Combined Heat & Power Programs

at the

Center for Environmental Energy Engineering

Dennis Moran, Director Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center

CEEE Organization
CEEE programs are organized into 4 primary program areas:
Combined Heat & Power System Optimization Refrigerant Alternatives Advanced Heat Exchangers

CEEE Partners
Advanced Heat Tr. Arcelik ATEC Baltimore Aircoil Broad Capstone CDA Copeland Daikin Denso DOE/ORNL DTE Honeywell Hussman ITRI Kathabar LG Electronics Magna-Steyr Matsushita Naval Res. Lab. Propane Res. Council PEPCO Rocky Research Samsung Electronics Sanyo Tecumseh Thermo King Trane Tridium Trigen Trion US Army Visteon Wolverine Wright Patterson AFB York International
4

Center Staff
Five Faculty Seven Research Faculty Forty Graduate Students Six Support Staff $2.2 Million Annual Budget

CHP at UMD
CHP activities at the UMD include:
CEEE CHP Consortium CHP Integration Test Center Chesapeake Building Campus CHP System Trigen-Cinergy Solutions System Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center

CHP Consortium
Long Range Goals:
Optimum Integration of Subsystems Verified, Dynamic Models for Controls and Optimization

<BACK

Projects
Integration Test Center
Micro-turbine -> Absorption Chiller -> Solid Desiccant System Engine-driven AC (Engine Gen-set)-> Liquid Desiccant System 27MW Campus CHP Plant Analysis and Optimization No-cooling-tower Absorption System Propane Operation

Optimization: Design and Operation Steady-state and Transient CHP Models Diagnostics Web-based CHP Handbook

CHP Test Center Focus

CHP integrates dissimilar equipment Components are generally designed to do one job well
MT produce power Desiccants dry air Absorption chillers produce chilled water

Many additional benefits are obtainable when design is aimed at system level from start We want an INTEGRATED SYSTEM that is clean, reliable, efficient and cost effective

Kathabar liquid Desiccant ATS Solid Desiccant

Goettl Engine Driven AC

Broad Absorp. Chiller Capstone Microturbine

Issues Encountered
System integration issues we have encountered include:
Parameter compatibility
Exhaust temperatures vs. waste heat temp. requirements

Standardization
Metric bolts, English nuts, specialist wiring harness tools, star-shaped sockets Transformers, fuses, voltages (5,12,24,120,230,277,480V AC/DC)

Frequent duplication
Sensors Enclosures User Interfaces Controllers and software drivers

Duplicate maintenance contracts, inconsistent manuals

10

UMD CHP Plant

2 Gas Turbines, 2 HRSG, back pressure steam turbine and steam driven chillers CHP plant provides 27 MW electricity, 10,000 tons of cooling and entire steam load to the campus Reduce regional emissions of NOx by 9,800 tons/year and CO2 emissions by 3.5 million tons over 20 years

11

Thermoflex Model of Trigen Plant

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Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center

Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center (MAAC) is one of eight regional centers Initial funding provided by DOE Primary functions are: Increase awareness of CHP Provide technical assistance for promising projects Primary goal is to increase use of CHP

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National Advanced Building Testbed Initiative

Modeling Workshop at University of Maryland November 18, 2004

University of Maryland Modeling & Optimization Projects Overview

Reinhard Radermacher, Dennis Moran, Vikrant Aute University of Maryland College Park

Agenda
Meeting Objectives CEEE & CHP Program Overview Modeling and Optimization Program Overview
Technology Focus and Approach Modeling Tools Hardware/Software/Person Resources

Objective
Provide an overview of UMCP CEEE modeling capabilities and near future perspective Identify resources that can be used to support the Initiative

CEEE Vision and Mission

Vision
International leader in research and education in
environmentally acceptable, economic feasible

Thermal Management Systems, that are

optimized for minimum cost, volume, weight, maximum reliability or other relevant parameters

Mission
To provide knowledge in support of strategic technology decisions R&D of new components and systems Verified, user-friendly tools for simulation and optimization Timely results and tech-transfer Education of next generation of team oriented engineering professionals

CEEE Organization
CEEE programs are organized into 4 primary areas:
Combined Heat & Power System Optimization Refrigerant Alternatives Advanced Heat Exchangers
5

CEEE Partners
Advanced Heat Tr. Arcelik ATEC Baltimore Aircoil Broad Capstone CDA Copeland Daikin Denso DOE/ORNL
6

Honeywell Hussman ITRI Kathabar LG Electronics Magna-Steyr Matsushita Naval Res. Lab. Propane Res. Council PEPCO Rocky Research Samsung Electronics

Sanyo Tecumseh Thermo King Trane Tridium Trigen Trion US Army Visteon Wolverine Wright Patterson AFB York International

DTE

Center Staff
Five Faculty Seven Research Faculty Forty Graduate Students Six Support Staff $2.2 Million Annual Budget

CHP at UMD
CHP activities at the UMD include:
CEEE CHP Consortium CHP Integration Test Center Chesapeake Building Campus CHP System Trigen System Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center National Advanced Building Testbed Initiative support
8

CHP Consortium
Long Range Goals:
Optimum Integration of Subsystems Verified, Dynamic Models for Controls and Optimization

Projects
Integration Test Center
Micro-turbine -> Absorption Chiller -> Solid Desiccant System Engine-driven AC (Engine Gen-set)-> Liquid Desiccant System 27MW Campus CHP Plant Analysis and Optimization Absorption system with dry cooling-tower Propane Operation

Optimization: Design and Operation Steady-state and Transient CHP Models Diagnostics Web-based CHP Handbook

CHP Test Center Focus

CHP integrates dissimilar equipment components are generally designed to do one job well
Microturbine & gen-set produce power Desiccants dry air Absorption chillers produce chilled water

Many additional benefits are obtainable when design is aimed at system level from start We want an INTEGRATED SYSTEM that is clean, reliable, efficient and cost effective
10

Chesapeake Building Equipment

Solid Desiccant Liquid Desiccant Existing RTU2 Existing RTU1 EDAC (removed) Absorption Chiller
11

Microturbine

CHP System 1 CHP System 2

Issues Encountered
Issues encountered in the test program include:
Thermal parameter compatibility
Temp of exhaust/cooling water temp vs. TAT temp requirements

Standardization
Metric bolts, English nuts, special wiring harness tools, starshaped sockets Transformers, fuses, voltages (5,12,24,120,230,277,480V AC/DC)

Frequent duplication
Sensors Enclosures User interfaces Controllers and software drivers

12

Duplicate maintenance contracts Inconsistent manuals

UMD CHP Plant

2 Gas Turbines, 2 HRSG, back pressure steam turbine and steam driven chillers CHP plant provides 27 MW electricity, 10,000 tons of cooling and entire steam load to the campus Reduce regional emissions of NOx by 9,800 tons/year and CO2 emissions by 3.5 million tons over 20 years
13

Thermoflex Model of Trigen Plant

14

CHP System Monitoring

Tridium Niagara Framework
System integration platform for diverse thermal systems
Used for control, data logging & reporting, and alarms Independent of communication protocol & manufacturer Web interface

In system 2, Niagara program used to:

15

Monitor the system (data logging by separate system) Set operation schedules Send alarms and alerts Control CHP system & RTUs

Additional details at www.tridium.com

CHP System Online

16

CHP System Chiller Data

17

Rooftop Unit 2

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Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center

Mid-Atlantic CHP Application Center (MAAC) is one of eight regional centers Initial funding provided by DOE Primary functions are: Increase awareness of CHP Provide technical assistance to promising projects Primary goal is to increase use of CHP
19

Modeling & Optimization Program Overview

20

Technology Focus
Modeling steady state and transient thermal systems Optimization of components and system for first and operating cost, performance, energy efficiency etc. Development of validated, robust and scalable component and system models Technology transfer user-friendly customizable and component based modeling software

21

Technology Approach
Thermodynamic/engineering Expertise
Available from faculty/students at the Center

Development Platform
Microsoft .NET Models can be used in EES, Matlab, Excel, KULI, other simulation tools

Property Libraries
NIST Refprop 7.0, PPDS (in evaluation) In-house refrigerant property libraries 500 times faster than commercially available

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Technology Approach (contd.)

Equation Solvers, Optimization Tools
Solver libraries for linear/non-linear equation Differential equation solvers problem specific Gradient-based optimization routines Single/Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms

Component Standards
Defines component model interfaces Allows interaction with external modeling tools, calling from EES, Matlab, KULI etc. Facilitates third-party component development Components can reside on local or remote computer

Hardware
23

CEEE Laboratories

Modeling Tools
Coil Designer
User-friendly simulation and optimization software for aircooled heat exchangers, steady state Tube-fin, micro-channel and wire-fin coils Ability to add external refrigerants and correlations Highly flexible and customizable Validated with data from several sources

Accumulator
Simulation of accumulators, steady state Detailed geometry and loss coefficient inputs Validated with data from sponsoring organization

24

Coil Designer Coil

25

Modeling Tools (contd.)

Compressor Simulation
Detailed simulation of positive displacement compressors and expanders Single thermodynamic simulation, separate geometry input for different devices Accounts for internal leakages, internal heat transfer and valve losses

Dessicant Wheel
Transient model of desiccant wheel Component based, will be used in CHP system simulation in future

26

Modeling Tools (contd.)

Absorption Chiller
Time estimate to reach steady state Simulate the performance during startup Temperature control strategy Part load simulation

27

Modeling Tools
VapCyc
Simulation of vapor compression cycles, steady state Conventional (R22/R134a) and unconventional (CO2) cycle simulation User can add and change component models

TransRef
Transient simulation of refrigerators, single and dual evaporator systems User changeable component models User configurable cabinet models, can be extended to automotive passenger cabins
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VapCyc

29

TransRef

30

Modeling Tools
CHPTran
Development in progress component models Goal simulate transient performance of a CHP system put together by the user

31

CHPTran

32

Modeling Tools
Optimization
Eventually all designs have to be optimized Steady state (first cost, efficiency) or transient performance (control algorithms, operating cost) optimization Focus on gradient based and Genetic Algorithms for optimization Successfully applied Single and Multiobjective optimization algorithms for air-conditioning components and systems Multiobjective optimization demonstrated significant potential, especially with Multiobjective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA)

33

Optimization Case Study

Multiobjective optimization Results
Pareto Solutions

Normalized Coil Cost vs. Heat Load (MOGA1, 500 Iterations)

1.2 MOGA1-500 Results Baseline Case

Normalized Coil Cost

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7
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0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

Normalized Heat Load

Optimization Case Study

Multiobjective optimization 1.6 Results
Infeasible and Pareto Solutions 1.4

Infeasible & Pareto Solutions for Condenser Units

Pareto Solutions Infeasible Solutions

Normalized Cost

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

35

0.2

0.4

0.6

Normalized Heat Load

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Application Examples of GA
Beneficial in problems with both continuous and discrete variables Can be coupled with all CEEE modeling tools Coupling with Thermo Flex, KULI etc. through Excel or otherwise Can be used for real-time control optimization

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Thank You for Your Attention!!!

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Paper R-037