bDbDpDtoHv$ifhXme (jrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf) rS v$ihfxkwfoGm;aom

‘cGyfa'gif;awmifyHcwfoH’ tpDtpOfudk ‘88 cGyfa'gif;rsm;’ u

pkpnf;wifjyonf?

cGyfa'gif; awmifyHcwfoHrsm;
tydkif; (1)

'DESpf[m (wuo)zGJ@pnf;cJhwm (75)ESpfjynfh pdef&wkajrmufwJhESpfjzpfygw,f?

(1931)ckESpfrSm p+yD;awmhzGJ@cJhwJh &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJ@
(wuo)}uD;zGJ@cJhwm tckqdkvkd@&Sd&if pdef&wk umvwdkifoGm;+yD? (wuo)qdkwmvnf;
yxrOD;qkH; ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@qdkawmh ausmif;om;or*~awG&JΠpdef&wkvkd@
ajymvkd@&Sd&ifvnf; rSm;r,frxifbl; ? (1936)ckESpfrSm zGJ@cJhwJh (Auo)qdkvnf; tESpf
(60)jynfh+yD?
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;qdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;eJ@cGJvkd@rS r&bJ?
acwfftqufqufrSm ausmif;om;awG[m cGyfa'gif;qdkwJh atmifvHatmufrSm
pkpnf;v_yf&Sm;cJh=u/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwfeJ@ wdkufyGJ0if cJh=uw,fvkd@ qdkw,fr[kwfvm;?

udkrif;udkEdkif - “ausmif;om;pdwf"gwf cGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwfqdkwmu

trdajrvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf trSefw&m;bufu &J&J &ifh&ifh wdkufyGJ0ifwJh pdwf"gwfqdkwm
usaemfwkd@ em;vnfxm;ygw,f?”

udkrif;aZ,s - “cGyfa'gif;qdkwm usaemfwkd@EdkifiH&JŒ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_

tpOftvmordkif;rSm tifrwef}uD;rm;cJhwJh txdrf; trSwf wckyg? tJ'DrSm
cGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwfeJ@ ua'gif;pdwf"gwfayghaemf? cGyfa'gif;qdkwm wufºuGwJhoabm/
owd&SdwJhoabmudkaqmifw,f Asm? ua'gif;qdkwmuawmh El;nHwJhoabm/
aysmhaysmif;wJhoabmudkaqmifw,fAsm? tJ'Dawmh vGwfvyfr_twGuf trSefw&m;twGuf
azmfxkwfwJhae&mrSm umuG,fwJhae&mrSm cGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwf&Sd&r,fAsm? tJ jynfolawGeJ@
qufqHwJhae&mrSmawmh ua'gif;pdwf"gwf&Sd r,fAsm? ausmif;om;awG&JŒ
tajccHtusqkH;pdwfuawmhAsm &dk;om;jzLpifr_yg?”
 'guawmh ausmif;om;awG vufqifhurf;o,faqmifvmwJh cGyfa'gif;pdwf"gwfqdkwmudk
(88)ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG jzpf =uwJh udkrif;udkEdkifeJ@ udkrif;aZ,swkd@u
ajymjyoGm;=uwmyg?
olwkd@ ajymovdk zdESdyfr_udk wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uw,fqdkwm wGuf=unfh&if jrefrmEdkifiH
t*FvdyfudkvdkeDb0a&mufaewJh (1900) jynfhvGef ESpfawGu pcJhwmyg?
(1920)yxrausmif;om;oydwf}uD;u txift&Sm;aygh? zdESdyfwJh udkvdkeDu|efynma&;udk
ausmif;awGup+yD; awmfvSefvdkuf =uwmyg?
ordkif;rSm vlodyfrodvdkufwJh ausmif;om;awmfvSefr_wckuvnf; 'Dxuf
apmapmuwnf;u &SdcJhwmyg?
b,f[mudk ajymwmvJ?
(1903)ckESpfwkef;uyg? t*Fvdyfq&mawGudk ausmif;om;awGu &Spfcdk;+yD; E_wfquf&r,fvkd@
ynm0efrpPwmpaumhu trdef@ xkwfwmudk ausmif;om;awGu
uef@uGufzsufodrf;cJhao;wmaygh?
ordkif;rSmodyf+yD; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rjzpfvdkufwJh tjzpftysufav;wckaygh? 'geJ@ (1920)
yxrausmif;om;oydwfa&mufvmawmh udkvdkeDqef@usifa&; trsKd;om;pdwf"gwfawG
E_d;=um;vmvdkufwm/ wqifh+yD; wqifheJ@ ausmif;om;awGuyJ a&SŒaqmifwJh oydwfawG
tkHºuGr_awGvnf; quf+yD;jzpfcJhw,f? aemufqkH; vGwfvyfa&;&,lwJhtxd
ausmif;om;tiftm;pk&JŒu¾u a&S@wef;uyJ?
(1931)ckESpfrSm (wuo)vdk@ac:wJh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~}uD;
pwifzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhwJh aemufydkif;rSmawmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m pnf;pepf ydkusvm+yD;/
tm;vnf;ydkaumif;vmw,f?
tJ'D udkvdkeDacwf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_u
b,favmuf ta&;ygcJhw,f qdkwmudkawmh tJ'Dacwfu ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm
odvnf; odcJh/ jzwfvnf; jzwfoef;cJhwJh pma&;q&m}uD; '*kefwm&mu tckvdk
ajymjycJhygw,f?

q&m'*kefwm&m - “(1920)ausmif;om;uvnf; 'D t=urf;rzufwJhenf;aygh/

+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;eJ@ v_yf&Sm;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_yJ? tJ'DrSm tusKd;oufa&mufr_uawmh
trsKd;om;ausmif;awGay:vmwmJ? wcg (1935/ 36)u usaemfrSD+yD? usaemfwkd@ (10)wef;aygh
tJ'Dacwfu? tJ'Duawmh usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;&JΠtiftm;pkaygh? pwif+yD;awmh
pnf;&kH;wmyJ? (1935/ 36)rSm ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ay:vmwm 'g
ol@&JŒtusKd;yJ? (1938/ 39) 1300jynhf ta&;awmfykHvkd@ac:wJh taxGaxGoydwf tJ'guawmh
 wuUodkvfor*~ acgif;aqmifwJh ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ t}uHK;0ifvm+yD? tJ'DrSmuawmh
ausmif;om;awG ruawmhbl;? tvkyform;/ v,form; vlwef;pm;awG&JΠvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@
qufoGm;+yD? tm; tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfvm+yD? tJ'DrSmwkef;u
a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&aygh oljyKwfusoGm;wmyJ? tJ'guvnf; +idrf;csrf;wJhenf;eJ@
t=urf;rzufwJhenf;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_vkd@ac:&r,fh v_yf&Sm;r_ygyJ? tJ'Dtiftm;eJ@
usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;awGeJ@ 'D EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGeJ@ aygif;rd+yD;awmh
zufqpfawmffvSefa&;txd yg0ifEdkifwJh tajctae xda&mufvmw,f?”
ArmhEdkifiHa&;rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGjzpfwJh (YMBA)/ wkd@Armtpnf;t&kH;/ Armhwyfrawmf/
uGefjrLepfygwD/ qdk&S,fvpf ygwDawGudkvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGuyJ
OD;aqmifwnfaxmifcJh=uwmqdkawmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m ArmhEdkifiHa&; ordkif;rSm
ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ qdk&rSmyg?
Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;oGm;wJhtcgrSmawmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG&JŒ
ykHo¾mefuvnf; wrsKd; wzkH ajymif;oGm;w,f?
vGwfvyf+yD;wJhtcgrSmusawmh udk,fhvlrsKd;/ udk,fhtpdk;&eJ@ jzpfvm+yDr[kwfvm;? 'Dawmh
ausmif;om;awG&JΠvdkvm;csufawGudk wifjyaqG;aEG;+yD; tpdk;&eJ@
nd‡E_dif;aqmif&Gufvm=uwmawGvnf; awG@&w,f? vkH;0 +idrf;csrf;a&;&+yD; zdESdyfr_uif;&Sif;whJh
umvvkd@awmh rqdk Edkifbl;ayghAsm? 'gayr,hf 'Drdkua&pD taiG@touf&SdwJh umvvdk@awmh
qdk&r,fxifw,f? tJ'Dacwfwkef;u v_yf&Sm;cJh=uykHawGudkawmh tJ'D wkef;u
(wuo)tr_aqmifa[mif;wpfa,mufjzpfwJh &cdkiftrsKd;om; OD;vSazajymjyxm;ygw,f?

OD;vSaz - “tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;or*~awGtxJrSm v_yf&Sm;r_

tzGJ@tpnf;av;awG&Sdw,f? tJ'gu EdkifiHa&;bufrSmygwDawG zGJ@ovkdyJaygh? tJawmh
tJ'Dwkef;uausmif;om;xJrSmtrsm;qkH; v_yf&Sm;wJhausmif;om;tzGJ@uawmh
oef@&Sif;aomausmif;om;rsm; tiftm; pkvkd@ac:ygw,f? oef@&Sif; aemufqkH;rSm zqyv
jzpfvmwJhoef@&Sif;eJ@bmrSrqkdifygbl;? tJ'Dtiftm;pkuqufvkyfcJhw,f/ tJawmh tJ'Dtif
tm;pku olwkd@vdkcsifwJh acgif;pOfudkwifw,f? olwkd@udk +ydKifzkd@ay:vmwJh
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkuawmh vuf0JqefwJhausmif;om; awmf awmfrsm;rsm;ygwJh
wkd;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk jzpfygw,f? olwdk@+ydKif=uw,f/ 'gayr,fh yxrawmh
tJ'D oef@&Sif;uyJ ausmif;om; xJrSm acgif;aqmifr_ t"du&aecJhw,f? tJ'DvkdeJ@
wjznf;jznf;eJ@ oef@&Sif;ausmif;om;u wcsKd@udpPawGrSm tpdk;&eJ@&ifqkdifzkd@ jy\em&SdwJh
tcgawGrSm olutcuftcJ&Sdw,f oef@&Sif;u wcsKd@rSmtpk;d &eJ@ywfoufvkd@
wcsKd@[mav;awG uefhuGufr,fqkdwJhudpPrsKd; ay:vmwJhtcgrSm oef@&Sif;ausmif;om;xJu
oef@&Sif;tpkd;&eJ@ enf;enf;av; 'D zqyveJ@tpkd;&eJ@ eD;pyfwJhvlawGtcsKd@u tJ'D[mrsKd;udk
oGm;rvkyfcsifbl;? rvkyfcsifwJh tcgusawmh tJ'Dawmif;qkdr_awGeJ@ywfoufvkd@
enf;enf;av#mhcszkd@ }udK;pm;wJhtcgrSm ausmif;om;xJuawmh 'D wcsKd@tcGifh ta&;awGeJ@
ywfoufvdk@ ausmif;om;awGeJ@ywfoufvkd@ cGifhjyKcsufawGwcsKd@[mrSm
'grsKd;&rSjzpfr,fqkdwJh[mudk ordkif;a=umif;eJ@ axmufjy +yD; awmif;qkdwJhtcgrSm
tJ'Doef@&Sif;ausmif;om;wcsKd@uenf;enf; enf;enf;av#mhcscsifw,f? aemuf olu
wnf+rJa&;eJ@tpkd;&eJ@ tqifajy a&;udk t"du OD;wnfwJhtcgusawmh tJwma=umifh
avsmhoGm;w,f?
DSO qdkwJh ausmif;om;tzGJ@wzJG@vnf; &Sdao;w,f? tJ'Dta=umif;udkyJ OD;vSazu
ajymjyoGm;ygw,f/

OD;vSaz - “(DSO) u (51/ 52) rSmpwifzGJ@pnf;+yD;awmh (53) rSm DSO

wtm;xlaxmifxm;wJhumvjzpfygw,f? (DSO)u (Democratice Students Organization) vkd@ac:w,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u (Democratice Students Organization) zGJ@wJhtcgrSm zGJ@wJhvlawG &JΠ&nf&G,fcsufuawmh
wu,fhudk 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;wJh EkdifiHjzpfzkd@twGuf ausmif;om;awGacgif;aqmif=updk@vkd@
acgif;aqmifw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dausmif;om;awGudk aemufuG,fuudkifay;wJhvlu
tJ'Dwkef;u 'D zqyv tpdk;&xJrSm trmcHxJu yk*~dKvfwpfOD;jzpfwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;yg?
OD;ausmf+idrf;u xlaxmifay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f/ 'ga=umifhrkd@vkd@ olu ygwDpGJodyf+yD;awmh
oefoGm;wJhtwGufa=umifh ol@tzGJ@xJ u ausmif;om;awG &mxl;}uD;}uD;&zkd@twGuf
t+rJwrf;rufvkH;ay;xm;wJhtcg tJ'Dausmif;om;awGeJ@ usefwJh ausmif;om;xkeJ@ wkd;wuf
ausmif;om;awGtygt0if wjcm;vlawGeJ@qufqHwJhtcgrSm olwkd@qufqHa&;u
tm;enf;oGm;w,f?”

OD;vSazajymykHt&uawmh tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf; acgif;aqmifawGudk,fwkdifu

ausmif;om;or*~udk tokH;cszkd@ }udK;pm;cJhwm? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;or*~taeeJ@uawmh
ausmif;om;tkyfpktoD;oD;u or*~tvHawmfatmufrSm pkpnf;&yfwnfaeor# umvywf
vkH;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf t,ltquGJvGJ=uwmudk vufcHcJh=uwJhoabmyJ?
tJ'Dvkd &or#'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awGudk qkyfudkif+yD;awmh us,fjyef@wJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk
&&Sdzkd@&kef;uefcJh=uwmaygh? 'gayr,hf 1962 ckESpfvnf;a&mufvma&mæ

“usaemfwkd@tdyfaumif;aewkef;yJ reuf (7)em&DavmufeJ@wlw,f?

jyif;xefwJhaygufuGJoH}uD; =um;&w,faygh? usaemfwkd@ oGm; ajy;=unfhw,faygh?
 tJawmhwcgwnf; rD;ckd;arSmif+yD;awmh [dkbufrSmaygh tJ'DrSmoGm;uyf+yD;awmh=unfhw,f
usaemfwkd@ (Union Pulain) }uD;[m jym;oGm;w,f/ wcgwnf; ajr}uD;ay:rSm[kwfvm;
tukefvkH;jym;oGm;w,f? rEWav;aqmifrSmqdk&if 'DwHcg;abmifawG bmawG
jywif;aygufabmifawG bmawG tJ'DaygufuGJr_&JΠ&kdufcwfr_t&SdfefeJ@ usKd; uGJaewmawG
awG@cJhygw,f?”
tJwmuawmh (wuo) EdkifiHjcm;a&;wm0efcH wpfOD;jzpfcJhwJh tck (KNU)u u&iftrsKd;om;
apma';Apfwmuayg ajymjyoGm; wmyg? oluvnf; (1962) ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv
(7)&ufae@reufrSm or*~ taqmuftOD;}uD; 'dkuferdkufeJh +zKdcGJzsufqD;cHvkduf&wJhjrifuGif;udk
jyef ajymif; ajymjyoGm;wmyg?
or*~taqmuftOD}uD;udk+zdKzsuf+yD;
or*~w&m;0ifzGJ@pnf;cGifhudkvnf;zsufodrf;cJhayr,fh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudkawmh
&yfwef@atmifrwufEkdifcJh=ubl;/ (63)ck jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ/ (65)ckESpf
ausmif;om;yJGawmfjy\em/ (67)ckESpf w&kwf - Armta&;/ (69)ckESpf
u|ef;qG,ftm;upm;yGJta&;/ (70)ckESpf &efukefwuUodkvf a&$&wktxdrf;trSwfawGrSmvnf;
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG quf wkdufjzpfyGm;chJwmyg?
tJ'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGxufudk ykd+yD; us,fjyef@}uD;rm;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGuvnf; (1974/ 75/ 76)
ESpfawGrSm qufwkdufqufwkduf jzpfcJh =uao;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ta=umif;awGudk
jyefajymjyEdkifolwpfa,mufuawmh (1974)ckESpf ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;oef@&JŒ
psmye ta&;tcif;rSm a&S@wef;ygcJhwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkarmifarmifwdwfyg?

udkarmifarmifwdwf -“'Dausmif;om;or*~ taqmufOD;}uD;AkH;cGJwJhae&m awG@wkdif;

awG@wkdif;/ tJ'DrSm udkatmifausmf ausmuf wkdif}uD; awG@wkdif;awG@wkdif;rSm
usaemfwkd@&ifxJrSm t&rf;cHpm;&w,f? zkef;armf ta&;tcif;wkef;uqkdvkd&Sd&ifawmh 'g
&efukef 0dZ…m/ odyH̀ wuUodkvf&mZl;rSm jy\em+yD;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh (74) ZGef
tvkyform;ta&;tcif;usawmh tvkyform;awGygvmw,f? &efukef w+rdK@vkH;
rSmjzpfw,f? 'g +rdK@e,frD&xm;awGupayr,fh tm;vkH;jyef@ESH@oGm;wJh
oabmrsKd;jzpfw,fayghaemf/ tJ'DrSm usaemfwkd@trsm;}uD; Edk;=um;r_awG &Sdvmw,f?
olwkd@uvnf;ydk+yD;awmh zdESdyfvmw,f/ tvkyform;ta&;tcif;rSm/
qifrvkdufoabFmusif;rSm t&ufpufqkH; typfowfcH& w,f? tJ'DrSm usaemfwkd@
ausmif;awG ydwfvdkufw,f/ ydwfvdkufwJhtcgrSm usaemfwkd@ (74) 'D OD;oef@psmye
udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;awmh usaemf wkd@ tygt0ifAsm tJ'gudk
vlr_a&;tajccH+yD;awmhEkdifiHa&;jyef+yD;awmhpwmyJ/ ausmif;om;todpdwf"gwf/
 ausmif;om;awG&JΠaoG;awG/ ausmif;om;awGrSm wm0ef&Sdw,fqdkwmudk
wOD;csif;wm0eft&a&m/ 'Djyifu usaemfwkd@ ordkif;odwJhausmif;om;}uD;awG&Jh usaemfwkd@eJ@
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_t&qkd&if ydk+yD;awmhusaemfwkd@wufºuGvmw,f/ tJ'DzdESdyfwJh=um;xJuyJ
jyif;jyif;xefxef v_yf&Sm;r_awG usaemfwkd@ vkyf cJhygw,f?”
udkarmifarmifwdwfajymcJhovkdyJ a&S;wkef;u tpOftvmtawG@t}uHK&SdwJh
ausmif;om;}uD;awGu nDi,fawGudkvufqifhurf; v_yf&Sm;r_awG vkyfcJhw,fqkdwmudkvnf;
(1988) ckESpfa&mufwJhtxd awG@ae&wkef;yJ? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifudkrif;udkEdkifu
ol@tawG@ t}uKHav; wpfckudk ajymjywmudkvnf;em;axmif=unfhygOD;?

udkrif;udkEdkif -“usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udkp=uwJhtcgrSm

cGyfa'gif;tvHudkv$ifhxl+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@ csDwuf=uwJhtcg rSm usaemfwkd@&JŒ
OD;av;t&G,favmuf&Sdr,fh yk*~KdvfawGu usaemfwkd@csDwufvmwJhvrf;rSm
usaemfwkd@udkajy;zuf+yD;awmh tJ'DcGyfa'gif; tvH udk igw@kdvnf;udkifyg&apuGmqkd+yD;awmh
wkefwkef&D&DeJ@ usaemfwdk@udkawmif;yef+yD;awmh qGJ+yD;awmhudkifw,fAsmh? tJ'Dvl}uD;awGu
bmajym ovJqkdawmh
“igwkd@uGm bufpfum;ay:uae+yD;awmh olwkd@ajy;qif;vmwmAs/ igwkd@uGmwJh
bufpfum;ay:u awG@vkdufuwnf;u igwkd@ 'D cGyfa'gif;tvH jrifvkduf&wJhtcgrSm
igwdk@pdwfawG b,fvdkrSjyef+yD;awmh xdef;csKyfvkd@r&awmhbl;wJh? igwkd@ pdwfawGaoG;awG
jyef+yD;awmh aEG; axG;vmw,f igwkd@&ifxJrSm ikyfaewJh
cGyfa'gif;pdwfawGjyef+yD;awmhEkd;vmw,fvkd@ olwkd@0efcHw,f/ +yd;awmh olwkd@udkjyef+yD;awmh
rdwfqufwJh tcgrSm (1974) OD;oef@ta&;awmfykH ausmif;om;awGygw,f/ aemuf
(1962)ckESpf (7)Zlvkdifu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif awGjyefygvmyg w,f?”
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_uvnf; acwfudkvkduf+yD; ykHo¾mefajymif;vmovm;vkd@/
tawG@t}uKHjcif;uvnf;rwlawmh &nfrSef;csuf awGuvnf; uGmvm=uovm;vkd@/ Oyrm
vGwfvyfa&;r&ciftcsdefeJ@ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcsdef/ 'Drdkua&pDtpkd;&vufxufeJ@ ppftpdk;&
vufxuf 'DvkdawGvnf; uGmvm=uw,f?
'DoabmudkyJ (88)ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkrif;aZ,suvnf;
tckvdkajymjyoGm;ygao;w,f?

udkrif;aZ,s -“(62)ckESpfrwdkifrDwkef;u trsKd;om;a&;wm0efonf vGwfvyfa&;eJ@

vGwfvyfa&;udkxdef;odrf;umuG,fzkd@/ vGwf vyfa&;udkzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufzdk@/ tJ
(62)ckESpfaemufykdif;rSmusawmh usaemfwkd@&Jh trsKd;om;a&;wm0efonf
 ppftm%m&SifpepfjyKwfusa&;eJ@ 'Drkd ua&pDta&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;wnfaqmufzkd@/
tJvdkrsKd;ayghaemf ta=umif;t&may:rlwnf+yD;awmh OD;wnfcsufawG &nfrSef;csufawG ajymif;
oGm;w,fvkd@yJ usaemfjrifw,fcifAs/ usaemfwkd@qkd&ifAsm rqvacwfrSmarG;cJhw,f/
'Drkdua&pDqdkwJht&mudk rcHpm;cJh&bl;? xkd@twlyJ vGwf vyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ordkif;rSm
usaemfwkd@udk,fwdkifr}uHKcJh&bl;/ usaemfwdk@ pmayrSmvnf; 'D pmaypDppfa&;awG&Jh
trsKd;rsKd;wnf;jzwfr_awG a=umifh jrefrmhordkif;jzpf&yfrSefudk uif;uGmcJh=uw,f? tJawmh
usaemfwdk@rSmEkdifiHa&;todajym&r,fh wcg trsKd;om;a&;todvkd@ ajym&r,fh [mu
tm;enf;cJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ udk,fawG@}uKHcJh&wm bmawGvnf;qdkawmh 'D
ppftm%m&Sifpepf}uD;atmufrSm usaemfwdk@ awG[m tpm;qif;&J/ taeqif;&J/
ynmoifwmqif;&J/ ynm,lwmqif;&J/ &wJhynmudk tokH;csjyefawmhqif;&J/
wenf;tm;jzifh qif;&Jr_ rsKd;pkHeJ@ }uHKcJh&w,fAsmh? tJ'Dawmh pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_/
ynma&;vGwfvyfr_/ vlr_a&;vGwfvyfr_/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_ 'grsKd;vkdcsifvmw,f/
tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm usaemfwkd@vkdcsifwJh 'DqENawGudk rqvu ydwfyifwm;qD;w,f? 'gudk
usaemfwdk@u 'Dpepfa=umifh usaemfwkd@awG 'DfvkdrsKd; vGwfvyfr_awG qkH;&_H;wmjrifw,f? jrifvkd@
usaemfwkd@ (8)av;vkH; ta&;awmfykH}uD;rSm 'Dpepf}uD;udk +zdKcGif;&r,fqkd+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@
aºuG;a=umfcJhw,f/ usaemfwkd@ &kef;uefcJhw,f? tJ'DtwGufvnf;
toufaoG;ac|;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ay;qyfcJh&w,f/ tcktcsdefxdvnf; usaemfwkd@[m wpfygwD
ppftm%m&Sifpepfuae+yD;awmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk a&mufoGm;w,f? tjzpfu tJawmh
usaemfwkd@vkdcsifwJh vGwfvyfr_ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;u r&ao;bl;? tJawmh
r&&atmifawmh usaemfwkd@quf+yD;awmhwkdufyJG0ifoGm;&rSmyJ?”
oluawmh ausmif;om;awG[m 'Drdkua&pDa&; vl@tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf
wkdufyGJquf0if&r,fvkd@qkdoGm;wm? 'gayr,fhwcsKd@ vnf; ausmif;om;qkdwm
ausmif;om;ta&;yJvkyfoifhw,f? EdkifiHa&;awmif;qkdr_awGxJrSm rygoifhbl;vkd@qkdygw,f?
tJ'DrSmar;p&m&Sdvmwmu ausmif;om;ta&;qkdwmbmvJ/ EdkifiHta&;qkdwmbmvJ/
b,ftcsdefrSm ausmif;om;ta&;udk vkyf+yD;/ b,ftcsdefrSm EkdifiHa&;udkvkyf&rvJ/ wpfckeJ@
wpfck vkH;0uGJjym;jcm;em;aewmvm;´

----------------------------------------------

cGyfa'gif;awmifyHcwfoHrsm;

tydkif;(2)
 udkvdkeDacwf vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_umvu v_yf&Sm;r_udkwydkif;/ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefuae
or*~ &yfwnfr_jzpfcJh&wJh (1962) ckESpftxdtcsdefudkwydkif;/ (1962)ckESpfuae
'Dae@acwfxdqdk+yD;awmh tydkif; av;awGcJG+yD;awmh avhvmjzpfcJh=uw,f?
“ausmif;om;r*~eJ@ ywfouf+yD; pay:vmwmu (31)ckESpfu pay:vmwmjzpfygw,f/”
“zJG@pnf;cJhwJh&ufuawmh ZEM0g&Dv(31)&ufae@yg/ &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~rSm
jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ yxrOD;qHk; ausmif; om;or*~jzpfwJhtwGuf Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@udk
ausmif;om;or*~&J@arG;ae@vdk@vnf; qdkEdkifygw,f? udkvdkeDacwf ol@u|efb0rSm zGJ@pnf;
cGifh&cJhwJh tJ'D(wuo)&JŒ yxrqHk;a&G;aumufcH or*~OuUÏuawmh udkxGef;pdefyg?
udkxGef;pdef&J@ yxrqHk;ajcvSrf;tjzpf vkyfaqmifcJhwm uawmh wuUodkvfe,fajruae
u|efeH@awG yaysmufoGm;apatmifzdk@ygbJvdk@ (1970)jynfh vGefausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm
OD;aqmif yg0ifcJholwOD;jzpfwJ OD;atmifapmOD;u ajymjycJhygw,f/ ”

OD;atmifapmOD; -“tJ udkxGef;pdef OuUÏjzpfvmwJhtcsdefup+yD;awmh

'Dausmif;tpnf;ta0;awGrSm t&ifwkef;uwifxm;wJh 'D ,leD,H*suftvHudk òzwf+yD;awmh
oluae ausmif;om;wdkufyJGrSm toHk;ðycJhwJh a'gif;tvHudk poHk;wmjzpfygw,f/ aemufwcg
oDcsif;awG qdkwJh tcgrSm tJ'Dacwfwkef;u bk&m;ocifuae a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwfudk
aumif;csD;ay;ygqdkwJh oDcsif;awGrqdak wmhbJeJ@ ausmif;vkyfwJh tcrf;tem;awG/
pnf;a0;yJGawGrsm;rSm wkd@ArmoDcsif;udk qdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? aemufwcsufu udkxGef;pdefu
'Duae@ ol OuUÏjzpfvmwJh tcsdefrSmbJ 'Dvlu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm(2)bmomeJ@ 'Dae@
aqmufaewJh uGefydkau;&Sif;}uD;aygh/ tjywfa0zefwmjzpfw,f? ArmjynfrSm wuUodkvf&JŒ
Armh&dk;&m,Ofaus;r_awG aysmufae+yD;awmhrS t*FvefEdkifiHu Zmwf&kH}uD;awGeJ@
wlaew,fqdk+yD;awmhrS tJ'Dvdka0zefwJh twGuf aemufqkH; tck bGJ@ESif;obifa&SŒudk Armr_
vuQ%mawGaumif;atmifqdk+yD;awmh jcaoFh&kyfxk}uD; wnfaqmufay;vdkufwm[m
yxrOD;qkH; rJeJ@a&G;cs,f+yD;wufvmwJh ausmif;om;or*~OuUX&JŒ
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pdwf"gwfeJ@ vkyf&yfawGu om"utjzpf awG@vkd@&yg w,f?”
tJ'Dvdk yxrqkH;zGJ@pnf;cJh&wJhor*~[m or*~pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;awGudk
b,fvdkrsm;a&;qGJcJhygovJ? (1956)ckESpf (wuo) EdkifiHjcm;a&;wm0efcHjzpfcJhol OD;vSazu
tckvdk&Sif;jyygw,f?

OD;vSaz -“tJ'D tckay:vmwJh ausmif;om;or*~u atmufpzdk@ wuUodkvfrSm

ausmif;om;or*~awGrSm vdkufemwJh pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;awGeJ@ ywfowfwJh tJ'D
 uGefpwDusL;&Sif;udk ,lvdkufygw,f? ,lvdkuf+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@ ArmjynftajctaeeJ@
udkufnDatmif taotcsm qGJ=uygw,f? tJ'Dvkd vl}uD;awGu a&;qGJcJh+yD;awmh
tJ'Dausmif;om;or*~pnf;rsOf;udk csrSwfcJhw,f? tJ'D ausmif;om; or*~pnf;rsOf;[m tck
jyef=unfhr,ffqdk&ifvnf; EdkifiHwumeJ@ jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if tifrwef 'Drdkua&pDuswJh
pepfuswJh pnf;rsOf;wckygyJ?”

[kwfuJh 'gqdk tr_aqmifawGudkawmh b,fvdkrsm; a&G;aumufcJh=uygovJ?

OD;vSaz -“ausmif;om;or*~rSm tr_aqmiffa&G;aumuftyGJudk(2)=udrfvkyf&wmyg/
a&G;aumufyGJvkyfwJhtcg yxrqHk;t}udrfrSm OuUX/ 'kwd,OuUXeJ@ b¾a&;r_ludka&G;&ygw,f/
'kwd,t}udrf=uawmhrS usefwJhtr_aqmif(6)a,mufudk a&G;aumufyGJ vkyf&ygw,f/ tJ'D
rSmOuUXa&G;wJhtcgrSm yxra&G;aumufwkef;uwrsdK;ayghav tJ wyfzGJ@+yD;
aemuf'kwd,aehup+yD; olwdk@vkyfcJhwmu tJ'Dvdk OuUX ta&G;cH &r,fhvlu
tr_aqmifa[mif;wpfa,muf+zpf&r,f/ tr_aqmifusifh0wfeJhnD&r,f/ w&m;0if
wuUodkvfrSmvnf; tckausmif;wuf aewJhol rSwfyHkwif&SdwJhol +zpf&r,f/
'kwd,tcsufuawmh &dk;&dk;ausmif;om; +zpf&r,f/ aemufb¾rl;jzpfwJh
oluawmhbGJ@&+yD;om;+zpf&r,f/ bGJ@ vufrSwf&Sd&r,f/ tJ'geJh a&G;aumufyJGyxrtokwfrSm
(3)a,mufa&G;ygw,f/ tJ'D(3)a,mufa&G;+yD;vkd@ a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;oGm;wJhtcgrSm
aemufxyfwpfv odk@r[kwf wpfvcGJ 'kwd,t}udrf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfygw,f/
'kwd,t}udrfrSm usefwJhtr_aqmif (6)a,muftwGuf yJvkyfygw,f/ tJ'DrSm
ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;awGu ygwDoabmayghav 'gayr,fh ygwDvdk@rac:bl;aygh/
ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD; &Sdr,f/ (Democratic Students
Organization)ac:wJh (DSO)&Sdr,f tJvdkyJtjcm;ausmif;om;tzGJ@ ponftm;+zifh
ausmif; om;tzGŒJ awG 0if+yD;òydif=uygw,f/ ausmif;om;awGutJ'gukd
v#dK@0SufrJay;pepfeJ@a&G;ygw,f/”
(w-u-o)ausmif;om;a[mif;tr_aqmifOD;vSazajymjyoGm;wmyg/ wcgjyef=unfhawmh
wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ordkif;rSm (w-u-o)qdkwm p+yD;ay:cJh aemufr=umcifrSmyJ
ArmEkdifiHvkH;;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~(A-u-o) qdkwmvnf; ay:vmcJhw,f/
aemufwpfcg (A-u-o)rsm;tzGJ@csKyfqkdwmuvnf; &SdcJhjyefw,f/ tJ'Dvkd or*~awGu
b,fvkdawGqufEG,f+yD;/ b,fvkd tvkyfvkyfcJh=u wmygvnf;/ 'Dta=umif;ukdodEdkifzdk@awmh
(1960-63)ckESpf (A-u-o)rsm;tzGJ@csKyf twGif;a&;r_;tzGJ0if (1961-62)ESpf
&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm; nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;&Jh
twGif;a&;r_;OD;vSa&$udkar;=unfhcJhygw,f/
 OD;vSa&$ -“(w-u-o)uawmhtapmqHk;ay:wmaygh/ aemuf ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;or*~uawmh 'godwJh twdkif;yJ/ (1936)arvrSmzGJ@wmukd/ zJG@awmh(A-u-o)eJ@
ausmif;om;or*~ESpfcku awmufav#muftòydifjzpfvmwmaygh? (1960)ckESpf (6)}udrf
ajrmuf (A-u-o)nDvmcHrSmrS (A-u-o)rsm;tzGJ@csKyf[m ArmwjynfvHk;udk
ukd,fpm;ðywJh trsdK;om; ausmif;om;or*~}uD;tjzpfeJ@ (6) }udrfajrmuf
uGef*&ufuqHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ (A-u-o)zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm ESpfrsdK;&Sdw,f/ wrsdL;u wuUodkvf/
aumvdyfor*~awGeJh(A-u-o)eJ@ qufqHa&;[m oD;jcm;oufqdkifr_ wpfckjzpfw,f?
olwkdŒu ol@oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ol&Sdw,f/ Oyrm rauG;aumvdyfor*~/ aemuf rEWav;
wuUodkvfor*~/ &efukefwuUodkvfor*~pwJh or*~}uDF;awGu ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;tzGJ@csLyfeJ@ qufoG,fwJhtcg usefwmuawmhh b,for*~/
òrd@e,for*~ qdkwmawGurS (A-u-o)rsm;tzGJcsKyf wkduf&dkufwm0efcHr_ atmufrSm&Sdw,f/
tJ'g(A-u-o) eJ@wuUodkvf or*~qufEG,fyHku tJvkd taetxm;&Sdw,f/”

tJ'Dwkef;u OD;vSa&$wdk@tcsdefuayghaemf or*~awG&Jhvkyfief;pOf&nf&G,fcsufawGu

bmawGbmvnf;cifAsm/
OD;vSa&$ -“eHygwfwpfuawmh e,fcsJhqefhusifa&;eJh vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;a&;/ 'kwd,uawmh
jynfwGif;ppf&yfqJa&;/ jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wwd, &nf&G,fcsufuawmh
'Drkdua&pDtzGJtpnf;ukd vufcHzkd@/ umuG,fzkd@u ausmif;om;or*~awG&Jh
ta=umif;&if;cHawG&Jh ta&;}uD;wJh &nf&G,fcsufwckyJ/ aemufqHk; pwkwÎtcsufuawmh
ynma&;pepfaumif;zdk@eJ@ ausmif;om;awG&J@ ae@pOfynmoif=um;r_awG udk
jynfpHkvHkavmufzdk@ tJ'D&nf &G,fcsuf(4)csufudk t"duxm;aeygw,f/ ”

OD;vSa&$ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; or*~&J@&nf&G,fcsufawGudk =unfh&if

EDkifiHa&;eJ@qufEG,faewmawGudk awG@&ygw,f/ Oyrm 'Drdkua&pD a&;
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwmrsdK;awGudk aemufwcg ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_qdkwmawGudk
acwftqufquf jyef=unfh&ifvnf; ausmif; om;awG[mtrsdK;om;a&; EkdifiHa&;
awmif;qdkwdkufyJGawGrSm ygcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f/ 'DrSmwcsKd@u ausmif;om;ta&;qdkwm
ausmif;cef; xJrSm pmoifcef;xJrSmjzpfwJh ta&;oufoufvdk@jrif=u+yD;awmh
ausmif;om;awGEdkifiHa&;eJ@ uif;rJhw,fvdk@ ajymcJh=uolawG vnf;&SdcJhygw,f/ OD;vSa&$&J@
oabmxm;udk r=um;cifrSm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSmygcJhwJh vltrsm;u
av;pm;=unfndK=uwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;awG&J@ tjrifawGudk em;axmif=unfh=u&atmifyg/
yxrqHk;awmh &JabmfoHk;usdwf0if Adkvfr_;csLyfa[mif;ausmfaZmaygh/ ol[mvnf; (1938-ck)
AdkvfatmifausmfusqHk;cJhwJh twGif;0ef&Hk;udk 0dkif;cJhwJh wwd,
ausmif;om;oydwfrSmygcJhwJholyg/. ol@tjrifuawmhæ

Adkvfr_;csLyfa[mif;ausmfaZm -“rw&m;r_awG&Sdaeao;oa&$
jynfolawGwdkufyJG0ifaeao;oa&G olwdk@av;awG/ ynma&;oifEdkif rSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'DvdkyJ
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ausmif;om;rsm;EdkifiHa&;vkyf&wm vkyf csifvdk@ vkyf&wm r[kwfbJ rv$Jra&Smifom
b0ay;tod b0ay;wm0efrsm;a=umifhom jzpfw,fqdkwmygbJ?”

aemuf vlxka':trmqdkvnf; (1936-ck) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~

pwifzJG@pnf;pOfuwnf;u yg0ifcJholyg/ tarrmua&mcifAs/ ausmif;om;awG
EdkifiHa&;rSmygwmudk b,fvdk,lqygovJ?

vlxka':trm -“taruawmhav ausmif;om;vnf; jynfolyJ/

jynfoleJ@twlwla&m+yD;awmh wufºuG&rSmbJ/ Edk;=um;&rSmbJ/
v_yf&Sm;&rSmbJvdk@jrifwmbJaygh/ ausmif;om;rdkvdk@ EdkifiHa&;rSm ryg&bl;vdk@ tJ'Dvdkrjrifbl;/
tJ'grSm;w,f/ taruawmh ausmif;om;bJ EdkifiHa&; vkyfoifhw,fvdk@jrifwmbJ
bmjzpfvdkŒwkef;qdkawmh ausmif;om;vnf; wdkif;oljynfom;wa,muffbJ r[kwfvm;?
wae@vl}uD;jzpf vmOD;rSmbJ/ tJawmhEkdifiHa&;rvkyf&if tw,fom;&J@ vkyf&rSmbJ?”

OD;vSa&$ua&mcifAs EdkifiHa&;udk awmufavsmufaqmif&GufcJhwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif

wa,muftaeeJ@ ausmif;om;awG bma=umifh EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Guf&w,fqdkwmvnf;
&Sif;jyay;ygOD;cifAs/

OD;vSa&$ -“ausmif;om;qdkwmu ynmwwfawGbJ/ todynm&Sif

twwfynm&SifawGbJ odkŒr[kwf ausmif;om;u wu,fwrf;usawmh vl@tzJG@tpnf;&J@
OD;aESmufbJ/ vl@tzJG@tpnf;xJrSm tEdk;=um;qHk;bJ/ t*Fvdyfacwfuvnf; q&mpH
ta&;awmfyHku p+yD;awmh/ aemufqHk;aygh vGwfvyfa&;r&ciftxd &JabmfoHk;usdwftxd
vufwJGyg0ifcJhwJholawGu ausmif;om;awGbJ/ 'ga=umifhvnf; ausmif;om;rS
ausmif;om;r[kwfwJholrS awmif;qdkEdkifwmr[kwfygbl;cifAs? jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;[m
wu,fwrf;=unfh&if ausmif; om;vdkynmwwfawGu wpHkw&m EdkifiHa&;t&
Edk;=um;=uw,f/ 'golu avmuygvw&m;(3)yg;udk udk,fpm;ðyw,fwpfcsuf jrefrmjynf &J@
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jrefrmjynf 'Drdk ua&pDtwGuf&Sdaew,f/ ausmif;om;u Edik fiHa&;vkyfoifhw,f
rvkyfoifhbl;qdkwm ausmif;om;wa,mufcsif;u qHk;jzwfwmr[kwfbl;/ jrefrmjynf&J@
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rsufaphatmufu avmuygv
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bkef;}uD;vnf;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;vnf;ygw,f?”
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trsm;}uD;&Sdygao;w,fwJhæ

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wa,mufeJ@ wa,mufcspf=unf&if;ESD;=uw,f/ xl;c|efwJh tm;upm;orm;awGtm;vHk;[m
wuUodkvfxJuae t"duarG;xkwfwmbJ/ xl;c|efwJh tEky nm&SifawGqdkvnf; 'DvdkbJ
wuUodkvfuaearG;xkwfwmbJ wdkif;&if;om;awGuvnf; wdkif;&if;om; tzJG@tpnf;awG
wdkif;&if;om; tvkdufzJG@=uw,f/ aemuf jynfe,f,Ofaus;r_awG az:xkwf=uw,f/
wdkif;&if;om; pmayr*~Zif;awGxkwf=uw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ ,Ofaus;r_tuawG
bmawGudkaz:xkwf=uw,f/ 'gawGu +yD;usawmh jyifyrSmtukefvHk;jyef@yGm;oGm;w,f/
EDkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;wm0efcH wa,mufxm;+yD;awmh urBmhausmif;om;or*~eJ@vnf;
qufoG,fw,f/ urBmhausmif;om; toif;tzJG@tpnf;awG vli,ftzJG@tpnf; awGeJ@vnf;
qufoG,f+yD;awmhvnf; vkyfaqmifw,f/ tifrwefus,fjyef@w,f?”

'Dvdk v_yf&Sm;r_awG trsm;}uD;&SdwJhtxJrSm q&mpGrf; t"duaxmufjyoGm;wmuawmh

(1958)ckESpfrSm ausmif;om;awGuOD;pD; +yD;vkyfcJhwJh ynma&;pepf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
 ynma&;EDS;aESmzvS,fyJG=uD;yg? 'DEDS;aESmzvS,fyJG=uD;uae 'Drdkua&pD ynma&;pepf
jzpfvmatmif ausmif;om;awGu =udK;yrf;=uHpnfcJh=uw,fvdk@ oluajymjyoGm;ygw,f?

uAsmq&marmifpGrf;&nf -“jrefrmekdfifiH&J@ynma&;udk ausmif;om;awGyg yg0ifjyD;awmh

urBmekdifiHtm;vHk;&J@ ynma&;udkavhvm jyD;awmh qufpyfjyD;awmhrS acwfynma&;pepfeJh
ndSjyD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;vdk@ emrnfay;wmudk? ausmif;om;awGyg yg0ifwJh ynma&;
ayghav? 'Dtpdk;&uaejyD;awmh pDrHudef;cswmrsKd;vnf; r[kwfbl;? ausmif;om;awGbufu
pkpnf;wJhynma&;qdkjyD;awmh udk,fudkudk,fac:zdk@ aqG;aEG;wmqdkawmh ta&;=uD;ygw,f?
ynma&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh ausmif;om; aqG;aEG;cGifhay;wm 'DwcgyJ&Sdw,f”?

'Dvdk 'DvdkpGrf;aqmifcsufawG&SdcJhwJh ausmif;om;or*~qdkwmvJ

rjrif&wm=umavjyDvdk@qdk&rSmygyJ (1988)ckESpfwkef;uawmh ausmif;om;awGu or*~udk
jyefvnfzJG@pnf;ekdifzdk@ =udK;yrf;cJh=uygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh w&m;0if &yfwnfcGifh r&cJhygbl;?
or*~ rwnf&Sdawmh ausmif;om;awGtwGuf bmawGepfemygovJ? or*~ &Sdvmawmha&m
ausmif;om;awGtwGuf bmawGrsm; xl;jcm;rSmygvJ? 'Dar;cGef;udkawmh (1988)ckESpfu
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfwJh udkrif;udkEkdifajzygOD;?

udkrif;udkekdif -“'Dausmif;om;xk[m ausmif;om;or*~qdkwJh tzGJ@tpnf;&SdvmrS

tcGifhta&;udk rSefrSefuefuef &Ekdifr,f? usaemf wdk@ aemifwpfcsdefrSm
wdkif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmifcsif=uwJh ausmif;om;awG[mvnf; tJ'D ausmif;om;or*~rSmyJ
avhusifhvdk@&ygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~&J@ tpnf;ta0;awG[m v$wfawmfrSmusif;ywJh
tpnf;ta0;awGyHkpHtwdkif; wlygw,f? obmywdeJ@ tcrf;tem;r_;eJ@ pepfwus
avhusifhoGm;&wmyg? taustvnf aqG;aEG;&w,f/ twdkuftcH jiif;ckH=u&w,f/
tJvdkjyD;wJhtcgrSm oabmxm;=uD;pGmeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDenf;usus qHk;jzwfcsufudk
vdkufem=u&ygw,f? 'Dvdktusifhaumif;awG arG;jrLay;EdkifwJh ausmif;om;or*~&SdrS
&Edkifygvdrfhr,f? r&Sdvdk@&Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynftwGuf avhusifh&r,fh ae&mvnf;
r&Sdygbl;? 'Drdkua&pD enf;enf;usus avhusifhEdkifr,fh tzJG@tpnf; r&SdbJeJ@
bmjzpfoGm;ovJqdkawmh wpfrdef@ wpftm%mwnf;udk emcHjyD;awmh rSm;rSm;rSefrSef
vdkufvkyf&wJh pepfqdk;wpfcktwGuf aemuf vdkufawGudkrS arG;xkwfay;r,fh
tzJG@tpnf;awGyJ &Sdygvdrfhr,f? ausmif;om;or*~&SdrS tavhtusifhaumif;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD
tavhtusifh aumif;udk &rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawGudk
arG;xkwfay;EdkifrSmjzpfygw,f?”
or*~b,fvdkzJG@pnf;w,f/ or*~u bmawGvkyfcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;ekdifiHa&; vkyfoifhovm;
rvkyfoifhbl;vm;? a&S@rSDaemufrSD vl}uD;olrawG ajymjyoGm;wmawG =um;cJh&+yD?
'gayr,fh ausmif;om;or*~eJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG&JΠordkif;a=umif;uawmh
tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;=um;rSm &kef;uefv_yf&Sm; cJh=u&wJh tjzpftysufawGeJ@ jynfhaeawmh
tJ'gawGudkvnf; odcsifao;w,f?
ausmif;om;awGu OD;aqmif+yD;awmh qkH;&_H;aewJh tcGifhta&;awG
awmif;qdkcJh=uwJhtcgawGrSm tm%mydkifawGeJ@ xdyfwdkuf awG@p&mawGjzpf jzpfvm&wmaygh?

---------------------------

cGyfa'gif;awmifyHcwfoHrsm;
tydkif; (3)

jrefrmjynf&JΠausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;udk usaemfwkd@ avhvmaecJhwm

or*~&JŒvkyfief;awG/ or*~&JŒ pGrf;aqmifcsufwcsKd@ udkawmh odcJh&+yD/ 'gayr,fh 'Dor*~awG
ausmif;om;awG[mvnf; acwftqufqufrSm zdESdyfr_trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ }uHKcJh&wmyg?
“a0gydkpwmawG udkifxm;w,f/ aemuf taqmifrSm vrf;av#muf=uw,f/
'DavmufygyJ? 'gudk =urf;wrf;w,fvkd@/ =urf;wrf; wJhenf;vkd@ ajym&ifawmh 'g r&ygbl;? 'g
at;csrf;wJhenf;eJ@ awmif;qdkwmyJ? 'gudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifw,fvkd@vnf; ajymvkd@r&ygbl;?”
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;[m zdESdyfr_trsKd;rsKd;udk ckcHumuG,f&if;
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJhordkif;jzpfw,fqdkwm
tjynfhtpHk=um;&rSmyg?
yxrqkH; +Adwdo# udkvdkeDacwf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk=unfh&if
t}uD;us,fqkH;u (1300)jynfhta&;awmfykHeJ@ wwd, ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;yg?
tJ'DoydwfrSm udk,fwdkifacgif;aqmif yg0ifcJholuawmh uAsmq&m}uD; '*kefwm&myg?

q&m}uD; '*kefwm&m -“(1938/ 39)umvu a&eHajru oydwfarSmufwJh*,uf

ay:vmawmh olwkd@ &efukeftxd oydwf arSmuf tvkyform;awG csDwuf=uw,f?
rauG;a&mufawmh wyfawGeJ@ayghAsm/ 'D (38/ 39)ESpfu ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;or*~rSm OuUXu udkA[def;jzpfoGm;w,f? udkAaqGu twGif;a&;r_;jzpfygw,f?
olwkd@ESpfa,mufu rauG;a&mufaeawmh tJ'DrSm olwkd@ w&m;a[m wmayghAsm?
 tvkyform;awG tJ'DtwGuf olwkd@ tzrf;cH&w,f? tJ'DrSm udkA[def;&JΠ&mZ0ifwGifwJh
pum;vkH;uawmh ‘jrif;cGmwpfcsuf aygufv#if rD;[kef;[kef;awmufap&r,f?”

wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;rSm &efukefu twGif;0ef&kH;udk 0dkif;+yD;+idrf;csrf;pGm

qENjycJhwJh ausmif;om;awGudk +Adwdo# tpdk;&&JΠjrif;pD;ykvdyfawGu &dkufESuf+zKdcGif;cJhvkd@
tJ'DrSmyJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf usqkH;cJh&ygw,f?

+Adwdo#e,fcsJŒawG[m wdkif;wyg;om;awGjzpfvkd@ ausmif;om;awGudk zdESdyfacsr_ef;+yD;

(53)ck atmufwdkbmvrSmawmhæ
OD;omoef; -“atmufwdkbmrSm ausmif;u cgwdkif;ydwfae=u (15)&ufom
ydwfawmhr,fqdk+yD; jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'DrSm ausmif;om;awGu txl;ojzifhawmh (Hostall)
aewJhausmif;om;awGaygh/ e,fausmif;om;awGu (3)vydwfrS rdb&yfxHrSm at;at;
aq;aq; aevkd@&r,fvkd@ awmif;qdk=uw,fayghAsm? tJ'DrSm
ausmif;(1)vydwfa&;aumfrwDqdk+yD;awmh zGJ@vdkufw,fAsmh? ausmif;(1)v
ydwfa&;awmif;qdk=uwJh usaemfwkd@u atmufwdkbm (1)&ufae@up+yD;
ausmif;rwuf=ubl;ayghAsm? tif;0aqmifwHcg;udk ydwfxm;wm ayghAsm? tJ'D wHcg;r}uD;udk
qGJzGifhzkd@twGuf (3)&ufae@rSm rD;owfuae vmw,fayghAsm? rD;owfwkd@/ aemuf &Jwkd@
0ifvm+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@ rD;owfydkufawGeJ@ ywfayghAsm? tJ'Dtcsdef tJ'DumvayghAsm
zqyv tpdk;&vufxufrSmawmh =urf;w,fvkd@ajym&r,f? aoewfeJ@ qdkwmvnf;
&dkifz,feJ@ypfwm wpfcsuf ESpfcsufavmuf &Sdr,fxifw,f? b,folrSawmh
xdcdkuf'%f&m&wm r&Sdygbl;? 'gayr,fh rsuf&nf,dkAkH;eJ@ypfawmh owdarhoGm;wJhvl
(10)a,muf avmuf &Sdr,fxifygw,f?”

zdESdyfr_awGu E_dif;,SOfcsuft& rqdk;0g;vSbl;vkd@ tckvkdajymjyoGm;cJholu

or*~tr_aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhol OD;omoef;yg? (1958)ckESpf ppfwyfu tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf
wufvmcsdefrSmawmh (wuo)acgif;aqmifawG udkudk;u|ef;tydk@cHvdkuf&ygw,f?
bmvkd@ygvJ? OD;cif armifOD;[m (1958)ckESpfu (wuo)OuUXyg?

OD;cifarmifOD; -“wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifAsm usaemf OuUXtjzpf usrf;opPmusdefqdkyGJaygh/

tJ'DrSm OD;EkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ tdrfapmifh tpdk;&tjzpf tm%mv$Jajymif;vkyf&wJh
ae@jzpfaew,f? tJ'D OuUXtjzpf usrf;opPmusdefqdkyGJ rdef@cGef;rSmudk usaemf u ‘'g[m
tm%modrf; wmyJvkd@ usaemfu xnfhajymvdkufygw,f? usaemfu OuUXtjzpf
 usrf;opPmusdefqdkyGJ&JΠw&m;0ifrdef@cGef;udk tomab;rSmxm;+yD;awmh 'D
tm%mtv$Jtajymif;udk uef@uGufygw,f? tJ'DxJu usaemfhtay:rSm olwkd@
rSwfom;xm;+yD;awmh {+yD vqef;avmuf=uawmh zrf;+yD; udkudk;u|ef;udk ydk@cJhwm?”

OD;cifarmifOD;eJ@twl ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm; udkudk;u|ef;udk

tydk@cHcJh=u&ygw,f? (1962)ckESpfrSm ppfwyfu t+yD;tydkif
tm%mv$Jodrf;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh ausmif;om;or*~udkyg tjrpfu+zdKvSJzkd@
}udK;yrf;r_awG vkyfvm wmawG@&yg awmhw,f? ppftpdk;&u wuUodkvfausmif;xJrmS
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f uef@owfr_awG trsKd;rsKd;vkyfvmcJh&mu (1962)ck Zlvdkifv (7)&ufae@rSm awmh
ausmif;om;awGu csKyfcs,fwJh taqmifpnf;urf;awGudk qENjyuef@uGufcJh=uygw,f?
yxrqkH; ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; aoG;ajr uscJh&wJh tJ'DjrifuGif;udk jrifawG@cJh&oluawmh
ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmifa[mif; apma';Apfwmuaygyg?

apma';Apfwmuayg -“ausmif;om;awG wdkufyGJuvnf; ydk+yD;awmh jrifhvmw,fayghav?

tJ'DrSm ppfwyfawG vmcsw,f? ypf cwfr_jzpfvmwJh tcgusawmh usaemfvnf;
oGm;=unfhw,fayghav? tJ'g ppfom;awGuawmh tJ'D usaemfuawmh (University)
em;rSm &Sdw,faygh? twGif;rSmuawmh ausmif;om;awG upOf@uvsm; ajy;xm;wJh
aoG;uGufawG/ aemuf+yD;awmh tJ'DrSm ajy;=uv$m;=uwJh tcgrSm zdeyfawG/ aomhawG
bmawG usefcJhwmawG awG@w,f? aemuf+yD;awmh wzufu cufvSrf;vSrf;u usaemfwkd@ 'D
*wfwJbuf uayghav tavmif;awGudk um;}uD; x&yf}uD;xJrSmxnfhaewm
tJ'gawG@w,f?”

aemufwae@jzpfwJh Zlvdkifv (8)&ufae@ reufvif;tm;}uD;rSmawmhæ

y'dkref;&Sm -“rdk;awmifrvif;ygbl;/ tapm}uD;ayghav (wou) 'D ,leD,Hudk olwkd@

azmufcGJvdkufwJh toH}uD;u awmfawmfav; udk wkefcgoGm;+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@ tdyf&mxJu
vef@Edk;oGm;w,f?”
ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttkHwckvkH; 'dkif;erdkufeJ@ +zKdcszsufqD;cHcJh&wJh tjzpftysufudk
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfcJhol tck u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (KNU)&JŒ
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; z'dkref;&Sm ajymjycJhwmyg?
 or*~taqmufttkH}uD; aysmufoGm;ayr,fh or*~uawmh csufcsif;ysufoGm;wm
r[kwfao;bl;? usaemf rSwfom;rdoavmuf qdkvkd@&Sd&if (1964)ck rwffv (28)&ufae@usrS
ppftpdk;& trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nD!$wfa&; Oya'qdkwmudk xkwfjyef+yD; vlxkvlwef;pm
;tzGJ@tpnf;awG tm;vkH;udk zsufvdkufawmhrS or*~vnf; ysufoGm;&wm?
tJ'D (1962 eJ@ 64)=um;umvrSm ausmif;om;awG
b,fvdkpnf;&kH;v_yf&Sm;cJh=u&w,fqdkwmudkvnf; ar;=unfhxm;ygao;w,f?

“'gayr,fh tJ'Dumvwkef;u usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;or*~}uD;u olwkd@ zsufayr,fvkd@

usaemfwkd@u ysufroGm;bJeJ@ (63)ckESpf (7 July) ESpfywfvnftxdrf;trSwf
tcrf;tem;usawmh usaemfwkd@u tJ'DrSm qENjyyGJawG usaemfwkd@vkyf=uwm&Sdw,f? ,m,D
(wuo) taqmuftOD zGifhyGJayghav/ tJ'g vkyfcJh=uwmawG&Sdw,f? tJ'DESpfrSm qufwdkuf
'DvdkyJayghav/ usaemfwdk@ ajcmufc&dkif +idrf;csrf; a&;qENjyyGJrSmvnf;
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGu vlxktm;vkH;udk tJ'Dausmif;0if;xJrSmyJ usaemfwkd@
wm0ef,l+yD;awmh ae&mcsay;/ aemufusrS usaemfwkd@ ql;avbk&m; awmifbufrk'fbufudk
usaemfwkd@ csDwufoGm;w,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJGvnf; ysufoGm;a&m tJ'DrSm
ausmif;om;awG t}uD;tus,f tzrf;cH&+yD;awmh tJ'DrSm ausmif;
awmfawmf=um=umydwfoGm;ao;w,f? usaemfwkd@ tHh=ozkd@ aumif;wmu (74/ 75)ayghav
usaemfwkd@ r_dif;&mjynfhvkyf=uw,f? udkwifarmifOD;wkd@/ olupwif+yD;awmh
wuUodkvfausmif;om; acgif; aqmifawG/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG jyefay:xGef;vmwmudk
usaemfwkd@ awG@&w,f?”

tJ'Dvdk jyefay:vmwJhausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGxJrSm ausmif;om;eJ@tpdk;& tjyif;xefqkH;

&ifqdkif}uHKawG@cJh=u&wJh jzpf&yfwck uawmh (1974)ck 'DZifbmvrSm jzpfcJhygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHu ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;oef@&JΠpsmyetcrf;tem;rSm
ausmif;om;eJ@ tpdk;& xdyfwdkufwkd;cJh=u&wJhta=umif;udk (1970)jynfhvGefESpf umvawG&JŒ
ausmif;om;acgif; aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;atmif apmOD; ajymjycJhykHuawmhæ

OD;atmifapmOD; -“yxr usaemfwkd@ (5)&ufae@ naerSm &efukefwdkif;aumifpDudk OD;oef@&J@

*leJ@ywfoufvkd@ xdkufoifhwJhae&mrSm xm;ay;zkd@ usaemfwkd@bufu awmif;qdkw,f?
tpdk;&qef@usifa&;awG wckrSusaemfwkd@ rygbl;? 'gayr,fhvkd@ olwkd@bufu bmwcgrS
wkef@jyefwmr&Sdbl;? aemufwpf&uf usaemfwkd@ xyfrH+yD;awmh EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtxd
pmwif+yD;awmh awmif;qdkcJhayr,fhvkd@ olwkd@bufu bmwckrS wkef@jyefcJhwmawG
 r&SdwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;awGu 'D *lAdrmefudk (wuo) taqmiftwGif;rSmyJ
jrKyfr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufawG cscJhwmjzpfw,f? 'g[m bmudkjyvJqdkvkd@&Sd&if
ausmif;om;awGbufu awmif;qdkwmu OD;oef@udk xdkufoifhwJhae&mrSm
*lAdrmefaqmufay; zkd@ awmif;wmonf w&m;r#wr_&Sdw,f? 'Dtay:rSm olwkd@bufu
wkef@jyefr_awGu ausmif;om;awG&JŒ awmif;qdkr_udk rsufuG,fjyK&m a&mufw,f?”
'geJ@ r_dif;&mjynfhqdkwmua&m b,fvdkjzpfcJhwmygvJcifAsm?
OD;atmifapmOD; -“(76) ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; ESpfwpf&mjynfharG;ae@usawmh usaemfwkd@u
ESpfwpf&mrjynfhcif (95)ESpfajrmuf/ (1971) avmufuaep+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@
&mjynfhaumfrwDzGJ@+yD;awmhrS 'D ocifa[mif;}uD;awG/ q&m}uD;&JΠvkyfazmfudkifzufawGu
&mjynfhobif usif;ya&;eJ@ q&m}uD;&JŒ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOf/ aemuf q&m}uD;&JŒ
*k%fyk'fawGudk azmfxkwfzkd@ usaemfwkd@u }udK;pm; cJhwmjzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdk (74 ck/ 75 ck/ 76)
qdkwJh ta&;tcif; (3)ckpvkH;rSm 'Dausmif;om;awG&JΠv_yf&Sm;awmif;qdkr_awG tm;vkH;
t=urf;zuf zdESdyf+zKdcGJoGm;wmu 'Dae@ ppftkyfpkyJjzpfw,f?”
OD;atmifapmOD;yg? tJ'DumvawGu ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmygcJholwOD;u
tck(NLD)bm;tHh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f a':eef;cifaxG;jrifhyg? oluvnf; (70)ckESpf
umvawG&JΠxl;jcm;csufudk tckvdkajymjyygw,f?

a':eef;cifaxG;jrifh - “usrwkd@ ausmif;wufwJh tJ'D (1973/ 74/ 75)ESpfu tJ'DESpf

okH;av;ESpftwGif;rSm yxr tvkyform; ta&;tcif; tvkyform;xkudk ypfowfwJh/
qifrvdkufrSm aoewfoHawG usrwkd@ taqmif tif;,m'aqmifxJu =um;ae&w,f?
+yD;awmh usrwkd@ taqmifausmif;om;awG ay;jyefvkdufw,f? aemufwcg
OD;oef@ta&;tcif;jzpfw,f? aemuf (6)v =umwJhtcgusawmh usrwkd@&JŒ
tvkyform;ESpfywfvnf/ OD;oef@ (6)vESpfywfvnf? +yD;wJhtcgusawmh r_dif;&mjynfh/
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u awmfawmfav;udk acsrSLef;ypfw,f/ ausmif;om;awG&JΠOD;aqmifr_udkav?
tvkyform;ta&;tcif;vnf; ausmif;om;awGygrSm a=umufvkd@ ausmif;om; enf;enf;
(RIT) ausmif;om;awGygwm ausmif;udk ydwfvdkufw,f? tJ'D ygwJh
ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; axmifcsypfvdkufw,f? wpfcg OD;oef@wkef;uvnf;
awmfawmf&uf&ufpufpufudk axmifcsypfwmyJ? trsm;}uD;yJ zrf;ypfvdkufwmyJ? 'geJ@
(6)v=umwJhtcg ausmif; om;awGu wcgxyf+yD;awmh ay:vmwmyJ? usrwkd@usawmh
wu,fudk OD;oef@wkef;uawmifrS jyefv$wfwJhol&Sdw,f usrwkd@tvSnfhus awmh
wpfa,mufrS jyefrv$wfawmhbJeJ@ wcgwnf; tkyfpkvdkuf axmifcsypfvdkufw,f/ wcg
 'Davmuf axmifcsaewJh=um;xJuae+yD;rS wcg r_dif;&mjynfhrSmwcg ausmif;om;awG
xyfay:vmw,f? tJ'Dawmhvnf; xyf+yD;awmh zrf;+yD;awmh axmifcsypfvdkufw,f?
tJ'Dawmh b,favmufyJ twm;tqD;awGrsm;rsm; ausmif;om;awG&JΠv_yf&Sm;r_uawmh
qufwdkufyJ jzpfaeygw,f?”
aemuf tJ'DumvrSmyJ txl;jcm;qkH;vkd@ qdk&r,fhjzpf&yfwckuawmh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;udk ppfckH&kH;eJ@ }udK;ay;owfcJh wmyg? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
qvdkif;wifarmifOD; towfcH&yHkudkawmh OD;atmifapmOD;uyJ ajymjyygw,f?

OD;atmifapmOD; - “udkwifarmifOD;u (74)ck OD;oefha&m (75)ZGef-ajcmuf

ESpfywfvnfa&m/ r_dif;&mjynfha&mrSm/ wufwuf ºuGºuG yg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfw,f?
'g (75)wkef;qdk&if usaemfwkd@ 'Dordkif;0if;xJu ausmif;aqmifawGeJ@ 'Dbuf
tvkyform;awG&JΠpuf&kHawGudk oGm;wJhae&mrSm ppftkyfpkuae tkwfwHwdkif;}uD;eJ@
umxm;wmawmifrS ausmif;om;xk&JŒtiftm;eJ@ oluae acgif;aqmif+yD; awmhrS
+zKdcs+yD;awmh tpGrf;jycJhwmjzpfygw,f? +yD;awmh udkwifarmifOD;u 'D (76) r_dif;&mjynfhrSm
tzrf;cH&+yD;awmhrS tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm udkwifarmifOD;udk tusOf;enf;eJ@
ppfaq;w,fqdk+yD;awmhrS (76) ZGefv (26)&ufae@ reufvif; tm;}uD;rSm tif;pdefaxmif&JŒ
}udK;pifrSm aoG;at;at;eJ@ }udK;ay;owfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? tJawmh udkwifarmifOD;u
ol@udkjyifqifcsuf wifcdkif;w,f? toem;cHpmwifcdkif;wm axmifxJrSm? raocifrSm ol
wcGef;yJajymoGm;wmjzpfw,f? ‘rif;wkd@ ppfaoewfatmufrSm ig b,fawmhrS
'l;raxmufbl;’ qdkwJhpum; udkwifarmifOD;ajymcJhwJhpum;yJ? tJvdk udkwifarmifOD;udk
}udK;ay;owfwJh tcsdefrSm rqv usifhokH;aewJh (74)zGJ@pnf;ykHrSm ao'%fay;wm
r&Sdawmhbl;? b,favmufyJ EdkifiHawmf ykefuefr_}uD; jzpfjzpf/ ol@udk
tvGefqkH;ay;r,fqdkvkd@&Sd&if woufwu|ef; 'g%fyJ&Sdw,f?”
ausmif;om;awG towfcH&w,f/ axmifcscH&w,f/ aESmuf,SufcH&w,f/ ausmif;om;eJ@
tpdk;&t=um; yËdyuQawG 'Dvdkjyif;xefcJh=uwm[m ausmif;om;awGu twufºuGvGef+yD;
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvdkwJhobm0 &Sdaevkd@ygvm;? a':eef;cifaxG;jrifh
b,fvdkoabm&ygovJcifAsm?

a':eef;cifaxG;jrifh - “udk,fvdkcsifwJh[mudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; atmf[pf+yD;awmh ajym=uwm?

'gu usrwkd@u atmf[pf+yD;qdkwm xuf bmrS csKd;zJhzsufqD;jcif;rsKd; 'DvdkrsKd; rvkyfygbl;?
a0gydkpwmawG udkifxm;w,f? aemuf taqmifrSm vrf;awGvdkuf+yD; qENav#mufjy w,f
'DavmufygyJ? 'gudk [dk'if;ayghaemf =urf;wrf;wJhenf;vkd@ ajym&ifawmh 'g r&ygbl;? 'g
 at;csrf;wJhenf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;+yD; awmif;qdkwmyJ? 'gudk xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifw,fvkd@vnf;
ajymvkd@r&ygbl;? bmjzpfvkd@vJqdkawmh 'DvdkrsKd; usrwkd@u rawmif;qdkvkd@&Sd&if
rajymjyvkd@&Sd&if olwkd@u usrwkd@udk bmrStodtrSwfrjyKbJ/ bmor*~rSvnf; r&Sdbl;/ bmrS
ausmif;om;awGbufu pGrf;aqmifay;wJhvlvnf; r&Sd/ bm tzGJ@ tpnf;r&SdwJhtwGuf
ausmif;om;awGu b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS rawG@qkH&bJeJ@? tJawmh usrwkd@u olwkd@udk
xdyfwdkufenf;eJ@ r[kwfygbl;? olwkd@ u 'gudk xdyfwdkufenf;jzpfvmatmif olwkd@u
zefwD;ay;aewm?”
zdESdyfwJhvluvnf; zdESdyf/ tkHºuGwJhvluvnf; tkHºuGeJ@ 'DvdkeJ@yJ ordkif;awG a&;cJh=u?
ordkif;qdkawmh ta0;}uD;rS r[kwfygbl;? (1988)ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;tcif;}uD;qdk
avmavmvwfvwfyJ &Sdygao;w,f?
tJ'Dta&;tcif;uvnf; +zKdcGJcHvdkuf&+yD;awmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGuvnf;
+idrfoavmufjzpfoGm;cJhao;w,f?
+idrfayr,fh aooGm;wmawG@ r[kwfbl;? vlxka':trmuawmif tJ'Dta=umif;udk
'DvdkokH;oyfjyygao;w,f?

vlxka':trm - “tckaemufydkif;rSmav olwkd@u tJ'D ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk

a=umufwmeJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk wcg wnf; tr_dufyHk=uuf,uf+zJvdkufovdk
wuGJwjym;pDjzpfatmif cGJypfvdkufwm ausmif;awGtukefvkH; [dka&$Œ'Da&$Œ wcgwnf; z&dkz&J
jzpf atmif tpGrf;ukef olwkd@u olwkd@bufuvkyfxm;wmbJom;a&? tJawmh
ausmif;om;u &SdwJhae&mrSm &SdoavmufeJ@ pnf;&kH;&wm bmrS 'Djzifh t&ifvdk
wdkifwdkifyifyif us,fus,fjyefhjyefhrvkyfEdkifbl;? tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;udk olwkd@u
odyfa=umufaewm? ausmif;om;awGu awmhav 'Dr,f olwkd@rSm olwkd@jy\em
b,fyJa&GŒoGm;oGm; b,fyJcGJypfvdkuf ypfvdkuf &SdwmyJuGaemf? tJawmh &SdwJhjy\emudk
olwkd@u awmh &ifqdkifrSmyJ/ Edk;=um;+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;vmrSmyJ? b,fvdkvkyfvkd@rS
&rSmr[kwfbl;?”

--------------------------------------------------

cGyfa'gif;awmifyHcwfoHrsm;
tydkif; (4)
 ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;udkjyef=unfh&if (1988)ckESpfujzpfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;awGOD;aqmifwJh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m xl;jcm; w,fvkd@ qdk&r,f?
ausmif;om;awGu pcJhw,fvkd@qdkayr,fh awma&m+rdK@yg awmifay:ajrjyef@tEHS@
vlxkw&yfvkH;ygvm+yD; wEdkifiHvkH; tkHºuGr_jzpfcJhvkd@ tJ'Dwkef;u r+ydKuGJEdkifbl;vkd@ ,lqcJh&wJh
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDawmif wpcef;&yfoGm;cJh&ao;wmyJ?
(1988)ckESpfwkef;u tjzpftysufqdkawmh r=umao;bl;/ arhaysmufp&m
r&Sdao;bl;vkd@ qdkcsifqdkEdkifayr,fh tckaemufydkif; vli,f awGqdk&ifawmh odyfodcsifrS
od=uawmhrSmyg?
jynfwGif;rSmqdk&if vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rSwfwrf;wifzkd@uvnf; rjzpfEdkifao;awmh
aemufwcg azsmufxm;csifwmawG/ aysmuf oGm;apcsifwmawGuvnf; &Sdaeao;awmh
pdk;&drf&wmaygh? 'ga=umifhyJ tJ'D(1988)ckESpfu tjzpftysufrSm ta&;ygwJh tvSnfhtajymif;
awGrSm OD;aqmifygcJhwJhvlawGudk ar;=unfhxm;ygw,f? olwkd@udk,fwdkif
ajymjywmawGudkvnf; em;axmif=unfhygOD;?
(1988)ckESpf tjzpftysufawG&JŒtpuawmh rwfv (12)&ufae@nrSm
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGeJ@ }udKukef;u t&yfom;awG pum;rsm;&efjzpf&mu
pcJhw,fvkd@ qdk&rSmyg?
----------------------
“usaemfuawmh udk&ifat;yg? usaemfu (1988)wkef;u usaemf pwkwˆESpf
pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;ayghaemf? tJ'Dae@u (3) &ufae@rSm ausmif;om;eJ@t&yfom;
usaemfwkd@ wzufeJ@wzuf tjyeftvSefjzpfae=uwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfwkd@ausmif;u
q&m}uD;awG&,f/ aemuf ausmif;om;t}uD;awGuae+yD;awmh
usaemfwkd@ausmif;om;awGudk xdef;+yD;awmh taqmifawG&JŒa&S@u jrufcif;rSm pk+yD;awmh
ajymaewJhtcsdefrSmyJ tcsdefrSmyJ tJ'DtcsdefrSm n (9)em&Davmuf tcsdefrSm
ordkif;vrf;qkHbufuae+yD;awmh vkHxdef;awG&,f/ rD;owfum; awG&,f/
ppfwyf&,fuayghaemf wdkufyGJwckudkvmovdk vmaew,f? tif;pdefvrf; ausmif;a&SŒvnf;
a&mufvnf; a&mufa&m &yfuGuf bufudk vkH;0 rsufESmrvSnfhbJeJ@ usaemfwkd@
ausmif;bufudk csufcsif;yJ vmor# rD;owfum;awG/ vkHxdef;um;awG tukefvkH; vSnfhvdkuf
=uw,f? vSnfh+yD;wmeJ@ 'D ausmif;0if;xJrSm 'D ausmif;0if;a&S@u taqmifawG&JŒa&S@rSm
q&m}uD;rsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk xdef;xm;vkd@ +idrfoufae+yDjzpfwJh vltkyfxJudk
rD;owfydkufeJ@ pxdk;wm? tJ'DrSmwif ausmif;om;awG a'gou ydk+yD;awmh
rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf&wm? 'Dae&mrSm ausmif;om;awGu bmoabmaygufvJqdkawmh usaemfwkd@
(1987) pufwifbmv (5)&ufae@rSm aiGpuULawGodrf;cJhwm? tJ'Dvdk rw&m;
 aiGpuULodrf;wJh udpPudk usaemfwkd@ (RIT)u p+yD;awmh ausmif;om;awGu rausreyf
qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjycJh=uw,f? ta=umif;t&m wdkufqdkifwJhtcgrSm usaemfwkd@
ausmif;om;awGudk vm+yD; oufoufrJhESdrfeif;w,fvdk@ usaemfwkd@u cHpm;vdkuf&w,f?
tJ'DrSmwifwcg qufwdkuf rD;owfydkufeJ@xkd;w,f? rD;owfydkufeJ@xdk;+yD;awmh vlxku
ruGJbl;jzpfwJhtcsdefrSm rD;owfawG aemufudkoGm;+yD;awmh vkHxdef; awGu
aoewfawGeJ@wufvm+yD;awmh rsuf&nf,kdAkH;awGeJ@ t&ifqkH;ypfwm? qufwdkuf qufwdkuf
qufwdkuf ausmif;0if;wckvkH; tJ'DrSm ausmif;aqmifawGa&S@u jrufcif;jyifwckvkH;
arSmifrJ+yD;awmh bmrSvnf; rjrifbl;/ tukefvkH; upOf@uvsm; xGufajy;=ua&m?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm wcg aemufuae+yD;awmh vkHxdef;wyfu wufvm+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@
ausmif;0if;rSm ausmif;eH&HrSm a&S@qkH;utaygufawG&Sdw,faemf/ tkwfeH&HrSm
tJ'DtaygufawGxJudk aoewfawGxdk; +yD;awmh qufwdkufypfoGm;wm? aoewfoHawG
qlnH+yD; 0kef;'dkif; 0kef;'dkif;jzpf+yD; ausmif; om;awG taqmifxJ tukefvkH;xGufajy;=ua&m
tJ'DtcsdefrSm rSefwJhvlawG trsm;&Sd=uwmayghaemf? udkzkef;armfqdkvkd@&Sd&if atmufydkif; wck
vkH; aoG;awG&$J+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@ taqmif(1)udk renf;qGJac:vm=uw,f/
ausmif;om;awGu? qGJac:vmwJhtcsdefrSm tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ udkzkef; armf aooGm;+yDaemf?
aemuf wpf&uf ESpf&ufrSm wcgusaemfwkd@u 'DudpPudk oufqdkif&mudk wif&r,fqdk+yD;awmh
usaemfwkd@ pmawG &dkuf=uw,f? &dkuf+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhtcsdefrSmyJ tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ
usaemfwkd@od&wmu rqvwpfygwDtpdk;& a=unmw,f? ppftpdk;& toH v$ifhXmeu
a=unmw,f? t&yfom;eJ@ ausmif;om;awG&dkufvkd@ udkzkef;armfaoqkH;&w,fqdk+yD;awmh
c|efxufwJht&meJ@ txkd;cH&wmaygh aemf? tJ'DvdkrsKd; r[kwfrrSefwJhowif;udk
a=unmwmawG@awmh ausmif;om;awG ydk+yD; a'goaygufuGJoGm;+yD;awmh igwkd@ 'D[mawmh
ikH@cHvkd@ r&awmhbl;? 'D tjzpftrSefudk igwkd@usefwJh igwkd@ nDtpfudk aemifawmfawGudk
odatmifvkd@ igwkd@ ta=umif;=um;rSjzpfr,fqdk+yD;awmh wjcm;ausmif;awGudk
jzef@a0zkd@twGuf usaemfwkd@awG vlpkawGcJG+yD;awmh tJ'DtcsdefrSm xGuf=ua&m
(15)&ufae@wkef;u?”
-----------------------
“usaemfhemrnf aZmfrif;yg? usaemf[m (1988)ckESpfu &efukefwuUodkvf yifrrSm
aemufqkH;ESpf yx0D0ifudk wufa&mufaeol jzpfygw,f? rwfv (13)&ufae@rSmawmh
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvftwGif;rSm udkzkef;armfeJ@ udkpdk;Edkifwdk@ aoqkH;wJhta=umif;udk
usaemfwkd@ =um;odcJh&ygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf usaemfwkd@&JΠausmif;om;pktzGJ@[m
usaemfwkd@vdkcsifwJh qENawGudk awmif;qdkEdkif&eftwGuf (1988)ckESpf rwfv(16)&ufae@rSm
&efukefwuUodkvfyifrxJrSm pkpnf;cJh=u+yD; &efukefwuUokdvf v_dife,fajrrSm&SdwJh
 ausmif;om;awGeJ@ yl;aygif;qENjy&ef twGuf csDwufcJh=uygw,f? tif;vsm;uefab;rSm&SdwJh
jynfvrf;xdyf a&mufwJhtcsdef usaemfwkd@udk vkH+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@awGuae+yD;awmh
wm;qD;cJhygw,f? tJ'D wm;qD;cJhwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfeJ@ udk0if;ºuG,f/ udkvSrsKd;atmifwkd@
(3)a,muf[m usaemfwkd@&JŒawmif;qdkcsufawG/ ausmif;om;awG&JŒepfemr_awGudk
wifjycJhygw,f? tJ'gudkvufcHcJholuawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kwdkif;rSL;jzpfcJhygw,f? tJ'D
'kwdkif;rSL;uaewqifh txufudk wifay;r,fqdk+yD;awmh olu usaemfwkd@udk
ta=umif;jyefcJhygw,f? tJ'DvdktcsdefrSmyJ usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;awG&JŒaemufuae
vkHxdef;wyfzGJ@0ifawG pD;eif;vdkufygwJh um;(6)pD;u 0ifa&muf+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@udk
&dkufESufcJhygw,f? tJ'D &dkufESufr_[m tifrwefjyif; xefcJhw,f/ tifrwef &ufpufcJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG t&rf; aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_[m tJ'Dae@rSm
usaemfwkd@ +ydKuGJcJhw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwkd@[m usaemfwkd@&JΠv_yf&Sm; r_udk
qufvufaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf (1988)ckESpf rwfv (17)&ufae@rSm
&efukefwuUodkvfxJrSm usaemfwkd@ jyefvnfpkpnf;cJh=uygw,f? usaemfwkd@
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufawG aºuG;a=umfcsufawGudk usaemfwkd@ wifjycJhw,f?
usaemfwkd@ aqG;aEG;+yD; wdkifyifcJh=uw,f? tJ'Dvdk aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD;awmh tJ'Dae@
naeydkif;rSmyJ usaemfwkd@ ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;wckudk pwifzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'D tzGJ@
tpnf;uawmh wdk;wufaom wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh
naeydkif;a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm oufqdkif&m vkHxdef;wyf zGJ@awGeJ@ wyfrawmfom;awG[m
usaemfwkd@&JΠqENjyr_udk 0ifa&muf+zKdcGif;cJhygw,f? usaemfwkd@[m
&efukefwuUodkvftwGif;rSm usaemfwkd@ wcsKd@awG[m xdef;odrf;cHcJh&ygw,f?”
--------------------------
“usr cifOrRmyg? vuf&Sdawmh usr jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
zGGH@+zKd;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk OuUXtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeyg w,f? (1988)ckESpfrSmawmh
&efukefwuUodkvf pwkwˆESpf "gwkaA'ausmif;olwpfa,mufjzpfygw,f? 'D (17)&ufae@rSm
usrwkd@ 'Dausmif;udk ausmif;0if;uGif;xJawmif r0ifvdkuf&bl; tukefvSnfh+yD;awmhrS
jyef+yD;awmh vlpkjyefcGJcJh&w,f? tm;vkH;vnf; tzrf;cH&+yDqdkwmvnf; usr wkd@odw,fav?
qdkawmh 'D axmifxJa&mufoGm;wJhausmif;om;awG jyef+yD;awmhv$wfa&;/ aemuf+yD;awmh 'D
ausmif;jyefzGifha&;/ aemuf tckvdk rw&m;r_jzpfwJhOpPmawG txl;ojzifhawmh tJ'DtcsdefrSm
owif;tarSmifcsxm;wJhtcgusawmh owif;uae v$ifhay;zkd@udpPawGudk usrwkd@ 'gawG
vkyfawmhvkyf&r,f qdkwJhtay:rSmawmh tod&Sdw,f? txl;ojzifhawmh 'D ZGefv
ausmif;jyefcGifhr,fqdkwJhtcsdefusawmh ausmif;xJudk jyefa&mufvkd@&Sd&if wckckvkyfEdkifzkd@
 tqifoifhjzpfatmifqdkwJhtay:rSm usrwkd@ }udK;pm;=uwmvnf;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm usrwkd@
ZGefvausmif;awG pzGifhvmw,f? usrwkd@ ausmif;pzGifhwJhtcsdefrSm bmvkyfvJqdkawmh
tjzLteuf0wf+yD;awmh ausmif;ay:rSm usrwkd@ pnf;&kH;a&; pqif;w,f?
ausmif;pmoifcef;awGxJudk usrwkd@oGm;w,f? q&m q&mrawG pmoifaewJhtcsdefrSmyJ
ausmif;ol ausmif;om; awGudk usrwkd@ rwfv (13)uae+yD;awmhrS udkzkef;armf usqkH;/
udkpdk;Edkif usqkH;+yD;awmhrS tckvdkrsKd; tzrf;cHcJh&wJhOpPmudkvnf; usrwkd@ ajym w,f?
ynma&;pepfudk usrwkd@ a0zefw,f/ axmufjyw,f? tJ'Dvdkvnf; usrwkd@ pvkyfvdkufawmh
ZGefv (16)&ufae@rSm p+yD;awmhrS 'Dausmif;rSm jyef+yD;awmhrS usrwdk@csnf;yJ r[kwfbl;/
wjcm; tJ'D usrxifw,f/ usrwkd@vdkyJ pdwfxJrSmcHpm;csufjzpf+yD;awmh ol@enf;ol@[ef eJ@
wkd;wdk;wdwfwdwf }udK;pm;aewJh ausmif;om;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifhrkd@vdk@vnf;
usrwkd@ tJ'DrSm ausmif;0if;ay:rSm usrwkd@ jyef+yD;awmhrS qkHrdoGm;w,f? jyef+yD;pjzpfw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu wu,fhudk v#ufwjyufyJ/ b,fvdkb,fvdk pnf;&kH;+yD;awmhrS b,fvdknDvJqdk
wmawmh usrvnf; rajymjywwfawmh tJ'DrSm usrwkd@ tJ'DrSm p+yD;awmhrS
vlxkpum;ajymyGJvdkrsKd;awGaygh? udk,fhausmif;om;awGudk pnf;&kH;wJh OpPmrsKd;awG usrwkd@
pifay:rSm wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf wuf+yD;awmhrS pum;ajym=uw,f? t"du uawmh
udk,fhausmif;om; tcsif;csif; jyefpnf;&kH;wmaygh? bmawGjzpfoGm;w,fqdkwmudk usrwkd@
ajymjy=uw,f? qdkawmh tJ'guawmh ZGefv ta&;tcif; jyefpw,f vkd@ ajymvdk@&ygw,f?”
---------------------------
“usaemfaX;ºuG,fyg? (1988)ckESpfrSm usaemf[m &efukefwuUodkvf v_dife,fajru
blrdaA' t"dutxl;jyKwJh ausmif;om;wpf a,mufjzpfygw,f? rwfvrSm
usaemfwkd@tm;vkH; (141)a,muf tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif;rSm ZGef
ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;jzpf w,f? tJ *sLvdkifva&mufvmawmh (7)&uf/ (7)v
(1988)aygh? (7 July)rSm usaemfwkd@tm;vkH; jyefvGwfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u usaemfwkd@&JŒ
todt& jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rSm wckcktajymif;tvJ jzpf&r,f? vlvnf; r}udKufbl;/ rlvnf;
r}udKufbl; vla&mrla&m ajymif; &r,fqdkwJh todeJ@twl usaemfwkd@ wEdkifiHvkH; yg0ifwJh
qENjyr_wckudk jzpfay:Edkifzkd@twGufyJ usaemfwkd@ pkpnf;cJh=uygw,f? usaemfwkd@ a'o
toD;oD;udk qufoG,fw,f? usaemfwkd@ e,frSm&SdaewJh ausmif;om;awGeJ@qufoG,fw,f?
tJ'DvdkyJ rwfveJ@ ZGefv ta&;tcif;rSm tzrf;rcH&bJ usefcJhwJholawG/ tzrf;cH+yD;awmh
jyef+yD;awmhvGwfvmwJhvlawG tm;vkH;[mvnf; yg0ifvmcJhw,f? yg0ifvm+yD;awmh usaemf
wkd@[m (8)&uf (8)v (1988) &Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykH}uD;udk usaemfwkd@ac:EdkifcJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG&JΠv_Haqmfr_/ pkaygif;aqmif&Guf r_eJ@twl (1988)ckESpf &Spfav;vkH;
ta&;awmfykH}uD;[m ay:aygufcJhygw,f?”
 --------------------
“wkdif;jynfwckvkH; vlxkudkusaemfowday;csifw,f? aemifudk vlpkvla0;eJ@
qlqlylylvkyfvdk@&Sd&ifawmh ppfwyfqkdwm ypf&if rSefatmifypfw,f? rdk;ay:axmif+yD;
ajcmufwmrygbl;? tJ'Dawmh aemifudk qlqlylylvkyfr,fqkd&if wyfudk trdef@ay;&ifawmh
qlwJholawG roufombl;vdk@rSwfayawmhvdk@ usaemf 'Duaeajymcsifw,f? ” OD;ae0if;

--------------------------
“usaemf vSaz yg? (1956/ 57)wkef;u (wuo)acgif;aqmif jzpfcJhzl;ygw,f?
(1988)ckESpfrSm &Spfav;vkH; jzpfay:vmr,fqdkwJh owif;awG wEdkifiHvkH;odk@ jyef@aecJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh twnfjzpfyghrvm;vdk@ vlawGuapmifh=unfhaewJhtcsdefrSmyJ wu,fvnf; jzpfvm
wmygyJ? &Spfav;vkH; rjzpfcifuwnf;u v_yf&Sm;r_&SdaewJh ausmif;om;awGu
ausmif;om;or*~awG zGJ@pnf;+yD;awmh tjrJwrf;pdwf0ifpm; aecJhygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;
pwifjzpfw,fqdkwmeJ@ +rdK@wdkif;+rdK@wdkif; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGu pkpnf;vdkuf=u+yD;awmh
ausmif;om;or*~awG udk olwkd@+rdK@rSmzGJ@pnf;+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifpwifcJh=uygw,f?
tJ'Daemufydkif;rSmrS jynfolw&yfvkH;u wjznf;jznf; yg0ifvm=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
jyef@ESH@r_u 'D ckewkef;uajymwJh (8)&ufae@rSm pw,f? (9)&ufae@udk ydkjyef@ESH@vmw,f?
tJ'DrSm ypf+yD? (10)&ufae@rSm ydk+yD; awmh ypfw,f? (11)&ufae@rSm ydk+yD;awmh
aemufxyfv_yf&Sm;r_awG trsm;}uD;jzpfoGm;wJhtcgusawmh wEdkifiHvkH; tkHºuG+yD;awmh
ygvmwm udkawG@&ygw,f? ygvmwJhtwdkif;twm[m Armjynfordkif;rSm b,fwkef;urS
ray:wJh t&Sdefjyif;r_ vlxkyg0ifr_ tJ'Dtwdkif;twmawGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f?”

wEdkifiHvkH; tkHºuGv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;awG jzpfaecJhcsdefrSmyJ =o*kwfv (28)&ufae@rSmawmh

&efukefwuUodkvf or*~jrufcif;jyifae&mrSm ausmif;om;awGu or*~jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;zkd@
}udK;pm;cJh=uygw,f?
---------------------------
“usaemf rif;udkEdkifyg? (1988)ckESpfrSm usaemf wwd,ESpf owWaA'
ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;xk taeeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~
tvHawmfatmufuae+yD;awmh wdkufyGJ0if=uzkd@u tifrwefta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefa&mufae+yD?
jynfolvlxk w&yf vkH;eJ twl vufwGJ=u+yDqdkwJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awGu
ausmif;om;or*~ tvHatmufrSm&Sdaezkd@ tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;or*~udk zGJ@pnf;&r,f?
zGJ@=uw,fqdkwJhae&mrSm 'g[m ausmif;zGifhaewJhumvr[kwfawmh omreftajctae
r[kwfwJhtwGufa=umifh ausmif;om; xkw&yfvkH;udk pepfwus nDvmcHac:zkd@qdkwJhudpPrsKd;u
 rjzpfEdkifbl;? tJ'Dawmh wdkufyGJumv}uD;xJrSmyJ ausmif;om;or*~udk vufvSrf;rSD oI
}udK;pm;+yD;awmh ,m,DzGJ@pnf;cJh=u&w,f? 'ga=umifhrkd@vkd@ tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u zGJ@pnf;cJh&wJh
ausmif;om;or*~awGu (,m,D)qdkwJh pum;vkH;ygcJhw,f?”

tJ'DtcsdefavmufrSmyJ xif&Sm;wJhacgif;aqmifawGuvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_xJ

yg0ifvmcJh=uygw,f?

‘ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ &[ef;&Sifvl jynfoltaygif;}uD;&JŒ atmifyGJ[m

EdkifiHeJ@jynfolw&yfvkH;&JŒ tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh atmifyGJ}uD; w&yfjzpfygw,f?”

‘'D ta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd, vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ}uD;vkd@ qdk&ifvnf;

jzpfygw,f?’ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
-------------------------
“usaemf ausmfaX;OD;yg? (1988) =o*kwfv ta&;tcif;jzpfwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfu
&kuQaA' t"dueJ@ wwd,ESpfausmif;om; wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;
ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif;rSmyJ tm%mrodrf;cif pufwifbmvtwGif; usaemfwkd@
ausmif;om;xk w&yf vkH;taeeJ@ayghav tJ'Dwkef;u vlodrsm;wJh
(115)OD;aumfrwDqdk+yD;awmh aq;wuUodkvftwGif;rSm vkyfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm
}uD;ig;}uD;vkd@ vlodrsm;aewJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;/ OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;ES/
Akdvf&efEdkifpwJh tJ'D }uD;ig;}uD;ayghav? acgif;aqmif}uD;awGuae+yD;awmh wdkif;jynf&JŒ
tajctaeudk aumif;rGefwJh a&&Snfxdef;odrf;=uzkd@ ausmif;om;awGtaeeJ@
pkaygif;arwWm&yfcHwJhyGJudk vkyfcJhygw,f tJ'D tcsdefrSmawmh? 'gayr,fh
ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh usaemfwkd@ tJ'D }uD;ig;}uD; pkpnf;r_ ratmifjrifbl;
jzpfoGm;ygw,f?”

'DvdkeJ@ pufwifbmv (18)&ufae@udk a&mufvmawmhæ

-------------------
‘EdkifiHawmf w0Srf;vkH;wGif tzufzufrSm ,kd,Gif;aeaom tajctaeudk tcsdefrSD
U

xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfoljynfom; tm;vkH; tusKd;iSm wyfrawmfonf atmufyg

vufiif;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef ,ae@rSpI EdkifiHawmf. tm%mt&yf&yfudk
vkH;0 wm0ef,lvdkufonf?’ jrefrmhtoH
-----------------------
 udkrdk;oD;ZGef- ‘ppfwyfu tm%modrf;oGm;awmh usaemfwkd@
ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmifawG wjcm; usaemfwkd@ (CEC)tzGJ@0ifawG
tpnf;ta0;qkH;jzwf=uw,f? usaemfwkd@ wcsKd@u ausmif;om;or*~rSm
qufvufwm0ef,lr,f? wcsKd@u EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG axmifr,f? wcsKd@ uawmh
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk oGm;r,f? tJ'DvdkrsKd; usaemfwkd@ qkH;jzwfcJhygw,f?’

'D (88)ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh tcsufu

ausmif;om;ygwDawGeJ@ ausmif;om;wyfrawmffqdk+yD; oD;oD;jcm;jcm;
ay:vmwJhtcsufyJ?'Dvdkxl;jcm;wJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ykHpHawG&,f/ tem*wfrSm
jrefrmhausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_u b,fykHa&S@qufr,fqdk wmawG[m tifrwef
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJhtcsufawGyJ?

-----------------------------------------

cGyfa'gif; awmifyHcwfoHrsm;
tydkif; (5)

usaemfwdk@vnf;ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ausmif;om;or*~&JΠxl;jcm;csufawGudk usaemfwdk@

avhvmcJh=uovdk acwftvdkuf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG ol@acwfeJ@ ol usaemfwdk@ cGJ+yD;
avhvmcJh=u+yD? +yD;cJhwJhtydkif;rSmqkd&if usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;eJ@ vlxk
pnf;vHk;nD!GwfcJh=uwJh (1988)u tjzpftysufudk tao;pdwf =unfhcJh=u+yD?
'D (1988)ckESpf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_&JΠxl;jcm;wJh tusdK;qufw&yfuawmh
ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&; ygwDawGeJ@ ausmif;om; wyfrawmfw&yfay:vmwmvdk@ qkd&r,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;ygwD av;ig;ygwDavmuf ay:aygufcJhwmuawmh wu,fudk
xl;jcm;ygw,f? tJ'D ausmif;om;ygwD awGxJrSm awmfawmf xif&Sm;+yD; 'Dae@txd
EkdifiHjyifyrSm qufvuf+yD;&SdaewJh ygwDuawmh vl@abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDAs?
ausmif;om;awG bma=umifhygwDxlaxmif jzpfcJh=uw,fqkdwmudk tJ'DygwD
p+yD;xlaxmifcJhwJh udkrdk;oD;ZGefudk usaemfar;=unfhxm;ygw,f?

“ppfwyfu tm%modrf;oGm;awmh usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmifawG usaemfwdk@

xdkif+yD; pnf;a0; qHk;jzwf=uw,f? wcsdK@u ausmif;om;or*~rSm qufvufwm0ef,lr,f?
 wcsd@u EkdifiHa&;ygwD wnfaxmifr,f? wcsdK@uawmh vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk
oGm;r,f tJ'DvkdrsdK; usaemfwkd@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? tJwkef;uawmh usaemfwdk@ [dk
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwDukd wnfaxmifygw,f? usaemfwdk@ wnfaxmifcJhwJh
vl@abmifopfygwD[m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtwGuf wcsdefrSm
tem*wfEkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJudk wuf vSrf;Ekdifatmif &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ usaemfwdk@
wnfaxmifxm;wmyg? tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;or*~udk w&m;0if wnfaxmifcGifhray;bl;
cifAs? tJawmh ray;wJhtwGuf ygwDawGtay:rSm tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwdk@ ajymwJh pum;u
(Above ground) aygh ajray:udk wuf+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDabmiftxJu pepfwus
[kwfvm; +idrf;csrf;pGmv_yf&Sm;Ekdifzdk@twGuf pifav;wpfckudk aqmufwm/ tajctaeuav;
wpfckudk zefwD;wm”
oluawmh vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwDudk yxrqHk;wnfaxmifcJhwJh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkrdk;oD;ZGef

aemuf+yD; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_&JΠxif&Sm;wJh vuQ%m&yfqkdwmu +idrf;csrf;pGm

awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifw,fqkdwJh tcsuf r[kwfvm;? 'gayr,fh (88) ckESpfaemufydkif;rSmawmh
ausmifom;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;pk+yD; e,fpyfwpfae&mrSm vufeuf
udkifwyfrawmfwpf&yf xlaxmifcJh=uao;w,f? ausmif;om;awG bmvdk@
vufeufudkifvm=uwmvJ qkdwmudkvnf; usaemfar;=unhf xm;ygao;w,f? udkoHcJ[m
jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; (ru'w)ac: (AB)SDF &JΠOuUXyg?

“1988 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;aemufykdif;rSm usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;jynfol EkdifiHa&;

v_yf&Sm;ol awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m e0w ppfacgif;aqmifawG&JΠzdESdyfr_udk
tjyif;txefcH&ygw,f? tJvdktajctaeatmufrSm usaemfwdk@wawG[m usaemfwdk@
wkdif;jynf&JΠpepfudk ajymif;vJzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sdzdk@ usaemfwkd@
wdkif;jynfrSmjzpfaewJh jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;Ekdifzkd@twGuf wkdif;&if;om; e,fajrawGudk
a&muf&Sd&if; wkdif;&if;om;e,fajrawGrSm usaemfwkd@ (AB)SDF ukdpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhjzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm usaemfwdk@awG taeeJ@ EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJawG ppfa&;wkdufyGJawG
oHwrefa&;wdkufyGJawGu jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm tifrwefvdktyfae+yDvkd@
usaemfwdk@ ,lq&if;eJ@ usaemfwdk@ +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;vdk@ r&EkdifwJhtajctae/
usaemfwkd@vkdcsifwJh EkdifiHa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&; pwJh[mawGudk
aumif;aumif;rGefrGefeJ@ awmif;qkdvdk@ r&awmhwJhtajctaerSm usaemfwdk@ vufeufudkif
EkdifiHa&; vrf;pOfudk usaemfwdk@ a&G;cJh&jcif;jzpfygw,f”
 (AB)SDF OuUX udkoHcJajymjyoGm;wmyg? (AB)SDF uvnf; xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfrSm 'Dae@txdquf+yD;
v_yf&Sm;aewkef;aygh?

jynfwGif;rSmvnf;ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m (1996)ck umvavmuftxd

tqufrjywfay:aygufcJh=uygw,f? (1996)ckESpf rSm pufr_wuUodkvf
ausmif;om;awGeJ@&JawG apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;ta0;ajy; um;*dwfxJrSm &efjzpf=u&mu
pwifcJhwJh v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckuawmh &efukefòrd@ay:u wuUokdvfaumvdyftm;vHk;txd
ysHŒESH@oGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_&JŒ xl;jcm;csufeJ@ ywfoufvdk@awmh ukd,f wdkif
OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhwJh pufr_wuUodkvf ausmif;om; udkatmifrdk;0if;u 'DvdkajymjycJhygw,f?
“(96)rSm usaemf pdwftv_yf&Sm;qHk;u ajym&r,fqdk&if rsdK;qufopfawG&JŒ wkef@jyefr_
rsdK;qufopfawG[m 'D (88)rsdK;qufawG udk =unhf+yD;awmh olwdk@ wuUodkvfwufaewJh
acwf}uD;wpfckvHk;rSm óuHae&wJhordkif;udk olwdk@xrf;csifwJh[m&Sdw,f? ausmif;om;or*~udk
awmif;qkda&;qkdwJh rlay:uae ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;qkdwJh rlawGay:uae
olwdk@ ordkif;wpfckvHk;udk jzwfcsifaewJh xl;jcm; csufwpfckudk oGm;awG@&w,f? usaemfwdk@rSm
usaemfwdk@buf jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnf&r,fqdkvdk@ orkdif;pOfwpfavsmufvHk; jyef=unhf
awmh ausmif;om;or*~ wpfckyJ&SdcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@u 'DZifbmv_yf&Sm;r_rSm
'Djy\emawG wufwmawG ausmif;om;xk tcGifh ta&;awG tukefqHk;±_H;aewJh udpPawG
ynma&; usaemfwdk@ epfemaewJh udpPawG tukefvHk;u ausmif;om;or*~ r&Sdvdk@jzpfwm?
tJ'dDawmh usaemfwdk@u ausmif;om;or*~&SdvmrS 'Djy\emawG tukefvHk; ajz&Sif;Ekdifr,f
qkd+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@u ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@pnf;a&;udk p+yD;awmh wifwmjzpfw,f”
'guawmh ukdatmifrdk;0if;u 1996 ckESpfu ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_&JΠxl;jcm;csufawGudk
ajymjyoGm;wmyg?

(1996)ckESpftxd ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_u óud;=um;óud;=um;&SdcJhayr,fh

tJ'Daemufydkif;rSmqkd&ifawmh rawG@&oavmufawmif jzpfoGm;cJh+yDAsaemf? usaemfwdk@u
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ tpOftvm/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ orkdif;pOf/ or*~&JŒu¾qkdwmawGudk
avhvmaecJh =uwmqkdawmh 'Duae@acwf ausmif;om;vli,fawGua&m
tJ'DtpOftvmawGudk b,favmufrsm; od=uygovJ? &efukefu wuUodkvf
ausmif;om;vli,f wcsdKŒudk usaemfar;=unhfwJhtcgrSmawmh æ
“tm ausmif;om;or*~qkdwm usaemf rodbl;cifAs? [dk[m usaemfwdk@
t&G,fa&mufvm+yDqkduwnf;u ausmif;om;or*~awG bmawGqkdwmvnf
r=um;vnf;r=um;bl;cifAs? rodvnf;rodbl; cifAs/ [dk;t&ifwkef;u &SdcJhzl;w,fvdk@
 =um;zl;w,fcifAs/ enf;enf;yg;yg;yJ =um;zl;em;0 &Sdwmyg/ 'Dvdk tckavmavmq,f
ausmif;awGxJrSmqkd&if tcef;xJrSm uGefysLwmavmufyJ &Sdw,fcifAs/ [dk; ausmif;om;
or*~vkd@ ajymvkduf&ifawmh aumif;vmr,fxifw,fcifAs”
“JtJ'Dta=umif;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh orD;u odyfrodbl;? tif; =um;awmh
=um;zl;w,f 'gayr,fh bmta=umif;qkdwmawmh rodbl;? ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu
bmvkyf&rvJ pmvkyf&r,f/ tJ'gyJodw,f”
“ausmif;om;or*~qkdwmudkawmh wpfcgwpfavawmh =um;zl;w,fcifAs?
ausmif;awGrSmawmh zGJ@pnf;wmawmhr&Sdbl;aygh? ajym&r,fqkd&ifawmh ausmif;om;or*~eJ@
qufpyf+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ oli,fcsif;awG =um;xJrSmawmh ajymwmawmh r=um;bl; cifAs/
&Sd&ifvnf; &Sdvdrfhr,faygh”
'Dvli,fawG[m jrefrmjynfu ausmif;om;xk}uD;wpfckvHk;ukd udk,fpm;ðywm
r[kwfayrJhvnf; olwdk@vdkyJ rod=uolawGu awmh trsm;}uD;&SdaeEkdifygw,f? 'Dawmh
tpOftvm}uD;cJhw,fqkdwJh ausmif;om;awG 'Dae@acwfrSm +idrfoGm;=u+yDvm;? tJ'DudpPudk
aqG;aEG;Ekdifzdk@awmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_xJudk xJxJ0if0if jzwfoef;cJhzl;olawGjzpf=uwJh
(8)av;vHk;rsdK;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD; jzpfwJh udkrif;aZ,s/ xkdif;EkdifiHtajcpdkuf
(ND)'Drdkua&pDeJ@ zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&; tiftm;pk&JŒ OuUX rcifOrRm ESifh (70)jynfhvGef ausmif;om;
v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif OD;atmifapmOD;wdk@udk zdwfac:xm;ygw,f?
yxrOD;qHk; udkrif;aZ,sudk ar;yg&ap? 'Duae@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGu
vHk;0aysmufoGm;+yDvm;?
“jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ausmif;om;pdwf"gwfeJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_[m
b,fwkef;urS raysmufuG,cf Jhygbl;? tckvnf;raysmufuG,fbl;? aemifvnf;
aysmufuG,frSmr[kwfbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqkdawmh usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;awG&JΠt"du
cHpm;r_u trsdK;om;a&;vdktyfcsufawGayhgAsm? 'Dtay:rSm usaemfwdk@
t+rJwrf;jznfhqnf;ay;ae&r,fqkdwJh cHpm;csufeJ@ v_yf&Sm;r_u t+rJwrf;&Sd aewmyg/
[dkwae@uygyJ yJcl;aumvdyfu ausmif;om;ausmif;ol (7) a,mufawmif
tzrf;cH&ao;w,fAsm/ pm&Gufpmwrf;jzef@vdk@aygh aemf”
[kwfuJh 'gayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_[m
tqufjywfovdkjzpfaecJh+yDayghaemf/ (1996)ckESpf aemuf ydkif;uaep+yD; tHkeJ@usif;eJ@
v_yf&Sm;r_rsdK;qkdwmu rawG@&oavmufyJaygh?
tJawmh 'Dar;cGef;udkawmh usaemf OD;atmifapmOD;udk ar;csifygw,f?
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG tckvdk +idrfoufoGm;&wm bma=umifhvdk@xifygovJ?
 “'Duae@umvrSmawmh ppftkyfpkbufuae olwkd@&JŒ zdESdrfn‡if;yef;r_awG
jyif;xefaewJhtwGuf tckduftwef@tm;jzifh +idrfoGm; wmjzpfygw,f? 'gu
bufwpfbufyJjzpfygw,f? 'Duae@vufawG@rSm ausmif;om;awGu olwdk@&JŒ
ynmoif=um;cGifhawG qHk;±H_;aew,f? olwdk@ ynma&;awG&JŒ tmrcHcsufr&Sdbl;jzpfw,f? ol@
rdbawGeJ@twl wkdif;jynf&JŒEkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;t=uyftwnf;awGudk aygif;+yD;
&ifqkdifae&wmjzpfayr,fhvkd@ wpfcsdefcsdefrSm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_qkdwm
ta=umif;aygif;wkdufqkdifwJhtcgrSm ay:aygufvmp+rJ yJ? ppftkyfpkawGu ausmif;om;awG
rpkpnf;Ekdifatmifvdk@aemf ae&mawG tkyfpkawGudk cGJ+yD;awmh v$wfvkdufayr,fh
ausmif;om;awGu a&muf&mt&yfrSm &GufusyifaygufvdkyJ xayguf+yD;awmhrS wcsdefcsdefrSm
}uD;rm;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:vmvdrfhr,fvdk@ usaemfuawmh oHk;oyfygw,f”
[kwfuJhcifAs wpfcsdefcsdefrSm ay:vmr,fvkd@ oHk;oyfayr,fh tckvuf&SdtajctaerSmayghaemf
ausmif;om;xk=um;xJrSmyJ olwdk@&JΠ&yfwnfa&;/ olwdk@&JΠb0wkd;wufa&;yJ
vkyfae&wmawGrsm;wJhtcg=uawmh olwdk@[m EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm pdwfygr_u
enf;vmw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wpfckckudk olwdk@ vkyfzkd@vkdtyfw,fvdk@
cH,lolawGuaum b,favmufrsm; &SdEkdifygovJ?
“tJ'Duae@ usaemfvufvSrf;rDoavmuf vli,fawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
usaemfwdk@xifwmxufwmawmifrS olwdk@awG }udwf+yD;awmh avhvmaewmawG jzpfw,f?
EkdifiHa&;pmayawGudk qnf;yl;ae=uwmjzpfw,f? aemuf awG@óuHjzwfoef;cJh&wJh
yk*~dKvfawGqDrSm olwdk@ pmtkyfawGxJrSm r&EkdifwJh b0tawG@tóuHawGukd
vkdkufvHar;jref;aewmawGjzpfwJhtwGuf aemuf olwdk@ ukd,fwdkifonfyifvsif tem*wfrSm
wdk@vli,fawGyJ OD;aqmif&r,fqkdwJhtodpdwf"gwfawGu olwdk@txJrSm
&Sdae=uwmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;ypfzdk@twGuf
wdk@ausmif;om;awGrSm jynfolawGeJ@twl wm0ef&Sdw,f jynfolawGeJ@twl
vufwGJwkdufyGJ0if&r,fqkdwJh todawGu olwdk@ rSm&Sdaewmjzpfygw,f”

tckawmh usaemf rcifOrRmudk ar;csifygw,f cifAs? rcifOrRmu (1988) ckESpf

ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm OD;aqmifygcJh+yD;wJhaemuf e,fpyfudkxGufvmcJh+yD; 'Drkdua&pDeJ@
zGJ@òzd;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk (ND)&JŒ OuUXtjzpf tckvuf&Sd wm0efxrf;aqmifaeolyg? rcifOrRm
wkd@vkd jynfya&muftzGJ@tpnf;awGua&mcifAs jynfwGif;ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd
b,ftaxmuftyHhawGrsm;ay;cJhygovJ? ay;aeygovJ?
“(88/ 96) 'DvkdrsdK;tcsdefrSm yifrEdkifiHa&;eJ@ trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; a&pD;a=umif;rSm
ygEkdifcJhwJhtaetxm;awG &SdovdkrsdK; usrxifw,f tckvuf&SdumvrSmvnf; pD;yGm;a&;/
 vlr_a&; b0awGxJrSm vli,fawGu ±kef;&if;/ uef&if;eJ@ olwdk@&JŒ um,/ ^mm%
pGrf;tm;awGudk wwfEkdifor#vrf;zGifh&if; óud;pm;aew,fvdk@ usr'Dvdk cHpm;&w,f?
usrwkd@taeeJ@vnf; wwfEkdifor# 'De,fpyfuae +yD;awmh jyifyuae+yD;awmh
'DvdktodynmawGukd ukd,fvnf;&zdk@twGuf óud;pm;w,f? udk,fvnf;jyef+yD; r#Edkifzdk@
jzef@Edkifzkd@ óud;pm;&if;eJ@ usrwdk@&JŒ 'Dtem*wfausmif;om;vli,fawGu ol@rsm;
'Drdkua&pDwdk;wufwJh EkdifiHawGrSmvdkyJ ausmif;om;vli,fb0udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@ olwdk@
&JΠtawG;tjrifawG tawG;tac:awGukd jzef@a0r#a0Ekdif+yD;awmhrS
tm;udk;EkdifwJholawGjzpfzkd@twGufukd 'g usr wdk@óud;pm;&r,f?

aemufar;cGef;uawmh ausmif;om;or*~eJ@ qkdifygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~qdk&if

zGJ@pnf;wnf&Sdr_r&Sdwm awmfawmfav; =um+yDayghaemf ausmif;om;or*~&Sdwkef;uawmh
ausmif;om;or*~&&JΠpkpnf;r_tiftm;eJ@ ausmif;om;awGu pkpkpnf;pnf; v_yf&Sm;Ekdif
cJh=uw,fayghav? tcktcsdefrmS aum ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@pnf;zdk@qdkwmuaum
b,favmufxd jzpfEkdifajc&SdygovJ? ausmif;om;or*~ wpf&yfwnf&Sdzdk@twGuf
b,fvdktajctaersdK; zefwD;,lzdk@ vdkygrvJ? udkrif;aZ,s pajzay;yg?
ausmif;om;pdwf"mwf&Sd&if ausmif;om;or*~qkdwm&Sdw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh
cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf ausmif;om;pdwf"mwf qkdwm ausmif;om;or*~yJvdk@ usaemftJ'DvdkyJ
usaemfajymcsifw,f? ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@cGifh&onfjzpfap/ zGJ@cGifhr&onfjzpfap ausmif;
om;pdwf"mwf cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf&Sdaeor# umvywfvHk; ausmif;om;awG&JΠ&ifxJrSm
ausmif;om;or*~/ ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;qkd wm&SdaerSmyg?
OD;atmifapmOD;uaum? or*~eJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_&JΠtem*wfudk
b,fvkdar#mfvifhxm;ygovJ?
'Dvdk&Sdygw,f? (62) or*~ zsufqD;cHvdkuf&+yD;wJhtcsdefuae (88)txd usaemfwdk@vnf;
awmufav#muf ausmif;om;or*~ jyefvnfay:aygufa&;udk óud;yrf;cJh=uwmygyJav?
apmapmu udkrif;aZ,smajymwJh ausmif;om;or*~pdwf"mwfeJ@ tJ'Dawmh (88) =o*kwf
(28)rSm ausmif;om;or*~(,m,D)qdkwm ay:aygufvmcJhovdk aemifwpfcsdefus&ifvnf;
ausmif;om;or*~[m w&m;0ifwnf&SdvmrSm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftm%m&Sifpepf
wnf&Sdaeoa&G@uawmh ausmif;om;or*~udk b,fawmhrS olwdk@u
w&m;0ifwnf&SdcGifhay;rSm r[kwfbl;? tJawmh 'Dpepfudk t&ifòzdcs+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawG
yGifhvef;vm+yDqdk&ifawmh wpfcsdefcsdefrSm ausmif;om;or*~[m ay:aygufrSmyJ jzpfw,f?
tJ'Dvdkay:aygufvmwJhtcgrSm ausmif;om;or*~qkdwmukd 'Djrefrmjynf&JŒ
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;eJ@ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJ&JŒ EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG
 arG;xkwfay;wJh ae&mjzpfw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifwJh ordkif;0ifae&mjzpfw,f?
tJ'Dvdk acwftqufquf EkdifiHa&;rsdK;qufawG arG;xkwfay;cJh/ arG;xkwfay;qJ
ae&mvnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf 'D or*~taqmuftOD}uD;udk wcsdefus&if ol&JΠrlv
bvl;y&ifhtwkdif;yJ jyefvnfwnfaqmuf+yD;awmhrS 'g ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;
jy,k*ftjzpfeJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm; r_wkdufyGJ&JΠorkdif;jywkduftjzpf wnf&Sdxm;zdk@ usaemfwdk@
oabmxm;&Sdw,f?

tckawmh rcifOrRmudk ar;csifygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m ordkif;tpOftqufudk

=unhfvkd@&Sd&if vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_&JŒwyfOD;rSm &SdcJh wmudk awG@&ygw,f? aemifrSmaum
ausmif;om;awGu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifolawG 'grSr[kwf wyfOD;uae+yD;
v_yf&Sm;olawGjzpfvm Edkifr,fh tajctaersdK;awG@&ygovm;?
“usruawmh tJ'gudk &J&J}uD; usr ,Hk=unfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqkdvkd@&Sd&if 'D vli,fqkdwm
vli,fygyJ b,fvmufyJ zdESdyfr_awG rsm;aeae b,fpepfatmufrSmyJ&Sd&Sd tJ'fD
zdESdyfwJhpepfawGtm;vHk;udk wGef;vSefwm awmfvSefwm vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_wkdif;&JŒ
wyfOD;rSmaewmu b,fEdkifiHrSmyJjzpfjzpf usrwkd@ ausmif;om;vli,fawGjzpfw,f?
tawG;tjrifEdk;=um;wufºuGwJholawGomjzpfw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwkd@ EkdifiHuvnf;
'Dorkdif;u&SdcJh+yD;om;jzpfw,f? tck 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;&JŒ 'Dvrf;rSmvnf; usrwdk@
ausmif;om;vli,fawGu xdyfqHk;uyJ yg0if+yD;awmhrS
tajymif;tvJjzpfzkd@óud;pm;wJholawGjzpfr,fqkdwmudk usr &J&J}uD; ,Hk=unfw,f?

tckusaemfwdk@ 'DtpOfuae ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm

(1920)ckESpfuaep+yD;awmhaygh e,fcsJΠudkvkdeDacwf/ aemufwpfcgusawmh ygvDref
'Drdkua&pDacwf/ ppftpdk;&acwf qkd+yD; acwftvkduf cGJjcm;+yD;=unfhcJhygw,f? tJawmh tck
oHk;a,mufp vHk;ukd usaemfar;csifwmayghaemf tem*wfjrifEkdifwJhumvwav#mufudk
vSrf;ar#mf=unhf&if jrefrmEkdifiH&JΠausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_yHkpHu b,fvdkjzpfvmEkdifygovJ?
wkdwdkav;tusOf;csKyf+yD; oHk;a,mufpvHk; ajzay;yg?
yxrqHk;udkrif;aZ,s ajzay;yg?
“cGyfa'gif;awGu urBmukefus,foI 0JysHaerSmjzpfovdk cGyfa'gif;awG&JŒ
awmifyH±kdufcwfoHawG[mvnf; urBmajr}uD;udk wkef[D;aprSmygAsm? tJawmh acwfumv
b,fvkdajymif;ajymif; tajctaeawG b,fvkdyJ ay;ay; ray;ay; ausmif;om;pdwf"gwf/
cGyfa'gif; pdwf"mwfqkdwm tppftrSef&Sdw,fqkd&if tJ'D[m}uD;u t+rJwrf;ay:aygufaerSmyJ?
”
 ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_[m ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JΠvSHoGm;eJ@ wlygw,f? jynfolvlxkuawmh
vSH±dk;eJ@ wlygw,f? tJ'Dh vSHoGm;eJ@ vSH±dk; aygif;pnf;rdwJhtcsdefus&if ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
tifrwef t&Sdeft[kefjyif;wJh xdk;csufawGeJ@ xdk;ESuf+yD;awmhrS uae@tcsdefrSm jynfol
vlxkawGeJ@ twlausmif;om;xk[m t+rJwrf; atmifyGJqufquf cHoGm;rSmyJvkd@ usaemf
'DvkdyJ ,Hk=unhfygw,fcifAsm?”

rcifOrRmaum ajymygOD;?
[kwfuJh usrvnf; ckeu ajymovdkyJ vlxka&SŒrSm ausmif;om;vli,fawG&Sd+yD;awmh a[m'Dh
usrwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD; &JŒ atmifjrifwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; ausmif;om;vli,fawG&JŒ
OD;aqmifr_awGeJ@yJ atmifjrifr,fvdk@ usr,Hk=unfw,f? tck usrwdk@EkdifiH 'Drdku a&pD
&+yDqkdwmeJ@ EkdifiHrSm jy\emawGtm;vHk;u tqifajyoGm;rSmr[kwfbl;?
tJ'Dtcsdefusvdk@&Sd&if usrwdk@ ausmif;om; vli,fawG&JΠv_yf&Sm;r_[m wkdif;jynfeJ@
jynfoltusdK;ðywJhae&mrSm OD;aqmif+yD;awmhrS yg0if+yD;awmhrS
wufwufºuGºuGvkyfoGm;EkdifwJh ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_awGjzpfvmzdk@twGufudkawmh usr
wu,fyJ jzpfapcsifwJh qEN&Sdygw,f?
udkrif;aZ,s/ rcifOrRmESifh OD;atmifapmOD;wdk@ yg0if aqG;aEG;ay;cJhwmyg?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ay:cJhayr,fh usaemfwdk@

ajymjyEkdifcJhwmuawmh enf;enf;yg?
[kwfygw,f? &wJhtcsdefav;rSm ordkif;tvSnfhajymif;awGrSm
ta&;}uD;wJhtjzpftysufawGudkyJ usaemfwdk@u rD;armif;xdk;jycJh wmyg?
usaemfwdk@ avhvmcJhor#udk jyef=unhf&&ifawmh ausmif;om;awG[m udk,fusdK;pGef@
tepfemcH+yD; wdkif;jynfta&;udk a&SŒaqmifcJh wmuawmh jiif;r&wJhtcsufvdk@ qkd&rSmaygh?
tppfaygh? tem*wfrSmvnf; wkdif;jynf&JΠtvSnfhtajymif;tcsdK;tauG@awGrSm
ta&;óuHvmwkdif; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ cGyfa'gif; awmifyHcwfoHawGuawmh
quf+yD;=um;ae&OD;rSm taotcsmygyJ?