Basic Thermodynamics

Syllabus:- Zeroth, first and second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic system and processes, car not cycle, inerversibility and availability, behavior of ideal gas and real gases, properties of pure substance, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes, analysis of thermodynamic, cycles related to energy conversion. Gate 2003 1. A 2 kw, 40 liters water heater is switched on for 20 minutes. The heat capacity CP for water is 4.2 kj/kg k. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone in to hearting the water, increase of the water temperature in degree centigrade is (a) 2.7 (c) 14.3 (b) 4.0 (d) 25.25 (Mark = 1)

Solution Heat supplied by heater in 20 minutes = 2 1000 20 60 = 2400000 J = 2400 KJ As all the electric energy has gone into heating the water So Heat taken by water = 2400 KJ But heat taken by water = mcP dT = mcP ( T1 T2 ) Mass of water = 40 103 = 1000 40 10 = 40kg cP = Specific heat in kJ/kg K = 4.2. 40 4.2 ( T1 T2 ) = 240 2400 40 4.2 = 14.28 degree centigrade
3 T2 T1

{ = 1000kg / m } { 1Litre = 10 m }
3 3 3

( T1 T2 ) =

2. Considering the relationship Tds = Pdv between the entropy (s), internal energy (u), pressure (P), temperature (T) and Volume (v) which of the following statements is correct ? (a) It is applicable only for a reversible process. (b) For an irreversible process Tds > du + Pdv. (c) It is valid only for an ideal gas. 1

(d) It is equivalent to 1st Law, for a reversible process. ( Mark 2) Solution. (c) Tds = du + Pdv Is valid only for an ideal gas both for reversible and irreversible process undergone by a closed system, since it is a relation among properties which are independent of the path. Common data question Nitrogen gas ( molecular weight 28 ) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial condition of 2 bar, 298 k and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2 m3. Heat exchange occurs with the atmosphere at 298 k during this process. 3. The work interaction for the nitrogen gas is (a) 200 KJ (b) 138-6 KJ (c) 2 KJ (d) -200KJ (Mark 2) 4. The entropy change for the universe during the process in KJ/K is (a) 0.4652 (b) 0.0067 (c) 0 (d) -0.6711 (Mark -2 ) Solution Work done = Pdv
v1 v2

In isothermal process T = Constant For an ideal gas Pv = RT Where R is constant So Pv = Constant Pv 1 1 = P 2 v2 P= P2 v2 v

v2 v1

Work done = P2 v2
v2

P2 v2 dv v

dv v v1 v2 v1

= Pv 1 1 Loge

v2 = 2m3v1 = 1m3 v2 = Pv 1 1 Loge v1 = Pv 1 1 Loge 2 = 2 105 1log e2 = 2 105 0.6931 = 138.629kJ Entropy change of the system

{ for reversible process}

For isothermal process = du = 0 So from first law of thermodynamics d = dw + du d = dw d = Pdv d Pdv S12 = = T T As T is constant workdone ( S12 ) system = T 138.629 = 298 = 0.4651 Entropy change of surrounding = WorkdoneonSurrounding SurroundingTemperature = - 0.4641 = So entropy change of universe is zero. Gate 2004 5. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the work required for compression being 5000 KJ. During the process, the heat interaction of 2000 KJ causes the surrounding to be heated. The change in internal energy of the gas during the process is (a) 7000 KJ (c) + 3000 KJ (b) 3000 KJ (d) + 7000 KJ (Mark 1 ) Solution. (c) Using first law of thermodynamics.

HeatExchangewithSurrounding SurroundingTemperature

{ d = dw}

 = w + u w = 5000 KJ = 2000 KJ 2000 = 5000 + u 3000 KJ = u

{work done is negative when it is done on the System } {Heat transferred is negative when it is taken from the system or it is rejected}

6. A Steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled from 1250 k to 450 k . The heat released during process is to be used as a source of energy. The ambient temperature is 303 k and specific heat of steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The available energy of this billet is. (a) 490.44 MJ (c) 10.35 MJ (b) 30.95MJ (d) 0.1 MJ

A 450 k T C S

1250 k B A v a ila b le e n e r g y D

To u n a v a ila b le e n e r g y

Area under curve AB mcP ( 1250 450 ) = 2000 0.5 ( 1250 450 ) = 800, 000 KJ = 800 MJ
1250

Entropy change from B to A 1250 450 1250 = 2000 0.5In 450 S B A = 1021.65 KJ / Kg .K S B A = mcP In Area under C-D = S B A To S B A = 1021.65 303 309.56 MJ

450

mc p dT T

So Area ABCD = 800 309.56 4

= 490MJ. Gate 2005 7. The following four figures have been drawn to represent a fictitious thermodynamic cycle, on the P v and T S planes.

According to first Law of thermodymics, equal areas are enclosed by (a) Figure 1 and 2 (c) Figure 1 and 4 (b) Figure 1 and 3 (d) Figure 2 and 3

8. A Reversible thermodynamic cycle containing only three processes and producing work is to be constructed. The constraints are (i) There must be one isothermal process (ii) There must be one isentropic process (iii) The maximum and minimum cycle pressures and clearance volume are fined (iv) Polytrophic processes are not allowed. The number of possible cycle are (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (Mark 2) Possible processes Constant pressure

Isothermal Compression

Isothermal Compression V

Isothermal Expansion P

Isothermal Compression V 1

Isothermal Expansion P Constant Pressure Process 3 2

Isothermal Compression

V Isothermal Compression P Constant Pressure V Isothermal Compression 6

9. Nitrogen at an initial state of 10 bar, 1 m3 and 300 K is expanded isothermally to a final volume of 2 m3 , the P v T relation is P P + 2 v = RT Where a > 0. The final pressure v (a) Will be slightly less than 5 bar. (b) Will be slightly more less than 5 bar. (c) Will be exactly 5 bar. (d) Can not be ascertained in the absence of the value of a. (Mark 2) a Solution. (b) P + 2 V = RT V As process is isothermal RT = constant a a V = P2 + 2 V2 P 1+ 2 1 V1 V2 P 1 = 10bar V2 = 2m3 V1 = 1m3 T1 = 300 K a a 10 + 1 = P2 + 1 4 a 10 + a = 2 P2 + 2 a 2 P2 = 10 + 2 P2 = 5 + a So P2 is slightly more than 5 bar as a is positive. The following table of properties was printed out for saturated liquid and saturated vapor of ammonia. The title for only the first two columns are available. All that we know that the other columns (columns 3 to 8 ) contain data on specific properties, namely, internal energy (KJ/kg ),enthalpy (KJ/kg ) and entropy (KJ/kg)
2

t0 -20 0

P(KPa) 190.2 429.6 88.76 179.69 0.3657 0.7114 89.05 180.36 5.6155 5.3309 1299.5 1318 1418 1442.2

20 40

587.5 1554.9

272.89 368.74

1.0408 1.3574

274.3 371.43

5.0860 4.8662

1332.2 1341.0

1460.2 1470.2

20. The specific enthalpy data are in columns (a) 3 and 7 (b) 3 and 8 (c) 5 and 7 (d) 5 and 8 10. when saturated liquid at 400C is throttled to 200C the quality atenit will be (a) 0.189 (c) 0.231 (b) 0.212 (d) 0.788 h = enthalpy u = internal energy.

10. (d) We know that h = u + PV

So all the value in column 5 are greater than corresponding value in column 3 so column 5 represent specific enthalpy of saturate liquid and similarly all the values of column 8 are greater than corresponding values of column 7.50 the column 8 represent specific enthalpy of saturated steam. 11. Enthalpy of saturated liquid at 400C = 371.43 KJ/kg. Enthalpy of vapor at 200C = ( let x be dry ness fraction) = 89.05+x (1418 89 -05). During throttling enthalpy remains constant 371.43 = 89.05 + x (1418 89.05) 282.38 = x (1418 89.05) x = 0.212. Gate 2006 12. Given below is an extract from steam tables. Enthalpy (KJ/kg) Saturated Liquid 188.45 1610.5 Saturated Vapour 2394.8 2610.5

Specific volume Temperature In oC 45 342.24 PSat (bar) Saturated Liquid 0.001010 0.001658 Saturated Vapour 15.26 0.010337

0.09593 150

Specific enthalpy of water in KJ/kg at 150 bar and 450C is (a) 203.6 (b) 200.53 (c) 196.38 Solution. (b) Specific enthalpy at 150 and 450C = 188.45 +

(d) 188.45

( 150 0.09593) 105 0.001010

103

= 203.59 KJ / kg . 13. Match items from groups I, II, III, IV and V.

Group II Group I When added to the system is G Positive H Positive

Group III Differential I Enact J in enact

Group IV Function K Path L Point

Group V Phenomenon M Transient N Boundary

E Heat F work

(d) Heat when added to the system is positive and is in enact differential because it is path dependent and is boundary phenomenon work when added to the system is negative and is in enact differential because it is path dependent and is transient phenomenon. Statement for linked answer question 14 and 15. A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1 bar when the ambient temperature was 150C. When the game started next day, the air temperature at the stadium was 50C. Assume that the volume of foot ball remains constant 2500 cm3. 14. The amount of heat lost by the air in the football and the gauge pressure of air in the football at the stadium respectively equal. (a) 30.6J, 1.94 bar (b) 21.8J, 0.93 bar (c) 61.1J, 1.94 bar d) 43.7J, 0.93 bar 15. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must have been originally inflated so that it would be equal 1 bar gauge at the stadium is

(a) 2.23 bar (c) 1.07 bar

(b) 1.94 bar (d) 1 bar

Solution. 14 (d) Gauge pressure with in foot ball Pt = Patm + Pguage = 1.01 + 1 = 2.01 bat Temperature when total pressure is 2.01 bar = 150C or 2880k. Volume of air with in foot ball = 2500 cm3. Since the volume remains same PV PV 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2 V1 = V2
o Next day temperature T2 = 5 C or 2780k. P P 1 = 2 T1 T2

2.01 P2 = 288 278 P2 = 1.94 bar P2 = Ptotal = Patm + P2 gauge = 1.94 P2 gauge = 1.94 1.01 = 0.93 bar. Heat lost = = mCV dT PV Rm = 1 1 T1 2.01 m= 2500

( 100 )

105

288 287 = 0.000017447 105 / 287 1.7447 kg = 287 = 0.00607 kg Heat lost = 0.04376 KJ = 43.76 J 15 (c) Pgauge = 1bar Pgauge = 1 + 1.01 = 2.01

mCV dT = 0.00607 0.72 ( 15 5 )

{ final pressure} { final pressure}

10

P2 P = 1 T2 T1 2.01 P = 1 278 288 P 1 = 2.08bar Pgauge = 1.07bar Gate 2007 16. (d) Which of the following relationships is valid only for reversible processes under gone by a closed system of simple compressible substance ( neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy ) ? (a) = du + dw (b) Tds = du + Pdv (c) Tds = du + dw (d) = du + Pdv

(d) = du + Pdv is true for reversible process and closed system. 37. Water has a critical specific volume of 0.003155 m3/kg. A closed and rigid steel tank of volume .025m3 contains a mixture of water and steam at 0.1 MPa. The mass of the mixture is 10 kg. The tank is now slowly heated. The liquid level inside the tank. (a) (b) (c) (d) Will rise. Will fall. Will remain constant. May rise or fall depending on the amount of heat transferred.

Solution. Critical volume = 0.003155m3 / kg. 0.025 = 0.0025m3 / kg . Specific volume of mixture = 10 Which is less than critical volume As it is a constant volume process Critical Volume v Saturated Liquid v P Saturated Volume v

V 11

40. Which combination of the following statements is correct ? P : A gas cools upon expansion only.

12