o f t h e Sup reme Cou rt sh all b e ap p oi nt ed b y t h e
Pres i d en t b y warran t un d er h is h an d and s eal aft er con s u lt ati on wi t h su ch
o f t h e J ud ges of t h e Su p reme Cou rt and of t h e Hi gh Cou rt s i n t he St at es as
t h e Presi d en t may d eem n ecessar y for t h e p u rp os e an d s h a ll h old offi ce
u n ti l h e att ain s th e age of s i x t y -fi ve years :
Provi d ed t h at in t h e cas e of ap p oi n t ment of a J u d ge ot h er t h an t h e Ch i ef
J u st i ce, t h e Ch i ef J us ti ce of In d ia s h all alwa ys b e con s u lt ed :
Provi d ed fu rt h er th at —
(a ) a Ju d ge may, b y wri t i n g u nd er h is h an d ad d res s ed t o t h e
Pres i d en t , res i gn h is offi ce;
(b ) a Ju d ge may b e removed from h i s offi ce i n t h e mann er p rovi d ed i n
clau s e (4 ).
(2 A) Th e age o f a J u d ge of t h e Su p reme Cou rt sh all b e d et ermi n ed b y
s u ch au th ori t y an d in su ch mann er as Parli amen t may b y la w p ro vi d e.
(3 ) A p ers on s h all n ot b e q u alifi ed for ap p oi n t men t as a J ud ge of t h e
Su p reme Cou rt un les s h e i s a citi zen of In d i a an d —
(a ) h as b een for at leas t fi ve yea rs a J u d ge of a Hi gh Cou rt o r o f t wo
or more s u ch Cou rts in su ccess ion ; or
(b ) h as b een for at leas t t en yea rs an ad vocat e o f a Hi gh Co u rt or o f
t wo or more s u ch Cou rt s i n s u cces s i on ; or
(c) i s , i n t h e op i ni on of t h e Pres i d en t , a d is ti n gu is h ed ju ris t .
Exp l a na ti on I .— In t h is clau s e "Hi gh Cou rt '' mean s a Hi g h Cou rt wh i ch
ex erci s es , or wh i ch at an y t i me b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h is
Con s t it ut i on ex erci s ed , ju ris di cti on i n an y p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a.
_______________________________________________
1. N o w “tw enty-five”, vide Act 22 of 1986, s. 2
46 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H A P T ER V.— C O M P TR O L LE R A N D A U D I TO R -G E N ER A L O F I N D I A
1 4 8. Com ptrol l er a nd Audi tor -Genera l of I ndia . — (1 ) Th ere sh all b e a
Comp t roller an d Au d i t or -G en eral o f In d i a wh o s h all b e ap p oi n t ed b y t h e
Pres i d en t b y warran t u n d er h is h an d and s eal an d s h all on l y b e removed
fr om o ffi ce i n li ke man n e r and on t h e li ke grou n d s as a J ud ge o f t h e
Su p reme Cou rt .
(2 ) Ever y p ers on ap p oi nt ed t o b e t h e Compt roller an d Au d i t or -G en eral o f
In d i a sh all, b efore h e en t ers up on hi s offi ce, make an d s ub s cri b e b efore t h e
Pres i d en t , or s ome p ers on appoi n t ed i n th at b eh a lf b y h i m, an oat h or
affi rmat i on accord i n g t o t h e form s et ou t for t h e p u rp os e in t h e Th i rd
Sch ed u le.
(3 ) Th e s alar y an d ot h er con d i ti on s of s ervi ce o f t h e Comp t ro ller an d
Au d i t or - G en eral s h all b e s u ch as may b e d et ermi n ed b y Par li amen t b y la w
an d , un t i l th ey are s o d et ermin ed , s h all b e as s p eci fi ed in th e Secon d
Sch ed u le:
Provi d ed t h at n eit h er th e s alary o f a C omp t rol ler an d Au d i t or -G en eral
n or h i s ri gh ts i n resp ect of lea v e o f ab s en ce, p ens i on or age o f ret i remen t
s h all b e vari ed t o hi s d is ad vant age aft er h i s ap p oin t men t .
54 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART VI
THE STATES
C H A P T ER I.— G EN ER A L
1 5 2. Defi ni ti on. — In th is Part , un les s th e cont ex t ot h erwi s e requi res , t h e
e x p re ssio n “ S ta te ” d o e s n o t in c lu d e th e S ta te o f Ja m m u a n d K a sh m ir.
C H AP T E R II. — T H E E X E C U T I V E
Th e Go vern or
1 5 3. Governors of Sta tes . — Th ere s h all b e a G overn or for each St at e:
Provi d ed t h at n oth i n g i n th is art i cle s h all p re ven t t h e ap p oin t men t of t h e
s ame p ers on as G overn or for t w o or more St at es .
1 5 4. Executi ve pow er of Sta te. — (1 ) Th e ex ecut i ve p ower o f t h e St at e
s h all b e ves t ed in th e G overnor an d sh all b e ex ercis ed b y h i m ei t h er
d i rect ly or t h rou gh o ffi cers s u b ord i n at e t o h im i n accord an ce wi t h th is
Con s t it ut i on .
(2 ) Not h i n g in th is arti cle s h all —
(a ) b e d eemed t o t ran s fer t o t he G overn or an y fu n ct i on s con ferred
b y an y ex i s t in g law on an y ot h er au th ori t y; or
(b ) p reven t Parli amen t or t he Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e from
con ferri n g b y la w fu n ct i on s on an y au t h ori t y s u b ord i n at e t o t h e
G overn or.
1 5 5. Appoi ntm ent of Governor. — Th e G overn or o f a St at e s h all b e
ap p oi nt ed b y t h e Pres id ent b y w arran t un d er h is h an d an d s eal.
1 5 6. Term of of fi ce of Governor. — (1 ) Th e G overn or s h all h o ld o ffi ce
d u rin g t h e p leas u re of t h e Presi den t .
(2 ) Th e G overn or ma y, b y wr i t in g u n d er h i s h and ad d res s ed t o t h e
Pres i d en t , res i gn h is offi ce.
(3 ) Sub j ect t o th e foregoi n g p ro vi s i on s of t h is art i cle, a G overn or s h all
h old offi ce for a t erm o f fi ve ye ars from t h e d ate on whi ch h e en t ers up on
h i s offi ce:
Provi d ed t h at a G overn or s h all , n ot wi t h st and in g t h e ex pi rat i on of h i s
t erm, con t in u e t o h old offi ce u n ti l h i s s u cces s or ent ers u p on h i s o ffi ce.
1 5 7. Qual if i ca ti ons f or a ppoi ntm ent a s Governor. — N o p ers on s h all b e
eli gi b le for ap p oi n t men t as G overn or u n les s h e i s a ci t i zen of In d i a an d h as
comp let ed t h e age of t h i rt y -fi ve yea rs .
1 5 8. Condi ti ons of Governor' s of fi ce. — (1 ) Th e G overn or s h all n ot b e a
memb er of ei t h er Hou s e o f Parl i amen t or of a H ou s e o f t h e Le gi s lat u re of
an y St at e s p eci fi ed i n t h e Fi rs t Sch ed u le, an d i f a memb er of ei t h er Hou s e
55
56 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of
the Government of the State, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business in so
far as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under this Constitution
required to act in his discretion.
* * * * *
167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.— It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State—
(a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of
Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for
legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State
and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and
(c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of
Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not
been considered by the Council.
CHAPTER III.— THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.— (1) For every State there shall be a
Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and—
(a) in the States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses;
(b) in other States, one House.
(2) Where there are two Houses of the Legislature of a State, one shall be known as the
Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly, and where there is only one
House, it shall be known as the Legislative Assembly.
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.— (1) Notwithstanding
anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative
Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State
having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that
effect by a majority of th e t ot al memb ers hi p of t h e As s emb ly an d b y a maj ori t y
o f n ot les s t h an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e memb ers of t h e As s emb ly p res en t an d
vot i n g.
(2 ) An y law re ferred t o i n claus e (1 ) sh all con t ai n s u ch p rovi si on s for
t h e amen dmen t of t h i s Con st i tut i on as may b e n eces s ary t o gi ve effect t o
t h e p rovi s i ons of t h e law an d may a ls o c on t ai n su ch su pp lemen t al,
i n cid ent al an d cons equ ent i al p rovi s i on s as Parli ament may d eem n eces s ary.
(3 ) No s u ch law as afores ai d s h all b e d eemed t o b e an amend ment of t h is
Con s t it ut i on for t h e pu rp os es of art i cle 3 68 .
1 7 0. Com pos i ti on of the Leg is l a ti ve As s em bl i es . — (1 ) Sub j ect t o th e
p rovi s i on s of art i cle 3 33 , t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f each St at e s h all
60 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
the Chairman, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office
is under consideration, the Deputy Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside, and the
provisions of clause (2) of article 184 shall apply in relation to every such sitting as they
apply in relation to a sitting from which the Chairman or, as the case may be, the Deputy
Chairman is absent.
(2 ) Th e Ch ai rman s h all h ave t h e ri gh t t o sp eak i n, and ot h erwise t o t ake
p art i n t h e p roceedi n gs of, t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l wh i le an y res olu t i on for
h i s removal from o ffi ce i s u nder con s i d erati on in t h e Coun ci l an d sh all,
n ot wi t hs t an d in g an yt h in g in a rticle 1 8 9 , b e ent it led t o vot e on ly i n t h e fi rs t
i n st an ce on su ch res olu t i on or on an y ot h er matt er d u ri n g su ch proceed i n gs
b u t n ot in th e cas e of an eq u ali ty o f v ot es .
1 8 6. Sa la ri es a nd al l ow a nces of the Spea ker a nd Deputy Spea ker a nd
the Cha i rm a n a nd De puty Chai rma n. — Th ere sh all b e p ai d t o t h e Sp eaker
an d th e Dep ut y Sp eaker o f t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y, an d t o t he Ch ai rman
an d th e Dep ut y Ch ai rman of t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l, s u ch salari es an d
all owan ces as may b e resp ect i vel y fi x ed b y t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e b y
law an d , u nt i l p rovi s i on in that b eh alf i s s o mad e, s u ch s alari es an d
all owan ces as are s peci fi ed in the Secon d Sch ed u le.
1 8 7. Secreta ria t of Sta te Leg is la ture. — (1 ) Th e Hou s e or each Hou s e o f
t h e Legi s lat u re of a St at e s h all h ave a s ep arat e s ecr et ari al st aff:
Provi d ed t h at n oth i n g in th is clau s e sh all, i n th e cas e of t h e Le gi s lat u re
o f a St at e h avi n g a Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l, b e cons t ru ed as p reven t in g th e
creat i on of p os t s common t o b oth Hou s es of s u ch Legi s lat u re.
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e ma y b y law re gu lat e t h e recru itmen t , an d
t h e con di t i ons of s ervi ce o f p er s on s app oi n ted , t o th e s ecret arial s t aff o f
t h e Hou s e or Hou s es of t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e.
(3 ) Un ti l p rovi s i on i s mad e b y th e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e un d er clau s e
(2 ), t h e G overn or may, a ft er con s u lt ati on wi t h t h e Sp eaker o f t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly or t h e Chai rman of t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou nci l, as th e
cas e may b e, make ru les regu la t i n g t h e recrui t men t , an d th e con d it i ons of
s ervi ce of p ers on s ap p oin t ed , t o t h e s ecret ari al s t aff o f t h e As s emb ly o r t h e
Cou n ci l, and an y ru les s o mad e s h all h ave effect s u b j ect t o t h e p rovi s i on s
o f an y law mad e u n d er t h e s ai d clau s e.
Co nd u ct o f Bu s in ess
1 8 8. Oa th or a ffi rma ti on by m em bers . — Every memb er o f t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y or t h e Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l of a St at e s hall, b e fore
t aki n g h is s eat , make an d su bs cri b e b efore t h e G overn or, or s ome p ers on
ap p oi nt ed in th at b eh alf b y h im, an oat h or affi rmat i on accord i n g t o t h e
form s et ou t for t h e pu rp os e in th e Th i rd Sch ed u le.
1 8 9. Voti ng i n Hous es , pow er of Hous es to a ct notw i thsta ndi ng
va ca nci es a nd quorum . — (1 ) Save as ot h erwi s e p rovi d ed in th i s
Con s t it ut i on , all q u es ti on s at any s i t t in g of a H ou s e of t h e Le gi s lat u re of a
66 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) A Bill pending in the Legislative Council of a State which has not been passed by the
Legislative Assembly shall not lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly.
(5) A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly of a State, or which having been
passed by the Legislative Assembly is pending in the Legislative Council, shall lapse on a
dissolution of the Assembly.
197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money
Bills.— (1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a
Legislative Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council—
(a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
(b) more than three months elapse from the date on which the Bill is laid before the
Council without the Bill being passed by it; or
(c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the Legislative
Assembly does not agree;
t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly may, s u b j ect t o th e ru les regu lat i n g i t s
p roced u re, pas s t h e Bi ll agai n i n th e s ame or in an y s u bs equen t s es si on
wi t h or wi t h ou t s u ch amend ments , i f an y, as h ave b een mad e, s ugges t ed or
agreed t o b y t h e Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l an d t h en t rans mi t t h e Bi ll a s s o p as s ed
t o t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l.
(2 ) If a ft er a Bi l l h as b een s o p as s ed for t h e s econ d t i me b y t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly an d t ran smi t t ed t o th e Legi s lat i ve Cou n cil —
(a ) th e Bi ll i s rej ect ed b y t h e Cou n ci l; or
(b ) more t h an on e mon t h elap ses fr om t h e d at e on wh i ch t h e Bi ll
i s lai d b efore t h e Cou n ci l wi th ou t th e Bi ll b ein g p ass ed b y i t ; or
(c) t h e Bi ll i s p ass ed b y t h e Cou n ci l wi t h amend ment s t o which
t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly d oes n ot agree;
t h e Bi ll s h all b e d eemed t o h ave b een p ass ed b y t h e Hou s es of t h e
Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e i n t he form i n wh i ch i t was p as sed b y t he
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y for t h e s econ d t i me wi th s u ch amend men ts , i f an y, as
h ave b een mad e or su gges t ed by t h e Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l an d agreed t o b y
t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly.
(3 ) Not h i n g in th is arti cle s h all ap p ly t o a Mon e y Bi l l.
1 98 . Specia l procedure i n respect of M oney Bi l ls . — (1 ) A Mon e y Bi l l
s h all n ot b e in t rodu ced i n a Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l.
(2 ) Aft er a Mon e y Bi l l h as b een p ass ed b y t h e Le gi s lat i ve A s s emb ly o f
a St at e h avi n g a Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l, i t s h all b e t ran s mit t ed t o t h e
Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l for i t s recommen d at i on s, and t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l
s h all wi t h in a p eri od of fou rt een d ays from t h e d at e of i t s recei p t of t h e
Bi ll ret u rn t h e Bi ll t o t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y wi t h i t s recommen d at i on s ,
an d th e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y m ay t h ereu p on ei th er accept or re j ect all or
an y o f t h e recommen d at i ons of t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l.
70 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
200. Assent to Bills.— When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State
or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the
Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the
Bill for the consideration of the President:
Provided that the Governor may, as soon as possible after the presentation to him of the
Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill together with a message requesting that
the House or Houses will reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions thereof and, in
particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may
recommend in his message and, wh en a Bi ll i s s o ret u rn ed , t he Hou s e or H ou s es
s h all recon s i d er t h e Bi ll accord i n gl y, an d i f t h e Bi ll i s p as s ed agai n b y t h e
Hou s e or Hou s es wi t h or wi t h out am en d men t and p res ent ed t o t he G overn or
for as s en t , t h e G overn or s h all n ot wi t hh old as s en t t h erefrom:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at th e G overn or s h all n ot ass ent t o, b u t sh all res erve
for t h e con si d erat i on of t h e Presi d ent , an y Bi ll wh i ch i n th e op in i on of t h e
G overn or wou ld , i f i t b ecame law, s o d erogat e from t h e p owers o f t h e Hi gh
Cou rt as t o en d an ger t h e p osi t ion wh i ch t h at Cou rt i s b y t h i s Con s t it ut i on
d es i gn ed t o fi ll.
2 0 1. Bi l ls res erved f or cons i dera ti on. — Wh en a Bi ll i s res erved b y a
G overn or for t h e con si d er at i on o f t h e Presi d en t , th e Presi d en t sh all d eclare
ei t h er t h at h e as s en ts t o th e Bi ll or t h at h e wi t hh old s ass ent th erefr om:
Provi d ed t h at , wh ere th e Bi ll i s n ot a Mon ey Bi ll, t h e Pres i den t may
d i rect t h e G overn or t o ret u rn the Bi ll t o t h e Hou s e or, as th e cas e may b e,
t h e Hou s es of t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St at e t oget h er wi t h s u ch a mes s age as
i s men ti on ed in t h e fi rs t p rovi s o t o art i cle 2 0 0 an d , wh en a Bi ll i s s o
ret u rn ed , th e Hou s e or Hou s es s h all recon s i d er i t accord in gly wi t h i n a
p eri od of s i x mon t hs fr om t h e d at e of recei p t o f s u ch mes s age an d , i f i t is
agai n p ass ed b y t h e Hou s e or H ou s es wi th or wi t h ou t amend men t , it s h all
b e p res en t ed agai n t o t h e Pres iden t for h i s con si d erat i on .
Pr o ced ur e in Fin an ci al Ma tt ers
2 0 2. Annua l f i na ncia l s ta tem ent. — (1 ) Th e G overn or s h all i n res p ect of
ever y fi n an ci al year cau s e t o b e lai d b efore t h e Hou s e or H o u s es of t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f t h e St at e a s t at ement of t h e es t i mat ed recei p ts an d
ex p en d it u re of t h e St at e for t h at year, i n th is Part referred t o as th e
“ a n n u a l fin a n c ia l s t at emen t ".
(2 ) Th e es t imat es of ex p end i tu re emb od i ed in t h e an nu al fi n an ci al
s t at emen t s h all s h ow s ep arat el y —
(a ) t h e su ms req u i red t o meet ex p en di t u re d es crib ed b y t h i s
Con s t it ut i on as exp end i tu re ch arged u p on t h e Cons oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e
St at e; an d
(b ) t h e s u ms req ui red t o meet ot h er ex p en di tu re p rop os ed t o b e
mad e from t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e St at e;
72 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 205 and 206, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of the State except under appropriation made by law passed in
accordance with the provisions of this article.
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.— (1) The Governor shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before the House or the Houses of the Legislature of the State another
statement showing the estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the
Legislative Assembly of the State a demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 202, 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure
or the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State to meet such expenditure or grant.
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.— (1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall
have power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of
any financial year pending the completion of the procedure prescribed in article 203 for
the voting of such grant and the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of
article 204 in relation to that expenditure;
(b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of the
State when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite character of the service the
demand cannot be stated with the details ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
(c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any
financial year;
and the Legislature of the State shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of
moneys from the Consolidated Fund of the State for the purposes for which the said grants are
made.
(2) The provisions of articles 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to the making of any
grant under clause (1) and to any law to be made under that clause as they have effect in
relation to the making of a grant with regard to any expenditure mentioned in the annual
financial statement and the law to be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure.
74 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.— (1) A Bill or amendment making provision
for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 199 shall not
be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making
such provision shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council:
Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause for the moving of an
amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of any tax.
(2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the matters
aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary
penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or
by reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of
any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.
(3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from
the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be passed by a House of the Legislature of the State
unless the Governor has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill.
Procedure Generally
208. Rules of procedure.— (1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for
regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its
business.
(2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing orders in
force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the
Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect in relation to the Legislature of
the State subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case
may be.
(3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after consultation with the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of the Legislative Council, may make
rules as to the procedure with respect to communications between the two Houses.
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to
financial business. — The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely
completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of
business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any financial
matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule
made by the House or either House of the Legislature of the State under clause (1) of article
208 or with any rule or standing order having effect in relation to the Legislature of the State
under clause (2) of that article, such provision shall prevail.
210. Language to be used in the Legislature.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part
XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall
be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English:
Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of the Legislative
Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot
75 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid to address the House in his
mother-tongue.
(2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after
the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have
effect as if th e w ords “or in E n glish ” w ere om itted th erefrom :
Provided that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Meghalaya and Tripura this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen" years
occurring therein, the words "twenty-five years" were substituted:
Provided further that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Goa and Mizoram, this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen years" occurring
therein, the words "forty years" were substituted.
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. — No discussion shall take place in
the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of
a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.— (1) The validity of
any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of
any alleged irregularity of procedure.
(2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by or
under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining
order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the
exercise by him of those powers.
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature, or if before the expiration
of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislative Assembly and
agreed to by the Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of the resolution or, as the
case may be, on the resolution being agreed to by the Council; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor.
Explanation.— Where the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council
are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned
from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause.
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not
be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, it
shall be void:
Provided that, for the purposes of the provisions of this Constitution relating to the effect
of an Act of the Legislature of a State which is repugnant to an Act of Parliament or an
existing law with respect to a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List, an Ordinance
promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the President shall be deemed
to be an Act of the Legislature of the State which has been reserved for the consideration of
the President and assented to by him.
* * * * *
(c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to
be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other
High Court within the territory of India.
(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is
a citizen of India and—
(a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or
(b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession.
* * * * *
Explanation.— For the purposes of this clause—
(a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the
territory of India, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office,
during which the person has been an advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a
member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge
of law;
(aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High
Court, there shall be included any period during which the person has held judicial office or
the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring
special knowledge of law after he became an advocate;
(b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the
territory of India or been an advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period
before the commencement of this Constitution during which he has held judicial office in
any area which was comprised before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, within India as
defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, or has been an advocate of any High Court
in any such area, as the case may be.
(3) If any question arises as to the age of a Judge of a High Court, the question shall be
decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of
the President shall be final.
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.—
The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as
they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High
Court for references to the Supreme Court.
219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.— Every person appointed to be a
Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the
Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation
according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.— No person who, after the
commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court
shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and
the other High Courts.
78 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as
aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that High Court unless he consents so to do.
225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.— Subject to the provisions of this Constitution
and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers
conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law
administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in
relation to the administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of
Court and to regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting alone or in
Division Courts, shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution:
Provided that any restriction to which the exercise of original jurisdiction by any of the
High Courts with respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered
or done in the collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction.
226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in
article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it
exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any
Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature
of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for
the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.
(2) The power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs to any
Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part,
arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or
authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories.
(3) Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay
or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause
(1), without—
(a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of
the plea for such interim order; and
(b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard,
makes an application to the High Court for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of
such application to the party in whose favour such order has been made or the counsel of such
party, the High Court shall dispose of the application within a period of two weeks from the
date on which it is received or from the date on which the copy of such application is so
furnished, whichever is later, or where the High Court is closed on the last day of that period,
before the expiry of the next day afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the
application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as
the case may be, the expiry of the said next day, stand vacated.
(4) The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in derogation of the
power conferred on the Supreme Court by clause (2) of article 32.
80 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State, the
conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be
prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer
of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice to make rules for the purpose:
Provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries,
allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the Governor of the State.
(3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries, allowances and
pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of the Court, shall be charged
upon the Consolidated Fund of the State, and any fees or other moneys taken by the Court
shall form part of that Fund.
230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.— (1) Parliament
may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High
Court from, any Union territory.
(2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union
territory,—
(a ) n oth in g i n th is Cons t it ut i on s h all b e con s t ru ed as emp oweri n g
t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e t o i n creas e, rest ri ct or ab oli s h t h at
j u ris di ct i on ; and
(b ) th e referen ce in arti cle 22 7 t o t h e G overn or s h all, in relat i on t o
an y ru les , forms or t ab les for s u b ordi n at e cou rts in th at t errit or y, b e
con s t ru ed as a referen ce t o t h e Pres i d en t .
231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.— (1)
Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament
may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States
and a Union territory.
(2) In relation to any such High Court,—
(a) the reference in article 217 to the Governor of the State shall be construed as a
reference to the Governors of all the States in relation to which the High Court exercises
jurisdiction;
(b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or
tables for subordinate courts, be construed as a reference to the Governor of the State in
which the subordinate courts are situate; and
(c) the references in articles 219 and 229 to the State shall be construed as a reference
to the State in which the High Court has its principal seat:
Provided that if such principal seat is in a Union territory, the references in articles 219
and 229 to the Governor, Public Service Commission, Legislature and Consolidated Fund of
the State shall be construed respectively as references to the President, Union Public Service
Commission, Parliament and Consolidated Fund of India.
82 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge,
additional sessions judge and assistant sessions Judge;
(b) th e exp ression “jud icial service” m ean s a service consisting exclusively of
persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to
the post of district judge.
237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of
magistrates.— The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions
of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be
fixed by him in that behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State
as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to
such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.
84 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART VII.— [The States in Part B of the First Schedule]. Rep. by the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
84
85 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239. Administration of Union territories.— (1) Save as otherwise provided by
Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting, to
such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such
designation as he may specify.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part VI, the President my appoint the Governor
of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union territory, and where a Governor is so
appointed, he shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his Council
of Ministers.
239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain
Union territories.— (1) Parliament may by law create for the Union territory of
Pondicherry—
(a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a
Legislature for the Union territory, or
(b) a Council of Ministers,
or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case, as may be specified in the
law.
(2) Any such law as is referred to in clause (1) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any provision
which amends or has the effect of amending this Constitution.
239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi.— (1) As from the date of
commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory
of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred
to as the National Capital Territory) and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239
shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor.
(2)(a) There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the
seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial
constituencies in the National Capital Territory.
(b) The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the number of seats reserved for
Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies
(including the basis for such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the
Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament.
(c) The provisions of articles 324 to 327 and 329 shall apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory and the
members thereof as they apply, in relation to a State, the Legislative Assembly of a State and
the m em b ers th ereof resp ectively; an d an y referen ce in articles 326 an d 32 9 to “ap p rop riate
L egislature” sh all b e d eem ed to b e a referen ce to P arliam ent.
(3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly shall have
power to make laws for the whole or any part of the National Capital Territory with respect to
85
86 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
any of the matters enumerated in the State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such
matter is applicable to Union territories except matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of
the State List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said Entries
1, 2 and 18.
(b) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall derogate from the powers of Parliament under this
Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for a Union territory or any part thereof.
(c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with respect to any matter
is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament with respect to that matter,
whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law,
other than a law made by the Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by
Parliament, or, as the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the
Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void:
Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has been reserved for the
consideration of the President and has received his assent, such law shall prevail in the
National Capital Territory:
Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at
any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending,
varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislative Assembly.
(4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten per cent. of the
total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the Chief Minister at the head to
aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters
with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as
he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion:
Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant Governor and his
Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer it to the President for decision
and act according to the decision given thereon by the President and pending such decision it
shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion,
is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give
such direction in the matter as he deems necessary.
(5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be
appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold
office during the pleasure of the President.
(6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.
(7) (a) Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to, or supplementing the
provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all matters incidental or consequential
thereto.
(b) Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed to be an
amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it
contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending, this Constitution.
(8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, as they apply in
relation to the Union territory of Pondicherry, the administrator and its Legislature,
87 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.— (1) The
President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the Union
territory of—
(a ) t h e An d aman and Ni cob ar Is lan d s ;
(b ) Laks h ad weep ;
(c) Dad ra an d Nagar Haveli ;
(d ) Daman and Di u ;
(e) Pon d i ch erry:
Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for
the Union territory of Pondicherry, the President shall not make any regulation for the peace,
progress and good government of that Union territory with effect from the date appointed for
the first meeting of the Legislature:
Provided further that whenever the body functioning as a Legislature for the Union territory of Pondicherry is dissolved,
or the functioning of that body as such Legislature remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as
is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the President may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make
regulations for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory.
(2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by Parliament or any other
law which is for the time being applicable to the Union territory and, when promulgated by
the President, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to
that territory.
241. High Courts for Union territories— (1) Parliament may by law constitute a High
Court for a Union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court for all
or any of the purposes of this Constitution.
(2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to every High Court
referred to in clause (1) as they apply in relation to a High Court referred to in article 214
subject to such modifications or exceptions as Parliament may by law provide.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the
appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by or under
this Constitution, every High Court exercising jurisdiction immediately before the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, in relation to any Union
territory shall continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such
commencement.
(4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of Parliament to extend or exclude the
jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any Union territory or part thereof.
242. [Coorg.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
89 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
2 4 3. Defi ni ti ons .— In t h is Part , u n les s t h e cont ext ot h erwis e requ i res , —
(a) ―district‖ m eans a d istrict in a S tate;
(b) ―G ram S abh a‖ m eans a b od y con sistin g of persons registered in th e electoral rolls
relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level;
(c) ―interm ed iate level‖ m eans a level b etw een the village an d district levels sp ecified
by the Governor of a State by public notification to be the intermediate level for the
purposes of this Part;
(d) ―P anchayat‖ m eans an in stitution (by w h atever n am e called ) of self- government
constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;
(e) ―P an ch ayat area‖ m eans the territorial area of a P an ch ayat;
(f) ―P opu lation‖ m eans th e p op u lation as ascertain ed at th e last preceding census of
which the relevant figures have been published;
(g) ―village‖ m eans a village sp ecified by th e G overn or b y pu b lic n otification to b e a
village for the purposes of this Part and includes a group of villages so specified.
2 4 3 A. Gra m Sa bha .— A G ram Sab h a may ex erci s e su ch p owers an d
p erform s u ch fu n ct i ons at t h e vi lla ge leve l as t h e Le gi s lat u re o f a St at e
may, b y law, p rovi d e.
2 4 3B. Cons ti tuti on of Pa nchay a ts .— (1 ) Th ere sh all b e con s ti t ut ed in
ever y St at e, Pan ch ayat s at t h e vi lla ge, i n t ermed i at e an d di st rict leve ls i n
accord an ce wi t h t h e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part .
(2 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h in g i n clau s e (1 ), Pan ch ayat s at t h e
i n t ermed i at e level ma y n ot b e con s t it u t ed in a St at e h avi n g a p op u lat i on
n ot ex ceed i n g t wen t y la kh s .
2 4 3 C. Com pos i ti on of P a nchay a ts .— (1 ) Su bj ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons of
t h is Part , th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, make p r ovi s i on s wi th
res p ect t o t h e comp os i ti on of Pa n ch ayat s :
Provi d ed t h at t h e rat i o b et ween t h e p opu lat i on of t h e t erri t ori al area o f a
Pan ch ayat a t an y le ve l an d t h e n u mb er of s eat s i n su ch Pan ch ayat t o b e
fi l led b y e lect i on s h all, s o far as p racti cab le, b e th e s ame th rou gh ou t t h e
St at e.
(2 ) Al l t h e s eat s i n a Pan ch ayat s h all b e fi l led b y p ers on s ch os en b y
d i rect elect i on from t erri t ori al con s t it u en ci es i n th e Pan ch ayat area an d ,
for t h i s pu rp os e, each Pan ch ayat area s h all b e d i vid ed i nt o t erri t ori al
con s t it u en ci es in su ch mann er that th e rat i o b et ween t h e p opu lat ion of each
con s t it u en cy an d t h e n u mb er o f s eat s all ot t ed t o i t s h all, s o far as
p ract i c ab le, b e th e s ame th rou gh ou t t h e p an ch ayat area.
(3 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a S t at e may, b y law, p ro vi d e for t h e
rep res ent at i on—
89
90 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the Panchayats at the
intermediate level or, in the case of a State not having Panchayats at the intermediate
level, in the Panchayats at the district level;
(b) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats
at the district level;
(c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative
Assembly of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly a
Panchayat area at a level other than the village level, in such Panchayat;
(d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative
Council of the State, where they are registered as electors within—
(i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the intermediate
level;
(ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the district level.
(4 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on of a Pan ch ayat an d ot h er memb ers of a P an ch ayat
wh et h er or n ot ch os en b y d i rect elect i on fr om t erri t ori al con s t i tu en ci es i n
t h e Pan ch ayat area s h al l h ave t h e ri gh t t o vot e i n t h e meet in gs o f t h e
Pan ch ayat s .
(5 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on of —
(a) a panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as the Legislature
of a State may, by law, provide; and
(b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be elected by, and from
amongst, the elected members thereof.
2 4 3 D. Res erva ti on of s ea ts .— (1) Seat s sh all b e res erved for —
(a) the Scheduled Castes; and
(b) the Scheduled Tribes,
i n every Pan ch ayat an d t h e n umb er of s eat s s o res erved s h all b ear, as
n earl y as may b e, th e s ame p rop ort i on t o t h e t ot al nu mb er of s eat s t o b e
fi l led b y d i rect elect i on i n t h at Pan ch ayat as t h e p op u lat ion o f t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es i n t h at Pan ch ayat area or o f t h e Sch edu led Tri b es in th at
Pan ch ayat area b ears t o t h e t otal p op u lat i on of t h at area an d s u ch s eat s
may b e al lot t ed b y rot at i on t o d ifferen t con s t i tu en ci es i n a Pan chayat .
(2 ) Not les s th an on e -t h i rd of t h e t ot al nu mb er of s eat s res erved un d er
clau s e (1 ) s h all b e res erved for women b elon gi n g t o th e Sch edu led Cast es
or, as t h e cas e may b e, t h e Sch ed u led Tri b es .
(3 ) Not les s t h an on e -t h i rd (in clu d i n g t h e n umb er of s eat s res erved for
women b elon gi n g t o t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es and t h e Sch ed u led Trib es ) of t h e
t ot al n u mb er of s eat s t o b e fi l led b y d i rect elect i on i n every Pan ch ayat
s h all b e res erved for women an d s u ch s eat s may b e all ot t ed b y rot at i on t o
d i fferen t con s t i tu en ci es i n a Panch ayat .
(4 ) Th e o ffi ces o f t h e Ch ai rp ers on s i n t h e Pan ch ayat s at t h e vi llage or
an y ot h er leve l s h all b e res erved for t h e Sch edu led Cas t es , th e Sch edu led
91 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five
years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years;
(b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State.
(2 ) If an y q u es ti on ari s es as t o wh et h er a memb er of a Pan chayat h as
b ecome s ub j ect t o an y o f t h e di sq u ali fi cat i on s ment i on ed i n claus e (1 ), t h e
q u est i on sh all b e refe rred for t h e d ecis i on of s u ch au t h orit y a n d in s u ch
man n er as th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, p rovi d e.
2 43 G. P ow ers, a uthori ty a nd res pons i bi li ti es of Pa nchay a ts .— Su bj ect
t o t h e p rovi s i on s of t h is Con st it u ti on , th e Legi s lat u re of a St a t e may, b y
law, en d ow t h e Pan ch ayat s wi t h s u ch p owers an d au t h orit y as may b e
n eces s ary t o en ab le t h em t o fu n ct i on as i ns ti t ut i ons of s el f -g ove rn men t an d
s u ch law ma y c on t ai n p rovi si on s for t h e d evolu t i on o f p owers an d
res p on si bi li t i es up on Pan ch ayat s at th e ap p rop ri at e level, s ub ject t o s u ch
con d i ti on s as may b e s p eci fi ed th erei n , wi t h res p ect t o —
(a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as
may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Eleventh
Schedule.
2 4 3H. P ow ers to i m pos e ta xes by , a nd F unds of , the Pa nchaya ts . — Th e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e ma y, b y la w, —
(a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and
fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
(b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the
State Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
(c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated
Fund of the State; and
(d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received,
respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the withdrawal of such
moneys therefrom,
as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e law.
2 4 3 -I . Cons ti tuti on of Fi nance Com m i ss i on to revi ew f i na ncial
pos i ti on .— (1 ) Th e G overn or of a St at e sh all, as s oon as may b e wi t h in on e
yea r fr om t h e commen cemen t of t h e Con s t it u ti on (Seven t y -t h i rd
Amen d ment ) Act , 1 99 2 , an d th ereaft er at t h e ex p i rat i on of e ver y fi ft h year,
con s t it u t e a Fi n an ce Commis sion t o revi ew t h e fi n an ci al p os it i on of t h e
Pan ch ayat s an d t o make recommen d ati on s t o t h e G overn or as t o —
(a) the principles which should govern—
(i) the distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of
the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between
them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their
respective shares of such proceeds;
93 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned
to, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
(iii) the grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the
State;
(b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Panchayats;
(c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the
interests of sound finance of the Panchayats.
(2 ) Th e Le gi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y la w, p rovi d e for t h e comp os i ti on
o f t h e Commi s s i on , th e q u ali fi cat i on s wh i ch s h all b e req u is it e fo r
ap p oi nt ment as memb ers th ereof an d th e man n er in wh i ch t h ey s h all b e
s elect ed .
(3 ) Th e Commis si on s h all d et ermi n e t h ei r p roced u re an d sh all h ave s u ch
p owers i n th e p erforman ce o f t h ei r fu n ct i ons as t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St ate
may, b y law, con fer on t h em.
(4 ) Th e G overn or s h all cau s e ever y recommen d at i on mad e b y t h e
Commi s s i on un d er t h is arti cle toget h er wi t h an exp lan at ory me moran d u m
as t o t h e act i on t aken th ereon t o b e lai d b ef ore t h e Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e.
2 4 3J . Audi t of a ccounts of Pa ncha ya ts . — Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e
may, b y law, ma ke p rovi s i on s w i t h resp ect t o t h e main t en an ce of acc ou n t s
b y t h e Pan ch ayat s and th e aud i tin g of s u ch accou n ts .
2 4 3K. El ecti ons to the P a ncha y a ts .— (1 ) Th e s up erin t end ence, di rect i on
an d cont rol o f t h e p rep arati on of e lect oral r ol ls for, an d t h e cond u ct of, al l
elect i on s t o th e Pan ch ayat s s h all b e ves t ed in a St at e Elect i on Commi s s i on
con s i st i n g of a St at e Elect i on Commi s s i on er t o b e ap p oin ted b y t h e
G overn or.
(2 ) Su bj ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of an y law mad e b y t h e Le gi s lat u re of a
St at e, t h e cond i ti on s of s ervi ce an d t enu re of o ffi ce o f t h e St at e Elect i on
Commi s s i on er s h all b e su ch as th e G overn or may b y ru le d et ermi n e:
Provi d ed t h at th e St at e Elect i on Commi s s i on er s h all n ot b e removed
fr om h i s offi ce ex cep t i n li ke man n er and on t h e li ke grou n d s as a J u d ge of
a Hi gh Cou rt and t h e cond it i on s of s ervi ce of t h e St ate Elect i on
Commi s s i on er s h all n ot b e vari ed t o h i s di s ad van t age aft er h i s
ap p oi nt ment .
(3 ) Th e G overn or o f a St at e s h all, wh en s o req u es t ed b y t h e St at e
Elect i on Commi s s i on , make av ai lab le t o t h e St at e E lect i on Commi s s i on
s u ch s t aff as ma y b e n eces s ary for t h e d is ch arge of t h e fu n ct i ons con ferred
on t h e Stat e Elect i on Commi ss i on b y clau s e (1 ) .
(4 ) Sub j ect t o th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Cons t it ut i on , t h e Legi s lat u re of a
St at e may, b y la w, make p rovi s i on wi th resp ect t o all mat t ers relat i n g t o,
or i n con n ecti on wi th , elect i ons t o t h e Pan ch ayat s .
2 4 3L. Appl i ca ti on to Uni on t erri tori es .— Th e p rovi s i ons of t h is Part
s h all ap p ly t o t h e Un i on t erri tori es an d s h all, i n t h ei r app li cat i on t o a
Un i on t errit ory, h ave e ffect as if t h e referen ces t o t h e G overn or of a St at e
94 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART I XA
96 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART IXA
THE MU N IC IPA LIT IES
2 4 3P . Defi ni ti ons . — In t h i s Part , u n les s t h e con t ex t ot h erwi s e
req u i res , —
(a ) ― C o m m itte e ‖ m e a n s a C o m m itte e c o n stitu te d u n d e r a rtic le 2 4 3 S ;
(b ) ― d istric t‖ m e a n s a d istric t in a S ta te ;
(c) ― M e tro p o lita n a re a ‖ m e a n s a n a re a h a v in g a p o p u la tio n o f te n
lakh s or m ore, c omp ri s ed in on e or m ore d i s t ri cts an d cons i st ing o f t w o
or more Mu n i cip ali t i es or P an ch ayat s or ot h er con t i gu ou s areas ,
s p eci fi ed b y t h e G overn or b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on t o b e a Met rop oli t an
area fo r t h e pu rp os es of t h is Part ;
(d ) ― M u n ic ip a l a re a ‖ m e a n s th e te rrito ria l a re a o f a Mun i cip ali ty as
i s n oti fi ed b y t h e G overn or;
(e) ― M u n ic ip a lity ‖ m e a n s a n in stitu tio n o f se lf-go vern men t
con s t it u t ed u nd er art i cle 24 3 Q;
(f ) ― P a n c h a y a t‖ m e a n s a P a n c h a y a t c o n stitu te d u n d e r a rtic le 2 4 3 B ;
(g ) ― p o p u la tio n ‖ m e a n s th e p o p u la tio n a s a sc e rta in ed at t h e las t
p reced in g cen su s of wh i ch th e relevan t fi gu res h ave b een pu b lis hed .
2 4 3Q. Cons ti tuti on of M uni cipa l i ti es . — (1 ) Th ere s h all b e con s ti tu t ed
i n every St at e, —
(a ) a Nagar Pan ch ayat (b y wh at ever n ame called ) for a t ran s it ion al
area, t h at is t o s ay, an area i n tran s it i on from a ru ral area t o a n u rb an
area;
(b ) a Mun i ci p al Cou n ci l for a s maller u rb an area; an d
(c) a Mu ni cip al Corp orat i on for a larger u rb an area,
i n accord an ce wi t h t h e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part :
Provi d ed th at a Mun i ci p ali t y u nd er th is clau s e may n ot b e cons ti t ut ed i n
s u ch u rb an area or p art t h ereof as t h e G overn or may, h avi n g re gard t o t h e
s i ze of t h e area an d t h e mun i cip al s ervi ces b ein g p rovi d ed or p rop os ed t o
b e p rovi d ed b y an i nd us t ri al es t ab lis h men t i n t h at area and s u ch ot h er
fact ors as h e ma y d eem fi t , b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , s p eci fy t o b e an
i n du st ri al t own s hi p .
(2 ) In th is a rtic le , ― a tra n sitio n a l a re a ‖ , ― a sm a lle r u rb a n a re a ‖ o r ― a
la rg e r u rb a n a re a ‖ m e a n s su c h a re a a s th e G o v e rn o r m a y , h a v in g re g a rd to
t h e p op u lat i on of t h e ar ea, t he d ens it y o f t h e p opu lat i on th erei n , th e
reven u e gen erat ed for l ocal ad mi n is t rat i on , th e p ercent age o f emp lo ymen t
i n n on -agri cu lt u ral act i vi t i es , t h e econ omi c i mp ort an ce or su ch oth er
fact ors as h e may d eem fi t , s p eci fy b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on for t h e pu rp os es
o f t h i s Part .
2 4 3 R. Com pos i ti on of M uni ci pa l i ti es . — (1 ) Save as p rovi d ed in clau se
(2 ), all t h e s eats in a Mu n i ci pali t y s h all b e fi l led b y p ers on s ch os en b y
d i rect elect i on from t h e t errit orial con s t i tu en ci es in t h e Mun i cipal area an d
96
97 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
2 44 . Adm i ni s tra ti on of Schedul ed Area s a nd tri ba l a rea s . — (1 ) Th e
p rovi s i on s of t h e Fi ft h Sch ed ule s h al l ap p l y t o t h e ad mi n is trat i on and
con t rol o f t h e Sch edu led Areas an d Sch ed u led Tri b es in an y St at e ot h er
t h an t h e St at es of As s am, Megh ala ya, Tri p u ra an d Mi zoram.
(2 ) Th e p rovi s i ons of t h e Si x th Sch ed u le sh all ap p l y t o t h e
ad min i st rat i on of t h e t ri b al ar eas i n t h e St at es of As s am, Megh ala ya,
Tri p u ra and Mi zoram.
2 44 A. F orma ti on of a n a utonom ous Sta te com pri s i ng certa in tri ba l
a rea s i n Ass am a nd crea ti on of l oca l Leg is l a ture or Counci l of
M i ni s ters or both theref or. — (1 ) Not wi t hs t an di n g an yt h i ng i n t hi s
Con s t it ut i on , Parli ament may, b y la w, form wi t h i n th e St at e of As s am an
au t on omou s St at e comp ris in g (wh et h er wh oll y or i n p art ) al l o r an y o f t h e
t ri b al areas sp eci fi ed i n Part I of t h e t ab le ap p en d ed t o p aragraph 20 of t h e
Si x th Sch ed u le and creat e t h erefor —
(a ) a b od y, wh et h er elect ed or p art ly n omi n at ed and p art ly ele ct ed ,
t o fu n ct i on as a Legi s lat u re for t h e aut on omou s St at e, or
(b ) a Cou n ci l of Mi n i s t ers ,
or b ot h wi t h s u ch con s ti tu t i on, p owers an d fu n ct i on s , in each cas e, as may
b e sp eci fi ed in th e law .
(2 ) An y s u ch law as i s referred t o i n clau s e (1 ) may, i n p art i cu lar, —
(a ) sp eci fy t h e mat t ers enumerat ed in th e St at e Li s t or t h e
Con cu rren t Li s t wi t h resp ect t o wh i ch t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e au ton omou s
St at e sh all h ave p ower t o make laws for t h e wh ole or an y p art t h ereof,
wh et h er t o th e ex clus i on of t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St at e of As s am or
ot h erwi s e;
(b ) d efi n e t h e mat t ers wi t h respect t o wh i ch th e ex ecu ti ve p ower o f
t h e au t on omou s St at e sh all ex t end ;
(c) p rovi d e th at an y t ax levi ed b y t h e St at e of As s am s hall b e
as s i gn ed t o th e au t on omou s St at e i n s o far as t h e p roceeds th ereo f are
at t rib u t ab le t o t h e au t on omou s St at e;
(d ) p rovi d e t h at an y re feren ce t o a St at e i n an y art i cle o f t h is
Con s t it ut i on s h all b e con st rued as i n clud in g a referen ce t o t h e
au t on omou s St at e; an d
(e) make su ch s up p lemental, i n cid ent al and con s eq u en t i al
p rovi s i on s as may b e d eemed n eces s ary.
(3 ) An amen d men t of an y s u ch law as a fores ai d i n s o far as s u ch
amen d men t relat es t o an y o f t h e mat t ers s p eci fi ed i n su b -clau s e ( a ) or
s u b -clau s e ( b ) of clau s e (2 ) s h all h ave n o e ffect u n les s t h e amen d men t i s
p as s ed i n each Hou s e o f Par li amen t b y n ot les s t h an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e
memb ers p res en t an d vot in g.
104
105 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART XI
RE LA T IONS B ETW EE N TH E U NION A ND THE S TA TES
C H AP T E R I.— L E G I S L AT I V E R E L A T I O N S
Di s t ri bu t io n o f Leg is la t i ve Po wer s
2 45 . Extent of law s m a de by P a rli am ent a nd by the Legi s latures of
Sta tes . — (1 ) Sub j ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on, Parli amen t may
make la ws for t h e wh ole or a n y p art o f t h e t err i t or y o f In d i a, an d t h e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e may ma ke laws for t h e wh ole or an y p art of t h e
St at e.
(2 ) No law mad e b y Par li amen t s h all b e d eemed t o b e in vali d on t h e
grou n d t h at it wou ld h ave ex t ra -t erri t ori al op erat i on .
2 46 . Subject -m a tter of l aws m a d e by P a rl ia m ent a nd by the
Leg i sl a tures of Sta tes . — (1 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h i n g i n clau s es (2 ) and
(3 ), Parli amen t h as ex clus i ve power t o make la ws wi t h res p ect t o an y o f
t h e mat t ers en umerat ed in Li s t I i n t h e Seven t h Sch ed u le (i n t h is
Con s t it ut i on refer re d to a s th e ― U n io n L ist‖ ).
(2 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in clau s e (3 ), Parli amen t , and , su b j ect t o
clau s e (1 ), t h e Legi s lat u re of an y St at e als o, h ave p ower t o mak e laws wi t h
res p ect t o an y of t h e mat t ers en u merat ed in Li s t III i n t he Seven th
Sch ed u le ( in th is C o n stitu tio n re fe rre d to a s th e ― C o n c u rre n t L ist‖ ).
(3 ) Su bj ect t o clau s es (1 ) and (2 ), t h e Legi s lat u re o f an y S t at e h as
ex clu s i ve p ower t o make laws for s u ch St at e or an y p art t hereo f wi t h
res p ect t o an y of t h e mat t ers enu merat ed in Li s t II i n t h e Sevent h Sch edu le
(in th is C o n stitu tio n re fe rre d to a s th e ― S ta te L ist‖ ').
(4 ) Parli ament h as p ower t o make laws wi t h resp ect t o an y mat t er for
an y p art o f t h e t erri t or y o f In d i a n ot i n clu d ed i n a St at e n ot wit h st and in g
t h at s u ch matt er is a matt er enum erat ed in th e St at e Li s t .
2 4 7. P ow er of Pa rli am ent to provi de f or the es ta bl is hm ent of certai n
a ddi ti onal courts . — Not wi th s t an d in g an yt h in g i n th i s Ch ap t er, Parli ament
may b y la w p ro vi d e for t h e es t ab li s h men t of an y ad d i t i on al cou rt s for t h e
b et t er ad min i st rati on of laws m ad e b y Parli amen t or o f an y ex i s ti n g laws
wi t h resp ect t o a mat t er en umerat ed in th e Uni on Li s t .
2 4 8. Res i dua ry pow ers of l egi s la ti on. — (1 ) Parli amen t h as ex clu s i ve
p ower t o make an y law wi t h res p ect t o an y mat t er n ot en u merat ed i n t h e
Con cu rren t Li s t or St at e Li s t .
(2 ) Su ch p ower s h all i n clu d e the p ower of maki n g an y law i mp os i n g a
t ax n ot ment i on ed i n ei th er of t h os e Li s t s .
2 4 9. P ow er of P a rl i am ent to l eg i sl a te w i th res pect to a ma tter i n the
Sta te Lis t i n the na ti ona l i nteres t. — (1 ) Not wi th st and in g an yt h i n g i n t h e
foreg oi n g p rovi s i on s o f t h i s Chap t er, i f t h e Cou n ci l o f St at es h as d eclared
b y res o lu t i on s u pp ort ed b y n ot l es s th an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e members p res ent
an d vot i n g th at it i s n ecess ary or ex p ed i en t in th e n at i on al in t erest t h at
106
107 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Di s p ut es r ela t in g t o Wa t er s
2 6 2. Adjudi ca ti on of di s putes rel a ti ng to w a ters of i nter -State ri vers
or ri ver va l l eys . — (1 ) Parli amen t may b y la w p rovi d e for t h e ad j ud i cat i on
o f an y d i s p u t e or comp lai n t wi th res p ect t o t h e u s e, di st rib u ti on or con t ro l
o f t h e wat ers of, or i n , an y i n t er-St at e ri ver or ri ver va l le y.
(2 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h in g in t hi s Cons t it ut i on , Parli amen t may b e
law p ro vi d e t h at n ei th er t h e Su p reme Cou rt n or an y ot h er cou rt s h all
ex erci s e ju ri sd i ct i on i n resp ect of an y s u ch di sp u t e or complai n t as is
referred t o i n clau s e (1 ).
Co -o rd in at io n b et ween St at es
2 6 3. P rovi s i ons w i th res pect to a n i nter -Sta te Counci l . — If at an y t i me
i t ap p ears t o t h e Pres id ent t h at th e p ub li c i n t eres ts wou ld b e s erved b y t h e
es t ab lis h men t of a Cou n ci l ch arged wi th th e du t y o f —
(a ) i n qu i ri n g i nt o an d ad vi si n g u p on di s pu t es wh i ch may h ave a ri s en
b et ween St at es ;
(b ) i n vest i gat in g and di s cu ss i n g s u bj ects in wh i ch s ome or all o f t h e
St at es , or th e Un i on and on e or more o f t h e St at es , h ave a common
i n t eres t ; or
(c) maki n g recommen d at i on s u p o n an y s u ch su b j ect and , in
p art i cu lar, recommen d ati on s for t h e b ett er co -ord i n at i on of p ol i cy an d
act i on wi th resp ect t o t h at su b j ect ,
i t s h all b e law fu l for t h e Pres i d en t b y ord er t o es t ab li s h su ch a Cou n ci l,
an d t o d efi n e t h e n atu re of t h e du t i es t o b e p erformed b y i t and it s
organ i s at i on an d p roced u re.
112 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART XI I
FIN ANC E, PROPER TY, CON TR ACTS AN D SU ITS
C H AP T E R I.— F I N AN C E
Gen er a l
2 6 4. I nterpreta ti on. — In th is P a rt, ― F in a n c e C o m m issio n ‖ m e a n s a
Fi n an ce Commi ss i on con st it ut ed u nd er art i cle 28 0.
2 6 5. Ta xes not to be i m pos ed s a ve by a uthori ty of law . — No t ax s h all
b e levi ed or col lect ed ex cept b y au t h orit y o f law.
2 6 6. Cons ol i da ted F unds a nd publ i c a ccounts of I ndi a a nd of the
Sta tes . — (1 ) Sub j ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons of art i cle 26 7 an d t o t h e p rovi s i o n s
o f t h i s Ch ap t er wi th resp ect t o t h e ass i gn men t of t h e wh ole or p art of t h e
n et p roceed s of cert ai n t ax es and du t i es t o St at es, all reven u es recei ved b y
t h e G overn ment of In d i a, all lo an s rai s ed b y t h at G overn men t b y t h e i s s u e
o f t reas u ry b i lls , l oan s or wa ys an d mean s ad van ces an d all mon e ys
recei ved b y t h at G overn men t i n rep aymen t o f loan s s h all form on e
c o n so lid a te d fu n d to b e e n title d ― th e C o n so lid a te d F u n d o f In d ia ‖ , a n d a ll
reven u es recei ved b y t h e G over n ment o f a St at e, a ll l oan s rai s ed b y t h at
G overn men t b y t h e i s su e of t reas u ry b i lls , loan s or wa ys an d means
ad van ces and all mon e ys recei ved b y t h at G overn men t in rep aymen t o f
lo a n s sh a ll fo rm o n e c o n so lid a te d fu n d to b e e n title d ― th e C o n so lid a te d
F u n d o f th e S ta te ‖ .
(2 ) All ot h er p ub li c mon eys rec ei ved b y or on b eh alf o f t h e G overn men t
o f In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a St at e s h all b e cred i t ed t o t h e pu b li c
accou n t of In d i a or t h e pu b li c accou n t of t h e St at e, as t h e cas e may b e.
(3 ) No mon eys ou t of t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d ia or t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of a St at e sh all b e ap p rop ri at ed ex cep t in accord an ce
wi t h law and for t h e pu rp oses and i n th e man n er p rovi ded in t hi s
Con s t it ut i on .
2 6 7. Conti ng ency F und. — (1 ) Parli amen t may b y la w es tab li s h a
Con t i n gen cy Fu n d i n t h e n atu re of an i mp res t t o b e en ti t l e d ― th e
C o n tin g e n c y F u n d o f In d ia ‖ in to w h ic h sh a ll b e p a id fro m tim e to tim e
s u ch s u ms as may b e d et ermi n ed b y s u ch law, an d t h e s aid Fu n d sh all b e
p laced at t h e d i sp os al o f t h e Pres i d en t t o en ab le ad van ces t o be mad e b y
h i m out of s u ch Fu nd for t h e pu rp os es of meet in g u n fores een ex p en d it u re
p en di n g au th ori s at i on of s u ch ex p en d it u re b y Parli amen t b y law u n d er
art i cle 1 15 or art i cle 11 6 .
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re of a St at e may b y la w es t ab li sh a Con t in gency Fu n d
in th e n a tu re o f a n im p re st to b e e n title d ― th e Cont in gen cy Fu n d of t h e
S ta te ‖ in to w h ic h sh a ll b e p a id fro m tim e to tim e su c h su m s a s m a y b e
d et ermin ed b y s u ch law, an d t he s ai d Fu n d s h all b e p laced at t h e d i sp os al
o f t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e t o en ab le ad van ces t o b e mad e b y h i m ou t of
s u ch Fu nd for t h e p u rp os es of meet i n g un fores een ex p en di ture p en di n g
112
113 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H AP T E R III. — P R O P E R T Y . C O N T R A C T S , R I G H T S , L I AB I L I T I E S ,
O B L I G AT I O N S AN D S U I T S
2 9 4. Success i on to property , as s ets , ri g hts , l i a bi li ti es a nd obl i ga ti ons
i n certa i n ca s es . — As from t h e commen cemen t of t h is Con st i tu tion —
(a ) all p rop ert y an d as s et s wh i ch i mmedi at ely b efore s u ch
commen cemen t were ves t ed in Hi s Maj es t y for t h e p u rp os es o f t h e
G overn men t of t h e Domi n i on o f In d i a an d all p rop ert y an d as s et s wh i ch
i mmedi at ely b e fore s u ch commen cement were ves t ed i n His Majes t y for
t h e p u rp os es of t h e G overn men t of each G overn or 's Pro vi n ce s hall ves t
res p ecti vel y i n t h e Uni on and the corres p on d in g St at e, an d
(b ) all ri gh t s , li ab i li t i es an d obli gat i on s of t h e G overn men t of t h e
Domi n i on of In d i a an d of t h e Govern men t of each G overn or 's P rovi n ce,
wh et h er ari s in g ou t of an y con t ract or ot h erwi s e, sh all b e t h e ri gh t s ,
li ab i li t i es an d ob li gat i ons res p ect i vel y o f t h e G overn ment of In d i a and
t h e G overn men t of each corres pon d i n g St at e,
s u bj ect t o an y ad j us t men t mad e or t o b e mad e b y reas on of t h e creat i on
b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti t ut i on of t h e Domi n i on o f Paki s t an
or o f t h e Pro vi n ces of Wes t B en gal, Eas t Ben ga l, Wes t Pu n j ab an d Eas t
Pu n j ab ,
2 9 5. Success i on to property , as s ets , ri g hts , l i a bi li ti es a nd obl i ga ti ons
i n other ca s es. — (1 ) As from t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con st it ut i on —
(a ) all p rop ert y an d as s et s wh i ch i mmedi at ely b efore s u ch
commen cemen t were ves t ed in an y In d i an St at e corres p on di n g to a St at e
s p eci fi ed in Part B of t h e Fi rs t Sch ed u le sh all ves t i n t h e Un i on , i f t h e
p u rp os es for wh i ch su ch p ropert y an d as s et s were h eld i mmed i at ely
b efore s u ch commen cement wi ll t h ereaft er b e p u rp os es of t h e Un i on
relat i n g t o an y o f t h e mat t ers enu merat ed i n t h e Un i on Li s t , an d
(b ) all ri gh t s , li abi li t i es and obli gat i on s of t h e G overn men t of an y
In d i an St at e corres p on di n g t o a St at e sp eci fi ed i n Part B of t h e Fi rs t
Sch ed u le, wh et h er ari si n g ou t of an y con t ract or ot h erwi s e, s h all b e t h e
ri gh t s , li abi li t i es an d ob li gat i on s of t h e G overn men t of In d i a, i f t h e
p u rp os es for wh i ch s u ch righ t s were acq ui red or li ab i li t i es or
ob li gat i on s were i n cu rred b efor e s u ch commen cemen t wi ll t h ereaft er b e
p u rp os es of t h e G overn ment of In d i a relat i n g t o an y o f t h e ma t t ers
en u merat ed in th e Uni on Li s t ,
s u bj ect t o an y a greemen t en t ered i n t o i n th at b eh alf b y t h e G ov ern men t of
In d i a wi t h t h e G overn ment of t h at St at e.
(2 ) Su bj ect as afores ai d , t h e G overn men t of each St at e s p eci fi ed i n Part
B o f t h e Fi rs t Sch edu le s h all, a s fr om t h e commen cemen t of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on , b e t h e s u cces s or of t h e G overn ment of t h e corres p on di n g
In d i an St at e as regards all p rop ert y an d as s ets and all ri gh t s , li ab i li t i es and
ob li gat i on s , wh eth er ari si n g out of an y con t ract or ot h erwi s e, ot h er t h an
t h os e referred t o i n claus e (1 ).
123 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE
TERRITORY OF INDIA
3 0 1. F reedom of tra de, com merce a nd i ntercours e. — Sub j ect t o th e
ot h er p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part , t rad e, commerce an d i n t ercou rs e t h rou gh out
t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a s h all b e fre e.
3 0 2. P ow er of Pa rl ia m ent to i m pos e res tri cti ons on tra de, com m erce
a nd i ntercours e. — Parli ament may b y law i mp os e s u ch rest ri ction s on t h e
freed om o f t rad e, commerce or i n t ercou rs e b et ween on e St at e an d an ot h er
or wi t h i n an y p art of t h e t errit or y o f In d i a as may b e req u i red i n t h e
p u b li c i nt eres t.
3 0 3. Res tri cti ons on the l eg is la ti ve pow ers of the Uni on a nd of the
Sta tes w i th reg a rd to tra de a nd com m erce. — (1 ) Not wi t hs t an d i n g
an yt h i n g i n arti cle 3 02 , n ei t h er Parli amen t n or t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e
s h all h ave p o wer t o make an y la w gi vi n g, or au t h ori s i n g t h e gi vi n g o f, an y
p referen ce t o on e St at e over an ot h er, or makin g, or aut h ori si n g th e maki n g
o f, an y d i s cri mi n ati on b et w een on e St at e and an oth er, b y vi rt u e of an y
en t ry re lat i n g t o t rad e an d commerce i n an y o f t h e Li s t s i n t h e Seven th
Sch ed u le.
(2 ) Not h i n g i n clau s e (1 ) s h all p reven t Parli amen t from maki n g an y la w
gi vi n g, or au th ori s in g th e gi vi n g of, an y p re feren ce or m aki n g, or
au t h oris in g t h e maki n g of, an y d i s cri min at i on i f i t is d eclared b y s u ch law
t h at i t i s n eces s ary t o d o s o for t h e pu rp os e of d eali n g wi th a s it u at i on
ari s in g from s carci t y o f g ood s i n an y p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d ia.
3 0 4. Res tri cti ons on tra d e, com m erce a nd i ntercours e a m ong
Sta tes . — Not wi th s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n art i cle 3 01 or art i cle 3 0 3 , t h e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e may b y la w —
(a ) i mp os e on good s i mp ort ed from ot h er St at es or t h e Un i on
t erri t ori es an y t ax t o wh i ch s i mi lar g ood s man u fact u red or p rod u ced i n
t h at St at e are s ub j ect , s o, h owever, as n ot t o d i s cri min at e b et ween good s
s o i mp ort ed and good s s o man u fact u red or p rod u ced ; and
(b ) i mp os e s u ch reas on ab le res t ri ct i on s on t h e freed om o f t rad e,
commerce or i n t ercou rs e wi th or wi t h i n th at St at e as may b e req u i red in
t h e p ub li c i nt eres t :
Provi d ed t h at n o Bi ll or amen d men t for t h e pu rp os es of clau s e ( b ) sh all
b e i nt rod u ced or moved i n t h e Le gi s lat u re of a St at e wi t h ou t th e p revi ous
s an cti on of t h e Pres id ent .
3 0 5. Sa vi ng of exi s ti ng l aw s a nd l a w s provi di ng f or Sta te
m onopol i es . — Not h in g i n art i cles 30 1 and 3 03 s h all affect th e p rovi s i on s
o f an y ex i s t in g law ex cep t in s o far as t h e Pres id ent may b y ord er
ot h erwi s e di rect ; and n ot h in g in art i cle 3 01 sh all affect t h e op erat i on of
an y law mad e b e fore t h e co mmen cement of t h e Con s t i tu tion (Fou rt h
Amen d ment ) Act , 19 55 , in s o far as i t relat es t o, or p reven t Parli amen t or
125
126 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XI V
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
C H AP T E R I.— S E R V I C E S
3 0 8. I nterpreta ti on. — In t h i s Part , u n les s th e con t ex t ot h erwi se
re q u ire s, th e e x p re ssio n ― S ta te ‖ d o e s n o t in c lu d e th e S ta te o f Ja m m u a n d
Kas h mi r.
3 0 9. Recrui tm ent a nd condi tions of s e rvi ce of pers ons s ervi ng the
Uni on or a Sta te. — Su bj ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con st i tu tion , Act s of
t h e ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re may regu lat e t h e recru it ment , an d con d it i ons of
s ervi ce of p ers on s ap p oi nt ed , to p u b li c s ervi ces an d p os t s i n con n ect i on
wi t h th e affai rs o f t h e Un i on or o f an y St at e:
Provi d ed t h at it s h all b e comp et en t for t h e Pres i d en t or s u ch pers on as
h e may d i rect i n th e cas e of s ervi ces and p os ts i n conn ecti on wi t h th e
affai rs o f t h e Un i on , and for t h e G overn or o f a St at e or su ch pers on as h e
may d i rect i n th e cas e of s ervi ces and p os t s in conn ect i on wi th t h e affai rs
o f t h e St at e, t o make ru les reg u lat i n g t h e recrui t men t , and t h e con d i ti on s
o f s ervi ce o f p ers on s app oi n t ed, t o s u ch s ervi ces an d p os ts u nt il p rovi s i on
i n th at b eh alf i s m ad e b y or u n d er an Act of t h e app rop ri at e Le gi s lat u re
u n d er th i s art i cle, an d an y ru les s o mad e sh all h ave effect s u bj ect t o t h e
p rovi s i on s of an y s u ch Act .
3 1 0. Tenure of offi ce of pers ons s ervi ng the Uni on or a State. — (1 )
Ex cep t as exp ress ly p ro vi d ed by t h i s Con st i tu ti on , every p ers on wh o i s a
memb er of a d efen ce s er vi ce o r o f a ci vi l s er vi ce o f t h e Un i on or o f an
all -In d i a s ervi ce or h old s an y p os t conn ect ed wi th d efen ce or any ci vi l p os t
u n d er t h e Uni on h old s offi ce d u rin g t h e p leas u re of t h e Pres i d e n t , an d
ever y p ers on wh o is a memb er of a ci vi l s ervi ce o f a St at e or h old s an y
ci vi l p os t u n d er a St at e h old s offi ce d u ri n g t h e p leas u re of t h e G overn or
o f t h e St at e.
(2 ) Not wi t hs t an d in g th at a p erson h old i n g a ci vi l p ost u nd er th e Un i on
or a St at e h old s offi ce d u ri n g th e p leasu re of t h e Pres id en t or, as t h e case
may b e, o f t h e G overn or of t h e St at e, an y con t ract un d er whi ch a p ers on ,
n ot b ein g a memb er of a d efen ce s ervi ce or o f an all -In d i a s ervi ce or o f a
ci vi l s ervi ce o f t h e Un i on or a St at e, i s a pp oi nt ed un d er th i s Con s t it u ti on
t o h old s u ch a p os t may, i f t h e Pres i d en t or t h e G overn or, as the cas e may
b e, d eems i t n ecess ary i n ord er t o s ecu re t h e s ervi ces of a p ers on h avin g
s p eci al qu ali fi cat i on s , p rovi d e for t h e p aymen t t o hi m of comp en s ati on , i f
b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of an agree d p eri od th at p ost i s ab oli s h ed or h e i s , for
reas on s n ot con n ect ed wi th an y mi s con du ct on h is p art , req ui red t o vacat e
t h at p os t .
3 1 1. Di s mi ss a l, rem ova l or red ucti on i n ra n k of pers ons em pl oy ed i n
ci vi l ca pa ci ti es under the Uni on or a Sta te. — (1 ) No p ers on wh o i s a
memb er of a ci vi l s ervi ce o f t h e Un i on or an al l -In d i a s ervi ce or a ci vi l
s ervi ce of a St at e or h o ld s a ci vi l p os t un d er th e Un i on or a St at e s h all b e
127
128 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART XI VA
TRIB UN A LS
3 2 3 A. Adm i ni s tra ti ve tri bunals . — (1 ) Parli amen t may, b y la w, p rovi d e
for t h e adj ud i cati on or t ri al by ad mi n i s t rat i ve t ri bu n als of d i s pu t es and
comp lai n t s wit h resp ect t o recrui t ment and con di t i ons of s ervi ce o f p ers on s
ap p oi nt ed t o p ub li c s ervi ces an d p os t s i n conn ect i on wit h t h e affai rs of t h e
Un i on or o f an y St at e or o f an y loca l o r ot h er au t h ori t y wi t h i n th e t erri t ory
o f In d i a or u n d er t h e cont rol of t h e G overn men t of In d i a or o f an y
corp orat i on own ed or con t rolled b y t h e G overn men t .
(2 ) A law mad e u nd er clau s e (1 ) may —
(a ) p rovi d e for t h e est ab li sh men t of an ad min is t rati ve t rib un al for
t h e Un i on and a s ep arat e ad min i st rat i ve t rib un al for each St at e or for
t wo or more St at es ;
(b ) s p eci fy t h e j u ris d i ct i on , p owers (i n clu di n g t h e p ower t o p u n ish
for con t emp t ) an d au th ori t y wh i ch may b e ex erci s ed b y each o f t h e s ai d
t ri bu n als ;
(c) p rovi d e for t h e p roced u re (in clu d in g p rovi s i ons as t o li mi t at i on
an d ru les of evi d en ce) t o b e fo ll owed b y t h e s ai d t ri bu n als ;
(d ) ex clud e t h e j u ri sd i cti on of all cou rt s , ex cep t t h e ju ri sd i ct ion of
t h e Su p reme Cou rt u nd er arti cle 1 36 , wit h res p ect t o th e d i sp u t es or
comp lai n t s referred t o in clau s e (1 );
(e) p rovi d e for t h e t ran s fer t o each s u ch ad min is t rati ve t ri bu nal o f
an y cas es p en d in g b efore an y co u rt or ot h er au t h ori t y i mmed i at ely
b efore t h e es t ab li s h men t of s u ch t ri bu n al as wou ld h ave b een wit h in th e
j u ris di ct i on of s u ch t rib un al i f t h e cau s es of act i on on wh i ch s uch s ui t s
or p roceed i n gs are bas ed h ad aris en aft er s u ch est ab lis h men t ;
(f ) rep eal or amen d an y ord er m ad e b y t h e Pres i d ent u nd er clau se (3 )
o f art i cle 3 7 1 D;
(g ) con t ai n su ch su pp lemen tal, i n ci d ent al an d con s equ en t i al
p rovi s i on s (i n clu di n g p rovi s i ons as t o fees ) as Parli amen t may d eem
n eces s ary for t h e e ffect i ve fu n ct i on in g o f, an d for t h e s p eed y d i sp os al
o f cas es b y, an d th e en forcemen t of t h e ord ers of, s u ch t rib un als .
(3 ) Th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s arti cle s h all h ave effect n ot wi t hs t and in g
an yt h i n g i n an y ot h er p rovi s i on o f t h i s Con st i tu ti on or i n an y ot h er law for
t h e ti me b ei n g in force.
3 2 3B. Tri buna l s f or other matters . — (1 ) Th e ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re
may, b y law, p rovi d e for t h e ad j ud i cat i on or t ri al b y t ri bu nals o f an y
d i sp ut es , comp lain t s, or o ffen ces wi t h res p ect t o all or an y o f t h e mat t ers
s p eci fi ed i n clau s e (2 ) wi th respect t o wh i ch s u ch Legi s lat u re h as p ower t o
make laws .
(2 ) Th e matt ers referred t o i n clau s e (1 ) are th e fo ll owi n g, n amel y: —
(a ) lev y, as s es s ment , collect i on an d en forcemen t of an y t ax ;
135
136 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b ) forei gn ex ch an ge, i mp ort and exp ort acros s cus t oms fron t i ers ;
(c) i n du st ri a l and lab ou r d is pu t es ;
(d ) lan d reforms b y wa y o f acq u i s it i on b y t h e St at e of an y es t at e as
d efi n ed i n arti cle 3 1 A or o f an y ri gh t s t h erein or t h e ex t in gu is hmen t or
mod i fi cat i on of an y s u ch ri gh t s or b y wa y o f cei li n g on a gri cu lt u ral lan d
or i n an y ot h er w a y;
(e) cei li n g on u rb an p rop ert y;
(f ) elect i on s t o ei t h er Hou s e o f Parli amen t or t h e Hou s e or ei t h er
Hou s e o f t h e Le gi s lat u re of a S t at e, bu t ex clu di n g t h e mat t ers referred
t o i n arti cle 3 29 and arti cle 3 29A;
(g ) p rod u ct i on , p rocu remen t , s up p ly an d d i s t ri bu t i on of food -s t u ffs
(i n clu di n g edi b le oi ls eeds and oi ls ) an d s u ch oth er good s as th e
Pres i d en t may, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , d eclare t o b e es s en ti al go od s for
t h e p u rp os e of t h is arti cle an d con t rol o f p ri ces of s u ch good s ;
(h ) ren t, it s regu lat i on and co n trol an d t en an cy i s s u es in clu di n g t h e
ri gh t , ti t le and in t erest of lan d lo rd s and t en ant s ;
(i ) offen ces agai n s t laws wi t h res p ect t o an y o f t h e mat t ers s p ecifi ed
i n su b -clau s es (a ) t o ( h ) an d fees i n res p ect of an y o f t h os e mat ters ;
(j ) an y mat t er i n ci d ent al t o an y o f t h e mat t ers sp eci fi ed i n s u b -
clau s es ( a ) t o ( i ).
(3 ) A law mad e u nd er clau s e (1 ) may —
(a ) p rovi d e for t h e es t ab li s hment of a h i erarch y o f t ri b u n als ;
(b ) s p eci fy t h e j u ris d i ct i on , p owers (i n clu di n g t h e p ower t o p u n ish
for con t emp t ) an d au th ori t y wh i ch may b e ex erci s ed b y each o f t h e s ai d
t ri bu n als ;
(c) p rovi d e for t h e p roced u re (in clu d in g p rovi s i ons as t o li mi t at i on
an d ru les of evi d en ce) t o b e fo ll owed b y t h e s ai d t ri bu n als ;
(d ) ex clud e t h e j u ri sd i cti on of all cou rt s , ex cep t t h e ju ri sd i ct ion of
t h e Sup reme Cou rt un d er arti cle 1 3 6 , wit h resp ect t o all or an y o f t h e
mat t ers falli n g wi t h i n t h e j u ri sd ict i on of t h e s aid t ri bu n als ;
(e) p rovi d e for t h e t ran s fer t o each s u ch t rib un al o f an y cas es
p en di n g b efore an y cou rt or an y ot h er au th ori t y i mmed i at e ly b e fore t h e
es t ab lis h men t of s u ch t ri bu nal as wou ld h ave b een wi th i n th e
j u ris di ct i on of s u ch t rib un al i f t h e cau s es of act i on on wh i ch s uch s ui t s
or p roceed i n gs are bas ed h ad aris en aft er s u ch est ab lis h men t ;
(f ) con t ain s u ch su pp lemen tal, i n cid ent al an d con s equ en t i al
p rovi s i on s (in clu di n g p rovi s ion s as t o fees ) as th e app rop ri ate
Le gi s lat u re may d eem n ecess ary for t h e effect i ve fu n ct i on i n g of, an d for
t h e s p eed y d i s p os al of cas es b y, an d t h e en forcemen t of t h e ord ers of,
s u ch t rib un als .
137 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XV
ELECTIONS
3 2 4. Superi ntendence, di recti on a nd control of el ecti ons to be ves ted
i n a n El ecti on Com m i ss i on. — (1 ) Th e s u p eri n t en d en ce, di rect i on and
con t rol o f t h e p rep arat i on of t h e elect oral r ol ls for, an d t h e cond u ct of, all
elect i on s t o Parli amen t an d to t h e Legi s lat u re o f eve r y St at e an d of
elect i on s t o th e offi ces o f Pres i d en t and Vi ce -Pres i d en t h eld u nd er th is
Con s t it ut i on sh all b e ves t ed i n a Commis s i on (referred t o i n th i s
Con s t it ut i on as t h e Elect i on Commi s si on ).
(2 ) Th e E lect i on Commi s s i on s h all c on s i s t of t h e Ch i ef Elect i on
Commi s s i on er an d s u ch nu mb er o f ot h er Elect i on Commi s s i on ers, i f an y, as
t h e Presi d en t may from t i me t o t i me fi x and t h e ap p oin t men t of t h e Chi ef
Elect i on Commi s s i on er and ot h er Elect i on Commi s s i on ers sh all, s u bj ect t o
t h e p rovi s i on s of an y la w mad e i n t h at b eh alf b y Par li amen t , be mad e b y
t h e Presi d en t .
(3 ) Wh en an y ot h er Elect i on Commi s s i on er i s s o app oi nt ed t he Ch i ef
Elect i on Commi s si on er sh all act as th e Ch ai rman of th e Elect i on
Commi s s i on.
(4 ) Before each gen eral elect i o n t o th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le an d t o t he
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f each S t at e, and b efore t h e fi rs t gen eral elect i on
an d th ereaft er b efo re each b i enn i al elect i on t o t h e Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l o f
each St at e h avi n g s u ch Cou n ci l, t h e Presi d en t may als o ap p oi n t aft er
con s u lt at i on wit h t h e Elect i on Commi s s i on s u ch Regi on al Commi s si on ers
as h e may con s i d er n eces s ary t o as s i s t th e Elect i on Commi s si on i n t h e
p erforman ce o f t h e fu n ct i on s con ferred on t h e Commis si on b y cl au s e (1 ).
(5 ) Su b j ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons o f an y la w mad e b y Par li amen t , th e
con d i ti on s of s ervi ce an d t enu re o f o ffi ce o f t h e Elect i on Co mmi s si on ers
an d th e Regi on al Commi s si on ers s h all b e s u ch as t h e Presi d en t may b y ru le
d et ermin e:
Provi d ed t h at th e Chi ef Elect i on Commi s si on er sh all n ot b e removed
fr om h i s offi ce ex cep t i n li ke man n er and on t h e li ke grou n d s as a J u d ge of
t h e Su p reme Cou rt and t h e con d it i ons of s e rvi ce o f t h e Ch i ef E lect i on
Commi s s i on er s h all n ot b e vari ed t o h i s di s ad van t age aft er h i s
ap p oi nt ment :
Provi d ed fu rt h er th at an y ot h er Elect i on Commi s si on er or a Regi on al
Commi s s i on er sh all n ot b e removed from o ffi ce ex cep t on t h e
recommen d at i on of t h e Ch i ef El ect i on Commis s i on er.
(6 ) Th e Pres i d ent , or t h e G overn or o f a St at e, s h all, wh en s o r eq u est ed
b y t h e Elect i on Commi s s i on , make avai lab le t o t h e Elect i on Com mi s si on or
t o a Regi on al Commi s s i on er s u ch s t aff as ma y b e n eces s ar y for t h e
d i s ch arge o f t h e fu n ct i on s con ferred on t h e Elect i on Commi s s i on b y c lau s e
(1 ).
138
139 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS R ELATING
TO CERTAIN CLASSES
3 3 0. Res erva ti on of s ea ts f or S chedul ed Ca s tes a nd Schedul ed Tri bes
i n the Hous e of the P eopl e. — (1 ) Seats sh all b e res erved i n the Hou s e of
t h e Peop le for —
(a ) t h e Sch edu led Cast es ;
(b ) th e Sch edu led Tri b es ex cep t t h e Sch ed u led Tri b es in t h e
au t on omou s d i st ri cts of As s am; an d
(c) t h e S ch edu led Tri b es i n t h e au t on omou s d i st ri cts of As s am.
(2 ) Th e n u mb er of s eat s res erved i n an y St at e or Un i on t erri t ory for t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es or t h e Sch eduled Tri b es un d er claus e (1 ) s h all b ear, as
n earl y as may b e, t h e s ame p roport i on t o t h e t ot al n u mb e r of s eat s allot t ed
t o t h at St at e or Uni on t erritor y i n t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le as th e
p op u lat i on of t h e Sch ed u led Cast es in t h e St at e or Un i on t erri t ory or o f t h e
Sch ed u led Tri b es in th e St at e or Un i on t erri t ory or p art of t h e St at e or
Un i on t errit ory, as t h e cas e may b e, i n resp ect of wh i ch s eat s are s o
res erved , b ears t o t h e t ot al p op ulat i on of t h e St at e or Un i on t errit or y.
(3 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g con t ai n ed i n clau s e (2 ), t h e numb er of
s eat s res erved i n t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le for t h e Sch ed u led Trib es i n t h e
au t on omou s d is t ri ct s of As s am s h all b ear t o t h e t ot al n u mb er o f s eat s
all ot t ed t o th at St at e a p rop ort i on n ot les s th an t h e p opu lat i on of t h e
Sch ed u led Tri b es i n t h e s aid au t on omou s d is t ri ct s b ears to t h e t ot al
p op u lat i on of t h e St at e.
Exp l a na ti on . — In t hi s arti cle an d in arti cle 3 3 2, t h e exp res si on
― p o p u la tio n ‖ m e a n s th e p o p u la tio n a s a sc e rta in e d a t th e la st p re c e d in g
cen s us of wh i ch th e relevan t fi g u res h ave b een p ub li s h ed :
Provi d ed t h at t h e referen ce i n t h is Exp la na t io n t o t h e las t preced i n g
cen s us of wh i ch t h e relevan t fi gu res h ave b een p ub li sh ed sh all, u n t i l t h e
relevan t fi gu res for t h e fi rs t cen s us t aken aft er th e year 2 02 6 h ave b een
p u b lis h ed , b e con s t ru ed as a referen ce t o t h e 20 01 cens us .
3 3 1. Repres enta ti on of the Ang l o -I ndia n Comm uni ty i n the Hous e of
the P eopl e. — Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g i n arti cle 8 1 , th e Presi den t may, i f
h e i s of op i n i on th at th e Angl o -In d i an commun it y i s n ot ad equ at ely
rep res ent ed in th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le, n omi n at e n ot more t h an t wo
memb ers of t h at commun it y t o t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le.
3 3 2. Res erva ti on of s ea ts f or Schedul ed Ca s tes a nd Schedul ed Tri bes
i n the Leg is la ti ve As s em bli es of the Sta tes . — (1 ) Seats sh all b e res erved
for t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es an d th e Sch edu led Tri b es , ex cept t he Sch ed u led
Tri b es in t h e au t on omou s di s t rict s of As s am, i n th e Legi s lat i v e As s emb ly
o f ever y St at e.
141
142 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall bar the appointment of members of the Anglo-Indian
community to posts other than, or in addition to, those reserved for the community under that
clause if such members are found qualified for appointment on merit as compared with the
members of other communities.
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-
Indian community.— During the first three financial years after the commencement of this
Constitution, the same grants, if any, shall be made by the Union and by each State for the
benefit of the Anglo-Indian community in respect of education as were made in the financial
year ending on the thirty-first day of March, 1948.
During every succeeding period of three years the grants may be less by ten per cent. than
those for the immediately preceding period of three years :
Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution such
grants, to the extent to which they are a special concession to the Anglo-Indian community,
shall cease:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at n o edu cat i on al i n st i tu ti on s h all b e en t i t led t o
recei ve an y gran t u n d er t h is art i cle u n les s at leas t fort y p er c en t . of t h e
an n ual ad mi ss i ons th erein are mad e avai lab le t o memb ers of commu n it i es
ot h er t h an th e An glo -In d i an commu ni t y.
338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.— (1) There shall be a Commission
for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes.
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the
Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice- Chairperson and three other Members and
the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members so appointed shall be such as the President may by rule determine.
(3 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on , Vi ce -Chai rp ers on an d oth er Memb ers o f t h e
Commi s s i on s h all b e ap p oin t ed b y t h e Pres i d en t b y warran t u nder h i s h and
an d s eal.
(4 ) Th e Commi ss i on s h all h ave th e p ower t o regu lat e i t s own p roced u re.
(5 ) It s h all b e t h e d ut y o f t h e Commi s si on —
(a ) t o i n vest i gat e and moni t or all mat t ers relat i n g t o t h e s afegu ard s
p rovi d ed for t h e Sch ed u led Ca stes u nd er th i s Con st i tu ti on or un d er an y
ot h er law for t h e t i me b eing i n force or u n d er an y ord er o f t h e
G overn men t an d t o evalu at e t h e worki n g o f s u ch s afegu ard s ;
(b ) t o i nq u i re i nt o s p eci fi c comp lai n t s wit h resp ect t o t h e
d ep ri vati on of ri gh t s and s af egu ard s of t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es ;
(c) t o p art i cip at e and ad vi s e on t h e p lann in g p roces s of s oci o -
econ omi c d evelop men t o f t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es and t o eval u at e t h e
p rogres s of t h ei r d evelop men t un d er th e Uni on and an y St at e;
(d ) t o p res en t t o t h e Pres id en t, an n uall y an d at s u ch ot h er t i mes as
t h e Commis s i on may d eem fi t , rep ort s up on th e worki n g o f t h os e
s afegu ard s ;
(e) t o make i n su ch rep ort s recommen d at i on s as t o th e meas u res t h at
s h ou ld b e t aken b y t h e Uni on or an y St at e for t h e effect i ve
145 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the
Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and three other Members and
the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members so appointed shall be such as the President by rule determine.
(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be
appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—
(a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for
the Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being
in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such
safeguards;
(b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and
safeguards of the Scheduled Tribes;
(c) to participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic
development of the Scheduled Tribes and to evaluate the progress of their development
under the Union and any State;
(d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission
may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;
(e) to make in such reports recommendation as to the measures that should be
taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards
and other measures for the protection, welfare and socioeconomic development of the
Scheduled Tribes; and
(f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and
development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may, subject to
the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.
(6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament
along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the
recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of
any such recommendations.
(7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any
State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the Governor of
the State who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislature of the State along with a
memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations
relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such
recommendations.
(8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in sub-clause (a) or
inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of clause (5), have all the powers
of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in respect of the following matters, namely: —
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India
and examining him on oath;
(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
147 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;
(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;
(f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.
(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major
policy matters affecting Scheduled Tribes.
3 3 9. Control of the Uni on over the a dm i ni s tra ti on of Schedul ed Area s
a nd the w elf a re of Schedul ed Tri bes . — (1 ) Th e Presi d en t may at an y t i me
an d s h all, at th e exp i rati on of t en years fr om t h e com men cemen t of t h is
Con s t it ut i on b y ord er ap p oi nt a Commi s s i on t o rep ort on t h e admi n is t rat i on
o f t h e Sch edu led Areas an d t he wel fare o f t h e Sch ed u led Trib es i n t h e
St at es .
Th e ord er ma y d efi n e t h e comp os i ti on , p owers an d p roced ure o f t h e
Commi s s i on and may con t ain such in cid ent al or an ci llar y p rovi s i on s as th e
Pres i d en t may con s i d er n ecess ary or d es i rab le.
(2 ) Th e ex ecu ti ve p ower o f t h e Un i on s h all ex t en d t o t h e gi vi n g o f
d i recti on s t o a St at e as t o t he d rawi n g up an d ex ecut i on of s ch emes
s p eci fi ed i n th e d i recti on t o b e es s ent i al for t h e welfare o f t h e Sch ed u led
Tri b es in th e St at e.
3 4 0. Appoi ntm ent of a Commi s si on to i nves ti g a te the conditi ons of
ba c kw a rd cla s s es . — (1 ) Th e Pres i d en t may b y ord er ap p oi nt a Commi s s i on
con s i st i n g of s u ch p ers on s as he t hi n ks fi t t o in ves t i gat e th e con d i ti on s of
s oci all y an d ed u cat i on all y b ack ward clas s es wi t hi n th e t errit ory o f In d i a
an d th e d i ffi cu lt i es u nd er wh i ch t h ey lab ou r an d t o make recom men d at i on s
as t o th e st eps th at s h ou ld b e taken b y t h e Un i on or an y St at e t o remove
s u ch d i ffi cu lt i es an d t o i mp rove t h ei r con di ti on an d as t o t h e gran t s t h at
s h ou ld b e mad e for t h e p u rpos e b y t h e Un i on or an y St a t e an d th e
con d i ti on s s ub j ect t o whi ch s uch gran ts sh ou ld b e mad e, an d t h e ord er
ap p oi nt in g s u ch Commi s si on s hall d efi n e t h e p roced u re t o b e fol lo wed b y
t h e Commis s i on.
(2 ) A Commi ss i on s o ap p oin t ed s h all i n ves ti gat e th e mat t ers referred t o
t h em and p res en t t o t h e Pres id en t a rep ort s ett in g ou t t h e fact s as fou n d b y
t h em an d makin g s u ch recommen d ati on s as th ey t h i n k p rop er.
(3 ) Th e Pres id en t sh all cau s e a cop y o f t h e rep ort s o p res en t ed t oget h er
wi t h a memoran du m exp lai n in g t h e acti on t aken th ereon t o b e lai d b efore
each Hou s e of Parli amen t .
3 4 1. Schedul ed Ca s tes . — (1 ) Th e Pres i d ent may wi t h res p ect t o an y
St at e or Un i on t erri t ory, an d wh ere i t i s a St at e, aft er con s u lt at ion wi t h t he
G overn or t h ereo f, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , s p eci fy t h e cas t es , races or t ri b es
or p art s of or grou p s wi t h in cas t es , races or t ri b es wh i ch s hall for t h e
p u rp os es of t h i s Con s t it ut i on b e d eemed t o b e Sch e d u led Cast es i n relat i on
t o t h at St at e or Un i on t erri t ory, as t h e cas e may b e.
(2 ) Parli amen t may b y law i n clu d e i n or ex clu d e from t h e li s t o f
Sch ed u led Cas t es sp eci fi ed i n a n ot i fi cat i on is su ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) an y
cas t e, race or t rib e or p art of or grou p wi t h in an y cas t e, race or t ri b e, bu t
148 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
C H A P T ER I.— L A N G U AG E O F T H E U N IO N
3 4 3. Off i cia l l a ng uag e of the Uni on. — (1 ) Th e offi ci al lan gu age o f t h e
Un i on sh all b e Hi n d i i n Devan agari s crip t .
Th e form o f n u merals t o b e u s ed for t h e o ffi ci al p u rp os es of t h e Un i on
s h all b e t h e i nt ern at i on al form o f In d i an nu merals .
(2 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in clau s e (1 ), for a p eri od of fi ft een years
fr om t h e commen cement of t h is Con s ti tu t i on, th e En gli s h langu age s h all
con t i nu e t o b e us ed for al l t h e o ffi ci al p u rp os es of t h e Un i on for wh i ch i t
was b ein g u s ed i mmed i at ely b e fore s u ch commen cemen t :
Provi d ed t h at t h e Presi d en t may, d u ri n g t h e s aid p eri od , by o rd er
au t h oris e th e u s e of t h e Hin di lan gu age i n add i ti on t o t h e En gli s h lan gu age
an d of t h e Devan agari form o f n u merals i n ad di t i on t o t h e int ern ati on al
form o f In d i an n u merals for an y o f t h e offi ci al p u rp os e s of t h e Un i on .
(3 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in th i s art i cle, Parli ament may b y la w
p rovi d e for t h e u s e, aft er t h e s aid p eri od of fi ft een years , o f —
(a ) t h e En gli s h lan gu age, or
(b ) t h e Devan agari fo rm o f n u merals ,
for s u ch p u rp os es as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e law.
3 4 4. Com mi ss i on a nd Com mi ttee of Pa rl iam ent on off i cial
l a ng ua g e.— (1 ) Th e Pres id ent s hall, at t h e exp i rat i on of fi ve yea rs from t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s t it uti on an d t h ereaft er at t h e exp i rati on o f t en
yea rs from s u ch commen cemen t, b y ord er co n s t it u t e a Commiss i on whi ch
s h all con s i st of a Ch ai rman an d s u ch oth er memb ers rep resen t in g th e
d i fferen t lan gu ages s p eci fi ed i n t h e Ei gh t h Sch edu le as t h e Pres i d en t may
ap p oi nt , an d t h e ord er s h all d efi n e t h e p rocedu re t o b e fo ll o wed b y t h e
Commi s s i on.
(2 ) It s h all b e t h e d u t y o f t h e Commi s s i on t o make recommen d at i on s t o
t h e Presi d en t as t o —
(a ) th e p rogres s i ve u s e of t h e Hi n di lan gu age for t h e offi ci al
p u rp os es of t h e Un i on ;
(b ) res t ri ct i ons on th e us e of t h e En gli s h lan gu age for al l or an y o f
t h e offi ci a l p u rp os es of t h e Un i on ;
(c) t h e lan gu age t o be us ed for all or an y o f t h e pu rp os es men tion ed
i n arti cle 3 48 ;
(d ) t h e form o f n u merals t o b e u s ed for an y on e or more s p eci fi ed
p u rp os es of t h e Un i on ;
(e) an y ot h er mat t er referred t o t h e Commi ss i on b y t h e P res id ent as
regard s t h e offi ci al lan gu age o f t h e Un i on and t h e lan gu age for
149
150 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H AP T E R III. — L A N G U A G E O F T H E S U P R E M E C O U R T ,
HIGH COURTS, ETC.
3 4 8. L a ng ua g e to be us ed i n the Suprem e C ourt a nd i n t he Hi g h
Courts a nd f or Acts , Bi l ls , etc. — (1 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g i n t h e
foreg oi n g p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part , un ti l Parli amen t b y law ot h erwi s e
p rovi d es —
(a ) all p roceed i n gs in th e Sup reme Cou rt and in ever y Hi gh Cou rt ,
(b ) t h e au th ori t ati ve t ext s —
(i ) of al l Bi lls t o b e in t rod u ced or amend ment s th eret o t o b e
moved i n ei t h er Hou s e of Parl i amen t or i n t h e Hou s e or ei th er
Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e,
(i i ) of all Act s p ass ed b y Parl i amen t or th e Legi s la t u re of a
St at e an d of all Ord i n an ces p romu lgat ed b y t h e Presi d en t or t h e
G overn or o f a St at e, an d
(i i i ) of al l ord ers , ru les , regu lati on s an d b ye -laws i s s u ed u nd er
t h is Con s ti t ut i on or u n d er an y law mad e b y Par li amen t or t h e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e,
s h all b e i n t h e En gli s h lan gu age.
(2 ) Not wi t h s t an d in g an yt h i n g i n s u b -clau s e ( a ) o f c lau s e (1 ), t h e
G overn or o f a St at e may, wi t h t h e p revi ou s con s en t of t h e Pres i d en t ,
au t h oris e th e u s e of t h e Hin d i lan gu age, or an y ot h er lan gu age u s ed for an y
o ffi ci al p u rp os es of t h e St at e, in p roceedi n gs i n t h e Hi gh Cou rt h avi n g its
p ri n ci p al s eat in th at St at e:
Provi d ed t h at n ot h in g in th is clau s e s h all ap p ly t o an y j u d gmen t , d ecree
or ord er p as s ed or mad e b y s u ch Hi gh Cou rt .
(3 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h i n g i n s u b -clau s e ( b ) of clau s e (1 ), wh ere t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f a St at e h as p res cri b ed an y lan gu age ot h er t h an th e En gli s h
lan gu age fo r u s e i n Bi lls i n t rodu ced in , or Act s p as s ed b y, t h e Le gi s lat u re
o f t h e St at e or i n Ord in an ces p romu lgat ed b y t h e G overn or of t h e St at e or
i n an y or d er, ru le, regu lat i on or b ye -la w re ferred t o i n p aragrap h ( i i i ) of
t h at su b -clau s e, a t ran s lati on of t h e s ame in t h e En gli s h lan gu age p u b li sh ed
u n d er th e au th ori t y o f t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e i n t h e Offi ci al G azet t e of
t h at St at e s h all b e d eemed t o b e t h e au t h ori tat i ve t ext t h ereo f i n t h e
En gli s h lan gu age u n d er t hi s art icle.
3 4 9. Specia l procedure f or ena ctm ent of certa i n l aw s rela ti ng to
l a ng ua g e.— Du rin g t h e p eri od of fi ft een years from t h e commen cement of
t h is Con s ti tu t i on, n o Bi ll or am en d men t maki n g p r ovi s i on for t h e lan gu age
t o b e u s ed for an y o f t h e p u rp os es ment i on ed i n clau s e (1 ) of art i cle 3 48
s h all b e in t rod u ced or moved in eit h er Hou s e of Parli amen t wi t h ou t t h e
p revi ou s s an ct i on of t h e Pres i den t , and t h e Presi d en t sh all n o t gi ve h i s
s an cti on t o t h e i nt rod u cti on of an y s u ch Bi ll or t h e movi n g o f an y s u ch
amen d men t ex cept aft er h e h as t aken i n t o con si d erat i on th e
recommen d at i ons of t h e Commi ss i on con st i tu t ed un d er claus e (1) o f art i cle
152 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART XVI I I
EMERG ENCY PRO V IS IO NS
3 5 2. P rocl am a ti on of Em erg ency . — (1 ) If t h e Pres i d ent i s s ati sfi ed t h at
a grave emer gen c y ex i s t s wh ereb y t h e s ecu ri t y o f In d i a or o f a n y p art o f
t h e t erri t ory t h ereo f i s t h reat ened , wh et h er b y war or ex t ern al aggres s i on
or armed reb elli on , h e may, b y Proclamat i on , make a d eclarati on t o th at
effect i n res p ect of t h e wh ole of In d i a or o f s u ch p art of t h e t errit ory
t h ereof as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t he Proclamat i on .
Exp l a na ti on . — A Proclamat i on of Emergen c y d eclari n g t h at t h e s ecu rit y
o f In d i a or an y p art o f t h e t erri t ory t h ereof i s t h reat en ed b y war or b y
ex t ern al aggres s i on or b y arme d reb elli on ma y b e mad e b e fore t h e act u al
occu rren ce of war o r o f an y s u c h aggres s i on or reb elli on , i f t h e Pres i d ent
i s s at is fi ed t h at th ere is i mmi n ent d an ger t h ereof.
(2 ) A Proclamat i on i s s u ed un d er clau s e (1 ) may b e vari ed or rev oked b y
a s ub s equ ent Proclamat i on .
(3 ) Th e Presi d en t sh all n ot i ssu e a Proclamat i on u nd er clau s e (1 ) or a
Proclamat i on var yi n g s u ch Proclamat i on u n les s th e d ecis i on of t h e Un i on
Cab i n et (th at i s t o s ay, t h e Cou n ci l con si s ti n g of t h e Pri me Mi n is t er an d
ot h er Mi ni st ers of Cab i n et rank ap p oi n t ed un d er arti c le 7 5 ) th at su ch a
Proclamat i on ma y b e i s su ed h as b een commun i cat ed t o h i m i n wri t in g.
(4 ) Ever y Pr oclamat i on i s su ed un d er th is art icle s h all b e lai d b efore each
Hou s e o f Par li amen t an d s h all, ex cep t wh ere it i s a Proclamat i on revoki n g
a p revi ou s Proclamat i on , ceas e t o op erat e at th e exp i rat i on of on e mon th
u n les s b efore t h e exp i rati on o f t h at p eri od it h as b een ap p roved b y
res olu t i on s of b ot h Hou s es of Parli amen t :
Provi d ed t h at i f an y s u ch Proclamat i on (n ot b ein g a Proclamat i on
revo ki n g a p revi ou s Proc lama t i on ) i s i s su ed at a t i me wh en t he Hou s e o f
t h e Peop le h as b een d is s olved , or t h e d i s s olu t i on of t h e Ho u s e of t h e
Peop le t akes p lace d u ri n g t h e p eri od o f on e m on t h referred t o i n t h is
clau s e, an d i f a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on h as b een p ass ed b y
t h e Coun ci l of St at es , b ut n o res olu t i on wi th res p ect t o su ch Proclamat i on
h as been p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e o f t h e Peop le b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of t h at
p eri od , th e Proclamat i on s h all ceas e t o op erat e at th e exp i rati on of t h i rt y
d ays fr om t h e d at e on whi ch th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le fi rs t s it s aft er i ts
recon s t it u ti on , un les s b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of t h e s ai d p eri od of t h i rt y d a ys
a res olu t i on app rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on h as b een als o p as s ed by t h e Hou s e
o f t h e Peop le.
(5 ) A Pr oclamat i on s o ap p rove d s h all, u n l es s revoked , ceas e t o op erat e
on t h e ex pi rat i on of a p eri od of s i x mon t hs from t h e d at e of t h e p as si n g of
t h e s econd of t h e res olu t i ons app rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on un d er clau s e (4 ):
Provi d ed t h at i f an d s o oft en as a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e con t i nu an ce
i n force o f s u ch a Proclamat i on i s p ass ed b y b ot h Hou s es of Parl i amen t th e
Proclamat i on s h all, u n less revoked , con t in u e in force for a fu rt h er p eri od
153
154 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
3 6 1. P rotecti on o f P res i dent and Governors a nd Ra jpram ukhs . — (1 )
Th e Pres id ent , or t h e G overn or or Raj p ramu kh of a St at e, sh all n ot b e
an s werab le t o an y cou rt for t h e ex erci s e an d p erforman ce o f t h e p owers and
d u ti es of h i s o ffi ce or for an y a ct d on e or p u rp ort i n g t o b e d on e b y h i m i n
t h e ex erci s e an d p erforman ce of t h os e p owers an d d ut i es :
Provi d ed t h at th e cond u ct of t h e Pres i d en t may b e b rou gh t u nd er revi ew
b y an y c ou rt , t ri bu n al or b od y a p p oi nt ed or d esi gn at ed b y ei t h er Hou s e o f
Parli amen t for t h e i n vest i gat i on o f a ch ar ge u n d er art i cle 61 :
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at n ot h in g i n t hi s clau s e sh all b e con s t ru ed as
res t ri cti n g t h e ri gh t of an y p ers on t o b ri n g ap p rop ri at e p roceed in gs agai n st
t h e G overn men t of In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a St at e.
(2 ) No cri mi n al p roceed i n gs what s oeve r s h all b e in st i tu t ed or con t i nu ed
agai n s t th e Pres i d en t , or t h e G overn or o f a St at e, i n an y c ou rt d u rin g h is
t erm of o ffi ce.
(3 ) No p roces s for t h e arres t o r i mp ri s on men t of t h e Pres i d ent , or t h e
G overn or o f a St at e, s h all i s su e fr om an y c ou rt d u ri n g h is t erm of o ffi ce.
(4 ) No ci vi l p roceed i n gs i n wh i ch reli ef i s clai med agai n st th e Pres i d en t,
or t h e G overn or of a St at e, s h all b e i ns t it ut ed d u ri n g hi s t erm of o ffi ce i n
an y cou rt i n res p ect of an y act d on e or p u rp ort in g t o b e d on e b y h i m i n h i s
p ers on al cap aci t y, wh et h er b efore or a ft er h e en t ered u p on hi s offi ce as
Pres i d en t , or as G overn or o f s u ch St at e, un ti l t h e ex pi rati on of t wo m on t h s
n ex t aft er n ot i ce in wri ti n g h as b een d eli vered t o t h e Pres iden t or th e
G overn or, as th e cas e may b e, or left at h i s of fi ce s t at in g t h e n at u re of t h e
p roceed i n gs , t h e cau s e of act i on t h erefor, t h e n ame, d es cri pt i on and p lace
o f res i d en ce of t h e p art y b y w h om s u ch p roceed i n gs are t o be i ns t it ut ed
an d t h e reli ef wh i ch h e clai ms .
3 6 1 A. P rotecti on of publ i ca tion of proceedi ng s of Pa rli ament a nd
Sta te Leg i sl a tures . — (1 ) No p ers on s h all b e li ab le t o an y p roceed i n gs ,
ci vi l or cri mi n al, i n an y cou rt i n res p ect of t h e p u b li cat i on in a n ews p ap er
o f a s u b s t an t i ally t ru e rep ort o f an y p r oceed i n gs of ei t h er Hou s e o f
Parli amen t or t h e Leg i s lat i ve As s emb ly, o r, as t h e cas e may b e, ei th er
Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re, of a St at e, u n les s t h e pu b li cati on is p roved t o
h ave b een mad e wi th mali ce:
Provi d ed t h at n ot hi n g i n th i s clau s e s h all ap p ly t o t h e p u b li cat i on o f an y
rep ort of t h e p roceed i n gs o f a s ecret s i tt in g o f ei t h er Hou s e of Parli amen t
or t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y, or , as th e cas e may b e, ei t h er Hou s e of t h e
Le gi s lat u re, of a St at e.
161
165
162 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(i i ) u nd er a b od y, wh et h er in corp orat ed or n ot , wh i ch is
wh ol l y or p art i all y own ed b y t h e G overn ment of In d i a or t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e, an d th e s alary or remu n erat i on for s u ch
o ffi ce i s p ai d b y s u ch b od y,
ex cep t wh ere su ch s alary or rem u n erati on p ai d i s comp en s at ory i n n at u re.
362. [Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States.] Rep. by the Constitution (Twenty-
sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2.
363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties,
agreements, etc.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution but subject to the
provisions of article 143, neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have
jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of a treaty, agreement, covenant,
engagement, sanad or other similar instrument which was entered into or executed before the
commencement of this Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian State and to which the
Government of the Dominion of India or any of its predecessor Governments was a party and
which has or has been continued in operation after such commencement, or in any dispute in
respect of any right accruing under or any liability or obligation arising out of any of the
provisions of this Constitution relating to any such treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement,
sanad or other similar instrument.
163 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2 3 ) ― S c h e d u le ‖ m e a n s a S c h e d u le to th is C o n stitu tio n ;
(2 4 ) ― S c h e d u le d C a ste s‖ m e a n s su c h c a ste s, ra c e s o r trib e s o r p a rts
o f or grou p s wi t h in su ch cas t es , races or t ri b es as are d eemed u n d er
art i cle 3 41 t o b e Sch edu led Castes for t h e p u rp os es of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on ;
(2 5 ) ― S c h e d u le d T rib e s‖ m e a n s su c h trib e s o r trib a l c o m m u n itie s o r
p art s of or gr ou p s wi th in su ch t ri b es or t rib al commu ni t i es as are
d eemed u nd er art i cle 3 42 t o b e Sch ed u led Tri b es for t h e p u rp os es of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on ;
(2 6 ) ― se c u ritie s‖ in c lu d e s sto c k ;
* * * * *
(2 7 ) ― su b -c la u se ‖ m e a n s a su b -c lau s e of t h e clau s e i n wh i ch t h e
ex p ress i on occu rs ;
(2 8 ) ― ta x a tio n ‖ in c lu d e s th e im p o sitio n of an y t ax or i m p os t ,
w h e th e r g e n e ra l o r lo c a l o r sp e c ia l, a n d ― ta x ‖ sh a ll b e c o n stru e d
accord i n gl y;
(2 9 ) ― ta x o n in c o m e ‖ in c lu d e s a ta x in th e n a tu re o f a n e x c e ss
p rofi t s t ax ;
(2 9 A ) ― ta x o n th e sa le o r p u rc h a se o f g o o d s‖ in c lu d e s —
(a ) a t ax on t h e t rans fe r, ot h erwi s e t h an i n pu rsu an ce of a
con t ract , of p rop ert y i n an y go od s for cas h , d eferred p aymen t or
ot h er valu ab le con s i d erati on ;
(b ) a t ax on t h e t ran s fer o f p rop ert y i n go od s (wh et h er as good s
or i n s ome ot h er form) i n vol ved i n t h e ex ecu ti on of a w o rks
con t ract ;
(c) a t ax on t h e d eli ver y o f go od s on h i re -p u rch as e or an y
s ys t em o f p aymen t b y i n s t almen ts ;
(d ) a t ax on th e t ran s fer of t h e ri gh t t o us e an y good s for an y
p u rp os e (wh et h er or n ot for a s p eci fi ed p eri od ) for cas h , d eferred
p aymen t or ot h er valu ab le con s i d erat i on ;
(e) a t ax on t h e su pp ly o f go od s b y an y u n i n corp orat ed
as s oci ati on or b od y o f p ers on s t o a memb er th ereof for ca s h ,
d eferred p aymen t or ot h er valu a b le con s i d erat i on ;
(f ) a t ax on th e s up p ly, b y wa y o f or as p art of an y s ervi ce or i n
an y ot h er man n er wh ats oever, o f go od s , b ei n g food or an y ot h er
art i cle for h u man con s u mp ti on or an y d ri n k (wh et h er or n ot
i n t oxi cat in g), wh ere s u ch s up p ly or s er vi ce, i s for cas h , d efer red
p aymen t or ot h er valu ab le con s i d erat i on ;
an d s u ch t ran s fer, d eli very o r s u p p ly o f an y go od s sh all b e d eemed t o
b e a s ale of t h os e good s b y t h e p ers on makin g th e t ran s fer, d eliver y or
s u pp ly an d a p u rch as e of t h os e good s b y t h e p ers on t o wh om su ch
t ran s fer, d eli very or s u p p ly i s mad e;
(30 ) "Un i on t erri t ory " me an s an y Un i on t erri t ory s p eci fi ed in th e
Fi rs t Sch ed u le an d in clu d es any ot h er t erri t or y c omp ri s ed wi th i n th e
t erri t ory o f In d i a b u t n ot s p eci fied in th at Sch edu le.
167 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
3 6 8. P ow er of Pa rli am ent to a m end the Cons ti tuti on a nd pr ocedure
theref or. — (1 ) Not wi th st and ing an yt h i n g in th is Cons t it ut i on , Parli amen t
may i n ex erci s e of i t s con s tit u ent p o wer amen d b y wa y o f ad d i t i on ,
vari at i on or rep eal an y p rovi s i on of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on i n accord an ce wi th
t h e p roced u re lai d d own in th i s art i cle.
(2 ) An amen d ment of t h i s Cons t it u ti on may b e i n i t i at ed on l y b y t h e
i n t rodu ct i on of a Bi l l for t h e p u rp os e in ei t h er Hou s e of Parli amen t , and
wh en th e Bi ll i s p as s ed in each Hou s e b y a maj ori t y o f t h e t ot al
memb ersh ip of t h at Hou s e an d by a maj ori t y o f n ot les s th an t wo -t h i rds of
t h e memb ers of t h at Hou s e p resen t an d vot i n g, i t sh all b e p res en t ed t o t h e
Pres i d en t wh o sh all gi ve h i s as s ent t o th e Bi ll an d th ereu p on th e
Con s t it ut i on sh all s t and amend ed in accord an ce wit h t h e t erms of t h e Bi ll:
Provi d ed t h at i f s u ch amend men t s eeks t o make an y ch an ge i n —
(a ) art i cle 54 , art i cle 5 5, art i cle 7 3 , art i cle 16 2 or art i cle 2 4 1, or
(b ) Ch ap t er IV o f Part V, Ch ap t er V of Part V I, or Ch ap t er I o f
Part XI, or
(c) an y o f t h e Li s t s i n t h e Seven t h Sch edu le, or
(d ) th e rep res en t at i on of St at es i n Parli ament , or
(e) t h e p rovi s i on s of t h is art icle,
t h e amen dmen t sh all als o req u i re t o b e rat i fi ed b y t h e Legi s lat u res of n ot
les s t h an on e -h al f o f t h e St at es b y res o lu t i on s t o th at effect p as s ed b y
t h os e Legi s lat u res b efore t h e Bi ll maki n g p rovi s i on for s u ch amen d men t is
p res ent ed t o t h e Pres id ent for as s en t .
(3 ) Not h i n g i n art i cle 1 3 s h all ap p ly t o an y amen d ment mad e u nd er t h is
art i cle.
1
[(4 ) No amen d ment of t h i s Con s t it u ti on (in clu di n g th e p rovi s i ons of
Part III) mad e or pu rp ort in g t o h ave b een mad e un d er t hi s art i cle wh et h er
b efore or a ft er t h e commen cemen t of s ect i on 55 of t h e Con s t it uti on (Fort y -
s econ d Amen dmen t ) Act , 1 97 6 s h all b e called i n q u es ti on i n an y c ou rt on
an y gr ou n d .
(5 ) For t h e removal o f d ou b t s , i t is h ereb y d eclared t h at th ere s h all b e
n o li mi t at i on wh at ever on t h e con s ti tu en t p ower o f Par li amen t t o amen d b y
wa y o f ad d i t i on , vari ati on or rep eal t h e p rovi si on s of t h i s Con s t it ut i on
u n d er t hi s art i cle.]
1. C ls. (4) and (5) w ere ins. ―in article 368 by s. 55 o f the C o nstitutio n (F o rty -second Amendment) Act, 1976. This section
has been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and Others Vs. Union of India and Others
(1980 ) 2 S.C.C. 591.
168
169 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XXI
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIO NAL AND SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
3 6 9. Tem pora ry pow er to Pa rl i am ent to ma ke l a w s w i th res pect to
certa i n ma tters i n the Sta te Li s t as if they w ere ma tters i n the
Concurrent Li s t. — Not wi t h s t an d in g an yt h i n g i n t hi s Con s t it u ti on ,
Parli amen t sh all, d u rin g a p eri od of fi ve years from t h e commen cement of
t h is Con s ti tu t i on , h ave p ower t o make laws wi t h res p ect t o t he fol l owi n g
mat t ers as i f t h ey were e n u merated in th e Con cu rren t Li s t , n amely: —
(a ) t rad e and commerce wi th i n a St at e i n, an d t h e p rodu cti on , s up p ly
an d di s t ri bu ti on of, c ot t on an d woo l len t ex t i les , raw cot t on (i nclu d i n g
gi n n ed cot t on and u n gi nn ed cot t on or ka p as ), cot t on s eed, p ap er
(i n clu di n g n ews p ri nt ), food -s t u ffs (i n clu d i n g ed ib le oi ls eed s an d oi l),
cat t le fod d er (i n clu d in g oi l -cakes an d ot h er con cen t rat es), coal
(i n clu di n g coke an d d eri vat i ves o f coa l), i ron , s t eel and mi ca;
(b ) offen ces agai n s t laws wi t h resp ect t o an y o f t h e mat t ers
men t i on ed in clau s e ( a ), j u ris di ct i on and p owers of a ll c ou rt s excep t th e
Su p reme Cou rt wi t h res p ect t o an y o f t h os e mat t ers , and fees i n res p ect
o f an y o f t h os e mat t ers bu t n ot in clu d in g fees t aken i n an y cou rt ;
b u t an y law mad e b y Par li amen t , w h i ch Parli ament wou ld n ot b u t for t h e
p rovi s i on s of t h i s art i cle h ave b een comp et ent t o make, s h all, t o t h e ex t en t
o f t h e in comp et en cy, ceas e t o h ave effect on t h e ex p i rat i on o f t h e s aid
p eri od , ex cept as resp ects th ings d on e or omi tt ed t o b e d on e b efore t h e
ex p i rat i on t h ereof.
1
3 7 0. Tem pora ry provi s i ons w ith res pect to the Sta te of J amm u a nd
Ka s hm i r. — (1 ) Not wi t hs t an di n g an yt h i n g i n t hi s Cons t it ut i on , —
(a ) t h e p rovi s i on s of art i cle 2 3 8 s h all n ot ap p ly i n relat i on t o t h e
St at e of J ammu and Kash mi r;
(b ) t h e p ower o f Par li amen t t o make laws for t h e s ai d St at e s h all b e
li mi t ed t o—
(i ) t h os e mat t ers in t h e Uni on Li s t an d th e Con cu rren t Li s t
wh i ch , in con su lt at i on wi th the G overn men t of t h e St at e, are
d eclared b y t h e Pres id ent t o corres p on d t o mat t ers sp eci fi e d in t h e
In s t ru ment of Acces s i on govern i n g t h e acces s i on of t h e St at e t o th e
Domi n i on of In d i a as th e mat t ers wit h resp ect t o wh i ch t h e
Domi n i on Legi s lat u re ma y make laws for t h at St at e; and
(i i ) s u ch ot h er mat t ers i n th e s aid Li s t s as , wi th th e con cu rre n ce
o f t h e G overn ment of t h e St at e, t h e Presi d en t may b y ord er s p eci fy.
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. In exercise of the powers conferred by this article the President, on the recommendation of the Constituent
Assembly of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, declared that, as from the 17 th day of November, 1952, the
said art. 370 shall be operative with the modification that for the Explanation in cl. (1) thereof, the following
Explanation is substituted, namely:-
“ E xplanation – For the purposes of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time
being recognised by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the
*Sadar-I Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for
the tim e being in o ffice.‖.
(Ministry of Law Order No. C.O. 44, dated the 15th November, 1952).
*N o w ―G o verno r‖.
169
170 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) The Governor shall annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report
to the President regarding the administration of the Hill Areas in the State of Manipur and the
executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the
administration of the said areas.
Explanation.— In this article, th e expression ―H ill A reas‖ m eans such areas as th e
President may, by order, declare to be Hill areas.
371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.— (1) The
President may by order made with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh provide, having
regard to the requirements of the State as a whole, for equitable opportunities and facilities for
the people belonging to different parts of the State, in the matter of public employment and in
the matter of education, and different provisions may be made for various parts of the State.
(2) An order made under clause (1) may, in particular,—
(a) require the State Government to organise any class or classes of posts in a civil
service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the State into different local cadres
for different parts of the State and allot in accordance with such principles and procedure
as may be specified in the order the persons holding such posts to the local cadres so
organised;
(b) specify any part or parts of the State which shall be regarded as the local area—
(i) for direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre (whether organised in
pursuance of an order under this article or constituted otherwise) under the State
Government;
(ii) for direct recruitment to posts in any cadre under any local authority within the
State; and
(iii) for the purposes of admission to any University within the State or to any other
educational institution which is subject to the control of the State Government;
(c) specify the extent to which, the manner in which and the conditions subject to
which, preference or reservation shall be given or made—
(i) in the matter of direct recruitment to posts in any such cadre referred to in
sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the order;
(ii) in the matter of admission to any such University or other educational
institution referred to in sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the
order,
t o or i n favou r o f can d i d at es wh o h ave res id ed or s tu d i ed for an y p eri od
s p eci fi ed in t h e ord er i n t h e local area i n res p ect of s u ch cad re, Un i vers i t y
or ot h er ed u cati on a l i ns t it ut i on , as t h e cas e may b e.
(3 ) Th e Presi d en t may, b y or d er, p rovi d e for t h e cons t it ut ion of an
Ad mi ni s t rat i ve Tri b un al fo r t h e St at e of An d h ra Prad es h t o ex erci s e su ch
j u ris di ct i on , p owers an d au th ori t y [i n clu d in g an y j u ris d i ct i on , p ower and
au t h or it y wh i ch immedi at ely b efore t h e commen cement of t h e Con s t it u ti on
(Th i rt y-s econ d Amen d ment ) Act, 1 97 3 , was ex erci s ab le b y an y c ou rt (ot h er
t h an t h e Sup reme Cou rt ) or b y an y t ri b u n al or ot h er aut h orit y] as may b e
s p eci fi ed i n t h e ord er wit h res p ect t o t h e f o ll owi n g mat t ers , n amel y: —
175 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
_______________________________________________
1. In P. Sambamurthy and others vs. State of Andhara Pradesh and other (1987) 1SCC, p. 362, the Supreme Court
declared clause (5) of art. 371D along with the proviso to be unconstitutional and void.
176 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(i) the High Court functioning as such immediately before the appointed day in the
territories comprised in the State of Sikkim shall, on and from the appointed day, be
deemed to be the High Court for the State of Sikkim;
(j) all courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers,
judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of the State of Sikkim shall
continue on and from the appointed day to exercise their respective functions subject to
the provisions of this Constitution;
(k) all laws in force immediately before the appointed day in the territories comprised
in the State of Sikkim or any part thereof shall continue to be in force therein until
amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority;
(l) for the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law as is referred to in
clause (k) in relation to the administration of the State of Sikkim and for the purpose of
bringing the provisions of any such law into accord with the provisions of this
Constitution, the President may, within two years from the appointed day, by order, make
such adaptations and modifications of the law, whether by way of repeal or amendment,
as may be necessary or expedient, and thereupon, every such law shall have effect subject
to the adaptations and modifications so made, and any such adaptation or modification
shall not be questioned in any court of law;
(m) neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in respect
of any dispute or other matter arising out of any treaty, agreement, engagement or other
similar instrument relating to Sikkim which was entered into or executed before the
appointed day and to which the Government of India or any of its predecessor
Governments was a party, but nothing in this clause shall be construed to derogate from
the provisions of article 143;
(n) the President may, by public notification, extend with such restrictions or
modifications as he thinks fit to the State of Sikkim any enactment which is in force in a
State in India at the date of the notification;
(o) if any difficulty arises in giving effect to any of the foregoing provisions of this
article, the President may, by order, do anything (including any adaptation or modification
of any other article) which appears to him to be necessary for the purpose of removing
that difficulty:
Provi d ed th at n o su ch ord er shall b e mad e aft er th e exp i ry o f t wo
yea rs fr om t h e app oi n t ed d ay;
(p) all things done and all actions taken in or in relation to the State of Sikkim or the
territories comprised therein during the period commencing on the appointed day and
ending immediately before the date on which the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment)
Act, 1975, receives the assent of the President shall, in so far as they are in conformity
with the provisions of this Constitution as amended by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth
Amendment) Act, 1975, be deemed for all purposes to have been validly done or taken
under this Constitution as so amended.
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.— Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,—
(a) no Act of Parliament in respect of—
(i) religious or social practices of the Mizos,
(ii) Mizo customary law and procedure,
179 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XXII
SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUT HORITATIVE
TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
3 9 3. Short ti tl e. — Th i s Cons t itu t i on may b e cal led t h e Con s t it u ti on of
In d i a.
3 9 4. Com m encem ent. — Thi s art i cle an d art i cles 5 , 6, 7 , 8 , 9 , 6 0 , 3 24 ,
3 6 6, 36 7 , 37 9 , 3 80 , 3 88 , 39 1 , 39 2 an d 3 93 sh all come i n t o for ce at on ce,
an d t h e remain in g p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con st i tu ti on s h all come i n t o force on
t h e t wen t y-s i x t h d ay o f J an u ary, 1 9 5 0 , wh i ch d ay i s re ferred t o i n t h is
Con s t it ut i on as t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on .
3 9 4 A. Authori ta ti ve text i n t he Hi ndi l a ng ua g e. — (1 ) Th e Pres i d en t
s h all cau s e t o b e pu b li sh ed u nd er h i s au th ori t y, —
(a ) th e t ran s lat i on of t h i s Cons tit u ti on in t h e Hin di lan gu age, si gn ed
b y t h e memb ers of t h e Con s t i tu en t As s emb ly, wi t h s u ch mod i fi cat i on s as
may b e n eces s ary t o b ri n g i t in con formi t y wi t h th e lan gu age, st yle an d
t ermi n olog y ad op t ed i n t h e au th ori t at i ve t ex ts of Cen t ral Act s i n th e
Hi n d i lan gu age, an d in corp orati n g t h erein all t h e amen d ment s o f t h i s
Con s t it ut i on mad e b efore s u ch pu b li cati on ; an d
(b ) th e t ran s lat i on i n th e Hi nd i lan gu age o f eve r y amen d men t of t h is
Con s t it ut i on mad e in th e En gli s h lan gu age.
(2 ) Th e t ran s lat i on of t h i s Con st i tu t i on an d of e ver y amen d ment t h ereof
p u b lis h ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) sh all b e con s t ru ed t o h ave t h e s ame mean in g as
t h e ori gi n al t h ereof an d i f an y d i ffi cu l t y ari s es i n s o con s t rui n g an y p art o f
s u ch t rans lat i on , t h e Pres i d en t sh all cau s e t h e s ame t o b e revi s ed su i t ab ly.
(3 ) Th e t ran s lat i on of t h i s Con st i tu t i on an d of e ver y amen d ment t h ereof
p u b lis h ed un d er t hi s art i cle sh all b e d eemed t o b e, for al l p u rp os e s , th e
au t h orit at i ve t ex t t h ereof i n th e Hi n d i lan gu age.
3 9 5. Repea l s .— Th e In d i an In d ep en den ce Act , 19 47 , an d t h e G overn men t
o f In d i a Act , 19 35 , t oget h er wi t h all en actmen ts amen d in g or
s u pp lemen ti n g t h e lat t er Act , b u t n ot in clu d in g th e Ab oli t i on of Pri v y
Cou n ci l J u ri sd i cti on Act , 1 94 9 , are h ereb y rep ealed .
184
185 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
FIRST SCHEDULE
[ Articles 1 and 4]
I. T HE ST AT ES
Name Territories
1. Andhra Pradesh The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Andhra State Act, 1953, sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the First Schedule to the
Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act,
1959, and the Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Mysore
(Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968, but excluding the
territories specified in the Second Schedule to the Andhra
Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959.
2. Assam The territories which immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution were comprised in the Province of
Assam, the Khasi States and the Assam Tribal Areas, but
excluding the territories specified in the Schedule to the
Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1951 and the
territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
State of Nagaland Act, 1962 and the territories specified in
sections 5, 6 and 7 of the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
3. Bihar The territories which immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution were either comprised in the Province of
Bihar or were being administered as if they formed part of
that Province and the territories specified in clause (a) of
sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
(Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968, but excluding the
territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956,
and the territories specified in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of
section 3 of the first mentioned Act and the territories
specified in section 3 of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.
4. Gujarat The territories referred to in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960.
5. Kerala The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5 of the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
6. Madhya Pradesh The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 9 of the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and the First Schedule to
the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories)
Act, 1959 but excluding the territories specified in section 3
of the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.
185
186 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
2.The Andaman and The territory which i mmediately before the commencement of
Nicobar Islands this Constitution was comprised in the Chief
C om m ission er‟s P rovin ce of th e A nd am an an d N icobar
Islands.
3. Lakshadweep The territory specified in section 6 of the States
Reorganisation Act, 1956.
4. Dadra and The territory which immediately before the eleventh day of
Nagar Haveli August 1961 was comprised in Free Dadra and Nagar
Haveli.
5. Daman and Diu The territories specified in section 4 of the Goa, Daman and
Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.
6. Pondicherry The territories which immediately before the sixteenth day
of August, 1962, were comprised in the French
Establishments in India known as Pondicherry, Karikal,
Mahe and Yanam.
7. Chandigarh The territories specified in section 4 of the Punjab
Reorganisation Act, 1966.
* * * * *
* * * * *
189 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
SECOND SCHEDULE
[Art i cles 5 9 (3 ), 65 (3 ), 7 5 (6 ), 9 7, 1 25 , 14 8 (3 ), 1 58 (3 ),
1 6 4 (5 ), 1 86 and 22 1 ]
PART A
P R O V I S I O N S AS T O T H E P R E S I D E N T AN D T H E G O V E R N O R S O F S T AT E S
1. There shall be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States the following
emoluments per mensem, that is to say:—
The President .. 10,000 rupees*.
The Governor of a State .. 5,500 rupees**.
2. There shall also be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States such
allowances as were payable respectively to the Governor-General of the Dominion of India
and to the Governors of the corresponding Provinces immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution.
3. The President and the Governors of the States throughout their respective terms of
office shall be entitled to the same privileges to which the Governor-General and the
Governors of the corresponding Provinces were respectively entitled immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution.
4. While the Vice-President or any other person is discharging the functions of, or is
acting as, President, or any person is discharging the functions of the Governor, he shall be
entitled to the same emoluments, allowances and privileges as the President or the Governor
whose functions he discharges or for whom he acts, as the case may be.
* * * * *
PART C
P R O V I S I O N S AS T O T H E S P E A KE R A N D T H E D E P U T Y S P E A KE R O F T H E H O U S E
O F T H E P E O P L E AN D T H E C H AI R M A N AN D T H E D E P U T Y C H AI R M A N
O F T H E C O U N C I L O F S T AT E S AN D T H E S P E A KE R AN D T H E
D E P U T Y S P E A KE R O F T H E L E G I S L AT I V E A S S E M B L Y
A N D T H E C H AI R M A N A N D T H E D E P U T Y
C H AI R M AN O F T H E L E G I S L AT I V E
C O U N C I L O F A S T AT E
7. There shall be paid to the Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman of the
Council of States such salaries and allowances as were payable to the Speaker of the
Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India immediately before the commencement of
this Constitution, and there shall be paid to the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
and to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States such salaries and allowances as were
payable to the Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India
immediately before such commencement.
8. There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State such
salaries and allowances as were payable respectively to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker
of the Legislative Assembly and the President and the Deputy President of the Legislative
________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Now 50,000 rupees, vide Act 25 of 1998, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1.1.1996).
** Now 36,000 rupees, vide Act 27 of 1998, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1.1.1996)
189
190 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
__________________________________________________________
*Now 33.000 rupees, vide Act 18 of 1998, s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-1-1996)
** Now 30.000 rupees, vide s. 7, ibid (w.e.f. 1-1-1996).
191 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall receive such reasonable allowances to
reimburse him for expenses incurred in travelling on duty within the territory of India and
shall be afforded such reasonable facilities in connection with travelling as the President may
from time to time prescribe.
(5) The rights in respect of leave of absence (including leave allowances) and pension of
the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be governed by the provisions which, immediately
before the commencement of this Constitution, were applicable to the Judges of the Federal
Court.
10. (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of High Courts, in respect of time spent on actual
service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say,—
Th e Ch i ef J us t i ce .. 9 ,00 0 ru p ees *.
An y ot h er J ud ge .. 8 ,00 0 ru p ees **:
Provided that if a Judge of a High Court at the time of his appointment is in receipt of a
pension (other than a disability or wound pension) in respect of any previous service under
the Government of India or any of its predecessor Governments or under the Government of
a State or any of its predecessor Governments, his salary in respect of service in the High
Court shall be reduced—
(a ) b y t h e amou n t of t h at pen s i on , and
(b ) i f h e h as , b efore s u ch ap p oi nt ment , recei ved in li eu of a p ort i on
o f t h e p en s i on d u e t o h i m in res p ect of s u ch p revi ou s s ervi ce t h e
commu t ed valu e t h ereof, b y t h e amou n t of t h at p orti on of t h e p en si on ,
an d
(c) i f h e h as, b efore s uch app oi nt ment , recei ved a ret i rement
grat u i t y i n res p ect of s u ch p reviou s s ervi ce, b y t h e p ens i on eq uivalen t o f
t h at gratu i t y.
(2) Every person who immediately before the commencement of this Constitution—
(a ) was h old in g offi ce as t h e Ch i ef J u st i ce of a Hi gh Cou rt i n an y
Provi n ce an d h as on s u ch commen cement b ecome t h e Ch i ef J u s ti ce of
t h e Hi gh Cou rt in th e corres p on d in g St at e u nd er clau s e (1 ) of art i cle
3 7 6, or
(b ) was h old i n g o ffi ce as an y ot h er J u d ge of a Hi gh Cou rt i n an y
Provi n ce an d h as on su ch commen cement b ecome a Ju d ge (ot h er th an th e
Ch i ef J u s ti ce) of t h e Hi gh Cou rt i n th e corres p on di n g St at e un d er th e
s ai d claus e,
shall, if he was immediately before such commencement drawing a salary at a rate higher
than that specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph, be entitled to receive in respect of
time spent on actual service as such Chief Justice or other Judge, as the case may be, in
addition to the salary specified in the said sub-paragraph as special pay an amount equivalent
to the difference between the salary so specified and the salary which he was drawing
immediately before such commencement.
____________________________________________________________
* Now 30,000 rupees, vide Act 18 of 1988, s. 4 (w.e.f. 1.1.1996)
** Now 26,000 rupees, vide s. 4, ibid. (w.e.f. 1.1.1996)
192 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) Any person who, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956, was holding office as the Chief Justice of the High Court of a State
specified in Part B of the First Schedule and has on such commencement become the Chief
Justice of the High Court of a State specified in the said Schedule as amended by the said Act,
shall, if he was immediately before such commencement drawing any amount as allowance in
addition to his salary, be entitled to receive in respect of time spent on actual service as such
Chief Justice, the same amount as allowance in addition to the salary specified in sub-
paragraph (1) of this paragraph.
11. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a ) th e e x p re ssio n “ C h ie f Ju stic e ” in c lu d e s a n a c tin g C h ie f Ju stic e ,
a n d a “ Ju d g e ” in c lu d e s a n ad hoc J ud ge;
(b ) “ a c tu a l se rv ic e ” in c lu d e s —
(i ) t i me s p en t b y a J u d ge o n d ut y as a J u d ge or i n th e
p erforman ce o f s u ch ot her fu n cti on s as h e may at t h e req u es t of t h e
Pres i d en t u nd ert ake t o di s ch arge;
(i i ) vacat i ons , ex clu d in g an y t i me d u rin g wh i ch th e Ju d ge i s
ab s ent on leave; an d
(i i i ) j oin in g t i me on t ran s fer fr om a Hi gh C ou rt t o t h e Su p reme
Cou rt or fr om on e Hi gh Cou rt t o an ot h er.
P ART E
PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER AND
A U D I T O R -G E N E R A L O F I N D I A
12. (1) There shall be paid to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India a salary at the
rate of *four thousand rupees per mensem.
(2) The person who was holding office immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution as Auditor-General of India and has become on such commencement the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India under artcle 377 shall in addition to the salary
specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph be entitled to receive as special pay an
amount equivalent to the difference between the salary so specified and the salary which he
was drawing as Auditor-General of India immediately before such commencement.
(3) The rights in respect of leave of absence and pension and the other conditions of
service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall be governed or shall continue to
be governed, as the case may be, by the provisions which were applicable to the Auditor-
General of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and all
references in those provisions to the Governor-General shall be construed as references to the
President.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
* The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall be paid a salary equal to the salary of the Judges of the
Supreme Court vide s. 3 of Act 56 of 1971. The salary of Judges of the Supreme Court has been raised to
Rs. 30,000 per mensem by Act 18 of 1998, s. 7 (w.e.f.1.1.1996).
193 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
THIRD SCHEDULE
[ Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219] *
______________________________________________________
*See also arts. 84(a) and 173(a).
193
194 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
IV
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India:—
“I, A .B ., h avin g been ap p ointed C hief Ju stice (or a Jud ge) of the S u prem e C ou rt of
India (or Comptroller and Auditor-General of India) do swear in the name of God that I
solemnly affirm
will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that
I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the
best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or
favour, affection or ill-w ill an d th at I w ill up h old th e C on stitution and th e law s.”
V
Form of oath of office for a Minister for a State:—
“I, A .B ., d o swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
solemnly affirm
Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of
India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State
of ..........and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution
and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-w ill.”
VI
Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a State:—
“I, A .B ., d o swear in the name of God that I will not directly or indirectly
solemnly affirm
communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my
consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the State of ....................except
as m ay b e req uired for the du e discharge of m y d u ties as su ch M inister.”
VI I
A
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a
State:—
“I, A .B ., h avin g been n om in ated as a cand id ate to fill a seat in th e L egislative
Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true
solemnly affirm
faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold
the sovereignty and integrity of In d ia.”
B
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of the Legislature of a State:—
“I, A .B ., h avin g b een elected (or n om inated ) a m em b er of the L egislative A ssem b ly (or
Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and
solemnly affirm
195 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty
and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to
enter.”
VI I I
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court:—
“I, A .B ., h avin g b een ap p ointed C hief Justice (or a Jud ge) of th e H igh C ourt at
(or of) ..........do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
solemnly affirm
the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity
of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment
perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will
u ph old th e C on stitution and th e law s.”
196 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
FOURTH SCHEDULE
[Articles 4(1) and 80(2)]
Al locat i on o f s eat s in th e Cou n ci l o f St at es
To each State or Union territory specified in the first column of the following table, there
shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that
State or that Union territory, as the case may be.
T AB L E
1. A nd hra P radesh… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 18
2. A ssam … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 7
3. B ihar… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 16
4. Jhark hand… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 6
5. G oa… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 1
6. G ujarat… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 11
7. H aryana… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5
8. K erala… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 9
9. M adhya P radesh… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 11
10. C hhattisgarh… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5
11. T am il N ad u … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 18
12. M aharashtra… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19
13. K arnataka… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 12
14. O rissa… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 10
15. P unjab… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7
16. R ajasthan… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 10
17. U ttar P radesh… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 31
18. U ttaranchal… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3
19. W est B engal… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 16
20. Jam m u and K ashm ir… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 4
21. N agaland… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 1
22. H im achal P radesh… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 3
23. M anip ur… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 1
24. T rip ura… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 1
25. M eghalaya… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 1
26. S ikk im … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 1
27. Mizo ram … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 1
28. A runachal P radesh… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 1
29. D elhi… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3
30. P o nd icherry… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1
T otal… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 233
196
197 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
FIFTH SCHEDULE
[Article 244(1)]
Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas
and Scheduled Tribes
P ART A
GENERAL
1. Interpretation.— In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression
“S tate” d oes n ot in clud e th e S tates of A ssam , M egh alaya, T rip u ra and M izoram .
2. Executive power of a State in Scheduled Areas.— Subject to the provisions of this
Schedule, the executive power of a State extends to the Scheduled Areas therein.
3. Report by the Governor to the President regarding the administration of
Scheduled Areas.— The Governor of each State having Scheduled Areas therein shall
annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report to the President regarding
the administration of the Scheduled Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union
shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said areas.
PART B
A D M I N I S T R AT I O N AN D CONT ROL OF SCHEDULE D ARE AS AN D SCHE DULED
TRI BES
4. Tribes Advisory Council.— (1) There shall be established in each State having
Scheduled Areas therein and, if the President so directs, also in any State having Scheduled
Tribes but not Scheduled Areas therein, a Tribes Advisory Council consisting of not more
than twenty members of whom, as nearly as may be, three-fourths shall be the representatives
of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State:
Provided that if the number of representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative
Assembly of the State is less than the number of seats in the Tribes Advisory Council to be
filled by such representatives, the remaining seats shall be filled by other members of those
tribes.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Tribes Advisory Council to advise on such matters pertaining
to the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in the State as may be referred to
them by the Governor.
(3) The Governor may make rules prescribing or regulating, as the case may be,—
(a) the number of members of the Council, the mode of their appointment and the
appointment of the Chairman of the Council and of the officers and servants thereof;
(b) the conduct of its meetings and its procedure in general; and
(c) all other incidental matters.
5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, the Governor may by public notification direct that any particular Act of
Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or
any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the
State subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification and
197
198 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
any direction given under this sub-paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect.
(2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in
a State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area.
In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
regulations may—
(a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled
Tribes in such area;
(b) regulate the allotment of land to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;
(c) regulate the carrying on of business as money-lender by persons who lend money
to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area.
(3) In making any such regulation as is referred to in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph,
the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or
any existing law which is for the time being applicable to the area in question.
(4) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the President
and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
(5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph unless the Governor making the
regulation has, in the case where there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the State, consulted
such Council.
P ART C
SCHEDULED AREAS
6. Scheduled Areas.— (1) In this C onstitu tion, th e ex p ression “S ch ed u led A reas” m eans
1
such areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas.
2
(2) The President may at any time by order —
(a) direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area shall cease to be a
Scheduled Area or a part of such an area;
(aa) increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after consultation with the
Governor of that State;
(b) alter, but only by way of rectification of boundaries, any Scheduled Area;
(c) on any alteration of the boundaries of a State or on the admission into the Union
or the establishment of a new State, declare any territory not previously included in any
State to be, or to form part of, a Scheduled Area;
(d) rescind, in relation to any State or States, any order or orders made under this
paragraph, and in consultation with the Governor of the State concerned, make fresh
orders redefining the areas which are to be Scheduled Areas;
and any such order may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the
President to be necessary and proper, but save as aforesaid, the order made under sub-
paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall not be varied by any subsequent order.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
1. See the Scheduled Areas (Part A States) Order, 1950 (C.O. 9), the Scheduled Areas (Part B States) Order,
1950 (C.O.26), the Scheduled Areas (Himachal Pradesh) Order, 1975 (C.O. 102) and the Scheduled Areas
(States of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa) Order, 1977 (C.O. 109)
2. See the Madras Scheduled Areas (Cessor) Order, 1950 (C.O. 30) and the Andhra Scheduled Areas (Cessor)
Order, 1955 (C.O. 50).
199 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART D
A M E N D M E N T O F T H E S C H E D U LE
7. Amendment of the Schedule.— (1) Parliament may from time to time by law amend by
way of addition, variation or repeal any of the provisions of this Schedule and, when the
Schedule is so amended, any reference to this Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed
as a reference to such Schedule as so amended.
(2) No such law as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall be deemed to
be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
200 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
SIXTH SCHEDULE
[Art i cles 2 44 (2 ) an d 2 75 (1 )]
P rovi s i ons as to the Adm i nis tra ti on of Tri ba l Area s i n the Sta tes of
As s am , M eg ha la ya , Tri pura a nd M i zoram
1
1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions.— (1) Subject to the provisions of
this paragraph, the tribal areas in each item of Parts I, II and IIA and in Part III of the table
appended to paragraph 20 of this Schedule shall be an autonomous district.
(2) If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district, the Governor may, by
public notification, divide the area or areas inhabited by them into autonomous regions.
(3) The Governor may, by public notification,—
(a) include any area in any of the Parts of the said table,
(b) exclude any area from any of the Parts of the said table,
(c) create a new autonomous district,
(d) increase the area of any autonomous district,
(e) diminish the area of any autonomous district,
(f) unite two or more autonomous districts or parts thereof so as to form one
autonomous district,
(ff) alter the name of any autonomous district,
(g) define the boundaries of any autonomous district:
Provided that no order shall be made by the Governor under clauses (c), (d), (e) and (f) of
this sub-paragraph except after consideration of the report of a Commission appointed under
sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 14 of this Schedule:
Provided further that any order made by the Governor under this sub-paragraph may
contain such incidental and consequential provisions (including any amendment of paragraph
20 and of any item in any of the Parts of the said table) as appear to the Governor to be
necessary for giving effect to the provisions of the order.
2
2. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils.— (1) There shall be a
1. Paragraph 1 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003),s. 2 , so as to insert the following proviso after sub-paragraph (2), namely:
“P ro vided that nothing in this su b -paragraph shall app ly to the B o do land T errito rial A reas D istrict.”\
*2. Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by s. 2,ibid., so as to insert the following
proviso after sub-paragraph (1), namely: —
“P ro vided that the B o do land T errito rial C o uncil shall co nsist o f not m o re than fo rty -six members of whom
forty shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage, of whom thirty shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes, five
for non-tribal communities, five open for all communities and the remaining six shall be nominated by the
Governor having same rights and privileges as other members, including voting rights, from amongst the un-
represented co m m u nities o f the B o do land T errito rial A reas D istrict, o f w hich at least tw o shall be w o m en.”
*Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s.2 so as to insert the following proviso after sub-paragraph (3), namely,-
“P ro vided that the D istrict C o uncil co nstituted fo r the N o rth C achar H ills D istrict shall be called as the N o rth
Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the District Council constituted for the Karbi Anglong District shall be
called as the K arbi A ng lo ng A uto no m o us C o uncil.”
*Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003)s. 2 , so as to insert the following proviso after the proviso in sub-paragraph
(3), namely: —
“P ro vided further that the D istrict C o uncil co nstituted fo r the B o do land T errito rial A reas D istrict shall be
called the Bodoland T erritorial C o uncil.”
200
201 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
District Council for each autonomous district consisting of not more than thirty
members, of whom not more than four persons shall be nominated by the Governor and the
rest shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage.
(2) There shall be a separate Regional Council for each area constituted an autonomous
region under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 1 of this Schedule.
(3) Each District Council and each Regional Council shall be a body corporate by the
name respectively o f “th e D istrict C ouncil of (name of district)” and “th e R egion al C oun cil of
(name of region)”, sh all have p erp etu al su ccession an d a com m on seal and sh all b y th e said
name sue and be sued.
(4) Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the administration of an autonomous district
shall, in so far as it is not vested under this Schedule in any Regional Council within such
district, be vested in the District Council for such district and the administration of an
autonomous region shall be vested in the Regional Council for such region.
(5) In an autonomous district with Regional Councils, the District Council shall have only
such powers with respect to the areas under the authority of the Regional Council as may be
delegated to it by the Regional Council in addition to the powers conferred on it by this
Schedule with respect to such areas.
(6) The Governor shall make rules for the first constitution of District Councils and
Regional Councils in consultation with the existing tribal Councils or other representative
tribal organisations within the autonomous districts or regions concerned, and such rules shall
provide for—
(a) the composition of the District Councils and Regional Councils and the allocation
of seats therein;
(b) the delimitation of territorial constituencies for the purpose of elections to those
Councils;
(c) the qualifications for voting at such elections and the preparation of electoral rolls
therefor;
(d) the qualifications for being elected at such elections as members of such
Councils;
(e) the term of office of members of Regional Councils;
(f) any other matter relating to or connected with elections or nominations to such
Councils;
(g) the procedure and the conduct of business (including the power to act
notwithstanding any vacancy) in the District and Regional Councils;
(h) the appointment of officers and staff of the District and Regional Councils.
(6A) The elected members of the District Council shall hold office for a term of five years
from the date appointed for the first meeting of the Council after the general elections to the
Council, unless the District Council is sooner dissolved under paragraph 16 and a nominated
member shall hold office at the pleasure of the Governor:
Provided that the said period of five years may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation or if circumstances exist which, in the opinion of the Governor, render the holding
of elections impracticable, be extended by the Governor for a period not exceeding one year
at a time and in any case where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation not extending
beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate:
202 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provided further that a member elected to fill a casual vacancy shall hold office only for
the remainder of the term of office of the member whom he replaces.
(7) The District or the Regional Council may after its first constitution make rules with
the approval of the Governor with regard to the matters specified in sub-paragraph (6) of this
paragraph and may also make rules with like approval regulating—
(a ) t h e format i on o f s u b ord i nat e loca l Cou n ci ls or B oard s an d t h eir
p roced u re an d t h e cond u ct of t h ei r b us in ess ; an d
(b ) gen erall y al l mat t ers relat i n g t o th e t ran s act i on of b us i n es s
p ert ain in g t o t h e ad min is t rati o n o f t h e di s t ri ct or regi on , as t h e cas e may
b e:
Provided that until rules are made by the District or the Regional Council under this sub-
paragraph the rules made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (6) of this paragraph shall
have effect in respect of elections to, the officers and staff of, and the procedure and the
conduct of business in, each such Council.
* * * * *
1
3. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to make laws.— (1) The
Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of all areas within such region and
_________________________________________________________________
*1. Paragraph 3 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to substitute sub-paragraph (3) as under, -
“(3) S ave as otherw ise pro vided in sub -paragraph (2) of paragraph 3A or sub-paragraph (2) of
paragraph 3B , all laws made under this paragraph or sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3A or sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 3B shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and, until assented to by
him , shall have no effect.”
After paragraph 3, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the
Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s.2 , namely:—
“3 A . Additional powers of the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong
Autonomous Council to make laws.— (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 3, the North
Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council within their respective
districts, shall have power to make laws with respect to—
( a ) i n d u s t r i e s , s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o vi s i o n s o f e n t r i e s 7 a n d 5 2 o f L i s t I o f
t h e Se v e n t h Sc h e d u l e ;
( b ) c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , t h a t i s t o s a y , r o a d s , b r i d ge s , f e r r i e s a n d o t h e r
m e a n s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n n o t s p e c i f i e d i n Li s t I o f t h e Se v e n t h Sc h e d u l e ;
municipal tramways, ropeways, inland waterway s and traffic thereon subject to
t h e p r o vi s i o n s o f L i s t I a n d L i s t I I I o f t h e S e v e n t h Sc h e d u l e w i t h r e g a r d t o
such waterways; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles;
( c ) p r e s e r v a t i o n , p r o t e c t i o n a n d i m p r o v e me n t o f s t o c k a n d p r e v e n t i o n o f
a n i m a l d i s e a s e s ; ve t e r i n a r y t r a i n i n g a n d p r a c t i c e ; c a t t l e p o u n d s ;
(d) primary and secondary education;
( e ) a gr i c u l t u r e , i n c l u d i n g a gr i c u l t u r a l e d u c a t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h , p r o t e c t i o n
a ga i n s t p e s t s a n d p r e v e n t i o n o f p l a n t d i s e a s e s ;
(f) fisheries;
( g ) w a t e r , t h a t i s t o s a y , w a t e r s u p p l i e s , i r r i ga t i o n a n d c a n a l s , d r a i n a ge
a n d e m b a n k m e n t s , w a t e r s t o r a ge a n d w a t e r p o w e r s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o vi s i o n s o f
e n t r y 5 6 o f L i s t I o f t h e Se v e n t h Sc h e d u l e ;
203 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
( h ) s o c i a l s e c u r i t y a n d s o c i a l i n s u r a n c e ; e m p l o y m e n t a n d u n e mp l o y m e n t ;
( i ) f l o o d c o n t r o l s c h e m e s f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f vi l l a g e s , p a d d y f i e l d s ,
markets, towns, etc. (not of technical nature);
(j) theatre and dramatic performances, cinemas subject to the provisions
o f e n t r y 6 0 o f L i s t I o f t h e S e v e n t h Sc h e d u l e ; s p o r t s e n t e r t a i n m e n t s a n d
a mu s e me n t s ;
(k) public health and sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries;
(l) minor irrigation;
(m) trade and commerce in, and the production supply and distribution of, food stuffs, cattle
fodder, raw cotton and raw jute;
(n) libraries, museums and other similar Institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient
and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under any law made by
Parliament to be of national importance; and
(o) alienation of land.
(2) All laws made by the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong Autonomous
Council under paragraph 3 or under this paragraph shall, in so far as they relate to matters specified in List
III of the Seventh Schedule, be submitted forthwith to the Governor who shall reserve the same for the
consideration of the President.
(3) When a law is reserved for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that
he assents to the said law or that he withholds assent therefrom:
Provided that the President may direct the Governor to return the law to the North Cachar Hills
Autonomous Council or the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, as the case may be, together with a
message requesting that the said Council will reconsider the law or any specified provisions thereof and, in
particular, will, consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may recommend in his
message and, when the law is so returned, the said Council shall consider the law accordingly within a
period of six months from the date of receipt of such message and, if the law is again passed by the said
C ouncil w ith or w ithout am end m ent it shall be presented again to the P resident for his consideration.”.
*After paragraph 3A, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the
Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003, (44 0f 2003), s. 2 , namely: —
“3B . Additional powers of the Bodoland Territorial Council to make laws.— (1) Without
prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 3, the Bodoland Territorial Council within its areas shall have
power to make laws with respect to :- (i) Agriculture, including agricultural education and research,
protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases; (ii) Animal husbandry and veterinary, that is to
say, preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases, veterinary
training and practice, cattle pounds; (iii) Co-operation; (iv) Cultural affairs; (v) Education, that is to say,
primary education, higher secondary including vocational training, adult education, college education
(general); (vi) Fisheries; (vii) Flood control for protection of village, paddy fields, markets and towns
(not of technical nature); (viii) Food and civil supply; (ix) Forests (other than reserved forests); (x)
Handloom and textile; (xi) Health and family welfare, (xii) Intoxicating liquors, opium and derivatives,
subject to the provisions of entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; (xiii) Irrigation; (xiv) Labour and
employment; (xv) Land and Revenue; (xvi) Library services (financed and controlled by the State
Government); (xvii) Lotteries (subject to the provisions of entry 40 of List I of the Seventh Schedule),
theatres, dramatic performances and cinemas (subject to the provisions of entry 60 of List I of the
Seventh Schedule); (xviii) Markets and fairs; (xix) Municipal corporation, improvement trust, district
boards and other local authorities; (xx) Museum and archaeology institutions controlled or financed by
the State, ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under any law
made by Parliament to be of national importance; (xxi) Panchayat and rural development; (xxii)
Planning and development; (xxiii) Printing and stationery; (xxiv) Pubic health engineering; (xxv) Public
works department; (xxvi) Publicity and public relations; (xxvii) Registration of births and deaths;
(xxviii) Relief and rehabilitation; (xxix) Sericulture; (xxx) Small, cottage and rural industry subject to
the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; (xxxi) Social Welfare; (xxxii) Soil
conservation; (xxxiii) Sports and youth welfare; (xxxiv) Statistics; (xxxv) Tourism; (xxxvi) Transport
(roads, bridges, ferries and other means of communications not specified in List I of the Seventh
Schedule, municipal tramways, ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provision
204 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
of List I and List III of the Seventh Schedule with regard to such waterways, vehicles other than
mechanically propelled vehicles); (xxxvii) Tribal research institute controlled and financed by the State
Government; (xxxviii) Urban development— town and country planning; (xxxix) Weights and
measures subject to the provisions of entry 50 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; and (xl) Welfare of
plain tribes and backward classes:
Provided that nothing in such laws shall--
(a) extinguish or modify the existing rights and privileges of any citizen in respect of his land at
the date of commencement of this Act; and
(b) disallow and citizen from acquiring land either by way of inheritance, allotment, settlement
or by any other way of transfer if such citizen is otherwise eligible for such acquisition of land within
the Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
(2) All laws made under paragraph 3 or under this paragraph shall in so far as they relate to matters
specified in List III of the Seventh Schedule, be submitted forthwith to the Governor who shall reserve the
same for the consideration of the President.
(3) When a law is reserved for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that
he assents to the said law or that he withholds assent therefrom:
Provided that the President may direct the Governor to return the law to the Bodoland Territorial
Council, together with the message requesting that the said Council will reconsider the law or any specified
provisions thereof and, in particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he
may recommend in his message and, when the law is so returned, the said Council shall consider the law
accordingly within a period of six month from the date of receipt of such message and, if the law is again
passéd by the said Council with or without amendments it shall be presented again to the President for his
consideration.”
205 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas within the district except
those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district shall have
power to make laws with respect to—
(a ) t h e allot men t , occu p ati on or u s e, or t h e s et ti n g ap art, of l an d ,
ot h er t h an an y lan d wh i ch is a res erved fores t for t h e p u rp os es of
agri cu lt u re or grazi n g or for res id ent i al or ot h er n on -agr i cu lt u ral
p u rp os es or for an y ot h er p u rp os e li kel y t o p romot e t h e i n t eres t s of
t h e in h ab it ant s of an y vi l lage o r t own :
Provi d ed t h at n oth in g i n s u ch laws s h all p reven t t h e comp u ls or y
acq u is it i on of an y lan d , wh et h er occu p i ed or u n occup i ed, fo r p u b li c
p u rp os es b y t h e G overn men t of t h e St at e con cern ed i n accord ance wi t h
t h e law for t h e t i me b ei n g in for ce au th ori s in g s u ch acqu is i ti on ;
(b ) t h e man agement of an y fores t n ot b ei n g a res erved fores t ;
(c) t h e u s e of an y can al o r wat er -c ou rs e for t h e p u rp ose of
agri cu lt u re;
(d ) t h e regu lat i on of t h e p ract i ce o f j h u m or ot h er forms o f s h i ft i n g
cu lt i vat i on ;
(e) t h e es t ab li sh men t of vi l lage or t o wn commi t t ees or cou n ci ls an d
t h ei r p owers ;
(f ) an y ot h er mat t er relat in g t o vi lla ge or t o wn ad min i st rati on ,
i n clu di n g vi llage o r t own p oli ce an d p ub li c h ealt h an d s ani t at i on ;
(g ) t h e app oi n t men t or su ccess i on of Ch i efs or Head men ;
(h ) t h e i nh erit an ce of p rop ert y;
(i ) marri age an d d i vorce;
(j ) s oci al cu st oms .
(2 ) In th is p aragraph , a “reserved forest” m ean s an y area w h ich is a reserved forest und er
the Assam Forest Regulation, 1891, or under any other law for the time being in force in the
area in question.
(3) All laws made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
1
4. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions.— (1)
The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas within such region and
the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of areas within the district other
than those which are under the authority of the Regional Councils, if any, within the district
may constitute village councils or courts for the trial of suits and cases between
the parties all of whom belong to Scheduled Tribes within such areas, other than suits and
cases to which the provisions of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply, to
________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 4 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to insert the following sub-paragraph after
sub-paragraph (5), namely: —
“(6) N othing in this paragraph shall apply to the B odoland T erritorial C ouncil constituted under the
proviso to sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 2 of this Schedule.”
206 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
the exclusion of any court in the State, and may appoint suitable persons to be members of
such village councils or presiding officers of such courts, and may also appoint such officers
as may be necessary for the administration of the laws made under paragraph 3 of this
Schedule.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Regional Council for an
autonomous region or any court constituted in that behalf by the Regional Council or, if in
respect of any area within an autonomous district there is no Regional Council, the District
Council for such district, or any court constituted in that behalf by the District Council, shall
exercise the powers of a court of appeal in respect of all suits and cases triable by a village
council or court constituted under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph within such region or
area, as the case may be, other than those to which the provisions of sub-paragraph (1) of
paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply, and no other court except the High Court and the
Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction over such suits or cases.
(3) The High Court shall have and exercise such jurisdiction over the suits and cases to
which the provisions of sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph apply as the Governor may from
time to time by order specify.
(4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may with the previous
approval of the Governor make rules regulating —
(a ) th e con st i tu ti on of vi l lage c ou n ci ls and cou rt s an d t h e p owers t o
b e ex ercis ed b y t h em un d er t hi s p aragrap h ;
(b ) t h e p roced u re t o b e fol l owed b y vi l la ge cou n ci ls or c ou rt s i n t h e
t ri al of s u i t s an d cas es u nd er sub -p aragrap h (1 ) of t h i s p aragraph ;
(c) t h e p rocedu re t o b e fol lo wed b y t h e Regi on al o r Di s t ri ct Coun ci l
or an y c ou rt con s t i t ut ed b y s u ch C ou n ci l i n app eals an d ot h er
p roceed i n gs u nd er su b -p aragraph (2 ) of t h i s p aragrap h ;
(d ) t h e en forcemen t of d eci s i on s and ord ers of s u ch cou n ci ls an d
cou rt s ;
(e) al l ot h er an ci llar y mat t ers for t h e carr yi n g ou t o f t h e p rovi s i ons
o f s u b -p aragrap h s (1 ) and (2 ) of t h is p aragraph .
(5) On and from such date as the President may, after consulting the Government of the
State concerned, by notification appoint in this behalf, this paragraph shall have effect in
relation to such autonomous district or region as may be specified in the notification, as if—
(i ) i n su b -p a ra g ra p h (1 ), fo r th e w o rd s “ b e tw e e n th e p a rtie s a ll o f
wh om b elon g t o Sch ed u led Trib es wit h in s u ch areas , ot h er than su i ts
an d cas es t o wh i ch t h e p rovi s i ons of s u b -p aragrap h (1 ) of p aragr ap h 5 of
t h is Sch e d u le a p p ly ,” , th e w o rd s “ n o t b e in g su its a n d c a se s o f th e n a tu re
referred t o i n s u b -p aragrap h (1 ) o f p aragrap h (5 ) o f t h i s Sch edu le,
w h ic h th e G o v e rn o r m a y sp e c ify in th is b e h a lf,” h a d b e e n su b stitu te d ;
(i i ) su b -p aragrap h s (2 ) an d (3 ) had b een omi tt ed ;
(i i i ) i n s ub -p aragrap h (4 ) —
(a ) fo r th e w o rd s “ A R e g io n a l C o u n c il o r D istric t C o u n c il, a s
t h e cas e may b e, may wi t h t h e p revi ou s app roval o f t h e G over n or
m a k e ru le s re g u la tin g ” , th e w o rd s “ th e G o v e rn o r m a y m a k e ru le s
re g u la tin g ” h a d b e e n su b stitu te d ; a n d
207 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) The Governor may, with the consent of any District Council, entrust either
conditionally or unconditionally to that Council or to its officers functions in relation to
agriculture, animal husbandry, community projects, co-operative societies, social welfare,
village planning or any other matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
7. District and Regional Funds.— (1) There shall be constituted for each autonomous
district, a District Fund and for each autonomous region, a Regional Fund to which shall be
credited all moneys received respectively by the District Council for that district and the
Regional Council for that region in the course of the administration of such district or region,
as the case may be, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
(2) The Governor may make rules for the management of the District Fund, or, as the case
may be, the Regional Fund and for the procedure to be followed in respect of payment of
money into the said Fund, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of moneys
therein and any other matter connected with or ancillary to the matters aforesaid.
(3) The accounts of the District Council or, as the case may be, the Regional Council shall
be kept in such form as the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India may, with the approval
of the President, prescribe.
(4) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall cause the accounts of the District and
Regional Councils to be audited in such manner as he may think fit, and the reports of the
Comptroller and Auditor-General relating to such accounts shall be submitted to the Governor
who shall cause them to be laid before the Council.
8. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose taxes.— (1) The Regional
Council for an autonomous region in respect of all lands within such region and the District
Council for an autonomous district in respect of all lands within the district except those
which are in the areas under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district,
shall have the power to assess and collect revenue in respect of such lands in accordance with
the principles for the time being followed by the Government of the State in assessing lands
for the purpose of land revenue in the State generally.
(2) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas within such region
and the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas in the district except
those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district, shall
have power to levy and collect taxes on lands and buildings, and tolls on persons resident
within such areas.
(3) The District Council for an autonomous district shall have the power to levy and
collect all or any of the following taxes within such district, that is to say —
(a ) t ax es on p rofes s i on s , t rad es , calli n gs an d emp loymen t s ;
(b ) t ax es on an i mals , vehi cles and b oat s ;
(c) t ax es on t h e en t ry o f g ood s i n t o a market for s ale t h erei n , an d
t olls on p as s en gers an d good s carri ed in ferri es ; an d
(d ) t ax es for t h e mai nt en an ce of s ch ools , d i sp ens ari es or road s .
(4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may make regulations to
provide for the levy and collection of any of the taxes specified in sub-paragraphs (2) and (3)
of this paragraph and every such regulation shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
209 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
1
9. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or extraction of, minerals.—
(1) Such share of the royalties accruing each year from licences or leases for the purpose of
prospecting for, or the extraction of, minerals granted by the Government of the State in
respect of any area within an autonomous district as may be agreed upon between the
Government of the State and the District Council of such district shall be made over to that
District Council.
(2) If any dispute arises as to the share of such royalties to be made over to a District
Council, it shall be referred to the Governor for determination and the amount determined by
the Governor in his discretion shall be deemed to be the amount payable under sub-paragraph
(1) of this paragraph to the District Council and the decision of the Governor shall be final.
2
10. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control of money-lending
and trading by non-tribals.— (1) The District Council of an autonomous district may
make regulations for the regulation and control of money-lending or trading within the
district by persons other than Scheduled Tribes resident in the district.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
regulations may—
(a) prescribe that no one except the holder of a licence issued in that behalf shall
carry on the business of money-lending;
(b) prescribe the maximum rate of interest which may be charged or be recovered by
a money-lender;
(c) provide for the maintenance of accounts by money-lenders and for the inspection
of such accounts by officers appointed in that behalf by the District Council;
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 9 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule
to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s.2, so as to insert the following sub-paragraph
after sub-paragraph (2), namely:-
“ (3 ) T h e G o v e rn o r m a y , b y o rd e r, d ire c t th a t th e sh a re o f ro y a ltie s to b e m a d e
o ve r t o a D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l u n d e r t h i s p a r a g r a p h s h a l l b e m a d e o v e r t o t h a t C o u n c i l
within a period of one year from the date of any agreement under sub -paragraph (1)
o r , a s t h e c a s e ma y b e , o f a n y d e t e r m i n a t i o n u n d e r s u b - p a ra g ra p h (2 ).” .
* 2 . P a r a g r a p h 1 0 h a s b e e n a m e n d e d i n i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e St a t e s o f T r i p u r a a n d
M i z o r a m b y t h e Si x t h S c h e d u l e t o t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n ( A m e n d me n t ) A c t , 1 9 8 8 ( 6 7 o f
1988), s.2, as under -
(a ) in th e h e a d in g , th e w o rd s “ b y n o n - trib a ls ” sh a ll b e o m itte d ;
(b) i n s u b - p a r a g r a p h ( 1 ) , t h e w o rd s “ o th e r th a n S c h e d u le d T rib e s ” sh a ll b e
o mi t t e d ;
( c ) i n s u b - p a r a gr a p h ( 2 ) , f o r c l a u s e ( d ) , t h e f o l l o w i n g c l a u s e s h a l l b e
s u b s t i t u t e d , n a me l y : -
(d) prescribe that no person resident in the district shall carry on any trade,
whether wholesale or retail, except under a licence issued in that behalf by
th e D istric t C o u n c il.” .
*Paragraph 10 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to insert the following sub-paragraph after
sub-paragraph (3), namely:
“(4) N othin g in this paragraph shall apply to the B odoland T erritorial C ouncil co nstituted under the
proviso to sub-paragrap h (3) of paragraph 2 of this S chedule.”
210 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d) prescribe that no person who is not a member of the Scheduled Tribes resident in the
district shall carry on wholesale or retail business in any commodity except under a licence
issued in that behalf by the District Council :
Provided that no regulations may be made under this paragraph unless they are passed by a
majority of not less than three-fourths of the total membership of the District Council:
Provided further that it shall not be competent under any such regulations to refuse the grant of a
licence to a money-lender or a trader who has been carrying on business within the district since
before the time of the making of such regulations.
(3) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
11. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the Schedule.— All laws, rules and
regulations made under this Schedule by a District Council or a Regional Council shall be published
forthwith in the Official Gazette of the State and shall on such publication have the force of law.
1
12. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Assam to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Assam. — (1) Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution —
(a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam in respect of any of the matters specified
in paragraph 3 of this Schedule as matters with respect to which a District Council or a Regional
Council may make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam prohibiting or
restricting the consumption of any non-distilled alcoholic liquor shall apply to any autonomous
district or autonomous region in that State unless in either case the District Council for such
district or having jurisdiction over such region by public notification so directs, and the District
Council in giving such direction with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall in its
application to such district or region or any part thereof have effect subject to such exceptions or
modifications as it thinks fit;
(b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of the State of Assam to which the provisions of clause (a) of this sub-paragraph do
not apply shall not apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in that State, or
shall apply to such district or region or any part thereof subject to such exceptions or
modifications as he may specify in the notification.
(2) Any direction given under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph may be given so as to have
retrospective effect.
12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Meghalaya.— Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,—
(a ) if a n y p ro v is io n o f a la w ma d e b y a D is t r i c t o r R e g i o n a l C o u n c i l i n
t he Sta te o f M e g h a la y a w it h r e s p e c t to a n y ma t t e r s p e c i fi e d i n s u b -
p a ra g r a p h ( 1 ) o f p a ra g r a p h 3 o f t h is Sc h e d u le o r i f a n y p r o v i s i o n o f a n y
re g u la t io n ma d e b y a D is tr ic t C o u n c il o r a R e g i o na l C o u n c i l i n t h a t St a t e
u n d e r p a ra g ra p h 8 o r p a ra g ra p h 1 0 o f t h is Sc h e d u l e , is re p u g n a n t t o a n y
p r o v is io n o f a la w ma d e b y t h e Le g is la t u re o f t h e S t a t e o f M e g h a l a ya w i t h
re s p e c t t o t h a t ma tte r, t h e n, t he la w o r re g u la t i o n ma d e b y t h e D is t r i c t
C o u n c il o r, a s t h e c a s e ma y b e , t h e R e g io na l C o u n c i l wh et h er mad e b efore
__________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 12 has been amended to its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s.2, as under,-
„in paragraph 12, in sub -paragraph (1), for the w ords and figure “m atters specified in paragraph 3 of this
S chedu le”, the w ord s, figures and letter “m atters specified in paragraph 3 or paragraph 3 A o f this S chedule”
shall be substituted.‟;
Paragraph 12 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2, as under, —
in paragraph 12, in sub-paragraph (1 ), in clause (a), for the w ords, figures and letter “m atters specified in
paragrap h 3 or paragraph 3 A of this S chedule”, the w ords, figures and letter “m atters specified in paragraph
3 or paragraph 3 A or paragraph 3B of this S ch edule” shall be substituted.
211 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 14 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995) , s. 2, as under,-
In paragraph 14 , in sub-paragraph (2), the w ords “w ith the recom m endations of the G overn or w ith
respect thereto” shall be om itted.
213 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) In allocating the business of the Government of the State among his Ministers the
Governor may place one of his Ministers specially in charge of the welfare of the autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State.
1
15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District and Regional
Councils.— (1) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that an act or resolution of a District
or a Regional Council is likely to endanger the safety of India or is likely to be prejudicial to
public order, he may annul or suspend such act or resolution and take such steps as he may
consider necessary (including the suspension of the Council and the assumption to himself of
all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Council) to prevent the commission or
continuance of such act, or the giving of effect to such resolution.
(2) Any order made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph together
with the reasons therefor shall be laid before the Legislature of the State as soon as possible
and the order shall, unless revoked by the Legislature of the State, continue in force for a
period of twelve months from the date on which it was so made:
Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving the continuance in force of such
order is passed by the Legislature of the State, the order shall unless cancelled by the
Governor continue in force for a further period of twelve months from the date on which
under this paragraph it would otherwise have ceased to operate.
2
16. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council.— (1) The Governor may on the
recommendation of a Commission appointed under paragraph 14 of this Schedule by public
notification order the dissolution of a District or a Regional Council, and—
(a ) d i rect t h at a fres h gen eral el ect i on sh all b e h eld i mmed i at el y for
t h e recon st it u ti on of t h e Cou n ci l, or
(b ) s ub j ect t o t h e p revi ous app rova l o f t h e Leg i s lat u re o f t h e St at e
as s u me t h e ad mi n is t rat i on of t h e area un d er t h e au th ori t y o f s u ch
Cou n ci l h i ms elf or p lace t h e ad min i st rat i on of s u ch area un d er th e
Commi s s i on app oi n t ed u nd er th e s ai d p aragrap h or an y ot her b od y
con s i d ered su it ab le b y h i m for a p eri od n ot ex ceed i n g t welve mon t hs :
Provided that when an order under clause (a) of this paragraph has been made, the
Governor may take the action referred to in clause (b) of this paragraph with regard to the
administration of the area in question pending the reconstitution of the Council on fresh
general election:
Provided further that no action shall be taken under clause (b) of this paragraph without
giving the District or the Regional Council, as the case may be, an opportunity of placing its
views before the Legislature of the State.
________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 15 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram by the Sixth
Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s. 2, as under,-
(a) in the opening paragraph, for the w ords “by the L egislature of the S tate”, the w ords “by him ” shall
be substituted;
(b) the proviso shall be omitted.
2. Paragraph 16 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram by s. 2, ibid., as
under,-
(a) in sub-paragraph (1), the w ords “subject to the previous appro val of the L egislature of the S tate”
occurring in clause (b), and the second proviso shall be omitted;
(b) for sub-paragraph (3), the following sub-graph shall be substituted, namely:-
“(3) E very order m ade under sub -paragraph (1) or sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph, along with
the reasons therefor shall be laid before the L egislature of the S tate.”‟.
214 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the
administration of an autonomous district or region cannot be carried on in accordance with
the provisions of this Schedule, he may, by public notification, assume to himself all or any of
the functions or powers vested in or exercisable by the District Council or, as the case may
be, the Regional Council and declare that such functions or powers shall be exercisable by
such person or authority as he may specify in this behalf, for a period not exceeding six
months:
Provided that the Governor may by a further order or orders extend the operation of the
initial order by a period not exceeding six months on each occasion.
(3) Every order made under sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph with the reasons therefor
shall be laid before the Legislature of the State and shall cease to operate at the expiration of
thirty days from the date on which the State Legislature first sits after the issue of the order,
unless, before the expiry of that period it has been approved by that State Legislature.
1
17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming constituencies in such
districts.— For the purposes of elections to the Legislative Assembly of Assam or Meghalaya
or Tripura or Mizoram, the Governor may by order declare that any area within an
autonomous district in the State of Assam or Meghalaya or Tripura or Mizoram, as the case
may be, shall not form part of any constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly reserved
for any such district but shall form part of a constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly
not so reserved to be specified in the order.
* * * * *
2
19. Transitional provisions.— (1) As soon as possible after the commencement of this
Constitution the Governor shall take steps for the constitution of a District Council for each
autonomous district in the State under this Schedule and, until a District Council is so
constituted for an autonomous district, the administration of such district shall be vested in
the Governor and the following provisions shall apply to the administration of the areas
within such district instead of the foregoing provisions of this Schedule, namely:—
(a) no Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall apply to any such area
unless the Governor by public notification so directs; and the Governor in giving such a
direction with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall, in its application to the
area or to any specified part thereof, have effect subject to such exceptions or
modifications as he thinks fit;
____________________________________________
1. Paragraph 17 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to insert the following proviso, namely: —
“P ro vided that nothing in this paragraph shall app ly to the B o do land T errito rial A reas D istrict.”
2. Paragraph 19 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by s. 2 , ibid., so as to insert the
following sub-paragraph after sub-paragraph (3), namely: —
“(4) A s so o n as po ssible after the co m m encem ent o f this A ct, and Interim E xecutive C o uncil fo r
Bodoland Territorial Areas District in Assam shall be formed by the Governor from amongst leaders of the
Bodo movement, including the signatories to the Memorandum of Settlement, and shall provide adequate
representation to the non-tribal communities in that area:
Provided that Interim Council shall be for a period of six months during which endeavour to hold the
election to the Council shall be made.
Explanation.---For the purposes of this sub-paragrap h, the expressio n “M em o randu m o f S ettlem ent”
means the Memorandum signed on the 10th day of February, 2003 between Government of India,
G o vernm ent o f A ssam and B o do L iberatio n T igres.”
215 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
TAB LE
PART I
1. The North Cachar Hills District.
2. The Karbi Anglong District.
3. Th e Bod olan d Terri t ori al Areas Di s t ri ct .
P A R T II
P A R T III
* **
1. The Chakma District.
2. The Mara District.
3. The Lai District.
216 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
20A. Dissolution of the Mizo District Council.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in this
Schedule, the District Council of the Mizo District existing immediately before the prescribed
date (hereinafter referred to as the Mizo District Council) shall stand dissolved and cease to
exist.
(2) The Administrator of the Union territory of Mizoram may, by one or more orders,
provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—
(a ) th e t ran s fer, i n wh ole or i n p art , of t h e as s ets , righ t s and
li ab i li t i es of t h e Mi zo Di s t rict Cou n ci l (i n clu di n g t h e ri gh t s an d
li ab i li t i es u nd er an y con t ract mad e b y i t ) t o th e Uni on or t o an y ot h e r
au t h orit y;
(b ) th e s ub s ti tu t i on of t h e Un i on or an y ot h er au th ori t y for t h e Mi zo
Di s t ri ct Cou n ci l, or t h e ad d it i on o f t h e Un i on or an y ot h er au t hori t y, as
a p art y t o an y le ga l p roceed i n gs t o wh i ch t h e Mi zo Di s t ri ct Coun ci l i s a
p art y;
(c) th e t ran s fer or re -emp l o ymen t o f an y emp l o yees o f t h e Mi zo
Di s t ri ct Cou n ci l t o or b y t h e Uni on or an y ot h er aut h ori t y, t h e terms and
con d i ti on s of s ervi ce ap p li cab le t o s u ch emp loyees a ft er s u ch t ran s fer or
re-emp l o ymen t ;
(d ) t h e con ti nu an ce of an y la ws , mad e b y t h e Mi zo Di s t ri ct Cou n ci l
an d i n force i mmed i at ely b efore i t s d i s s olu ti on , s ub j ect t o s u ch
ad ap t at i ons an d mod i fi cat i ons , wh et h er b y wa y o f rep eal or amen d men t ,
as th e Admi ni st rat or may make i n th is b eh alf, u n ti l s u ch laws are
alt ered , rep ealed or amend ed b y a comp et en t Legi s lat u re or ot h er
comp et en t au th ori t y;
(e) s u ch i n ci d en t al, con s eq u en t i al and s up p lement ary mat t ers as t h e
Ad mi ni s t rat or con s i ders n eces s ar y.
Explanation.— In this paragraph and in paragraph 20B of this Schedule, the expression
"prescribed date" means the date on which the Legislative Assembly of the Union territory of
Mizoram is duly constituted under and in accordance with the provisions of the Government
of Union Territories Act, 1963.
1
20B. Autonomous regions in the Union territory of Mizoram to be autonomous
districts and transitory provisions consequent thereto.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in
this Schedule,—
________________________________________________________
1. After paragraph 20B, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the
Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s. 2, namely:-
“20BA. Exercise of discretionary powers by the Governor in the discharge of his functions.-The
Governor in the discharge of his functions under sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 1, sub-paragraphs (1),
(6), sub-paragraph (6A) excluding the first proviso and sub-paragraph (7) of paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (3) of
paragraph 3, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 4, paragraph 5, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 6, sub-paragraph (2)
of paragraph 7, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 8, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 9, sub-paragraph (3) of
paragraph 10, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 14, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 15 and sub-paragraphs (1) and
(2) of paragraph 16 of this Schedule, shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers and the North Cachar Hills
Autonomous Council or the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, as the case may be, take such action as he
co nsiders necessary in his d iscretio n.”
2. After paragraph 20B, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the States of Tripura and
Mizoram, by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s. 2, namely:-
“20B B . E xercise of d iscretion ary p ow ers b y th e G overn or in th e d isch arge of h is fu n ction s.-The
Governor, in the discharge of his functions under sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 1, sub-paragraphs (1)
and (7) of paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 3, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 4, paragraph 5, sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 6, sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 7, sub- paragraph (3) of paragraph 9, sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 14, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 15 and sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) of paragraph
16 of this Schedule, shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, and if he thinks it necessary, the District
Council or the Regional C o uncil co ncerned, take such actio n as he co nsiders necessary in his d iscretio n.”
217 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
SEVENTH SCHEDULE
(Art i cle 2 4 6 )
Li s t I— Un i on Li s t
1. Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such
acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to
effective demobilisation.
2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union.
2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or any other force subject to the control of
the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers,
jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such
deployment.
3. Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas, the constitution
and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house
accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas.
4. Naval, military and air force works.
5. Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives.
6. Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production.
7. Industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or
for the prosecution of war.
8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.
9. Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the
security of India; persons subjected to such detention.
10. Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign
country.
11. Diplomatic, consular and trade representation.
12. United Nations Organisation.
13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and
implementing of decisions made thereat.
14. Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of
treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign countries.
15. War and peace.
16. Foreign jurisdiction.
17. Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens.
18. Extradition.
19. Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports and visas.
20. Pilgrimages to places outside India.
21. Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law
of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air.
22. Railways.
23. Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways.
219
220 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
68. The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological
Surveys of India; Meteorological organisations.
69. Census.
70. Union Public Service; All-India Services; Union Public Service Commission.
71. Union pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of
the Consolidated Fund of India.
72. Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and
Vice-President; the Election Commission.
73. Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and Deputy
Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the
People.
74. Powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members
and the Committees of each House; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence
or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by
Parliament.
75. Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the
President and Governors; salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the salaries,
allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the
Comptroller and Auditor-General.
76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States.
77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including
contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein; persons entitled to practise before the
Supreme Court.
78. Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except
provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practise before the
High Courts.
79. Extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a
High Court from, any Union territory.
80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any
State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise
powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government
of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of
members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State.
81. Inter-State migration; inter-State quarantine.
82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
83. Duties of customs including export duties.
84. Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India
except—
(a ) alcoh oli c li q u ors for h u man con su mpt i on ;
(b ) op iu m, In di an h emp an d ot h er n arcoti c d ru gs and n arcoti cs,
but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included
in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
85. Corporation tax.
223 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals
and companies; taxes on the capital of companies.
87. Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land.
88. Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land.
89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway
fares and freights.
90. Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets.
91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of
lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and
receipts.
92. Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein.
92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or
purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
92B. Taxes on the consignments of goods (whether the consignment is to the person
making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-
State trade or commerce.
93. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
94. Inquires, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List.
95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of
the matters in this List; admiralty jurisdiction.
96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any
court.
97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned
in either of those Lists.
Li s t II— St at e Li s t
1. Public order (but not including the use of any naval, military or air force or any other
armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any
contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power).
2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of entry 2A of
List I.
3. Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees
taken in all courts except the Supreme Court.
4. Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature, and
persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other
institutions.
5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations,
improvement trusts, districts boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities
for the purpose of local self-government or village administration.
6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries.
7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India.
8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, possession, transport,
purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
224 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
37. Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by
Parliament.
38. Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the
Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof.
39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members
and the committees thereof, and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the
members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving
evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State.
40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State.
41. State public services; State Public Service Commission.
42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated
Fund of the State.
43. Public debt of the State.
44. Treasure trove.
45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of
land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues.
46. Taxes on agricultural income.
47. Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land.
48. Estate duty in respect of agricultural land.
49. Taxes on lands and buildings.
50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law
relating to mineral development.
51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and
countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced
elsewhere in India:—
(a) alcoh oli c li q u ors for h u man con su mpt i on ;
(b ) opi u m, In di an h emp and ot h er n arcot i c d ru gs an d n arcot ics ,
but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance
included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
52. Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein.
53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity.
54. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, subject to the provisions
of entry 92A of List I.
55. Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers and
advertisements broadcast by radio or television.
56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways.
57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads,
including tramcars subject to the provisions of entry 35 of List III.
58. Taxes on animals and boats.
59. Tolls.
60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
226 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of
lunatics and mental deficients.
17. Prevention of cruelty to animals.
17A. Forests.
17B. Protection of wild animals and birds.
18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods.
19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with respect to
opium.
20. Economic and social planning.
20A. Population control and family planning.
21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.
22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes.
23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment.
24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability,
workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits.
25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject
to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of
labour.
26. Legal, medical and other professions.
27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by
reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan.
28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious
institutions.
29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious
diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.
30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to
be major ports.
32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled
vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods
on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways.
33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,—
(a ) th e p rodu ct s of an y i n d us t ry wh ere t h e con t rol of s u ch i ndu s t ry
b y t h e Un i on i s d eclared b y Parli amen t b y la w t o b e ex p ed i ent i n th e
p u b li c i nt eres t, and i mp ort ed good s of t h e s ame ki nd as s u ch p rod u cts ;
(b ) food s t u ffs , i n clu d in g edi b le oi ls eed s an d oi ls ;
(c) catt le fod d er, i n clu d in g oi lcakes an d ot h er con cent rat e s ;
(d ) raw cot t on, wh eth er gin n ed or u n gin n ed , and cot t on s eed ; an d
(e) raw ju t e.
33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.
34. Price control.
228 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such
vehicles are to be levied.
36. Factories
37. Boilers.
38. Electricity.
39. Newspapers, books and printing presses.
40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by
Parliament to be of national importance.
41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared
by law to be evacuee property.
42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property.
43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including
arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State.
44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not
including rates of stamp duty.
45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in
List II or List III.
46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of
the matters in this List.
47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any
court.
229 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
EIGHTH SCHEDULE
[ Articles 344 (1) and 351]
Languages
1. Assamese.
2. Bengali.
3. Bodo.
4. Dogri.
5. Gujarati.
6. Hindi.
7. Kannada.
8. Kashmiri.
9. Konkani.
10. Maithili.
11. Malayalam.
12. Manipuri.
13. Marathi.
14. Nepali.
15. Oriya.
16. Punjabi.
17. Sanskrit.
18. Santhali.
19. Sindhi.
20. Tamil.
21. Telugu.
22. Urdu.
229
230 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
NINTH SCHEDULE
(Article 31B)
1. The Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXX of 1950).
2. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 (Bombay Act LXVII of 1948).
3. The Bombay Maleki Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXI of 1949).
4. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXII of 1949).
5. The Panch Mahals Mehwassi Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXIII of 1949).
6. The Bombay Khoti Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act VI of 1950).
7. The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watan Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act LX of
1950).
8. The Madhya Pradesh Abolition of Proprietary Rights (Estates, Mahals, Alienated
Lands) Act, 1950 (Madhya Pradesh Act I of 1951).
9. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 (Madras Act
XXVI of 1948).
10. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Amendment Act, 1950
(Madras Act I of 1950).
11. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Uttar Pradesh
Act I of 1951).
12. The Hyderabad (Abolition of Jagirs) Regulation, 1358F (No. LXIX of 1358, Fasli).
13. The Hyderabad Jagirs (Commutation) Regulation, 1359F (No. XXV of 1359, Fasli).
14. The Bihar Displaced Persons Rehabilitation (Acquisition of Land) Act, 1950 (Bihar
Act XXXVIII of 1950).
15. The United Provinces Land Acquisition (Rehabilitation of Refugees) Act, 1948 (U.P.
Act XXVI of 1948).
16. The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948 (Act LX of
1948).
17. Sections 52A to 52G of the Insurance Act, 1938 (Act IV of 1938), as inserted by
section 42 of the Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1950 (Act XLVII of 1950).
18. The Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1951 (Act LI of 1951).
19. Chapter III-A of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Act LXV of
1951), as inserted by section 13 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Amendment
Act, 1953 (Act XXVI of 1953).
20. The West Bengal Land Development and Planning Act, 1948 (West Bengal Act XXI
of 1948), as amended by West Bengal Act XXIX of 1951.
21. The Andhra Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act
X of 1961).
22. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation)
Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXI of 1961).
23. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Ijara and Kowli Land Cancellation of Irregular
Pattas and Abolition of Concessional Assessment Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXXVI of
1961).
230
231 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
24. The Assam State Acquisition of Lands belonging to Religious or Charitable Institution
of Public Nature Act, 1959 (Assam Act IX of 1961).
25. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1953 (Bihar Act XX of 1954).
26. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
Act, 1961 (Bihar Act XII of 1962), except section 28 of this Act.
27. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1954 (Bombay Act I of
1955).
28. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1957 (Bombay Act XVIII
of 1958).
29. The Bombay Inams (Kutch Area) Abolition Act, 1958 (Bombay Act XCVIII of 1958).
30. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1960
(Gujarat Act XVI of 1960).
31. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling Act, 1960 (Gujarat Act XXVI of 1961).
32. The Sagbara and Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc.) Regulation,
1962 (Gujarat Regulation I of 1962).
33. The Gujarat Surviving Alienations Abolition Act, 1963 (Gujarat Act XXXIII of 1963),
except in so far as this Act relates to an alienation referred to in sub-clause (d) of clause (3) of
section 2 thereof.
34. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra
Act XXVII of 1961).
35. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Re-enactment, Validation and
Further Amendment) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra Act XLV of 1961).
36. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 (Hyderabad Act XXI of
1950).
37. The Jenmikaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1960 (Kerala Act III of 1961).
38. The Kerala Land Tax Act, 1961 (Kerala Act XIII of 1961).
39. The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Kerala Act I of 1964).
40. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959 (Madhya Pradesh Act XX of 1959).
41. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1960 (Madhya Pradesh
Act XX of 1960).
42. The Madras Cultivating Tenants Protection Act, 1955 (Madras Act XXV of 1955).
43. The Madras Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act, 1956 (Madras Act XXIV
of 1956).
44. The Madras Occupants of Kudiyiruppu (Protection from Eviction) Act, 1961 (Madras
Act XXXVIII of 1961).
45. The Madras Public Trusts (Regulation of Administration of Agricultural Lands) Act,
1961 (Madras Act LVII of 1961).
46. The Madras Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961 (Madras Act LVIII
of 1961).
47. The Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952 (Mysore Act XIII of 1952).
48. The Coorg Tenants Act, 1957 (Mysore Act XIV of 1957).
49. The Mysore Village Offices Abolition Act, 1961 (Mysore Act XIV of 1961).
232 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
50. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation) Act, 1961 (Mysore Act
XXXVI of 1961).
51. The Mysore Land Reforms Act, 1961 (Mysore Act X of 1962).
52. The Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Orissa Act XVI of 1960).
53. The Orissa Merged Territories (Village Offices Abolition) Act, 1963 (Orissa Act X of
1963).
54. The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953 (Punjab Act X of 1953).
55. The Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan Act III of 1955).
56. The Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act, 1959 (Rajasthan Act VIII of
1959).
57. The Kumaun and Uttarakhand Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1960
(Uttar Pradesh Act XVII of 1960).
58. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960 (Uttar Pradesh
Act I of 1961).
59. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953 (West Bengal Act I of 1954).
60. The West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 (West Bengal Act X of 1956).
61. The Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954 (Delhi Act VIII of 1954).
62. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act, 1960 (Central Act 24 of 1960).
63. The Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Central Act 33 of 1960).
64. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Central Act 43 of 1960).
65. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 35 of 1969).
66. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 25 of 1971).
67. The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings) Act, 1973
(Andhra Pradesh Act 1 of 1973).
68. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act 1 of 1973).
69. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1973 (Bihar Act IX of 1973).
70. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act V of 1972).
71. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 2 of
1974).
72. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Haryana Act 26 of 1972).
73. The Himachal Pradesh Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Himachal Pradesh Act 19
of 1973).
74. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Kerala Act 17 of 1972).
75. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Madhya Pradesh Act 12 of 1974).
76. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second Amendment) Act,
1972 (Madhya Pradesh Act 13 of 1974).
77. The Mysore Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1973 (Karnataka Act 1 of 1974).
78. The Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Punjab Act 10 of 1973).
233 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
79. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1973 (Rajasthan
Act 11 of 1973).
80. The Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1969
(Tamil Nadu Act 24 of 1969).
81. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (West Bengal Act XII of
1972).
82. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1964 (West Bengal Act XXII
of 1964).
83. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Second Amendment) Act, 1973 (West Bengal
Act XXXIII of 1973).
84. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1972
(Gujarat Act 5 of 1973).
85. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Orissa Act 9 of 1974).
86. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act,1974
(Tripura Act 7 of 1974).
* * * * *
88. The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Central Act 65 of 1951).
89. The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act, 1952 (Central Act 30
of 1952).
90. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 (Central Act 67 of
1957).
91. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (Central Act 54 of 1969).
* * * * *
93. The Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 (Central Act 64 of 1971).
94. The Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 36 of 1972).
95. The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 57 of 1972).
96. The Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act, 1972 (Central Act
58 of 1972).
97. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1972 (Central Act
72 of 1972).
98. The Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973 (Central Act 15 of 1973).
99. The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 (Central Act 26 of 1973).
100. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (Central Act 46 of 1973).
101. The Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act, 1973
(Central Act 56 of 1973).
102. The Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974 (Central Act 28 of
1974).
103. The Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act, 1974 (Central Act 37 of
1974).
104. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act,
1974 (Central Act 52 of 1974).
105. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974 (Central Act 57 of 1974).
234 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
106. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1964
(Maharashtra Act XVI of 1965).
107. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1965
(Maharashtra Act XXXII of 1965).
108. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1968
(Maharashtra Act XVI of 1968).
109. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second Amendment)
Act, 1968 (Maharashtra Act XXXIII of 1968).
110. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1969
(Maharashtra Act XXXVII of 1969).
111. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second Amendment)
Act, 1969 (Maharashtra Act XXXVIII of 1969).
112. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1970
(Maharashtra Act XXVII of 1970).
113. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Maharashtra Act XIII of 1972).
114. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1973
(Maharashtra Act L of 1973).
115. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (Orissa Act 13 of 1965).
116. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1966 (Orissa Act 8 of 1967).
117. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1967 (Orissa Act 13 of 1967).
118. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Orissa Act 13 of 1969).
119. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1970 (Orissa Act 18 of 1970).
120. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Uttar Pradesh Act 18 of 1973).
121. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1974
(Uttar Pradesh Act 2 of 1975).
122. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Third Amendment) Act, 1975
(Tripura Act 3 of 1975).
123.The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms Regulation, 1971 (3 of 1971).
124. The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms (Amendment) Regulation, 1973 (5 of
1973).
125. Section 66A and Chapter IVA of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939* (Central Act 4 of
1939).
126. The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (Central Act 10 of 1955).
127. The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act,
1976 (Central Act 13 of 1976).
128. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 (Central Act 19 of 1976).
129. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Central Act 20 of 1976).
* * * * *
131. The Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act, 1976 (Central Act 31 of 1976).
__________________________________________________________________________________________
* See now the relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988).
235 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
132. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (Central Act 33 of 1976).
133. The Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act, 1976
(Central Act 59 of 1976).
134. The Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1956 (Assam Act 1 of 1957).
135. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Vidarbha Region) Act, 1958 (Bombay
Act XCIX of 1958).
136. The Gujarat Private Forests (Acquisition) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 14 of 1973).
137. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Haryana Act 17 of
1976).
138. The Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Himachal Pradesh Act
8 of 1974).
139. The Himachal Pradesh Village Common Lands Vesting and Utilization Act, 1974
(Himachal Pradesh Act 18 of 1974).
140. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions)
Act, 1974 (Karnataka Act 31 of 1974).
141. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Karnataka Act 27 of
1976).
142. The Kerala Prevention of Eviction Act, 1966 (Kerala Act 12 of 1966).
143. The Thiruppuvaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 19 of 1969).
144. The Sreepadam Lands Enfranchisement Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 20 of 1969).
145. The Sree Pandaravaka Lands (Vesting and Enfranchisement) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act
20 of 1971).
146. The Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 26 of
1971).
147. The Kerala Agricultural Workers Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 18 of 1974).
148. The Kerala Cashew Factories (Acquisition) Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 29 of 1974).
149. The Kerala Chitties Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 23 of 1975).
150. The Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of
Alienated Lands) Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 31 of 1975).
151. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 15 of 1976).
152. The Kanam Tenancy Abolition Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 16 of 1976).
153. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1974
(Madhya Pradesh Act 20 of 1974).
154. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1975
(Madhya Pradesh Act 2 of 1976).
155. The West Khandesh Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc.)
Regulation, 1961 (Maharashtra Regulation 1 of 1962).
156. The Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1974 (Maharashtra
Act XIV of 1975).
157. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on Holdings) and
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Maharashtra Act XXI of 1975).
236 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
158. The Maharashtra Private Forest (Acquisition) Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XXIX of
1975).
159. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on Holdings) and
(Amendment) Amendment Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XLVII of 1975).
160. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1975
(Maharashtra Act II of 1976).
161. The Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 (Orissa Act I of 1952).
162. The Rajasthan Colonisation Act, 1954 (Rajasthan Act XXVII of 1954).
1 63. T h e R ajasthan L and R eform s and A cquisition of L an d ow n ers‟ E states A ct, 196 3
(Rajasthan Act 11 of 1964).
164. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act,
1976 (Rajasthan Act 8 of 1976).
165. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Rajasthan Act 12 of 1976).
166. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1970 (Tamil
Nadu Act 17 of 1970).
167. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1971
(Tamil Nadu Act 41 of 1971).
168. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1972
(Tamil Nadu Act 10 of 1972).
169. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of 1972).
170. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1972).
171. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fourth Amendment
Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 39 of 1972).
172. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Sixth Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 7 of 1974).
173. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fifth Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 10 of 1974).
174. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1974
(Tamil Nadu Act 15 of 1974).
175. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third Amendment Act,
1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 30 of 1974).
176. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 32 of 1974).
177. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1975
(Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1975).
178. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1975 (Tamil Nadu Act 21 of 1975).
179. Amendments made to the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act,
1950 (Uttar Pradesh Act I of 1951) by the Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1971
(Uttar Pradesh Act 21 of 1971) and the Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1974
(Uttar Pradesh Act 34 of 1974).
237 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
180. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976
(Uttar Pradesh Act 20 of 1976).
181. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1972 (West Bengal Act
XXVIII of 1972).
182. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land Act, 1973 (West Bengal Act XXIII
of 1973).
183. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (West Bengal Act XXXIII
of 1974).
184. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1975 (West Bengal Act XXIII of
1975).
185. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (West Bengal Act XII of
1976).
186. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Amendment Act, 1976 (Central Act 15 of 1976).
187. The Goa, Daman and Diu Mundkars (Protection from Eviction) Act, 1975 (Goa,
Daman and Diu Act 1 of 1976).
188. The Pondicherry Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1973 (Pondicherry
Act 9 of 1974).
189. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971 (Assam Act XXIII of
1971).
190. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Assam
Act XVIII of 1974).
191. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Amending Act, 1974 (Bihar Act 13 of 1975).
192. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Bihar Act 22 of 1976).
193. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1978 (Bihar Act VII of 1978).
238 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
194. The Land Acquisition (Bihar Amendment) Act, 1979 (Bihar Act 2 of 1980).
195. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Haryana Act 14 of
1977).
196. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1978
(Tamil Nadu Act 25 of 1978).
197. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1979
(Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1979).
198. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition Laws (Amendment) Act, 1978
(Uttar Pradesh Act 15 of 1978).
199. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act, 1978 (West
Bengal Act XXIV of 1978).
200. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act, 1980 (West
Bengal Act LVI of 1980).
201. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964 (Goa, Daman and Diu Act
7 of 1964).
202. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1976 (Goa,
Daman and Diu Act 17 of 1976).
203. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1959).
204. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Laws (Extension and Amendment) Regulation,
1963 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 2 of 1963).
205. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1970
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1970).
206. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1971
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1971).
207. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1978
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1978).
208. The Bihar Tenancy Act, 1885 (Bihar Act 8 of 1885).
209. The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 (Bengal Act 6 of 1908) (Chapter VIII—
sections 46, 47, 48, 48A and 49; Chapter X— sections 71, 71A and 71B; and Chapter XVIII—
sections 240, 241 and 242).
210. The Santhal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act, 1949 (Bihar Act 14
of 1949) except section 53.
211. The Bihar Scheduled Areas Regulation, 1969 (Bihar Regulation 1 of 1969).
212. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1982 (Bihar Act 55 of 1982).
213. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition Act, 1969 (Gujarat Act 16 of 1969).
239 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
214. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Gujarat Act 37 of 1976).
215. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1976 (President's Act 43
of 1976).
216. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 27 of
1977).
217. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 30 of 1977).
218. The Bombay Land Revenue (Gujarat Second Amendment) Act, 1980 (Gujarat Act 37
of 1980).
219. The Bombay Land Revenue Code and Land Tenure Abolition Laws (Gujarat
Amendment) Act, 1982 (Gujarat Act 8 of 1982).
220. The Himachal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1968
(Himachal Pradesh Act 15 of 1969).
221. The Himchal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1986
(Himachal Pradesh Act 16 of 1986).
222. The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of
Certain Lands) Act, 1978 (Karnataka Act 2 of 1979).
223. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1978 (Kerala Act 13 of 1978).
224. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1981 (Kerala Act 19 of 1981).
225. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Third Amendment) Act, 1976 (Madhya
Pradesh Act 61 of 1976).
226. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act, 1980
(Madhya Pradesh Act 15 of 1980).
227. The Madhya Pradesh Akrishik Jot Uchchatam Seema Adhiniyam, 1981
(Madhya Pradesh Act 11 of 1981).
228. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second Amendment) Act,
1976 (Madhya Pradesh Act 1 of 1984).
229. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1984
(Madhya Pradesh Act 14 of 1984).
230. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1989
(Madhya Pradesh Act 8 of 1989).
231. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (Maharashtra Act 41 of 1966), sections
36, 36A and 36B.
232. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to
Scheduled Tribes (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Maharashtra Act 30 of 1977).
233. The Maharashtra Abolition of Subsisting Proprietary Rights to Mines and Minerals in
certain Lands Act, 1985 (Maharashtra Act 16 of 1985).
234. The Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable Property (by Scheduled Tribes)
Regulation, 1956 (Orissa Regulation 2 of 1956).
235. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1975 (Orissa Act 29 of 1976).
236. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa Act 30 of 1976).
237. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa Act 44 of 1976).
240 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
238. The Rajasthan Colonisation (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act 12 of 1984).
239. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act 13 of 1984).
240. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Rajasthan Act 21 of 1987).
241. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1979 (Tamil Nadu Act 8 of 1980).
242. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1980
(Tamil Nadu Act 21 of 1980).
243. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1981
(Tamil Nadu Act 59 of 1981).
244. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1983 (Tamil Nadu Act 2 of 1984).
245. The Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1982 (Uttar Pradesh Act 20 of
1982).
246. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (West Bengal Act 18 of
1965).
247. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1966 (West Bengal Act 11 of
1966).
248. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1969 (West Bengal Act
23 of 1969).
249. The West Bengal Estate Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (West Bengal Act 36 of
1977).
250. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue Act, 1979 (West Bengal Act 44 of 1979).
251. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (West Bengal Act 41 of
1980).
252. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1981 (West Bengal Act
33 of 1981).
253. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 1981
(West Bengal Act 37 of 1981).
254. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1982
(West Bengal Act 23 of 1982).
255. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1984
(West Bengal Act 41 of 1984).
256. The Mahe Land Reforms Act, 1968 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1968).
257. The Mahe Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1981).
257A. The Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
(Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of appointments or posts in the Services
under the State) Act, 1993 (Tamil Nadu Act 45 of 1994).
258. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy Act, 1947 (Bihar Act 4
of 1948).
259. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation Act, 1956
(Bihar Act 22 of 1956).
241 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
284. The West Bengal Land Reforms Tribunal Act, 1991 (West Bengal Act 12 of 1991).
Explanation.— Any acquisition made under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan
Act III of 1955), in contravention of the second proviso to clause (1) of article 31A shall, to
the extent of the contravention, be void.
243 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
TENTH SCHEDULE
[ Articles 102(2) and 191(2)]
Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection
1. Interpretation.— In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) "H ou s e " mean s ei t h er Hou se of Par li amen t or t h e Legi s la t i ve
As s emb ly or, as t h e cas e may b e, ei t h er Hou s e of t h e Le gi s lat u re of a
St at e;
(b ) "le gi s lat u re p art y ", i n relat i o n t o a memb er o f a Hou s e b e lon gi n g
t o an y p oli t i cal p art y i n accord an ce wi t h th e p rovi s i ons of p ar agrap h 2
or p aragrap h 4 , means t h e group con s is t in g of al l t h e memb ers o f t h at
Hou s e for t h e t i me b ei n g b elon gi n g t o th at p oli t i cal p art y i n accord an ce
wi t h th e s ai d p rovi s i on s ;
(c) "or i gi n al p oli t i cal p art y ", i n relat i on t o a memb er of a Hou s e,
mean s th e p oli t i cal p art y t o wh i ch h e b elon gs for t h e p u rp os es o f s u b -
p aragrap h (1 ) of p aragrap h 2 ;
(d ) "p aragrap h " mean s a p aragrap h of t h i s Sch edu le.
2. Disqualification on ground of defection.— (1) Subject to the provisions of paragraphs
4 and 5, a member of a House belonging to any political party shall be disqualified for being a
member of the House—
(a) i f h e h as volu n t ari ly gi ven u p hi s memb ersh ip of s u ch p oli t i cal
p art y; or
(b ) i f h e vot es or ab s t ain s from vot i n g i n s u ch Hou s e con t rary t o an y
d i recti on i s su ed b y t h e p oli t i cal p art y t o wh i ch h e b elon gs o r b y an y
p ers on or au th ori t y au t h ori s ed by i t i n t hi s b eh alf, wi t h ou t ob t ain i n g, i n
ei t h er cas e, th e p ri or p ermis sion o f s u ch p oli t i cal p art y, p ers on or
au t h orit y an d su ch vot in g or abs t ent i on h as n ot b een cond on ed b y s u ch
p oli t i cal p art y, p ers on or au t h ori t y wi t h i n fi ft een d ays fr om t h e d at e of
s u ch vot i n g or ab s t en ti on .
Explanation.— For the purposes of this sub-paragraph,—
(a) an elect ed memb er of a Hou s e sh all b e d eemed t o b elon g t o t h e
p oli t i cal p art y, i f an y, b y wh i ch h e was s et u p as a can d idat e for
elect i on as su ch memb er;
(b ) a n omin at ed memb er of a Ho u s e sh all, —
(i) where he is a member of any political party on the date of his nomination as
such member, be deemed to belong to such political party;
(ii) in any other case, be deemed to belong to the political party of which he
becomes, or, as the case may be, first becomes, a member before the expiry of six
months from the date on which he takes his seat after complying with the
requirements of article 99 or, as the case may be, article 188.
(2) An elected member of a House who has been elected as such otherwise than as a
candidate set up by any political party shall be disqualified for being a member of the House
if he joins any political party after such election.
243
244 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) A nominated member of a House shall be disqualified for being a member of the
House if he joins any political party after the expiry of six months from the date on which he
takes his seat after complying with the requirements of article 99 or, as the case may be,
article 188.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this paragraph, a
person who, on the commencement of the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985,
is a member of a House (whether elected or nominated as such) shall,—
(i ) wh ere h e was a memb er of p oli t i cal p art y i mmed i at ely b efore
s u ch commen cemen t , b e d eemed, for t h e pu rp os es of s u b -p aragrap h (1 )
o f t h is p aragraph , t o h ave b een elect ed as a memb er of s u ch Hou s e as a
can d id at e s et u p b y s u ch p oli t i cal p art y;
(i i ) i n an y ot h er cas e, b e d eemed t o b e an elect ed memb er of t h e
Hou s e wh o h as b een elect ed as s u ch ot h erwi s e th an as a can di d ate s et u p
b y an y p o li t i ca l p art y for t h e p u rp os es of s u b -p aragrap h (2 ) o f t h i s
p aragrap h or, as t h e cas e ma y b e, b e d eemed t o b e a n omi n at ed memb er
o f t h e Hou s e for t h e p u rp os es of s ub -p aragrap h (3 ) of t h i s p aragrap h .
* * * * *
4. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of merger.— (1) A
member of a House shall not be disqualified under sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 where
his original political party merges with another political party and he claims that he and any
other members of his original political party—
(a) h ave b ecome memb ers of su ch oth er p oli t i cal p art y or, as t h e
cas e may b e, of a n ew p o li t i cal p art y formed b y s u ch merger; or
(b ) h ave n ot acce p t ed t h e merger an d opt ed t o fu n ct i on as a s eparat e
grou p ,
an d from t h e t i me of s u ch merger, s u ch ot h er p oli t i cal p art y or n ew
p oli t i cal p art y o r gr ou p , as th e cas e may b e, s h all b e d eemed t o b e t h e
p oli t i cal p art y t o wh i ch h e b elon gs for t h e p u rp os es of s u b -p aragrap h (1 ) of
p aragrap h 2 an d t o b e hi s ori gin al p oli t i cal p art y fo r t h e p u rpos es of t h i s
s u b -p aragrap h .
(2 ) For t h e p u rp os es of s u b -p aragrap h (1 ) of t h i s p aragraph , t he merger
o f t h e ori gi n al p oli t i cal p art y o f a memb er o f a H ou s e s h all b e d eemed t o
h ave t aken p lace i f, an d on l y i f, n ot les s t h an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e memb ers of
t h e legi s lat u re p art y con cern ed have agreed t o s u ch merger.
5 . Exem pti on, — Not wi t h s t an di ng an yt h i n g con t ain ed i n t h is Sched u le, a
p ers on wh o h as b een elect ed to t h e offi ce o f t h e Sp eaker or t h e Depu t y
Sp eaker o f t h e H ou s e o f t h e Peo p le or t h e Dep u t y Ch ai rman of t h e Cou n ci l
o f St at es or t h e Ch ai rman or t h e Dep u t y Ch ai rman of t h e Legi s lat i ve
Cou n ci l of a St at e or t h e Sp eaker or t h e Dep u t y Sp eaker o f t h e Le gi s lat i ve
As s emb ly o f a St at e, s h all n ot be d i sq u ali fi ed u nd er th i s Sch ed ule, —
(a) i f h e, b y reas on o f h i s elect i on t o s u ch offi ce, vo lu n t ari l y g i ves
u p th e memb ers hi p of t h e poli t i cal p art y t o wh i ch h e belon ged
i mmedi at ely b e fore s u ch elect i on an d d oes n ot , s o lon g as h e con t i n u es
245 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
_________________________________________________________________
* Paragraph 7 declared invalid for want of ratification in accordance with the proviso to clause (2) of article
368 as per majority opinion in Kihoto Hollohon Vs. Zachilhu and others (1992) 1 S.C.C . 309.
246 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
are so approved, they shall take effect on such approval in the form in which they were laid or
in such modified form, as the case may be, and where they are so disapproved, they shall be
of no effect.
(3) The Chairman or the Speaker of a House may, without prejudice to the provisions of
article 105 or, as the case may be, article 194, and to any other power which he may have
under this Constitution direct that any wilful contravention by any person of the rules made
under this paragraph may be dealt with in the same manner as a breach of privilege of the
House.
247 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE
(Article 243G)
1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and
soil conservation.
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
5. Fisheries.
6. Social forestry and farm forestry.
7. Minor forest produce.
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries.
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries.
10. Rural housing.
11. Drinking water.
12. Fuel and fodder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of
communication.
14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.
15. Non-conventional energy sources.
16. Poverty alleviation programme.
17. Education, including primary and secondary schools.
18. Technical training and vocational education.
19. Adult and non-formal education.
20. Libraries.
21. Cultural activities.
22. Markets and fairs.
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and
dispensaries.
24. Family welfare.
25. Women and child development.
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes.
28. Public distribution system.
29. Maintenance of community assets.
247
248 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
TWELFTH SCHEDULE
(Article 243W)
1. Urban planning including town planning.
2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
3. Planning for economic and social development.
4. Roads and bridges.
5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management.
7. Fire services.
8. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological
aspects.
9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the
handicapped and mentally retarded.
10. Slum improvement and upgradation.
11. Urban poverty alleviation.
12. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens,
playgrounds.
13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
14. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds; and electric
crematoriums.
15. Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences.
18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.
248
249 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX I
THE CONSTITUTION (APPLICATION TO JAMMU AND
KASHMIR) ORDER, 1954
C.O. 48
In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of article 370 of the Constitution, the
President, with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, is
pleased to make the following Order:—
1. (1) This Order may be called the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 1954.
(2) It shall come into force on the fourteenth day of May, 1954, and shall thereupon
supersede the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950.
2. The provisions of the Constitution as in force on the 20th day of June, 1964 and as
amended by the Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, the Constitution (Twenty-
first Amendment) Act, 1967, section 5 of the Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act,
1969, the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, section 2 of the Constitution
(Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act,
1971, the Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972, section 2 of the Constitution
(Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973, section 2 of the Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment)
Act, 1974, sections 2, 5, 6 and 7 of the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975,
the Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975, the Constitution (Fortieth
Amendment) Act, 1976, sections 2, 3 and 6 of the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment)
Act, 1985 and the Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988 which, in addition to
article 1 and article 370, shall apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the
exceptions and modifications subject to which they shall so apply shall be as follows:—
(1) THE PREAMBLE.
(2) PART I.
To article 3, there shall be added the following further proviso, namely:—
"P ro vi d ed fu rt h er t h at n o Bill p r ovi d i n g for i n creas i n g or
d i min is hi n g t h e area of t h e St at e o f J ammu an d Kas h mi r or al t eri n g
t h e n ame or b ou nd ary o f t h at St at e s h all b e i n t rodu ced in Parli amen t
wi t h ou t t h e cons ent of t h e Le gi s lat u re of t h at St at e. ".
(3) PART II.
(a) Th i s Part s h all b e d eemed t o h ave b een ap p li cab le i n relat i on t o
t h e St at e of J ammu and Kas hmi r as from t h e 2 6 t h d ay o f J an u ary, 1 95 0 .
(b) To article 7, there shall be added the following further proviso, namely:—
"Provided further that nothing in this article shall apply to a permanent resident
of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, who, after having so migrated to the territory
now included in Pakistan, returns to the territory of that State under a permit for
resettlement in that State or permanent return issued by or under the authority of any
law made by the Legislature of that State, and every such person shall be deemed to
be a citizen of India.".
249
250 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(vi) any jagir, inam, muafi or mukarrari or other similar grant, but does
not include—
(i) the site of any building in any town, or town area or village
abadi or any land appurtenant to any such building or site;
(ii) any land which is occupied as the site of a town or village; or
(iii) any land reserved for building purposes in a municipality or
notified area or cantonment or town area or any area for which a town
planning scheme is sanctioned.'.
(h ) In art i cle 3 2 , clau s e (3 ) s h all b e omi tt ed .
(i ) In art i cle 3 5 —
(i) references to the commencement of the Constitution shall be construed as
references to the commencement of this Order;
(ii) in clause (a) (i), the words, brackets and figures "clause (3) of article 16,
clause (3) of article 32" shall be omitted; and
(iii) after clause (b), the following clause shall be added, namely:—
"(c) no law with respect to preventive detention made by the Legislature
of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, whether before or after the
commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 1954, shall be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with any of the
provisions of this part, but any such law shall, to the extent of such
inconsistency, cease to have effect on the expiration of twenty-five years from
the commencement of the said Order, except as respects things done or
omitted to be done before the expiration thereof.".
(j ) Aft er art i cle 3 5 , t h e fol lo wi n g n ew art i cle s h all b e add ed ,
n amely:—
"35A. Saving of laws with respect to permanent residents and their rights.—
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no existing law in force in
the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and no law hereafter enacted by the Legislature of
the State,—
(a) defining the classes of persons who are, or shall be, permanent
residents of the State of Jammu and Kashmir; or
(b) conferring on such permanent residents any special rights and
privileges or imposing upon other persons any restrictions as respects—
(i) employment under the State Government;
(ii) acquisition of immovable property in the State;
(iii) settlement in the State; or
(iv) right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State
Government may provide,
s h all b e voi d on t h e grou n d th at it i s i n cons i st ent wi t h or t akes
awa y or ab ri d ges an y ri gh t s con ferred on t h e oth er cit i zen s
o f In d i a b y an y p rovi s i on o f t h i s Part . ".
252 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(5) PART V.
(a) For t h e p u rp os es of art i cl e 5 5 , th e p opu lat i on of t h e St at e of
J ammu an d Kash mi r s h all b e deemed t o b e s ix t y -t h ree la kh s .
(b ) In art i cle 8 1 , for clau s es (2 ) an d (3 ), th e fo ll owi n g clau s es sh all b e
s u bs ti t ut ed, n amely: —
"(2 ) For t h e p u rp os es of s u b -c lau s e (a) of c lau s e (1 ), —
(a) there shall be allotted to the State six seats in the House of the People;
(b) the State shall be divided into single member territorial constituencies by
the Delimitation Commission constituted under the Delimitation Act, 1972, in
accordance with such procedure as the Commission may deem fit;
(c) the constituencies shall, as far as practicable, be geographically compact
areas, and in delimiting them regard shall be had to physical features, existing
boundaries of administrative units, facilities of communication and public
convenience; and
(d) the constituencies into which the State is divided shall not comprise the
area under the occupation of Pakistan.
(3) Nothing in clause (2) shall affect the representation of the State in the House
of the People until the dissolution of the House existing on the date of publication in
the Gazette of India of the final order or orders of the Delimitation Commission
relating to the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies under the Delimitation
Act, 1972.
(4) (a) The Delimitation Commission shall associate with itself for the purpose of
assisting it in its duties in respect of the State, five persons who shall be members of
the House of the People representing the State.
(b) The persons to be so associated from the State shall be nominated by the
Speaker of the House of the People having due regard to the composition of the
House.
(c) The first nominations to be made under sub-clause (b) shall be made by the
Speaker of the House of the People within two months from the commencement of
the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Second Amendment Order,
1974.
(d) None of the associate members shall have a right to vote or to sign any
decision of the Delimitation Commission.
(e) If owing to death or resignation, the office of an associate member falls
vacant, it shall be filled as soon as may be practicable by the Speaker of the House of
the People and in accordance with the provisions of sub-clauses (a) and (b).".
(c) In art i cle 1 3 3 , aft er c la u s e (1 ), th e fo ll owi n g c lau s e s h all b e
i n s ert ed , n amely: —
„(1 A ) T h e provision s of section 3 of the Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act,
1972, shall apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir subject to the
modification that references therein to "this Act", "the commencement of this Act",
"this Act had not been passed" and "as amended by this Act" shall be construed
respectively as references to "the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
253 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Second Amendment Order, 1974", "the commencement of the said Order", "the said
Order had not been made" and "as it stands after the commencement of the said
O rd er‟‟.‟.
(d ) In art i cle 1 34 , clau s e (2 ), aft er t h e word s "Parli amen t may ", t h e
word s "on t h e req u es t of t h e Leg i s lat u re of t h e St at e" s h all b e i n s ert ed .
(e) Art i cles 13 5 an d 1 39 sh all b e omi t t ed .
* * * * *
(5 A) PART V I.
(a) Art i cles 15 3 t o 2 17 , arti cle 2 19 , art i cle 2 2 1, arti cles 2 23 , 2 2 4,
2 2 4 A an d 2 25 and arti cles 22 7 to 2 3 7 s h all b e omi t t ed .
(b ) In art i cle 2 2 0 , referen ces t o t h e commen cement of t h e
Con s t it ut i on sh all b e con s t ru ed as referen ces t o t h e commen cemen t of
t h e Con st i tu ti on (Ap p li cati on t o J ammu and Kas h mi r) Amen d men t
Ord er, 1 96 0 .
(c) In art i cle 2 2 2 , aft er clau s e (1 ), t h e foll owi n g n ew c lau s e s h all b e
i n s ert ed , n amely: —
"(1A) Every such transfer from the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir or to
that High Court shall be made after consultation with the Governor.".
(6) PART XI.
(a) In art i cle 2 46 , for t h e word s , b racket s and fi gu res "cl au s es (2 )
an d (3 ) " occu rri n g i n clau s e (1), t h e word , b racket s an d fi gu re "c lau s e
(2 ) " s h al l b e s ub st i tu t ed , an d t h e word s , b racket s an d fi gu re
"N ot wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n clau s e (3 ), " occu rri n g i n clau s e (2 ) an d t he
wh ole o f c lau s es (3 ) an d (4 ) sh all b e omi t t ed.
(b ) For art i cle 2 4 8 , t h e fol lo wi n g art i cle s h all b e s u bs t it u t ed ,
n amely:—
"248. Residuary powers of legislation. — Parliament has exclusive power to
make any law with respect to—
(a) prevention of activities involving terrorist acts directed towards
overawing the Government as by law established or striking terror in the people
or any section of the people or alienating any section of the people or adversely
affecting the harmony amongst different sections of the people;
(aa) prevention of other activities directed towards disclaiming,
questioning or disrupting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India or
bringing about cession of a part of the territory of India or secession of a part of
the territory of India from the Union or causing insult to the Indian National
Flag, the Indian National Anthem and this Constitution; and
(b) taxes on—
(i) foreign travel by sea or air;
(ii) inland air travel;
(iii) postal articles, including money orders, phonograms and
telegrams.".
254 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Explanation.— In this article, "terrorist act" means any act or thing by using
bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or
firearms or other lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or
any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature.
(bb ) In art i cle 2 4 9 , i n clau s e (1 ), for t h e word s "an y m at t er
en u merat ed in t h e St at e Li s t s p eci fi ed i n th e res olu t i on ", t h e wo rd s
"an y mat t er s p eci fi ed in th e resolu t i on , b ein g a mat t er wh i c h is n ot
en u merat ed in t h e Uni on Li s t or i n t h e Con cu rrent Li s t " s h all b e
s u bs ti t ut ed.
(c) In art i cle 25 0 , for t h e word s "t o an y o f t h e mat t ers
en u merat ed in t h e St at e Li st ", t h e w ord s "als o t o mat t ers n ot
en u merat ed in th e Uni on Li s t " s h all b e s u bs ti tu t ed.
* * * * *
(e) To art i cle 2 5 3 , t h e foll owi n g p rovi s o s h all b e ad d ed, n amely: —
"Provided that after the commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Order, 1954, no decision affecting the disposition of the State of Jammu and
Kashmir shall be made by the Government of India without the consent of the Government
of that State.".
* * * * *
(f) Art i cle 2 5 5 sh all b e omi t t ed.
(g) Art i cle 2 5 6 sh all b e re -n u mb ered as clau s e (1 ) of t h at article, an d t h e
fol lo wi n g n ew clau s e s h all b e add ed t h eret o, n amely: —
"(2) The State of Jammu and Kashmir shall so execise its executive power as to
facilitate the discharge by the Union of its duties and responsibilities under the
Constitution in relation to that State; and in particular, the said State shall, if so
required by the Union, acquire or requisition property on behalf and at the expense
of the Union, or if the property belongs to the State, transfer it to the Union on such
terms as may be agreed, or in default of agreement, as may be determined by an
arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India.".
* * * * *
(h ) In clau s e (2 ) of art i cle 2 6 1 , t h e word s "mad e b y Par li amen t "
s h all b e omi t t ed .
(7) PART XII.
* * * * *
(a) Clau s e (2 ) of art i cle 2 67 , arti cle 27 3 , clau s e (2 ) of art i cle
2 8 3 and art i cle 29 0 sh all b e omi t t ed .
(b ) In art i cles 2 6 6 , 2 82 , 28 4 , 29 8 , 29 9 an d 30 0 , referen ces t o
t h e St at e or St at es sh all b e con s t ru ed as n ot in clu d in g referen ces t o
t h e St at e of J ammu and Kas hmi r.
(c) In art i cles 2 77 an d 29 5 , referen ces t o t h e commen cemen t of
t h e Con st i tu ti on sh all b e con s t ru ed as referen ces t o t h e
commen cemen t of t h is ord er.
255 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(iv) in entry 45, for the words and figures "List II or List III", the words "this
List" shall be substituted.
(23) EIGHTH SCHEDULE.
(24) NINTH SCHEDULE.
(a) Aft er en t r y 6 4 , th e fol l owi n g en t ri es sh all b e ad d ed , n amely: —
64A. The Jammu and Kashmir State Kuth Act (No. I of Svt. 1978).
64B. The Jammu and Kashmir Tenancy Act (No. II of Svt. 1980).
64C. The Jammu and Kashmir Alienation of Land Act (No. V of Svt. 1995).
* * * * *
64D. The Jammu and Kashmir Big Landed Estates Abolition Act (No. XVII
of Svt. 2007).
64E. Order No. 6-H of 1951, dated the 10th March, 1951, regarding
Resumption of Jagirs and other assignments of land revenue, etc.
64F. The Jammu and Kashmir Restitution of Mortgaged Properties Act, 1976
(Act XIV of 1976).
64G. The Jammu and Kashmir Debtors' Relief Act, 1976 (Act XV of 1976).
(b ) En t ri es 8 7 t o 1 24 , in s ert ed b y t h e Con s t i tu ti on (Th i rt y -n i n t h
Amen d ment ) Act , 1 97 5 , sh all b e renu mb ered as ent ri es 65 to 1 0 2
res p ecti vel y.
(c) En t ri es 1 25 t o 1 88 sh all b e ren u mb ered as ent ri es 10 3 t o 1 6 6
res p ecti vel y.
(25) TENTH SCHEDULE.
(a) for t h e b racket s , word s an d fi gu res "A rt i cles 1 02 (2 ) an d
1 9 1 (2 ) ", t h e b racket s , word an d fi gu res "[ Art i cle 1 0 2 (2 )] " s h all b e
s u bs ti t ut ed ;
(b ) i n clau s e (a) of p aragrap h 1 , t h e word s "or t h e Le gi s lat i ve
As s emb ly or, as t h e cas e ma y b e, ei t h er Hou s e o f t h e Legi s lat u re o f a
St at e " s h all b e omi t t ed ;
(c) i n p aragrap h 2 , —
(i) in sub-paragraph (1), in sub-clause (ii) of clause (b) of the Explanation, the
words and figures "or, as the case may be, article 188" shall be omitted;
(ii) in sub-paragraph (3), the words and figures "or, as the case may be, article
188" shall be omitted;
(iii) in sub-paragraph (4), the reference to the commencement of the
Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985 shall be construed as a
reference to the commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Amendment Order, 1989;
(d ) i n p aragraph 5 , t h e word s "or t h e Ch ai rman or t h e Depu t y
Ch ai rman of t h e Legi s lat i ve Co u n ci l of a St at e or th e Sp eaker or t h e
Dep u t y Sp eaker o f t h e Legi s l at i ve As s emb l y o f a St at e " s h all b e
omi t t ed ;
261 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX II
RE-STATEMENT, WITH RE FERENCE TO THE PRESENT
TEXT OF THE CONS TITUT IO N, OF THE
EXCEPT IONS AND MOD IF IC AT IONS
SUBJECT TO WH IC H THE C ONST ITUTION
APP LIE S TO THE S TATE OF
J AMMU AND KAS HM IR
[Note.— The exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the
`State of Jammu and Kashmir are either those provided in the Constitution (Application to
Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 or those consequential to the non-application to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir of certain amendments to the Constitution. All the exceptions and
modifications which have a practical significance are included in the re-statement which is
only for facility of quick reference. For ascertaining the exact position, reference will have to
be made to the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 and to the text
of the Constitution on the 20th June, 1964, as amended by the subsequent amendments to the
Constitution mentioned in clause 2 of the said Order.]
(1) THE PREAMBLE.
(a) In t h e fi rs t p aragraph , omi t "SOCIA LIS T SECU LAR ";
(b ) i n t h e p en u lt i mat e p aragraph, omi t "an d i n t egrit y ".
(2) PART I.
Ar t i cl e 3 .—
(a) Add the following further proviso, namely:—
"Provided further that no Bill providing for increasing or diminishing the area
of the State of Jammu and Kashmir or altering the name or boundary of that State
shall be introduced in Parliament without the consent of the Legislature of that
State.";
(b) omit Explanation I and Explanation II.
(3) PART II.
(a ) Th is Part s h all b e d eemed t o h ave b een app li cab le in relat i on t o
t h e St at e of J ammu and Kas hmi r as from t h e 2 6t h d ay o f J an u ary, 1 95 0 .
(b ) Art i cle 7 . — Add th e fol lo wi n g fu rt h er p rovi s o, n amely: —
"Provided further that nothing in this article shall apply to a permanent
resident of the State of Jammu and Kashmir who, after having so migrated to the
territory now included in Pakistan, returns to that territory of that State under a
permit for resettlement in that State or permanent return issued by or under the
authority of any law made by the Legislature of that State, and every such person
shall be deemed to be a citizen of India.".
(4) PART III.
(a ) Ar t i cl e 13 . — Referen ces t o t h e commen cemen t of t h e
Con s t it ut i on s h all b e con s t ru ed as referen ces t o t h e commen cemen t of
262
263 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d) the constituencies into which the State is divided shall not comprise the
area under the occupation of Pakistan.
(3) Nothing in clause (2) shall affect the representation of the State in the House
of the People until the dissolution of the House existing on the date of publication in
the Gazette of India of the final order or orders of the Delimitation Commission
relating to the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies under the Delimitation
Act, 1972.
(4) (a) The Delimitation Commission shall associate with itself for the purpose of
assisting it in its duties in respect of the State, five persons who shall be members of
the House of the People representing the State.
(b) The persons to be so associated from the State shall be nominated by the
Speaker of the House of the People having due regard to the composition of the
House.
(c) The first nominations to be made under sub-clause (b) shall be made by the
Speaker of the House of the People within two months from the commencement of
the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Second Amendment Order,
1974.
(d) None of the associate members shall have a right to vote or to sign any
decision of the Delimitation Commission.
(e) If owing to death or resignation, the office of an associate member falls
vacant, it shall be filled as soon as may be practicable by the Speaker of the House of
the People and in accordance with the provisions of sub-clauses (a) and (b).".
(c) Ar t i cl e 8 2 .— Omi t t h e s econd and th i rd p rovi s os .
(d ) Ar ti cl e 1 05 . — In clau s e (3 ), for "s h al l b e t h os e of t h at Hou se an d of
i t s memb ers and commi t t ees i mmed i at ely b e fore t h e comi n g i n t o force o f
s ect i on 15 of t h e Con s t i t ut i on (Fort y -fou rt h Amen d ment ) Act , 1 9 78 "
s u bs ti t ut e "s h al l b e th os e of t he Hou s e of Common s of t h e Parli amen t of
t h e Uni t ed Kin gd om, and of i ts memb ers and commit t e es , at th e
commen cemen t of t h is Con st i tu ti on ".
(e) For art i cle 1 3 2 , s ub st it u t e t he fo l lo wi n g art i cle, n amely: —
'132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain
cases.— (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final
order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other
proceeding, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law
as to the interpretation of this Constitution.
(2) Where the High Court has refused to give such a certificate, the Supreme Court
may, if it is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the
interpretation of this Constitution, grant special leave to appeal from such judgment,
decree or final order.
(3) Where such a certificate is given, or such leave is granted, any party in the case
may appeal to the Supreme Court on the ground that any such question as aforesaid has
been wrongly decided and, with the leave of the Supreme Court, on any other ground.
267 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Explanation.— For the purposes of this article, the expression "final order" includes an
order deciding an issue which, if decided in favour of the appellant, would be sufficient for
the final disposal of the case.'.
(f ) Ar t i cl e 13 3 .—
(A) In clause (1), omit "under article 134A";
(B) after clause (1), insert the following clause, namely:—
'(1 A) Th e p rovi s i on s of s ect i on 3 of t h e Con s ti tu ti on (Th i rt i et h
Amen d ment ) Act , 1 9 72 , s h all ap p ly i n relat i on t o t h e St at e o f
J ammu an d Kas h mi r su b j ect t o t h e modi fi cat i on th at referen ces
t h erein t o "t h i s Act ", "t h e com men cement of t h i s Act ", "t h i s Act
h ad n ot b een p ass ed " an d "as amen d ed b y t h i s Act " s h al l b e
con s t ru ed res p ect i vel y as r ef eren ces t o "t h e C on s t i tu ti on
(Ap p li cat i on t o J ammu an d Kas h mi r) Secon d Amen d men t Order,
1 9 74 ", "t h e commen cemen t of t h e s aid Ord er ", "t h e s ai d Ord er h ad
n ot b een mad e " an d "as i t s t an d s aft er t h e commen cemen t of t h e
s ai d Ord er". '.
(g ) Ar t i cl e 13 4 .—
(A) In clause (1), in sub-clause (c), omit "under article 134A";
(B) in clause (2), after "Parliament may" insert "on the request of the Legislature of
the State".
(h ) Ar t i cl es 1 34 A, 1 35 , 1 39 an d 1 39 A. — Th es e art i cles are n ot
ap p li cab le t o th e St at e of J ammu an d Kash mi r.
(i ) Ar t i cl e 14 5 .— In clau s e (1 ), omi t s ub -clau s e ( cc).
(j ) Ar t i cl e 15 0 . — For "as t h e Pres i d ent may, on t h e ad vi ce o f t h e
Comp t roller an d Au d i t or -G en eral o f In d i a, p res cri b e " s u b st it ut e "as t h e
Comp t roller an d Au di t or -G en eral o f In d i a may, wi t h th e ap p rova l o f t h e
Pres i d en t p res crib e ".
(8) PART VI.
(a ) Omi t art i cles 1 53 t o 2 1 7 , art i cle 2 1 9 , arti cle 2 2 1 , arti cles 22 3 , 22 4 ,
2 2 4 A an d 2 25 , arti cles 22 7 t o 2 33 , art i cle 23 3 A an d art i cles 23 4 t o 2 3 7.
(b ) Art i cle 22 0. — Referen ces to t h e commen cement of t h e Con s ti tu t i on
s h all b e con s t ru ed as referen ces t o t h e commen cemen t of t h e C on s t it u ti on
(Ap p li cat i on t o J ammu an d Kas h mi r) Amend ment Ord er, 1 960 , i .e., th e
2 6 th J an u ary, 1 96 0 .
(c) Art i cle 2 2 2 . — Aft er cla u s e (1 ), in s ert t h e fol lo wi n g clau s e,
n amely:—
"(1A) Every such transfer from the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir or to that
High Court shall be made after consultation with the Governor.".
(d ) Ar t i cl e 22 6 .—
(A) Renumber clause (2) as clause (1A);
(B) omit clause (3);
268 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(C) renumber clause (4) as clause (2); and in clause (2) as so renumbered, for
"this article" substitute "clause (1) or clause (1A)".
(9) PART VIII.— This part is not applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(10) PART X.— This part is not applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(11) PART XI.
(a ) Ar t i cl e 24 6 .—
(A) in clause (1), for "clauses (2) and (3)" substitute "clause (2)";
(B) in clause (2), omit "Notwithstanding anything in clause (3),";
(C) omit clauses (3) and (4).
(b ) For art i cle 2 4 8 , su bs ti t ut e the fo l lo wi n g art i cle, n amely: —
'248. Residuary powers of legislation.— Parliament has exclusive power to make
any law with respect to—
(a) prevention of activities involving terrorist acts directed towards
overawing the Government as by law established or striking terror in the people or
any section of the people or alienating any section of the people or adversely
affecting the harmony amongst different sections of the people;
(aa) prevention of other activities directed towards disclaiming, questioning
or disrupting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India or bringing about
cession of a part of the territory of India or secession of a part of the territory of
India from the Union or causing insult to the Indian National Flag, the Indian
National Anthem and this Constitution; and
(b) taxes on—
(i) foreign travel by sea or air;
(ii) inland air travel;
(iii) postal articles, including money orders, phonograms and telegrams.
Explanation.— In this article, "terrorist act" means any act or thing by using
bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or
firearms or other lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or
any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature.'.
(b b ) Ar ti cl e 2 49 , in clau s e (1 ), for "an y mat t er en u merat ed i n t he St ate
Li s t s p eci fi ed in t h e res olu t i on ", su b st it u t e "an y mat t er sp eci fied in t h e
res olu t i on , b ei n g a matt er whi ch is n ot en u merat ed i n th e Uni on Li s t or
i n th e Con cu rren t Li s t ".
(c) Ar t i cl e 2 50 . — For "t o an y o f t h e mat t ers en u merat ed i n th e St at e
Li s t " s u b s ti tu t e "als o t o mat t ers n ot enu merat ed i n t h e Un i on Li st ".
(d ) Omi t clau s e (d ).
(e) Ar t i cl e 2 53 . — Add th e fol lo wi n g p rovi s o, n amely: —
"Provided that after the commencement of the Constitution (Application to
Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954, no decision affecting the disposition of the State
of Jammu and Kashmir shall be made by the Government of India without the
consent of the Government of that State.".
269 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(f ) Omi t a r ti cl e 2 55 .
(g ) Ar t i cl e 2 56 . — Ren u mb er th is art i cle as claus e (1 ) th ereof, an d
ad d t h e fol lo wi n g n ew clau s e theret o, n amely: —
"(2) The State of Jammu and Kashmir shall so exercise its executive power as
to facilitate the discharge by the Union of its duties and responsibilities under the
Constitution in relation to that State; and in particular, the said State shall, if so
required by the Union, acquire or requisition property on behalf and at the
expense of the Union, or if the property belongs to the State, transfer it to the
Union on such terms as may be agreed, or in default of agreement, as may be
determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India.".
(h ) Ar t i cl e 26 1 .— In clau s e (2 ), omi t "mad e b y Par li amen t ".
(12) PART XII.
(a ) Ar t i cl es 2 66 , 2 82 , 28 4 , 298 , 29 9 an d 30 0 . — In t h es e art i cles
referen ces t o t h e St at e or St ates s hall b e con s t ru ed as n ot in clu d in g
referen ces t o t h e St at e of J ammu an d Kash mi r;
(b ) omi t clau s e (2 ) of art i cle 2 6 7 , art i cle 2 73 , clau s e (2 ) of art i cle 2 8 3
an d arti cle 2 90 ;
(c) Ar t i cl es 2 77 an d 2 95 . — In t h es e art i cles referen ces to t h e
commen cemen t of t h e Con s t i tu t ion s h all b e con s t ru ed as referen ces t o t h e
commen cemen t of t h e Con s t i tu ti on (Ap p li cat i on t o J ammu an d Kas h mi r)
Ord er, 1 95 4 , i .e ., t h e 1 4t h d ay o f Ma y, 1 9 5 4 .
(d ) Omi t t h e s ub -h ead in g "C H A P T E R IV. — R I G H T T O P R O P E R T Y " an d
art i cle 3 00 A.
(13) PART XIII.
In art i cle 3 0 3 , i n clau s e (1 ), o mi t "b y vi rt u e o f an y en t r y re la t i n g t o
t rad e and commerce in an y o f t h e Li s t s i n t h e Sevent h Sch edu le ".
(14) PART XIV.
Ex cep t in art i cle 3 12 , referen ce t o "St at e " i n t h i s Part d oes n ot i n clu d e
t h e St at e of J ammu and Kas hmi r.
(15) PART XIVA.
This Part is not applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(16) PART XV.—
(a ) Ar ti cl e 3 24 . — In clau s e (1 ), t h e referen ce t o t h e Con s ti tu t ion s h all,
i n relat i on t o elect i on s t o e i t h er Hou s e o f t h e Le gi s lat u re o f J ammu an d
Kas h mi r, b e cons t ru ed as a referen ce t o t h e Con s ti tu t i on of J ammu and
Kas h mi r.
(b ) Ar t i cl es 3 25 , 32 6 and 3 27. — In t h es e art i cles t h e referen ces t o a
St at e sh all b e con st ru ed as n ot in clu d in g a referen ce t o th e St at e of
J ammu an d Kash mi r.
(c) Omi t arti cle 3 28 .
(d ) Ar t icl e 3 29 . —
270 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(A) Reference to a State shall be construed as not including a reference to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir;
(B) omit "or article 328".
(17) PART XVI. —
Original clause (a) omitted and clauses (b) and (c) relettered as clauses (a) and (b).
(a) Omit articles 331, 332, 333, 336 and 337.
(b) Articles 334 and 335.— References to the State or the States shall be construed as
not including references to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) A rticle 33 9, in clause (1 ), om it “th e adm inistration of the S ch edu led A reas an d”.
(18) PART XVII. — The provisions of this Part shall apply to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir only in so far as they relate to—
(i) The official language of the Union;
(ii) the official language for communication between one State and another, or
between a State and the Union; and
(iii) The language of the proceedings in the Supreme Court.
(19) PART XVIII.
(a) For article 352, substitute the following article, namely :—
“352 . Proclamation of Emergency.— (1) If the President is satisfied that a grave
emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory thereof is
threatened, whether by war or external aggression or internal disturbance, he may, by
Proclamation, make a declaration to that effect.
(2) A proclamation issued under clause (1)—
(a) may be revoked by a subsequent Proclamation;
(b) shall be laid before each House of Parliament;
(c) shall cease to operate at the expiration of two months unless before the
expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both Houses of
Parliament:
Provided that if any such Proclamation is issued at a time when the House of the
People has been dissolved or the dissolution of the House of the People takes place
during the period of two months referred to in sub-clause (c), and if a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of States but no resolution
with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People before
the expiration of that period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of
thirty days from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its
reconstitution unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the people.
(3) A Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or of any
part of the territory thereof is threatened by war or by external aggression or by internal
disturbance may be made before the actual occurrence of war or of any such aggression
or disturbance if the President is satisfied that there is imminent danger thereof.
(4) The power conferred on the President by this article shall include the power to
issue different Proclamations on different grounds, being war or external aggression or
271 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b) in clause (a) of p aragraph 1 , the w ord s “or th e L egislative A ssem b ly or, as th e
case m ay be, eith er H ou se of th e L egislature of a S tate” sh all b e om itted ;
(c) in paragraph 2,—
(i) in sub-paragraph (1), in sub-clause (ii) of clause (b) of the Explanation, the
w ord s an d figu res “or, as th e case m ay be, article 18 8” sh all b e om itted ;
(ii) in sub-p aragraph (3 ), th e w ords an d figu res “or, as th e case m ay b e, article
1 88” shall b e om itted ;
(iii) in sub-paragraph (4), the reference to the commencement of the
Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985 shall be construed as a
reference to the commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Amendment Order, 1989;
(d) in paragraph 5 , the w ord s “or the C h airm an or th e D ep uty C hairm an of the
Legislative Council of a State or the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
A ssem b ly o f a S tate” shall b e om itted ;
(e) in sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 6, the words and figu res “or, as th e case m ay
b e, p roceedin gs in th e L egislature of a S tate w ith in th e m eanin g of article 212 ” sh all b e
omitted;
(f) in sub-paragraph (3) of p aragraph 8, th e w ords an d figures “or, as th e case m ay
b e, article 1 94,” sh all be om itted.
278 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX-III
EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-FOURTH
AMENDMENT) ACT, 1978
* * * * * *
1. Short title and commencement.— (1) * * *
(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act.
* * * * * *
3. Amendment of article 22.— In article 22 of the Constitution,—
(a) for clause (4), the following clause shall be substituted, namely:—
„(4) N o law pro vid ing for p reventive detention shall authorise the detention of a
person for a longer period than two months unless an Advisory Board constituted in
accordance with the recommendations of the Chief Justice of the appropriate High Court
has reported before the expiration of the said period of two months that there is in its
opinion sufficient cause for such detention:
Provided that an Advisory Board shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two
other members, and the Chairman shall be a serving Judge of the appropriate High Court
and the other members shall be serving or retired Judges of any High Court:
Provided further that nothing in this clause shall authorise the detention of any person
beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause
(a) of clause (7).
Explanation.— In this clause, “appropriate H igh C o urt” m eans,—
(i) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
made by the Government of India or an officer or authority subordinate to that
Government, the High Court for the Union territory of Delhi;
(ii) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
made by the Government of any State (other than a Union territory), the High Court
for that State; and
(iii) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
made by the administrator of a Union territory or an officer or authority subordinate
to such administrator, such High Court as may be specified by or under any law made
by P arliam ent in this behalf.‟;
(b) in clause (7),—
(i) sub-clause (a) shall be omitted;
(ii) sub-clause (b) shall be re-lettered as sub-clause (a); and
(iii) sub-clause (c) shall be re-lettered as sub-clause (b) and in the sub-clause as so re-
lettered, for the w ords, brackets, letter and figure “sub -clause (a) o f clause (4)” , the w ord,
brackets and figure “clause (4)” shall be substituted.
* * * * *
278
279 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX-IV
___________________________________________________________________
*Date yet to be notified.
279
_
280 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX-V
1. Short title and Commencement.— (1) This Act may be called the Constitution
(Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.
(2) It shall come into force on such date* as the Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.
2. Insertion of new article 268A.— After article 268 of the Constitution, the following
article shall be inserted, namely:--
“2 68 A . Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the
Union and the States.— (1) Taxes on services shall be levied by the Government of
India and such tax shall be collected and appropriated by the Government of India and
the States in the manner provided in clause (2).
(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such tax levied in accordance with
the provisions of clause (1) shall be—
(a) collected by the Government of India and the States;
(b) appropriated by the Government of India and the States,
in accordance with such principles of collection and appropriation as may be
form u lated b y P arliam en t b y law .”.
3. Amendment of article 270.— In article 270 of the Constitution, in clause (1), for the
w ord s and figu res “articles 26 8 an d 269 ”, th e w ords, figu res and letter “articles 26 8, 26 8 A
and 26 9” sh all be substitu ted.
4. Amendment of Seventh Schedule.— In the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution,
in List I–Union List, after entry 92B, the following entry shall be inserted, namely:--
“9 2 C . T ax es on services.”.
_________________________________
*Date yet to be notified.
280
281 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
INDEX
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
A
ABOLITION —
of privy purses ..................................................................................363A.
ACCOUNTS—
Form of— of the Union and States .................................................... 150.
ACQUISITION—
of estates, etc., saving of laws providing for ................................... 31A.
of property, co m p ulsory … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S ch. V II, L ist III-42.
amount for— of any property of an educational institution
established and administered by a minority ................................... 30(1A).
ACTS—
Validation of certain— and Regulations .......................................... 31B, Sch. IX.
ADAPTATION OF LAWS— See PRESIDENT.
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE .................................................... Sch. VII, List III-11A.
ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS between the
Union and States ................................................................................. 256— 262.
ADMINISTRATOR—
appointment of— for Union territory ............................................... 239(1).
power of— of Union territory to promulgate Ordinances ................. … 239 B .
ADMINISTRATOR-GENERAL ........................................................ Sch. VII, List III-11.
ADMIRALTY jurisdiction VII, List I-95.
ADOPTION Sch. VII, List III-5.
ADULTERATION OF FOODSTUFFS, ETC. ................................... Sch. VII, List III-18.
ADULT SUFFRAGE— See ELECTIONS.
ADVISORY BOARD— See PREVENTIVE DETENTION.
ADVOCATE-GENERAL—
appointment of ................................................................................ 165(1).
duties of .......................................................................................... 165(2).
qualifications for appointment of ................................................... 165(1).
remuneration, etc., of ...................................................................... 165(3).
right of— to take part in proceedings of State Legislature ............... 177.
term of office of .............................................................................. 165(3).
AERODROMES................................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-29.
definition of .................................................................................... 364(2).
regulation and organisation of air traffic and of .............................. Sch. VII, List I-29.
special provision as to extension of laws to ..................................... 364(1).
AERONAUTICAL EDUCATION, ETC. ........................................... Sch. VII, List I-29.
AGRICULTURAL INCOME, definition of ....................................... 366(1).
AGRICULTURAL INDEBTEDNESS, relief of ................................. Sch. VII, List II-30.
AGRICULTURE ................................................................................ Sch. VII, List II-14.
AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
organisation of ................................................................................ 48.
ALIENS.............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-17.
ALL-INDIA SERVICES— See SERVICES.
AMMUNITION— See ARMS.
281
282 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND
RECORDS ...................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-67.
ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS, territory of ...................... Sch. I.
ANDHRA PRADESH—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to .................................. Sch. IV.
establishment of Central University in ............................................ 371E.
special provision for the Legislative Assembly of ........................... 378A.
special provisions with respect to the State of ................................. 371D.
State of ........................................................................................... Sch. I.
ANGLO-INDIANS—
definition of .................................................................................... 366(2).
educational grants for benefit of...................................................... 337.
special provisions re:—
appointment of— to certain services ................................................ 336.
nomination of— to the House of the People .................................... 331.
representation of— in State Legislative Assembly ........................... 333.
special representation of— to cease after 60 years ........................... 334.
ANIMALS—
prevention of cruelty to ................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-17.
protection of wild— and birds ......................................................... Sch. VII, List III-17B.
ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT—
before Parliament ............................................................................ 112.
before State Legislature .................................................................. 202.
ARBITRATION ................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-13.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS—
of national importance .................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-67.
Others ............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-40.
ARMED FORCES—
court or tribunal constituted under law relating to— High
Court has no power of superintendence over ................................ 227(4).
deployment of armed forces or other forces of— , in any State
in aid of the civil power .............................................................. Sch. VII, List I-2A.
Fundamental Rights : Parliament may restrict or abrogate, in
their application to ...................................................................... 33.
Judgment, determination, sentence or order of court or
tribunal constituted under law relating to— Supreme Court
has no power to interfere ........................................................... 136(2).
of Union ....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-2.
ARMS, FIREARMS, AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES ............. Sch. VII, List I-5.
ARTICLE, definition of ...................................................................... 366(3).
ARUNACHAL PRADESH—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to .................................. Sch. IV.
special provision with respect to the State of .................................. 371 H.
territory of ...................................................................................... Sch. I.
ASSAM—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to .................................. Sch. IV.
formation of an autonomous State in............................................... 244A.
special provision with respect to the State of .................................. 371B.
283 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
State of ........................................................................................... Sch. I.
ASSOCIATIONS, literary, scientific and religious ............................. Sch. VII, List II-32.
ATOMIC ENERGY ........................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-6.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL—
appointment of ................................................................................ 76(1).
duties of .......................................................................................... 76(2).
right of audience in all courts of...................................................... 76(3).
right of— to take part in proceedings in Parliament ......................... 88.
salary and allowances, etc., of ......................................................... 76(4).
AUDIT OF UNION AND STATE ACCOUNTS ............................... Sch. VII, List I-76.
AUDITOR-GENERAL— See COMPTROLLER AND
AUDITOR-GENERAL
B
BACKWARD CLASSES—
Commission to investigate the conditions of ................................. 340.
making of special provisions for the advancement of ................... 15(4).
reservation of appointments, etc., for ........................................... 16(4).
BANKING ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-45.
BANKING CORPORATIONS ........................................................... Sch. VII, List I-43.
BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY .............................................. Sch. VII, List III-9.
BEACONS ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-26.
BETTING AND GAMBLING ........................................................... Sch. VII, List II-34.
BHARAT— See INDIA.
BIHAR—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to .................................. Sch. IV.
Legislative Council for ................................................................... 168.
State of ........................................................................................... Sch. I.
BILLS—
affecting taxation in which States are interested, prior
recommendation of President ..................................................... 274.
appropriation—
in Parliament .............................................................................. 114.
in State Legislature .................................................................... 204.
assent to—
by Governor ............................................................................... 200.
by President ............................................................................... 111.
financial—
special provisions as to—
in Parliament .............................................................................. 117.
in State Legislature .................................................................... 207.
introduction, passing and lapsing of—
in joint sitting ........................................................................... 100 & 108.
in Parliament ............................................................................ 107.
in State Legislature .................................................................. 196.
Money— in Parliament—
definition of ............................................................................. 110
procedure in respect of ............................................................ 109.
Money— in State Legislature—
284 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
BILLS— contd..
definition of .......................................................................... 199.
procedure in respect of .......................................................... 198.
reservation of— by Governor for President ............................ 201.
BILLS OF EXCHANGE— cheques, promissory notes, etc. ................ Sch. VII, List I-46.
BIRTHS AND DEATHS .................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-30.
BOILERS ........................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-37.
BONA VACANTIA, right to property accruing as ............................... 296.
BOOKS .............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-39.
BORROWING, definition of .............................................................. 366(4).
See also FINANCE
BORSTAL INSTITUTIONS .............................................................. Sch. VII, List II-4.
BRIDGES AND FERRIES ................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-13.
BROADCASTING ............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-31.
BURIALS AND BURIAL GROUNDS .............................................. Sch. VII, List II-10.
C
CANALS ............................................................................................ Sch. VII, List II-17.
CANTONMENTS .............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-3.
CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS AND GOODS—
by air, rail or sea ............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-30.
on inland waterways ....................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-32.
CASES, TRANSFER OF—
relating to same question of law ...................................................... 139A.
CENSUS ............................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-69.
CERTIORARI
power of High Court to issue ......................................................... 226.
CHANDIGARH, territory of .............................................................. Sch. I.
CHARITIES ....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-28.
CHHATTISGARH—
allocatio n o f seats in the C o uncil o f S tates to … … … … … . … … … S ch. IV
S tate of … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . S ch. I.
CHIEF JUSTICE—
of High Court— See HIGH COURT.
of Supreme Court— See SUPREME COURT.
CHIEF MINISTER—
appointment of ................................................................................ 164.
Council of Ministers,— is head of ................................................... 163.
duty of— to furnish information, etc., to Governor .......................... 167.
CHILDREN—
employment of— See FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS.
free and compulsory education for— State to provide .................... 45.
CINEMAS .......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-33.
CINEMATOGRAPH FILMS—
sanction of— for exhibition ............................................................. Sch. VII, List I-60.
CITIZENS OF INDIA, persons voluntarily acquiring citizen-
ship of a foreign State, not to be ..................................................... 9.
CITIZENSHIP .................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-17.
at the commencement of the Constitution ....................................... 5.
285 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
CITIZENSHIP— contd.
Parliament to regulate— by law ....................................................... 11.
right of—
continuance of............................................................................. 10.
of migrants from Pakistan ........................................................... 6.
of migrants to Pakistan ............................................................... 7.
of persons of Indian origin residing outside India ...................... 8.
CIVIL CODE, uniform for all citizens ................................................ 44.
CIVIL PROCEDURE ......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-13.
CLAUSE, definition of ....................................................................... 366(5).
COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY ................................................... 75(3).
COLONIZATION .............................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-18.
COMMERCE— See TRADE, COMMERCE, ETC.
COMMERCIAL MONOPOLIES, combines and trusts ...................... Sch. VII, List III-21.
COMMUNICATIONS—
posts and telegraphs, etc. ................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-31.
roads, municipal tramways, etc. ...................................................... Sch. VII, List II-13.
COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL ............................... Sch. VII, List I-75.
administrative expenses of— to be charged on the Consolidated
Fund of India ............................................................................... 148(6).
appointment of ................................................................................ 148(1).
audit reports by ............................................................................... 151.
conditions of service, etc., of .......................................................... 148(5).
duties and powers of ....................................................................... 149.
ineligibility for future appointment of ............................................. 148(4).
oath of office by ............................................................................. 148(2).
power of— to give direction re: manner of keeping accounts ......... 150.
removal from office of ................................................................... 148(1).
salary, etc., of.................................................................................. 148(3), Sch. II, Pt. E.
transitional period, special provisions as to ..................................... 377.
CONCURRENT LIST ........................................................................ Sch. VII, List III.
CONSOLIDATED FUND—
of India— See FINANCE.
of States— See FINANCE.
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, the—
amendment of— power of Parliament to amend and
procedure therefor ...................................................................... 368.
authoritative text of— , in the Hindi language ................................ 394A.
commencement of .......................................................................... 394.
interpretation of— , provisions of General Clauses Act to
apply to ........................................................................................ 367.
Short title ....................................................................................... 393.
CONSULAR REPRESENTATION ................................................... Sch. VII, List I-11.
CONTEMPT OF COURT—
of courts other than the Supreme Court .......................................... Sch. VII, List III-14.
power of State to make laws relating to.......................................... 19(2).
See also HIGH COURT and SUPREME COURT.
286 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
CONTINENTAL SHELF—
things lying in territorial waters or— vest in the Union ................... 297.
CONTINGENCY FUND— See FINANCE.
CONTRACTS—
by the Union or States to be made in the name of the President
or Governor ................................................................................. 299.
other than those relating to agricultural land .................................. Sch. VII, List III-7.
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES ........................................................... Sch. VII, List II-32.
CO-ORDINATION between States .................................................... 263.
COPYRIGHT ..................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-49.
CORPORATIONS—
incorporation, regulation and winding up—
of trading— , including banking, insurance and financial ............. Sch. VII, List I-43.
of— , whether trading or not, with objects not confined to
one State ...................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-44.
of— , other than above, and universities ..................................... Sch. VII, List II-32.
municipal ....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-5.
CORPORATION TAX, definition of ................................................. 366(6).
See also FINANCE.
CORRESPONDING—
Province, Indian State, State, etc., definition of............................. 366(7).
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES, State to promote ...................................... 43.
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS—
for States—
advice to Governor by— . No court to enquire into .................... 163(3).
Chief Minister— See CHIEF MINISTER.
collective responsibility of .............................................................. 164(2).
functions of ..................................................................................... 163(1).
Ministers—
appointment of .......................................................................... 164(1).
oath of office and secrecy by..................................................... 164(3).
right of— to take part in the proceedings of either House .......... 177.
salaries, etc., of ......................................................................... 164(5), Sch. VII,
List II-40.
for the Union—
advice to President by— . No court to enquire into .................... 74(2).
collective responsibility of ........................................................ 75(3).
functions of ............................................................................... 74.
Ministers—
appointment of ........................................................................... 75(1).
oath of office and secrecy by...................................................... 75(4).
qualifications for the office of .................................................... 75(5).
right of— to take part in proceedings of either House .................. 88.
salaries, etc., of.......................................................................................................................................... 75 (6), Sch. VII, List I-75.
Prime Minister— See PRIME MINISTER.
COUNCIL OF STATES—
allocation of seats in ...................................................................... 80(2), Sch. IV.
287 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
Chairman of—
not to preside while a resolution for his removal is under
consideration ........................................................................... 92.
salaries, etc., of ........................................................................ 97, Sch. II, Part C,
Sch. VII, List I-73.
Vice-President of India to be ex officio ................................... 64, 89(1).
composition of ................................................................................ 80.
decision of— by majority ................................................................ 100(1).
Deputy Chairman of—
acts for Chairman ........................................................................ 91.
choosing of .................................................................................. 89(2).
not to preside while a resolution for his removal is under
consideration ............................................................................... 92.
removal from office of ................................................................ 90(c).
resignation of office by ................................................................ 90(b).
salaries, etc., of ............................................................................ 97, Sch. II, Part C,
Sch. VII, List I-73.
vacation of office by .................................................................... 90(a).
vote, casting ................................................................................ 100.
duration of ................................................................................... 83(1).
quorum for a meeting of .............................................................. 100(3) & (4).
rules of procedure ........................................................................ 118.
secretarial staff of ........................................................................ 98(1).
See also PARLIAMENT.
COURTS—
additional— , creation of ................................................................ 247.
continuance of functions ................................................................ 375.
jurisdiction and powers of— in respect of m atters in L ist I… … … S ch. V II, L ist I-95.
Other than High Courts and Supreme Court, constitution
and organisation of......................................................................... Sch, VII, List II-3.
other than Supreme Court, jurisdiction and powers of—
in respect of matters in Concurrent List ...................................... Sch. VII, List III-46.
in respect of matters in State List ................................................ Sch. VII, List II-65.
COURTS OF WARDS—
for estates of Rulers ....................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-34.
for other estates............................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-22.
COWS, SLAUGHTER OF, State to prohibit ...................................... 48.
CREMATIONS AND CREMATION GROUNDS ............................. Sch. VII, List II-10.
C R IM IN A L P R O C E D U R E … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . S ch. V II, L ist III-2.
CRIMINAL LAW .............................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-1.
CURRENCY, COINAGE AND LEGAL TENDER ........................... Sch. VII, List I-36.
CUSTOMS—
duties, See FINANCE.
frontiers, etc. ................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-41.
D
DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI, territory of ................................... Sch. I.
DAMAN AND DIU, territory of ........................................................ Sch. I.
288 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
DEBT—
definition of ................................................................................... 366(8).
public— of the States ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-43.
public— of the Union .................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-35.
DEFENCE OF INDIA ................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-1.
industries necessary for the purpose of........................................... Sch. VII, List I-7.
preventive detention for reasons connected with ................................. Sch. VII, List I-9.
DEFINITION OF—
certain expressions ......................................................................... 366.
“C onsolidated F und”—
of India .......................................................................................... 266(1).
of the State ..................................................................................... 266(1).
“C ontingency F und”—
of India ................................................................................... 267(1).
of the State ............................................................................. 267(2).
“Ind ian S tate” ......................................................................... 363(2)(a).
“M oney B ill”—
in State Legislature ................................................................... 199.
in Parliament ............................................................................. 110.
“net proceeds”........................................................................... 279(1).
“R uler” ..................................................................................... 363(2)(b).
“S ched uled A reas” .................................................................... Sch. V, Part C, Para 6.
“S tate” for p urposes of P art III .................................................. 12.
“S tate” for p urposes of P art IV ................................................. 36.
DELHI—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to .................................. Sch. IV.
territory of ...................................................................................... Sch. I.
DEVASWOM FUND—
annual payments to ........................................................................ 290A.
in the State of Kerala..................................................................... 290A.
in the State of Tamil Nadu ............................................................. 290A.
DEVELOPMENT BOARDS—
establishment of separate— for parts of Maharashtra and
Gujarat ....................................................................................... 371(2).
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION ............................................... Sch. VII, List I-11.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY .............................. Part IV.
agriculture and animal husbandry, State to organise ...................... 48.
application of ................................................................................. 37.
assistance in case of unemployment, old age, etc.,
State, to provide ........................................................................... 41.
Civil Code, uniform for all citizens, State to secure ....................... 44.
cottage industries, State to promote................................................ 43.
cows, etc., slaughter of, State to prohibit ........................................ 48.
education, free and compulsory for children, State to
provide ......................................................................................... 45.
equal justice and free legal aid ....................................................... 39A.
international peace and security, etc., State to promote .................. 51.
289 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY— contd..
judiciary, separation of, from executive, State to take
steps for ...................................................................................... 50.
just and humane conditions of work, State to secure ...................... 42.
level of nutrition and standard of living, raising of, State to
regard as its primary duty ............................................................. 47.
living wage, etc., for workers, State to secure ................................ 43.
maternity relief, State to make provision for securing .................... 42.
monuments, etc., State to protect ................................................... 49.
participation of workers in management of industry ...................... 43A.
principles of policy to be followed by the State.............................. 39.
prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs, State to
bring about ..................................................................................... 47.
right to work, to education and to public assistance in
cases of unemployment, etc., State to secure .................................. 41.
saving of laws giving effect to certain ............................................ 31C.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, etc., State to
protect from social injustice and exploitation ................................. 46.
the State, definition of, for the purposes of Part IV ........................ 36.
village panchayats, State to organise .............................................. 40.
DISEASES AND PESTS—
prevention of extension of— from one State to another .................. Sch. VII, List III-29.
DISPLACED PERSONS, relief and rehabilitation of ......................... Sch. VII, List III-27.
DISPUTES—
industrial and labour ........................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-22.
DISQUALIFICATION—
decision on questions as to disqualifications of members ................. 103 & 192.
DISTRICT BOARDS ......................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-5.
DISTRICT JUDGES—
appointment of ................................................................................. 233.
recruitment of persons other than— to judicial service ..................... 234.
validation of appointment, etc., of certain ........................................ 233A.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY ....................................................................... 20(2).
DIVORCE .......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-5.
DRUGS .............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-19.
DUTIES—
Fundamental ................................................................................... 51A.
See also under FINANCE.
DUTY OF UNION—
to promote spread of Hindi language ............................................... 351.
to protect States against aggression and disturbances ....................... 355.
E
EDUCATION ..................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-25.
free and compulsory— for children—
See DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES.
See also UNIVERSITY.
in mother-tongue in primary stage ................................................. 350A.
institutions for—
290 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
higher education, co-ordination and determination of
standards ..................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-66.
professional, vocational, etc., training ......................................... Sch. VII, List I-65.
scientific and technical ................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-64.
ELECTIONS ...................................................................................... Part XV.
adult suffrage .................................................................................. 326.
Election Commission .......................................................................... 324, Sch. VII, List I-72.
Commissioners—
appointment of Chief Election and other Election ....................... 324(2) & (3).
conditions of services, etc., of ..................................................... 324(5).
Regional ...................................................................................... 324(4).
removal from office of ................................................................ 324(5) Provisos.
constitution of ............................................................................. 324(2).
Governor to consult— on questions of disqualification of
a member of State Legislature ..................................................... 192(2).
President to consult-on questions of disqualification of
a member of Parliament .............................................................. 103(2).
staff of ........................................................................................... 324(6).
superintendence, direction and control of elections to
vest in ........................................................................................ 324(1).
elections to Parliament and State Legislatures, power of
Parliament to make laws relating to ........................................... 327, Sch. VII, List I-72.
elections to State Legislatures, power of State Legislature
to make laws relating to ............................................................. 328, Sch. VII, List II-37.
electoral matters, bar to interference by courts in ........................... 329.
electoral roll, to be general ............................................................. 325.
readjustment of territorial constituencies after each
census .......................................................................................... 82.
suffrage, adult ................................................................................. 326.
ELECTRICITY, taxes on — See under FINANCE.
EMERGENCY—
financial—
directions to StateS in case of ...................................................... 360(3).
proclamation in case of................................................................ 360(1).
revocation, etc., of ....................................................................... 360(2).
freedom of speech, etc., right to, suspension of provisions
re: during .................................................................................. 358.
Fundamental rights, suspension of the enforcement of,
during ...................................................................................... 359.
See also under FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS.
Proclamation of.............................................................................. 352.
definition of ................................................................................... 366(18).
duration of ..................................................................................... 352(4) & (5).
effect of ......................................................................................... 353.
laying of— before each House of Parliament .................................. 352(4).
revocation of ................................................................................. 352(2) & (7).
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS—
Proclamation of, in the case of failure of constitutional
291 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
machinery in a State ....................................................................... 356.
duration of ..................................................................................... 356(4).
laying of— before each House of Parliament .................................. 356(3).
legislative powers, exercise of, during ........................................... 357.
revocation, variation, etc., of .......................................................... 356(2).
provisions re: distribution of revenues, application of,
during .......................................................................................... 354.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT ..................................... Sch. VII, List III-23.
ENDOWMENTS, charitable and religious ......................................... Sch. VII, List III-28.
ENEMY ALIEN—
no protection to— against arrest and detention ............................... 22(3).
ENTERTAINMENTS AND AMUSEMENTS ................................... Sch. VII, List II-33.
ENTRUSTMENT OF STATE FUNCTIONS— on Union.................. 258A.
ENVIRONMENT, protection and improvement of ............................. 48A.
EQUALITY—
of opportunity for public employment............................................ 16(3).
of status and opportunity, securing of right to, before law .............. Preamble, 14.
See also FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
ESCHEAT, property accruing by ....................................................... 296.
ESSENTIAL SUPPLIES AND SERVICES, preventive detention
for maintenance of .......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-3.
ESTATE DUTY—
definition of .................................................................................... 366(9).
in respect of agricultural land .......................................................... Sch. VII, List II-48.
in respect of other property ............................................................. Sch. VII, List I-87.
EVACUEE PROPERTY, custody, management and
disposal of...................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-41.
EVIDENCE ........................................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-12.
EXCISE, duties of. See under FINANCE.
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES................................................... 297.
EXECUTIVE POWER— UNION— STATES .................................... 298.
extent of executive power
power to carry on business ........................................................... 53, 154, 298.
power to acquire property
power to carry on trade .................................................................. 298.
EXISTING LAW, definition of .......................................................... 366(10).
EXPLOSIVES .................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-5.
EXTRADITION ................................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-18.
F
FACTORIES ...................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-36.
FAIRS— See MARKETS AND FAIRS.
FAMILY PLANNING—
Population control and .................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-20A.
FEDERAL COURT—
definition of ................................................................................... 366(11).
provisions as to Judges of .............................................................. 374(1).
provisions as to suits, etc., pending in ........................................... 374(2).
292 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
FEES—
in respect of matters in Concurrent List excepting
courts fees ...................................................................................... Sch. VII, . List III-47.
in respect of matters in State List excepting court fees ................... Sch. VII, List II-66.
in respect of matters in Union List excepting court fees ................. Sch. VII, List I-96.
taken in courts other than Supreme Court ...................................... Sch. VII, List II-3.
taken in Supreme Court ................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-77.
FINANCE—
adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
between Union and States ........................................................... 290.
annual financial statement— See ANNUAL FINANCIAL
STATEMENT.
annual payments to Devaswom Funds ........................................... 290A.
Bill, financial—
in Parliament ................................................................................... 117.
in State Legislature ......................................................................... 207.
Bills, regarding taxation affecting States ......................................... 274.
See also BILLLS.
Commission—
constitution of ........................................................................... 280(1).
duty of ...................................................................................... 280(3).
powers of— , Parliament to determine ...................................... 280(4).
qualifications for membership of .............................................. 280(2).
recommendations of— to be laid before each
House of Parliament .............................................................. 281.
Consolidated Fund of India ....................................................... 266.
borrowing on the security of ..................................................... 292.
custody, etc., of ......................................................................... 283(1).
definition of .............................................................................. 266(1).
expenditure charged on ............................................................. 112(3).
not subject to vote of Parliament ............................................... 113(1).
Consolidated Fund of the States ..................................................... 266.
borrowing on the security of ..................................................... 293.
custody, etc., of ......................................................................... 283(2).
definition of ............................................................................. 266(1).
expenditure charged on ............................................................. 202(3).
not subject to vote of Legislature .............................................. 203(1).
Contingency Fund of India .............................................................. 267(1)
custody, etc., of .......................................................................... 283(1).
Contingency Fund of States ............................................................. 267(2).
custody, etc., of .......................................................................... 283(2).
duties—
collected by Union and may be distributed between
Union and States ....................................................................... 270.
in respect of succession to agricultural land .............................. Sch. VII, List II-47.
in respect of succession to property other than
agricultural land .................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-88.
293 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
FINANCE— contd.
levied by Union and collected and appropriated
by States ................................................................................... 268.
of customs including export duties ............................................ Sch. VII, List I-83.
of excise, on alcoholic liquors, opium, Indian hemp, etc. .......... Sch. VII, List II-51.
of excise, on tobacco, etc. ......................................................... Sch. VII, List I-84.
stamp, other than duties or fees collected by judicial
PRESIDENT— contd.
period of detention—
not to exceed 3 months ...................................................... 22(4).
may exceed 3 months in certain circumstances ................. 22(4)(a) & (b).
maximum— may be prescribed by Parliament ....................... 22(7) (a) & (b).
person detained under—
facts may not be communicated to— if against
public interest .......................................................................... 22(6).
grounds of detention to be communicated to ......................... 22(5)
PRICE CONTROL ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-34.
PRIMARY EDUCATION in mother tongue ................................. 350A.
PRIME MINISTER—
appointment of........................................................................ 75(1).
duties of— as respects furnishing information to President 78.
is head of Council of Ministers ............................................. 74(1).
salary and allowances of ........................................................ 75(6),Sch.VII,List I-75.
PRINTING PRESSES ................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-39.
PRISONERS subjected to preventive detention, removal
from one State to another ...................................................... Sch. VII, List III-4.
PRISONS .................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-4.
PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY, definition of .................... 366(18).
PROFESSIONS— legal, medical, etc. ....................................... Sch. VII, List III-26.
PROHIBITION of intoxicating drinks and drugs, State to
introduce— See DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES.
Power of High Court to issue writ of ........................................... 226.
PROPERTY—
acquisition and requisitioning of ............................................ Sch. VII, List III-42.
amount for acquisition of any— of an educational institution
established and administered by a minority .......................... 30(1A).
no person to be deprived of— save by authority of law ......... 300A.
succession to— , etc. ............................................................. 294-295.
transfer of agricultural land .................................................... Sch. VII, List II-18.
transfer of— other than agricultural property ......................... Sch. VII, List III-6.
PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION—
by single transferable vote:
election of members of State Legislative Council ............... 171(4).
election of President ............................................................ 55(3).
election of State representatives in the Council of States ... . 80(4).
election of Vice-President .................................................... 66(1).
PUBLIC acts and records, recognition of ................................... 261,Sch. VII,
LIST III-12.
PUBLIC DEBT—
of the States— See DEBT.
of the Union— See DEBT.
PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION ........................................ Sch. VII, List II-6.
315 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION, definition of ........................................ 366(19).
PUBLIC ORDER ......................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-1.
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION—
annual report of...................................................................... 323.
Chairman and members of—
appointment of ................................................................... 316(1) & (1A).
conditions of service of ...................................................... 318.
eligibility for holding of offices after ceasing to be
members ......................................................................... 319(b), (c) & (d).
eligibility for re-employment ............................................... 319.
ineligibility for re-appointment............................................ 316(3).
removal from office of ........................................................ 316(2) Proviso (b).
removal or suspension from office of ................................ 317.
resignation by .................................................................... 316(2) Proviso (a).
term of office of .................................................................. 316(2).
expenses of— charged on the Consolidated Fund .............. 322.
functions ............................................................................... 320.
power to extend— of ............................................................. 321.
joint— for two or more States ............................................... 315(2).
of State ................................................................................. 315(1),Sch.VII,
List II-41.
transitional period, provisions as to ..................................... 378.
Union .......................................................................... 315(1),Sch.VII,List-I-70.
PUNJAB-
allocation of seats in the Council of States to ........................ Sch. IV.
State of ................................................................................... Sch. I.
Q
QUARANTINE—
inter-State ............................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-81.
Port ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-28.
QUO WARRANTO................................................................... 32, 226.
R
RAILWAYS, definition of ............................................................. 366(20), Sch. VII,
List I-22.
RAJASTHAN—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to ........................ Sch. IV.
State of ................................................................................... Sch. I.
RAJPRAMUKH ........................................................................... 361.
RECOGNITION of public acts, records and judicial
proceedings ............................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-12.
REFORMATORIES .................................................................... Sch. II, List II-4.
REGISTRATION of deeds and documents ................................ Sch. VII, List III-6.
REGULATIONS—
validation of certain Acts and ................................................. 31B & Sch. IX.
power of President to make— for Union territories ................. 240.
RELIEF of the disabled and unemployable ................................ Sch. VII, List II-9.
RELIGIOUS ENDOWMENTS..................................................... Sch. VII, List III-28.
REPEALS ................................................................................... 395.
316 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
REPRESENTATION— See PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ....................................................... Sch. VII, List I-38.
RESTRICTION, reasonable, imposition of ................................. 19.
REVENUE, from Union property ................................................ Sch. VII, List I-32.
RIVERS AND RIVER VALLEYS, regulation and
development of inter-State .................................................... Sch. VII, List I-56.
RULER—
definition of ............................................................................. 366(22).
privy purses, rights and privileges of— abolished ................... 363A.
treaties, etc., of— with Government of India, no Court to
enquire into disputes regarding .............................................. 363.
S
SALT ........................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-58.
SCHEDULE, definition of ............................................................ 366(23).
SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS .......................................... Part X.
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes—
administration of ..................................................................... 244, Sch. V.
annual report by Governor to the President........................... Sch. V, Para. 3.
Commission to report on the administration of Scheduled
areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes ........................ 339.
definition of ............................................................................. Sch. V, Para. 6.
executive power of State extends to ...................................... Sch. V, Para. 2.
law applicable to ..................................................................... Sch. V, Para. 5.
Tribes Advisory Council, establishment, etc., of .................... Sch. V, Para. 4.
Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram .................. Sch. VI, Para. 20.
administration of ..................................................................... 244(2), Sch. VI.
application of Acts of Parliament and of the State
L e g isla tu re to … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S ch . V I, P a ra . 1 2 .
autonomous districts and regions in ...................................... Sch. VI, Para. I.
Commission to report on the administration of ...................... Sch. VI, Para. 14.
estimated receipts and expenditure to be shown separately
in annual financial statements........................................... Sch. VI, Para. 13.
District Councils:
constitution of ..................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 2.
dissolution of ...................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 16.
district and regional funds, management by ...................... Sch. VI, Para. 7.
power of—
to constitute village councils or courts ............................... Sch. VI, Para. 4.
to establish primary schools, etc. ...................................... Sch. VI, Para. 6.
to impose taxes and collect revenues, etc. ....................... Sch. VI, Para. 8.
to make laws ...................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 3.
to make regulations for control of money-lending and
trading by non-tribals ...................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 10.
power under C.P.C. and Cr. P.C. may be conferred on......... Sch. VI, Para. 5.
publication of laws, etc., made by ........................................... Sch. VI, Para. 11.
share of royalties ..................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 9(1).
Regional Councils:
constitution of ......................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 2.
317 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
dissolution of ......................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 16.
district and regional funds, management by ............................ Sch. VI, Para. 7.
power of—
to constitute village councils or courts ............................... Sch. VI, Para. 4.
to impose taxes and collect revenues, etc ........................ Sch. VI, Para. 8.
to make laws ...................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 3.
power under C.P.C. and Cr. P.C. may be conferred on .......... Sch. VI, Para. 5.
publication of laws etc., made by ............................................. Sch. VI, Para. 11.
transitional provisions .............................................................. Sch. VI, Para. 19.
Governor of Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram, power of—
to administer the areas during transitional period ............. Sch. VI, Para. 19.
to alter, etc., areas inhabited by Scheduled Tribes ........... Sch.VI, Para.1(2) & (3).
to appoint a Commission to report on the administration
of autonomous areas ....................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 14.
to approve rules made by Regional and District councils Sch. VI, Para. 4(4).
to make rules for the management of District and
Regional Funds ...................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 7(2).
to determine share of royalty in case of dispute ............... Sch. VI, Para. 9(2).
to exclude application of Acts of Parliament and State
Legislature of Assam to autonomous area in that
State ............................................................................. Sch.VI,Para. 12(1)(b).
to modify or withdraw powers conferred on District and
Regional Councils under the C.P.C. and Cr. P.C. ........ Sch. VI, Para. 5(2).
to order dissolution of a District or Regional Council ........ Sch. VI, Para. 16.
to order exclusion of areas from autonomous districts ..... Sch. VI, Para. 17.
to specify jurisdiction of High court in matters affecting
the autonomous areas ...................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 4(3).
to suspend acts or resolutions of District or Regional
Councils ............................................................................ Sch. VI, Para. 15.
SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES—
Claims of— to services and posts .......................................... 335.
C o m m issio n to re p o rt o n the w e lfa re o f S ch e d ule d T rib e s… . 339.
definition of ............................................................................ 366(24) & (25).
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED CASTES ....... 338.
N A T IO N A L C O M M IS S IO N F O R S C H E D U L E D T R IB E S … … 338A.
no b a r to m a ke sp e cia l p ro visio ns fo r th e a d va nce m e nt o f… .. 15.
notification ............................................................................. 341(1) & 342(1).
President to specify ................................................................ 341-342.
promotion of educational and economic interests of .............. 46.
reservation of seats for—
in the House of the People ................................................. 330.
in the State Legislative Assembly...................................... 332.
to cease after 60 years ...................................................... 334.
Special Minister for the welfare of— in certain States ............ 164(1) Proviso.
Special Officer— to b e a p p o in te d b y P re sid e n t… … … … … … . 338.
SECURITIES, definition of .......................................................... 366(26).
SERVICES—
all-India services .................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-70.
318 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
conditions of service of persons serving
the Union or a State ............................................................ 309.
continuance of functions ....................................................... 375.
creation of— common to the Union and the states ................ 312.
existing laws to continue to apply to— during transitional
period .................................................................................... 313.
Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service ....
to b e … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 3 1 2 (2 ).
power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of
service of officers of certain ................................................. 312A.
protection against dismissal, etc., of persons employed
in civil capacities under the Union or a State ..................... 311.
Public—
of the State ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-41.
of the Union ....................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-70.
tenure of office of persons serving the Union or
a State .............................................................................. 310.
transitional provisions ............................................................. 313.
SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION—
maritime .................................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-25.
on inland waterways ............................................................... Sch. VII, List III-32.
on national waterways ............................................................ Sch. VII, List I-24.
SIKKIM—
allocation of seat in the Council of States to .......................... Sch. IV.
special provision with respect to the Statesof ........................ 371F.
State of ........................................................................................ Sch. I.
SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL INSURANCE ...................... Sch. VII, List III-23.
SPEAKER— See HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE
SPORTS ..................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-33.
STAMP DUTIES— See UNDER FINANCE.
STATE LEGISLATURE—
Acts of— , lack of requirements as to recommendations and
previous sanctions not to invaliadate ...................................... 255.
Appropriation Bills .................................................................... 204.
Bills, assent to— See GOVERNORS and PRESIDENT.
Committees of, attendance of persons and production
of documents before power, privileges and immunities of. .... Sch. VII, List II-39.
conduct of Supreme and High Court Judges, not to be
discussed in ........................................................................... 211.
constitution of ............................................................................ 168.
dissolution of ............................................................................. 174(2)(b).
duration of ................................................................................. 172.
expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State,
not subject to vote of ............................................................... 203(1).
other expenditure subject to vote of .......................................... 203(2).
language in— See LANGUAGE
laws made by— , extent of ......................................................... 245.
inoperative if repugnant to Union laws ...................................... 251— 254.
319 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
legislative procedure .................................................................. 196— 201.
regarding financial matters ........................................................ 202— 206.
regarding Money Bills ................................................................ 198.
regarding votes on account, votes of credit, etc........................ 206.
Members of—
disqualifications for ............................................................... 191, Sch. X.
decision on question as to ................................................... 192.
oath or affirmation by ........................................................... 188.
privileges, etc.,of .................................................................. 194,Sch.VII,List II-39.
qualifications for ................................................................... 173.
resignation by ....................................................................... 190(3)(b).
salaries and allowances of ................................................... 195,Sch.VII,List II-38.
vacation of seats, etc. by...................................................... 190.
voting, etc., by— without making oath or affirmation, etc. .... 193.
power of—
to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum .................... 189.
to extend the functions of the State Public Service
Commission ...................................................................... 321.
to make laws regarding—
Concurrent List .................................................................... 246(2),Sch.VII,List III.
elections to State Legislature .............................................. 328.
e s ta b lis h me n t o f a c o n t in g e nc y Fu n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 7 (2 ).
Pr o c e d u r e in fi n a n c ia l ma tte rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Sta te L is t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 ( 3 ), Sc h. V I I, Li s t I I.
p r iv i le g e s , e tc . , o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 4 (3 ) S c h. V II,
List II-39
p r o c e e d in g s o f —
c o u rts n o t t o q u e s t io n v a lid it y o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.
p r o te c t io n o f p u b lic a t io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 1 A.
p r o r o ga t io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 4 (2 ) (a ).
q uo r u m in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9 (3 ).
re s t r ic t io n o n d is c us s io n in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.
r u le s o f p ro c e d u re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.
s e c re ta r ia t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.
s p e c ia l p ro v is io n w it h re s p e c t to t h e S ta te s o f
M a ha ra s ht ra a n d G u ja ra t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 1 (2 ).
s u mmo n in g o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.
U n io n, r e la t io ns w it h —
a d min is t ra t iv e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256— 261.
le g is la t iv e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245— 255.
v o t in g in H o us e s o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.
S T A T E LI S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sc h. V I I, Li s t II.
S T A T ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A r t . 1 Sc h . I.
Ad v o c a te -G e n e ra l — s e e AD V O C AT E -G E N ER A L
a lt e ra t io n o f a re a s , e tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
c o - o r d in a t io n b e t w e e n St a te s : P re s id e n t 's p o w e r t o
a p p o in t in te r - S ta te C o u n c il . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.
e ffe c t o f fa ilu r e t o c o mp ly w it h, o r to g i v e e ffe c t t o ,
d ire c t io n s g iv e n b y U n io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.
320 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
e xe c u t iv e a c t io n o f — to b e ta k e n in t he n a me o f
G o ve r n o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 6 (1 ).
e xe c u t iv e p o w e r o f — e x te n t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.
e xe c u t iv e p o w e r o f — to ve s t in G o v e r n o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 4 (1 ).
fa ilu r e o f c o n s t it u t io na l ma c h in e r y in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.
fo r ma t io n o f ne w S ta te s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
G o ve r no r — s e e G O V ER N O R S.
H ig h C o u rt — s e e H IG H C O U R T S.
Le g is la t iv e A s s e mb l y —
c o mp o s it io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 0 .
d is s o lu t io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 4 (2 ) (b ).
d u ra t io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 2 .
re p re s e n ta t io n o f A n g lo - I n d ia ns in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.
re p re s e n ta t io n o f S c he d u le d C a s te a nd Sc he d u l e d
T r ib e s in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.
Sp e a k e r a nd D e p u t y Sp e a k e r o f —
c a s t in g v o te o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9 (1 ).
c ho o s in g o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.
n o t to p re s id e w h i le a re s o lu t io n f o r re mo v a l is u n d e r
c o ns id e r a t io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 1 .
p e r fo r ma nc e o f d u t ie s o f o f fic e o f, d ur in g t h e
a b s e nc e , e tc . , o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 0 .
re mo v a l fro m o f fic e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 (c )
re s ig n a t io n o f o f fic e b y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 (b )
s a la r ie s a n d a llo w a nc e s o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 , Sc h. II, Pa r t C ,
Para. 8 & Sch. VII,
List II-38.
v a c a t io n o f o ff ic e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 (a ).
Le g is la t iv e C o u n c il —
a b o lit io n o r c re a t io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9 .
C ha ir ma n a n d D e p u t y C h a ir ma n o f —
c a s t in g v o te o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9 (1 ).
c ho o s in g o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 2 .
n o t to p re s id e w h i le a re s o lu t io n f o r re mo v a l is u n d e r
c o ns id e ra t io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 5 .
p e r fo r ma nc e o f d u t ie s o f o f fic e o f, d ur in g h is
a b s e nc e , e tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 4 .
re mo v a l fro m o f fic e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 (c ) .
re s ig n a t io n o f o f fic e b y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 (b ).
S T A T ES — c o n t d .
s a la r ie s a n d a llo w a nc e s , e tc , o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 , Sc h. II, Pa r t C
& Sc h. V I I, Li s t II -3 8 .
v a c a t io n o f o ff ic e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 (a ).
c o mp o s it io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 1 .
d u ra t io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 2 (2 ).
mo n o p o lie s — s e e M O N O P O LI E S.
w e lfa r e o f t he p e o p le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 .
S TO C K E X C H A N G E S AN D FU TU R E S M AR K E T S . . . . Sc h. V I I, Li s t I -4 8 .
SU B O R D IN A T E C O U R T S, c o n t ro l o ve r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 5 .
321 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
SU B -C LA U S E, d e fin it io n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 6 (2 7 ).
SU C C E S SI O N t o p ro p e r t y , a s s e ts , r ig h ts , lia b il it i e s
a nd o b lig a t io n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 4 -2 9 5 .
SU I TS a n d p r o c e e d in g s b y o r a g a ins t t h e U n io n o r t he
Sta te s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.
SU PP LE M E N T AR Y G R A N T S —
p ro c e d u re re la t in g t o —
in Pa r lia me n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.
in S ta te Le g is la t u re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.
SU PR EM E C O U R T —
a d h o c J u d ge s o f — t h e ir a p p o in t me n t, e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.
a d min is t ra t iv e e xp e ns e s o f — to b e c ha r ge d o n t he
C o ns o lid a te d Fu n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6 (3 ).
ancillary powers of— , Parliament may confer on ................ 140.
appointment of officers and servants of .............................. 146.
authorities to act in aid of ..................................................... 144.
certificate for appeal to ........................................................ 134A.
Chief Justice of—
acting, appointment of ......................................................... 126.
appointment of— See JUDGES.
appointment of arbitrator by— regarding extra cost of
State administration .......................................................... 257(4), 258(3).
Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of ......... Sch. VII, List I-77.
court of record ...................................................................... 129.
decision of— regarding doubts or disputes arising out of
the election of President or Vice-President of India ........... 71.
enforcement of decrees and orders of ................................ 142(1).
enlargement of jurisdiction of ............................................... 138.
establishment and constitution of ........................................ 124.
expenses of .......................................................................... 146.
Federal Court—
Judges of— to become Judges of ........................................ 374(1).
powers and jurisdiction of— to be exercisable by ................ 135.
suits, appeals and proceedings pending in— , to be
removed to ........................................................................... 374(2).
grant of special leave by— to appeal ................................... 136.
Judges of—
SUPREME COURT— contd.
ad hoc .................................................................................. 127.
age of retirement of .............................................................. 124(2).
appointment of ..................................................................... 124(2).
conduct of— not to be discussed in Parliament or
State Legislature .................................................................... 121, 211.
determination of age of ........................................................... 124(2A).
disqualification of— for pleading or acting in any
court, etc. ................................................................................ 124(7).
oath or affirmations by............................................................ 124(6).
privileges, allowances, etc., of ............................................... 125(2)
322 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
qualifications for appointment of ............................................ 124(3).
removal from office of ............................................................. 124(2) Proviso (b).
salaries and allowances of ..................................................... 125(1), Sch.II,Part D.
Para 9.
Jurisdiction of—
advisory ............................................................................. 143.
appellate—
in cases involving interpretation of the Constitution ...... 132.
in civil matters ............................................................... 133.
in criminal matters ......................................................... 134.
original .................................................................................... 131.
language of— See LANGUAGE
law declared by— binding on all courts .................................... 141.
power of—
to issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights ...... 32.
to punish for contempt ....................................................... 129.
to review its own judgment ................................................ 137.
Privy Councils in Part B States, proceedings pending in,
to be removed to ................................................................ 374(4).
retired Judges of— attendance at sittings of ............................ 128.
rules of ..................................................................................... 145.
seat of ...................................................................................... 130.
special leave by ....................................................................... 136.
SURVEYS OF INDIA ............................................................... Sch. VII, List 1-68.
T
TAMIL NADU—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to ................... Sch. IV.
State of .............................................................................. Sch. I.
TAX ON INCOME definition of ............................................... 366(29).
TAX ON SALE OR PURCHASE, definition of ...................... 366(29A).
TAXATION definition of ............................................................. 366(28).
TAXES— See FINANCE
TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES ......................................... Sch. VII, List 1-131.
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS
(PART XXI)—
relating to—
Comptroller and Auditor-General ........................................ 377.
Judges of—
High Courts ............................................................................. 376.
Federal Court .......................................................................... 374.
Laws—
adaptation of existing ........................................................... 372(2). 372A.
continuance of existing ........................................................ 372(1).
legal proceedings pending in—
Federal Court .................................................................... 374(2).
His Majesty in Council ...................................................... 374(3).
Privy Councils of Part B States ........................................ 374(4).
power of Parliament to make laws with respect to certain
323 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
matters in the State List .......................................................... 369.
power of the President—
to make order in respect of persons under preventive
detention ......................................................................... 373.
to remove difficulties .......................................................... 392.
Public Service Commission ................................................... 378.
State of Andhra Pradesh ........................................................ 371D.
State of Arunachal Pradesh ................................................... 371H.
State of Assam ....................................................................... 371B.
State of Goa ........................................................................... 371.I.
State of Gujarat ...................................................................... 371(2).
State of Jammu and Kashmir ................................................. 370.
State of Maharashtra .............................................................. 371(2).
State of Manipur ..................................................................... 371C.
State of Mizoram .................................................................... 371G.
State of Nagaland .................................................................. 371A.
State of Sikkim ....................................................................... 371F.
TERRITORIAL WATERS, things lying in, or continental
shelf, vest in the Union .......................................................... 297.
THEATRES AND DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES ................. Sch. VII, List II-33.
TITLES—
abolition of ............................................................................ 18.
citizens of India not to accept— from any foreign State ....... 18(2).
servants of State not to accept— presents, etc.,
from foreign State except with President's consent ............ 18(3) & (4).
State not to confer— except military or academic
distinction ........................................................................... 18(1).
TOLLS ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-59.
TRADE AND COMMERCE—
inter-State .............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-42.
relating to products of industries controlled by Union ............ Sch. VII, List III-33.
restrictions on legislative powers ............................................ 303.
with foreign countries .............................................................. Sch. VII, List I-41.
within a State .......................................................................... Sch. VII. List II-26.
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE—
freedom of ............................................................................... 301— 303.
power to carry on— etc. .......................................................... 298
power to impose restrictions on—
of State Legislature ................................................................. 304.
of Parliament ........................................................................... 302.
TRADE MARKS AND MERCHANDISE MARKS ....................... Sch. VII, List I-49.
TRADE REPRESENTATION ..................................................... Sch. VII, List I-11.
TRADE UNIONS ......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-22.
TRADING CORPORATION— See CORPORATIONS.
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY other than agricultural
land ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-6.
TREASURE TROVE ................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-44.
TRIBES, Nomadic and Migratory ............................................... Sch. VII, List III-15.
324 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
TRIBUNALS—
Administrative ......................................................................... 323A.
for other matters ...................................................................... 323B.
TRIPURA—
allocation of seat in the council of State to ............................. Sch. IV.
State of.................................................................................... Sch. I.
TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES ........................................................ Sch. VII, List III-10.
official trustees ........................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-11.
U
UNEMPLOYMENT, assistance in case of, by the State ............ 41.
UNION—
admission into— or establishment of new States in ............... 2.
deployment of armed forces or other forces of the— in any
State in aid of the civil power ................................................ Sch. VII, List I-2A.
directions by— effect of failure by the States to comply
with or to give effect to ........................................................... 365.
duty of— to protect States against external aggression and
internal disturbances ............................................................ 355.
exemption of— property from State taxation ........................... 285.
executive power of — extent of ............................................... 73
executive power of— vests in the President ........................... 53(1).
Hindi, official language of ...................................................... 343.
jurisdiction of— in relation to territories
outside India .......................................................................... 260.
name and territory of— See INDIA.
property of .............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-32.
relations between the States and—
administrative ....................................................................... 256— 261.
co-ordination ........................................................................ 263.
legislative ............................................................................. 245— 255.