S TAY K THUT TRNG NM

GIAO THY, 2009

S TAY K THUT TRNG NM

NI DUNG Cu lc b sn xut nm Vn Quc gia Xun Thy HNH NH Vin Pht Trin Cc Ngun Lc Ven Bin Chu ti Vit Nam (CORIN-Asia Viet Nam) N V H TR C quan hp tc pht trin Quc t Thy in (SIDA) Vin Pht Trin Cc Ngun Lc Ven Bin Chu Vit Nam Vn Quc gia Xun Thy THIT K Nguyn Xun Thun - V Quc t - CORIN-Asia Vit Nam -

GIAO THY, 2009

MC LC LI M U A. CC IU KIN CN THIT SN XUT NM I. NGUYN LIU 1. Rm, r 2. Bng ph liu 3. Mn ca 4. Thn cy g 5. Cc loi ph gia II. GING NM III. NH XNG V L SY 1. Nh kiu ch A 2. Kiu nh bnh thng 3. L sy IV. LAO NG V. CC DNG C V VT T KHC 1. Khun g trng nm rm 2. B ngm v x l rm r 3. Mui n v axit xitric 4. K lt ng 5. Ngun nc v dng c ti 6. Cc dng c, vt t khc VI. LCH THI V TRNG NM RM, NM S, NM M TRN NGUYN LIU RM, R B. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH TRNG NM RM I. C TNH SINH HC II. CNG NGH TRNG NM RM 1. X l nguyn liu 2. Cy ging 3. Chm sc m nm cy 4. Cch thu hi nm 5. Bo qun v tiu th nm rm

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III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM RM 1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut 2. S tm tt k thut C. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH LM NM S I. C TNH SINH HC II. CNG NGH TRNG NM S 1. X l nguyn liu 2. Cy ging 3. m v rch bch 4. Chm sc v thu hi 5. ng gi v bo qun sn phm III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM S 1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t 2. S quy trnh sn xut nm S D. C TNH SINH HC & CNG NGH TRNG NM M I. C TNH SINH HC II. CNG NGH TRNG NM M 1. X l nguyn liu 2. Ln men ph 3. Vo lung 4. Phng php cy ging 5. t ph v ph t 6. Chm sc v thu hi nm III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM M 1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut 2. S quy trnh sn xut nm m TI LIU THAM KHO

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S tay k thut trng nm

LI M U Vi nh hng gim p lc khai thc ln khu vc Vn Quc gia Xun Thy, to sinh k bn vng trong cng ng cc x vng m, Chng trnh Lin minh t ngp nc (WAP) cng vi Vn Quc gia Xun Thy (VQG) t chc xy dng nhiu m hnh sinh k. Sau hai gn hai nm thc hin, m hnh mang li nhiu hiu qu thit thc cho ngi dn. T nguyn liu rm, r s dng trng nm to thm ngun thu t 1.500.000 n 2.000.000 trong mt thng cho mi h gia nh. Khng ch c th, vic trng nm gip hn ch hin tng t rm, r sau mi v thu hoch la, gp phn bo v bu khng kh trong lnh. Ngoi ra, vi sinh k mi ny, ngi dn ti cc cng nng thn khng phi i lm thu ti cc a phng khc, gp phn gii quyt lao ng d tha. n nay, Cu lc b trng nm VQG c hnh thnh v pht trin vi hn 70 hi vin, thuc a phn ca 05 x vng m l Giao Thin, Giao An, Giao Xun, Giao Hi, Giao Lc v mt x vng cn m l Giao Hng. Nhm ph bin hn na kin thc sn xut trong cng ng, Vn Quc gia Xun Thy kt hp cng Trung tm dy ngh cng lp huyn Ngha Hng hnh thnh cun s tay hng dn k thut trng mt s loi nm c ngun gc t rm, r. Do y l cun s tay c bin son da trn nhng kin thc c tip cn ca cng ng v kinh nghim sn xut thc t nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong c s tham gia ng gp kin ca bn c. Xin chn thnh cm n! Cu lc b sn xut Nm Vn Quc gia Xun Thy

S tay k thut trng nm

A. CC IU KIN CN THIT CHO SN XUT NM I. NGUYN LIU Tt c cc loi ph thi ca nng nghip giu cht xenlul u l nguyn liu chnh trng nm. Di y l mt s loi nguyn liu thng dng nht. 1. Rm r Rm v r phi kh, khng b mc, nh ng, bo qun dng dn. Nu rm, r b mc, c mu en, vn nt do phi khng c nng , b thm nc ma nhiu th khng nn dng trng nm v khi nng sut rt thp. 2. Bng ph liu Nguyn liu c to ra t cc nh my dt si sau khi ly gn ht si bng, phn cn li l cc ht v bng vn. Nguyn liu phi khng mc, phi tht kh. 3. Mn ca Cc loi mn ca g mm, khng c tinh du, phi kh (cao su, b ). 4. Thn cy g Cnh l cn xanh tt, c tui t 3-5 nm, g mm c nha mu trng (mt, sung, ngi, b , so a, giu gia xoan, a bp , dui, da, cao su, ). ng kinh thn g 5-20 cm. 5. Cc loi ph gia (phn v c, hu c ) T l phi trn v s lng ty theo tng loi nm khc nhau. II. GING NM Ging nm c th c nhn trn cc c cht khc nhau: ht i mch, thc, mn ca, v tru, bng vn, rm r v cc cht ph gia. 2 S tay k thut trng nm

 Bao b ng ging cc dng: chai thy tinh, chai nha, ti nilon D trn mi trng hay bao b no, ging nm cng phi m bo cc yu cu cht lng sau: Khng b nhim bnh: Quan st bn ngoi ging khng c mu xanh, en, vng v khng c cc vng loang l. Ging c mi thm d chu: nu c mi chua kh chu l ging nm b nhim vi khun, nm di Ging khng gi hoc non: nu thy c m so hay cy nm mc trong chai, mu chai ging chuyn sang mu vng, nu en l ging qu gi. Ging cha n kn ht y bao b l ging cn non. S dng tt nht l khi ging n kn ht y chai (hoc ti) sau 3-4 ngy. Mun lu hn phi bo qun nhit lnh: i vi ging nm s, nm m, nm hng, v nm linh chi bo qun nhit 2-50C, ko di 30-45 ngy; ging nm rm v mc nh bo qun nhit 15-200C, ko di 15-30 ngy. Cc chng ging ph hp vi iu kin v nhit (theo ma v), nng sut cao v c kh nng chng chu su bnh Qu trnh vn chuyn ging: phi ht sc nh nhng, trnh va chm mnh, dng ng chai ging (nt bng quay ln pha trn) Khng c m nt bng ra xem, ngi ging ni thong mt, sch s, khng c nh nng trc tip. S lng ging nm cho khi lng rm r em trng. Ty thuc tng loi nm khc nhau m t l ging/nguyn liu khc nhau. C th ni ging l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s thnh bi. Nu ging tt nng sut s cao v ngc li. Hin c nhiu c s sn xut ging nm, bn nn chn n nhng a ch ng tin cy. Hin ti, b con c th mua ging ti: 1. Trung tm cng ngh sinh hc thc vt Vin Di truyn nng nghip. a ch: ng Phm Vn ng T Lim H Ni. in thoi: 04 3836 296
S tay k thut trng nm

2.Trung tm dy ngh cng lp huyn Ngha Hng a ch: Liu , Huyn Ngha Hng, tnh Nam nh (Lin h anh Hng 0978 186 202 hoc 0915 704 738) 3. Hp tc x Nng nghip Nam Tin. a ch: Xun Vinh Xun Trng Nam nh (Lin h anh c 0985 391 099 hoc 0350 3885 378) III. NH XNG V L SY Yu cu chung v nh xng trng nm cn m bo cc yu t: C h thng ca iu chnh thong khi cn thit Sch s, cng mt cng tt m cao nhng khng ng nc trn nn nh Trc v sau mi t trng nm cn phi v sinh tht tt xung quanh khu vc nui trng v trong nh. C th xng (t) bt lu hunh hay phun foocmon t l 0.5% trc khi a nguyn liu vo nh trng nm mt tun. Mt s dng nh trng nm nh sau: 1. Nh kiu ch A - Dng cc tre, cy g thng, ng knh 7-12cm c chiu di 2,4m. - Cc thanh tre, g nh c chiu di ti a 20m lm nan dc theo nh, thanh di 2,4m lm nan song song vi cc cc tr - Chiu rng nh khong 2m, c li i gia rng 0.4m. - Mi ph nilon th sinh, pha trn mi lp mt lp l ma, thn cy ng, l chui, hoc rm, r, ci to mt (np chc 2 lp li).

Hnh 1. Kiu nh hnh ch A 4

(Ngun: Trung tm dy ngh cng lp Ngha Hng)

S tay k thut trng nm

Ch thch: E: mi nh bng khung tre, lp nilon, l ma, thn cy ng, thanh np F: rnh thot nc hai bn mi G: ca ra vo c cnh (bng ct, bao da ) h: chiu cao 1.8m Nn nh di cc tn cy n qu (chui, nhn, vi, mt ) hoc cy ly g, bng mt Nu khng c tn cy, c th lm trn cc khu t trng, sn gch ni d thot nc. C th trng cc loi cy c dy leo (mp, b ng, gc, u ) cho b trn mi cng tt. Phn mi gip mt t c rnh thot nc. Hai u hi lm ca ra vo iu chnh nh sng v thng thong khi cn thit. Loi nh ny thch hp cho trng nm m v nm rm. 2. Kiu nh bnh thng Kiu nh ny thch hp cho trng cc loi nm m, nm s, nm mc nh, nm hng v linh chi. Kiu nh ny c chi ph cao hn kiu nh hnh ch A cho nn c tn dng nh c trng nm. Vic sa sang li nh c iu chnh nh sng v thng thong.

Hnh 2. Kiu nh bnh thng

S tay k thut trng nm

Cc yu cu khi dng mt nh mi c din tch 60m2 nh sau: a. Nn nh L nn t hoc nn gch cao, d thot nc. Nu nn nh di bng cy th cng tt b. Khung nh Nh chia thnh 05 gian bao gm cc thnh phn + Ct tr - ct hnh: 12 ct, s dng tre loi 1 cao t 2.5-3m + Ct ci: mi v 2 ct , tng l 12 ct ci + V mi: 06 chic + Cu u: 06 chic + X qu: 06 chic + Song t: Ty theo chiu cao nh b tr lp song t ph hp buc thm nilon, hoc mnh ci che nh nng mt tri + Xung quanh nh c th to lp vch bng t hoc gch xy cao t 40-50cm. Lu nn cc ca s nh to thong v nh sng. c. Mi nh Mi nh c th chia lm ba lp chnh, th t t trn xung di c th nh bng sau: Bng 1. Cu to mi nh Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Phn la Gin tre Bt hoc nilon S dng phn la c bn sn trn th trng Ti thiu mi bn c 06 gin tre Lp bt hoc nilon di cng va to thong, nh sng li trnh c nc ma.

Ngoi ra, trn mi ta c th lp rm, r hoc ci, l ma, ng, c to mt cho nh xng. 6
S tay k thut trng nm

3. L sy Hin nay i vi cc h gia nh c quy m sn xut nh (din tch ln tri t 60-70m2) loi l sy thch hp nht l l sy th cng s dng bp than t ong. V cu to l sy th cng gm cc thnh phn sau: Lp di cng: c th s dng nn nh t bp than t ong (ty theo quy m thit k m c th b tr mt n hai bp than t ong) Lp tn nhit : l st hoc inox s dng lm lp ngn cch gia bp v sn phm nm v l lp trung gian truyn gia bp ti nm. C th thit k tm tn nhit di dng gn sng tng din tch b mt. Lp sn sy nm: c th lm bng phn tre hoc khung b li, m bo thong v thng kh cho cc lp pha trn. i vi l sy hai bp than nn thit k t 6 n 7 phn. Trong qu trnh sy phi lu qu trnh lun chuyn phn sn phm nm sy c u nhit, tit kim thi gian sy. Lp bao ph bn ngoi: c th dng ba ct tng bao ph quanh l sy trnh mt nhit, . Trn cng phi ng thot kh. Ngoi ra c th tn dng vch tng xy dng l sy.

Hnh 3. L sy mini v cc sn sy
S tay k thut trng nm

Hnh 4. Lp bao ph l sy bng ba ct tng 7

IV. LAO NG Trng nm khng i hi ngi lao ng phi lm vic lin tc. Mi loi nm c nh mc cng lao ng khc nhau nhng nhn chung giai on tiu hao nhiu cng lao ng nht l giai on x l nguyn liu. Trong giai on chm sc v thu hi i hi ngi dn phi thu xp mt cch nng ng. Theo kho st, tng s ngy cng trng cc loi nm trung bnh cho 1 tn nguyn liu t u n khi kt thc mt chu k sn xut nh sau: + Nm m: 30 cng + Nm rm: 20 cng + Nm S: 30 cng V. CC DNG C V VT T KHC 1. Khun g trng nm rm Khun g c cu to hnh thang, mt trong phng, hnh dng c th nh sau:

Hnh 5. Khun g trng nm rm Ch thch: a - Chiu rng y di 0.4m c - Chiu di y trn 1.1m e - G hai u khun

b - Chiu rng d - Chiu di y di 1.2m h - Chiu cao khun 0.4m

(Ngun: Trung tm dy ngh cng lp Ngha Hng)

S tay k thut trng nm

2. B ngm v x l rm r C th xy b cha nc tm thi, nu xy kin c th vt liu bng gch v xi mng ct. B khng cn xy kin c, c kch thc: chiu di 1.5 n 2m; chiu rng 0.8-1m; chiu cao t 0.5 n 0.6m, y c l thot nc. tit kim chi ph v din tch, cc h c th quy gch, cp, tn dng chn tng ro sau lt bt hoc nilon to b ngm. 3. Mui n v axit xitric Chun b dung dch mui bo ha: un si nc cho mui vo khuy t t (1 lt nc + 0.3 kg mui kh) n khi mui khng tan c na l c. dung dch t lng, gn ly phn trong, l dung dch mui bo ha. nh lng nm mui nh sau: + Nm ti : 1000kg + Dung dch mui bo ha : 200 lt + Mui kh : 300kg + Axit xitric : 03kg 4. K lt ng Dng cc tre hoc g ng theo kiu dt ging cch mt t 15-20cm. Nn ng thnh 2 tm c kch thc 1.5mX0.75m (hnh C). Khi ng, ghp hai tm li vi nhau c hnh vung cnh 1.5m.

1.5m

1.5m

0.75m

0.75m

Hnh 6. K lt ng
(Ngun: Trung tm dy ngh cng lp Ngha Hng)

S tay k thut trng nm

5. Ngun nc v dng c ti Ngun nc s dng cho sn xut nm phi sch, pH trung tnh. Vo ma ng ken, b con phi kim tra mn ca nc tht cn trc khi ngm v ti nm. Nc mn tuyt i khng s dng lm nm. Hin nay trong sn xut ba loi nm rm, nm s v nm m u s dng chung mt loi bnh ti nn. Loi bnh ti ny c th to cho nc ti di dng sng. Ngoi ra c th s dng bnh phun thuc sau ti nm. Nhng bnh ny ch c s dng cho vic chm sc nm, tuyt i khng dng vo vic phun thuc su. 6. Cc dng c, vt t khc a. Cc tre hoc g: c ng knh 10-15cm, chiu di 2-2.2m, dng thng kh trong qu trnh nguyn liu (c 1 ng 500kg cn 1 cc tre) b. Phocmol: s dng v sinh ln tri c. Dim sinh: ng kn ca, hun khi v sinh ln tri d. Vi ta: rc trong v xung quanh ln tri v sinh ln tri trc khi sn xut e. Vi ti: s dng trong cng on lm t rm r. f. Nhit k : di trn 30cm, m k o m khng kh, baume k o mui, giy kh pH

10

S tay k thut trng nm

VI. LCH THI V TRNG NM RM, NM S, NM M TRN NGUYN LIU RM, R Mi loi nm thch nghi vi mi loi hnh thi tit khc nhau. Di y l bng thi v i vi mi loi nm rm, nm s v nm m ph hp vi iu kin thi tit min bc Vit Nam. (Bng lch ma v trang bn) Bng 2. Lch ma v Thi gian (Thng dng lch) 1 Nm rm Nm S Nm m Ch thch: : thi im tri v tuyt i khng sn xut : thi im chnh v : thi im tri v c th sn xut c 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Loi nm

S tay k thut trng nm

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B. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH TRNG NM RM I. C TNH SINH HC Nm rm c tn khoa hc Volvariella volvacea gm nhiu loi khc nhau, c loi mu xm trng, xm, xm en kch thc ng knh cy nm ln, nh ty thuc tng loi. cc quc gia vng nhit i rt thch hp v nhit nm rm sinh trng v pht trin. Nhit thch hp nm pht trin t 30-320C; m nguyn liu (c cht) 65-70%; m khng kh 80%; pH = 7, thong kh. Nm rm s dng dinh dng cellulose trc tip t nguyn liu trng. c im hnh thi Bao gc (volva): Di v cao lc nh, bao ly tai nm. Khi tai nm trng thnh, n ch cn li phn trm ly phn gc chn cung nm. Bao nm l h si t nm cha sc t melanin to ra mu en bao gc. m nht ty thuc vo nh sng. nh sng cng nhiu th bao gc cng en. Cung nm: L b h si xp, xp theo kiu vng trn ng tm. Khi cn non th mm v gin. Nhng khi gi x cng v kh b gy. M nm: Hnh nn, cng c melanin, nhng nht dn t trung tm ra ra mp.

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Hnh 7. Cm nm rm ang pht trin

S tay k thut trng nm

Chu k sng Qu trnh to thnh qu th nm rm gm 6 giai on: Giai on u inh ghim (Pichead: n nm). Giai on hnh nt nh (tiny button). Giai on hnh nt (button). Giai on hnh trng (egg). Giai on hnh chung (clogation: ko di). Giai on trng thnh (mature: n xe). Chu k sinh trng v pht trin ca nm rm rt nhanh chng. T lc trng n khi thu hoch ch khong 10-12 ngy. Nhng ngy u chng nh nh ht tm c mu trng (giai on inh ghim), 2-3 ngy sau ln rt nhanh bng ht ng, qu to, qu trng (giai on hnh trng), lc trng thnh (giai on pht tn bo t) trng ging nh mt chic d, c cu to thnh cc phn hon chnh. II. CNG NGH TRNG NM RM 1. X l nguyn liu Rm r c lm t trong nc vi ( 3,5 kg vi ho vi 1.000l nc), nh ng, 2-3 ngy o mt ln, tip 2-3 ngy l c. Thi gian ko di 4-6 ngy. Nguyn liu qu t (nc chy thnh dng) cn banh rng ra phi ri mi em trng. Rm r t: khi vt vi cng rm c nc chy thnh git l tt nht. Nu kh qu cn b sung thm nc khi o ng . 2. Cy ging t khun theo din tch hin c sao cho thun li khi i li, chm sc nm v tit kim din tch. Tri mt lp rm r vo khun dy 10-12cm. Cy mt lp ging vin xung quanh cch mp khun 4-5cm. Tip tc lm nh vy 3 lp. Lp trn cng tri rng u khp trn b mt (lp th 4). Lng ging cy cho mt m khong 200-250g. Mi lp ging cy xong dng tay n cht, nht l xung quanh lm thnh khun. Trung bnh mt tn rm r kh trng c trn di 75-80 m
S tay k thut trng nm

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nm nh vy s m bo nn va phi. Khong cch gia cc m nm t 25-30cm.

Hnh 8. M nm rm hon chnh 3. Chm sc m nm cy Tu thuc a im trng trong nh hay ngoi tri (sn bi, di tn cy, ng rung) m cch thc chm sc s khc nhau. a) Nu trng trong nh Sau 3-5 ngy u khng cn ti nc, nhng ngy tip theo quan st b mt m nm, thy rm r kh cn phun nh nc ti trc tip xung quanh. Ch phi ti nc kho, nu ti mnh (ht nc ln) d lm si nm tn thng, nh hng ti nng sut v lc ny si nm pht trin ra tn pha ngoi thnh m. n ngy th 7-8 bt u xut hin nm con (giai on ra qu). Ba n bn ngy sau nm ln rt nhanh to bng qu to, qu trng; thm vi ting ng h c th nm s n d. Nm ra mt dy, kch thc ln cn ti 2-3 lt nc cho mt ngy. Lng nc ti mt ln rt t (0,1 lt cho 1 m/ngy). Nu ti qu nhiu nm d b thi chn v cht ngay t lc cn nh. b) Nu trng ngoi tri ng m nm ngoi tri thng b cc t ma ln hoc nng nng lm h hng. Cn che ph thm mt lp rm r kh trn b 14
S tay k thut trng nm

mt m nm. Lp rm r ny cn tt, xp theo mt chiu, ph theo kiu lp mi nh. Chiu dy 4-5cm. Tt c cc b mt ca nhng m mp ngoi khu vc trng cng cn che ph bng lp rm ph o, kim tra nu thy m nm b kh c th ti trc tip ln lp o ph nhiu ln trong ngy, sao cho lp rm pha ngoi ca m nm khng b mt nc. trnh ma v tin cho vic chm sc m nm, c th cm cc cc tre, hoc an thnh chic lng cch mt m nm 10-15cm, pha ngoi bc mt lp nylon, pha trn cng ph rm r kh cng tt.. Nhit m nm trong nhng ngy u khong 38-400C l tt nht. Vic ti nc tng t nh vi nm trng trong nh. Khi thu hi ht t nm 1 cn nht sch tt c cc gc nm v cy nm nh cn st li, dng nylon ph li cho n khi nm ra th g b. Ngng 3-4 ngy sau ti tr li nh ban u, thu tip t 2. Sn lng nm thu hi tp trung n 70-80% trong t u, t 2 cn li 15-25%. 4. Cch thu hi nm K t lc trng n khi hi ht t 1 khong 15-17 ngy, nm ra r vo ngy th 12 n ngy th 15. Sau 7-8 ngy ra tip t 2 v hi trong 3-4 ngy th kt thc mt t nui trng (tng thi gian 25-30 ngy). Dn v sinh sch s: Ti nc vi ( ging nh vi qut tng) 3-4 ngy li trng t tip, hi nm cn giai on hnh trng (trc khi nm n ) l tt nht, m bo cht lng v nng sut cao. Trng hp nm mc tp trung thnh cm, ta c th tch nhng cy ln hi trc, nu kh tch th hi c cm (c to, nh u hi ht). Mt ngy hi nm 2-3 ln. Nhng ngy nng nng, nhit khng kh cao, nm pht trin rt nhanh, v vy ngi hi nm phi quan st k, khi nm hi nhn u l hi c ri. Nng sut nm dao ng t 12-20% so vi nguyn liu kh (mt tn rm r cho thu hoch khong 120-200kg nm ti). Nng sut nm cao hay thp tu thuc vo cht lng ging nm, k thut
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nui trng v yu t kh hu. 5. Bo qun v tiu th nm Rm Khi hi nm xong, nm rm vn tip tc pht trin, nu thm vi ting sau, t giai on hnh trng c th b n , v vy cn tiu th nhanh trong 3-4 gi. Dng c ng nm cn thong, khng qu nhiu nm (chiu cao dng c ti a 25cm). Mun nm qua ngy th bo qun nhit 10-150C. Nhiu gia nh nng dn xa cc trung tm tiu th nm ti th sng sm (5-6 gi) phi dy hi nm v chuyn ngay n im cn nhn. T lc hi n tay ngi s dng trong khong thi gian 2-3 gi l tt nht. Nm rm l loi thc phm rt ngon v b. Nm c hm lng m cao, giu cc axit amin, cht khong v cc vitamin. Ch bin nm thnh nhiu mn n khc nhau nh nm xo, canh nm, cho nm, sp nmTrc khi n nn chn qua nc si khong 1-2 pht. Nu nm phi chn, khng cn phi cho m chnh v bn thn nm rt ngt. nh lng: mt ngi ln cho mt ba n 200g nm l va . III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM RM 1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut Nguyn liu c t va phi Mt tn nguyn liu lm thnh 75-80 m 3 ngy u tin khng cn ti nc Ti nc di dng phun sng Hi nm khi giai on hnh trng Khng nn sy nm rm do qu th nm to, kh sy tiu hao nhin liu Sau mi t sn xut phi v sinh ln tri tht k, khong thi gian hp l gia cc t sn xut lin tip ti thiu l 01 tun c trng ca ln tri sn xut nm rm l rt nhiu con mt v vy khi chm sc, thu hi nn lu mang qun o di v kn. La chn thi im ph hp, linh ng da trn c s lch ma v. 16
S tay k thut trng nm

2. S quy trnh sn xut nm rm S 1. QUY TRNH SN XUT NM RM Rm r lm t bng nc vi (4kg vi ti/1m3 nc)

ng (2-3 ngy)

o chnh m ng (2-3 ngy)

Nguyn liu l bng ph thi thm 1-2 ngy

ng m Cy ging

Chm sc, Thu hi (20 ngy) Bn ti/ sy kh

Ph thi nm phi kh lm nm m, Hoc li lm phn bn

S tay k thut trng nm

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C. C TNH SINH HC V CNG NGH LM NM S I. C TNH SINH HC Nm s thng c nhiu loi, chng khc nhau v mu sc, hnh dng, kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin nhit . Nm c dng phu lch, mc thnh cm tp trung bao gm 3 phn: m, phin, cung.

Hnh 9. Nm S n k thu hoch n giai on trng thnh nm s s pht tn bo t, nh gi, bo t ri ra khp mi ni, gp iu kin mi trng thch hp s hnh thnh h si nm s cp vi mt nhn. H si nm s cp pht trin y to nn mt mng ri hnh thnh h si nm th cp, sau c s kt hp ca h si nm th cp hnh thnh qu th nm hon chnh. Cc iu kin ph hp cho nm S Nhit thch hp nht: - i vi nm chu lnh l 13-200C - i vi nm chu nhit cao hn l 24-280C. (Nm S c th trng c quanh nm nhng thun li nht t thng 10 n thng 3 dng lch hng nm) m c cht (gi th trng) t 65-70%, m khng kh 80% 18 S tay k thut trng nm

 pH = 7 ( trung tnh) nh sng: Khng cn thit trong giai on nui si (pha si). Khi nm hnh thnh qu th cn nh sng khuych tn (nh sng phng- c th c sch c). thng gi: Cn thit trong giai on nui si. Khi nm ln cn thng thong va phi. Dinh dng: S dng trc tip ngun xenlul, c th b sung thm cc ph gia giu cht m, vitamin trong giai on x l nguyn liu. II. CNG NGH TRNG NM S 1. X l nguyn liu Ngun nguyn liu ph bin nht l: Rm r, bng ph thi, mn ca. C hai phng php x l cc loi nguyn liu trn: a. Phng php 1 nguyn liu thnh ng vi khi lng ln tng nhit trong ng t 60-700C, thi gian ko di 6-7 ngy. Trung bnh mt ng m bo c khi lng ti thiu t 300kg tr ln. * i vi bng ph thi theo phng php 1: Ngm bng nhanh trong dung dch nc vi (theo t l phn trn), vt nh, li thnh ng, che kn bng tm bao da hoc nylon. Thi gian 12-24 gi. X l theo phng php ny c th lm s lng t nhng vn m bo. Khi trng nm cn lm tht ti nguyn liu bng cch dng tay hoc co st x bng vn. * i vi rm r, theo phng php 1: Rm r kh c lm t bng nc vi theo t l: 3,5 kg vi ti ho tan vi 1.000 lt nc. rm r c 3 ngy (khng cn phi trn thm ho cht), o ng; tip 3 ngy; o ln 2 tip 2 ngy l c. Trong khi o, chnh m tht chun. Pha ngoi ng nn dng nylon hoc bao da quy xung quanh nhit ng ln cao (khng che kn nh ng ). Qu trnh ny c th hin theo s sau:
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S 2. QUY TRNH - O NGUYN LIU SN XUT NM RM

Rm r c 6-8 ngy m bo yu cu: m t 65% ( vt cht, ch c nc t vn tay). Nu qu m hoc qu kh cn chnh li bng cch phi hay b sung thm nc, li 1-2 ngy sau mi trng Rm r c mi d chu, mu vng sng mm. Thi gian 8 hoc 9 ngy ph thuc theo tnh cht rm r. Rm r cng 9 ngy, rm r mm 8 ngy. Tip tc bm rm r thnh tng on 15-20cm, hoc nh hn cng tt chun b cy ging. b. Phng php 2 Kh trng nguyn liu trong hi nc nhit 100- 1250C ko di t 90-180 pht. * X l rm r, bng v mn ca theo phng php 2 Rm r cht ngn 10-15cm, ngm trong nc vi 15-20 pht, vt ra ro nc 1-2 ngy. Bng ph thi lm t, li 4-6 ngy. Cc phi liu ny sau khi kim tra m, phi trn thm vi 5-10% bt cm hoc ng. Cho nguyn liu vo ti nylon chu nhit, trng lng ti 1,5-2 kg/ti ( kch c ti rng 20cm, di 40cm), nt c ti bng ng nha v bng khng thm nc ri a vo thanh trng cc ch nhit khc nhau: Hp trong thng phuy (hp cch thu) khi nhit trong gia ti t 950C th bt u tnh gi, ko di 10-12 gi 20
S tay k thut trng nm

Ly nguyn liu ra, ngui, cy ging trong t v phng v trng Cc c s sn xut ln, c trang thit b, p dng phng php x l nguyn liu theo phng php hai rt m bo: hn ch t l nhim bnh, dng t ging nhng vn m bo nng sut cao. 2. Cy ging Sau khi nguyn liu rm r, bng x l (theo mc 2-a) th chun b ti nylon: nu trng trn rm r nn dng ti kch thc 30x40cm. T l ging cy cho mt ti khong 40-50g tc 40kg ging cho mt tn nguyn liu. Khu vc cy ging cn sch s, nu c iu kin th cn chun b mt phng ring bit hn ch cc bo t nm mc trong khng kh ri vo trong ti nm gy kh nng nhim bnh ln. Cho mt lp nguyn liu vo ti gp y vung, cao 5-7cm, rc mt lp ging nm chung quanh thnh ti. C lm nh vy 3 lp, lp trn cng rc ging u b mt. Sau ly mt lng bng bng ming chn ung nc (hoc to c ti bng nha), cun dy cao su cht nt bng. Bch (ti) cy gng nm phi m bo cng trn, nn va phi. Trng lng ca mt ti i vi nguyn liu v rm r khong 2-3 kg/ti, i vi bng ph thi v mn ca l 1,2-1,5 kg/ti. 3. m v rch bch Bch nm c cy ging chuyn vo phng m, t trn gi hoc trc tip xung nn t thun chiu (nt bng pha trn). Khong cch gia cc bch t 5-10cm, nh m cn thong mt, sch s, khng cn nh sng. Thi gian m ko di khong 25-30 ngy. Si nm pht trin, n dn vo nguyn liu to nn mu trng ng nht, bch rn trc l tt. Nu ging khng n kn nguyn liu hoc khng pht trin c th do nguyn liu b nhim bnh, nn vt b cc ti xa khu vc nui trng. Trng hp nhn thy bch nm c mu xanh, en do b nhim nm mc cng nn loi.
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 Khi si nm n trng bch, g nt bng, nn nh, rt cng ming ti buc cht bng dy chun treo bch ln. Khi treo bch cn lu : p ming ti quay xung pha di v t bch cch nhau 15-20cm. Nt bng sau khi g ra c th phi, sy kh, a vo thanh trng nhit 121-1250C dng cho nhng ma v sau.

Hnh 10. Cc bch nm S c treo Rch bch: Bch nm pht trin tt sau 25-30 ngy ( k t lc cy ging), dng dao nhn, sc, rch 4-6 ng xung quanh. Khong cch gia cc ng rch u nhau, chiu di vt rch 3-4cm. 4. Chm sc v thu hi a. Ti nc: Khi bch rch c 4-6 ngy, nm bt u ln, tin hnh ti nc bn ngoi ti. Tu theo lng nm ra nhiu hay t, to hay nh, m khng kh cao hay thp iu chnh s ln ti v lng nc ti trong ngy. V nguyn tc ti nc di dng phun sng, lng t nhng ko di thi gian ti trong mt ln sao cho nhn b mt m nm lc no cng c mt lp nc ng trn m nm. Trung bnh mt ngy ti 4-6 ln. 22
S tay k thut trng nm

 Trong giai on ny nm rt cn m, nu thiu nc cy nm ra cn ci, nh cn, n rt dai. Ngc li, nu ti qu nhiu, nm c mu vng, thi ra. Sau khi thu hi ht mt t, ngng vic ti nc, khong 5-7 ngy sau nm li ra tip t 2,3,4,5. b. Thu hi nm Nm s mc tp trung thnh cm, khi nm ln cn hi c cm. Hi nm ng tui s t nng sut, cht lng cao nht. Nu hi nm qu gi, n s khng ngon. Hi nm ng tui l hi trc lc nm pht tn bo t. Khi nhn thy ln khi trng bay t cy nm l cc bo t nm (biu hin nm qu gi). Hi nm khng c st phn gc trn bch nm. Nu trng hp st, ta phi cu sch nm ra t tip theo tt hn. Tng s thi gian thu hi nm ko di trong phm vi 30-45 ngy k t ngy hi u tin. 5. ng gi v bo qun sn phm 5.1. i vi sn phm nm ti Sn phm nm ti c ng vo ti nilon khi lng 0.5kg. Yu cu i vi sn phm nm S ti: - ng knh cnh nm t 2-2.5cm - Nm phi c ct sch gc, khng li r vng - Cnh nm khng b nt - Nm c mu trng t nhin khng b vng, a - Nm khng c t qu d b thi nt 5.2. i vi sn phm nm S kh Nhng sn phm nm S ti khng t tiu chun cc h c th s dng sy. i vi nhng h sn xut qui m nh c th s dng l sy th cng nhng cn lu mt s im v cht lng sn phm: Cnh nm khng c to qu d vn nt Nm sau khi sy c mu vng nht, khng b thm Phi c tm tn nhit nm khng b khm khi
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III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM S 1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut Thi gian ng i vi nguyn liu rm t 5-6 ngy, i vi nguyn r c th ln ti 12 ngy Nu lm nm S vo thi im tri v tuyt i phi hp nguyn liu m bch t 25-30 ngy. Bt u ti nm sau 5-6 ngy rch bch, ti di dng phun sng Hi nm trc khi nm pht tn bo t s dng bng in (i vi ln 70m2 nn s dng hai bng 75w) Nm S c th sy rt hu ch.

24

S tay k thut trng nm

2. S quy trnh sn xut nm S S 3. QUY TRNH SN XUT NM S Rm r lm t bng nc vi (3-4kg vi t/1m3 nc) ng (3-4 ngy)

o ln 1, tip (3 ngy)

o ln 2, Bm rm r (7-10 cm), (1-2 ngy)

ng ti, Cy ging

m bch (20-25 ngy)

Rch bch Treo bch hoc trn gin Chm sc Thu hi, ch bin kh, (40 - 45 ngy) Ph thi nm li lm phn bn (30 ngy)
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D. C TNH SINH HC & CNG NGH TRNG NM M I. C TNH SINH HC Nm m c tn khoa hc l Agaricus gm loi A.bisporus v A.bitorquis mu trng, mu nu. Nm m c ngun gc t nhng nc c kh hu n i. Qu th cy nm rn chc gm phn m v cung r rt. n giai on pht trin, mng bao b rch, bo t bt u pht tn t phin nm, trng nm m nh mt chic . Cc bo t pht tn trong khng kh gp iu kin thun li tip tc pht trin thnh h si s cp v th cp, cc h si kt hp vi nhau hnh thnh qu th nm.

Hnh 11. Nm m ang ra qu th Cc iu kin ph hp cho nm m: Nhit thch hp trong giai on h si pht trin l 24-250C, giai on hnh thnh cy nm l 16-180C. m c cht ( mi trng nui nm) t 65-70%. m khng kh 80%. pH = 7-8 (mi trng trung tnh n kim yu). nh sng : Khng cn thit thng thong : Va phi Dinh dng : Khng s dng xenlul trc tip. 26
S tay k thut trng nm

Hm lng cc cht khong trong thc n ca nm nh sau: N(m) : 2,2 2,5 % P (phtpho) : 1,2 2,5 % Ca (canxi) : 2,5 3,0 % T l C/N : 14 16/1 Lng NH4( amoni) : < 0,1% W ( m) : 65 70% Qu trnh x l nguyn liu trng nm m cn phi phi trn thm cc ph gia (phn hu c, v c) vi nguyn liu chnh to mi trng thch hp nht cho nm pht trin gi l Composts. II. CNG NGH TRNG NM M 1. X l nguyn liu a. Thi gian nguyn liu trng nm m tt nht i vi cc tnh pha bc (khi cy ging) bt u t 15/10 n 15/11 dng lch hng nm. Nu lm sm hoc lm mun hn s gp thi tit khng thun li, dn n nng sut thp. b. Cng thc ch bin composts tng hp - Cng thc 1: Rm r kh 1.000kg m sunfat amon 20 kg m Ur 5kg Bt nh ( CaCO3) 30kg Supe ln 30kg - Cng thc 2: Rm r kh m ur Phn g Bt nh ( CaCO3)
S tay k thut trng nm

1.000kg 3 kg 150 kg 30kg 27

* Cch lm t rm r: Rm r kh c lm t trong nc vi ( theo t l 1 tn nguyn liu cn 10kg vi ti) bng cc cch sau: - nc vi gn trong t t vo b ngm rm r chm trong nc15-30 pht, vt ra ng. - Ngm rm r xung ao h, knh rchvt ln b, c mt lp r 20-30cm li ti mt lp nc vi (dng doa ti). - Ri rm r ra sn bi, phun nc trc tip bng my bm hoc doa trong nhiu gi kiu ma dm thm o) n khi rm r t s c mu nu sm, ly nc vi ti ln lt cui cng v ng. - Li dng tri ma, tung rm r ra sn, ti li bng nc vi t cui, ng. * ng: Khi rm r c lm t theo cc cch trn, ro nc (12gi) bt u cht ng theo s sau: S 4. QU TRNH O NGUYN LIU NM M

Cht ng rm r lm t (1 tn) ro nc b sung 5kg Ur, 20kg Sunfat

o ln 1

Vo khay (lung)

Gi ti (Ln men ph) o ln 4

o ln 2 (b sung 30kg bt nh CaCO3) o ln 3 b sung 30kg ln

S tay k thut trng nm

28

Qu trnh ng v b sung ho cht c tin hnh c th: - Kch thch ng theo k lt (1,5mX1,5m). Chiu cao 1,5m, ti a im gia c cc thng kh. - B sung ho cht dng kh v tht nh, c mt lp rm r cao 30cn th rc mt lp ho cht. - o u nguyn liu t trn xung di, t trong ra ngoi. - Ngy u c th nn cht rm r, cc ln o tip sau khng c nn. Cn to thng thong ng ln men tt. - Mt tn rm r nh ng o c 13 m3 - Kim tra m trong mi ln o. Nu thy nguyn liu kh (vt rm khng c nc chy ra tay), cn b sung thm nc; Nu nguyn liu qu t (vt rm c nc chy thnh dng), cn banh rng phi li cho thot vi hi nc m bo ng m sau mi ng. - Tri qu nng, gi mnh, qu lnh cn che pha ngoi thnh ng gi nhit trong ng . - Nu tri ma to, ng ngoi tri cn to mi ng, c hnh mui ra hoc che y pha nh trnh nc ma thm su vo trong ng . - Nn (y) ng phi thot nc tt - Nhit ca ng phi t 75-800C vo ngy th t n th by sau khi ng. Khi kt thc qu trnh ng (giai on ln men chnh 14-16 ngy), composts t tiu chun: m 65-70%, PH = 7-7,5; rm r c mi thm d chu, tuyt i khng cn mi khai (amoniac) v c mu nu sm l c). 2. Ln men ph R ti ng tin hnh ln men ph, h thp chiu cao ng cn 60-80 cm, chiu rng t 1-1,2m. Nguyn liu xp nh tay, khng nn cht. Sau 2 n 3 ngy nhit t khong 50-550C, lt bn trong ng thy c nhiu x khun mu xm tn thuc l l tt. Sau 5 n 7 ngy th kt thc.
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3. Vo lung C th v ri hoc cun thnh b, chiu cao 18-20cm, cht tng i, b mt bng phng. Trung bnh 1 tn rm r kh sau khi vo lung ht mt din tch 35-40m2. Sau khong 1 ngy o nhit lung thp hn 280C, ht mi khai (Amoniac) th tin hnh cy ging. 4. Phng php cy ging Dng que st un cong ly ging trong chai ra. Kim tra tht k xem ging c b nhim bnh khng, b ti cc ht ging, rc u trn b mt. Lng ging cy cho 1m2 khong 300-350kg. Ly tay hoc co t to (ging nh bn tay) gi nh cc ht ging lt xung di lp rm r 3-5cm. Lp phng b mt nguyn liu nh lc ban u, ly giy bo hoc giy d thm nc ph kn b mt lung nm. Hng ngy ti nc ut lp giy ph. Khong 15 ngy sau tin hnh ph t. 5. t ph v ph t t ph c kt cu vin, giu cht hu c (thng ly tng canh tc la, rau mu), c PH = 7, kch thc t 0,3-1cm. * Cch lm t: Dng cuc xng p nh, ly so c nan tha lc nh, loi b cc ht t dng tm, bi. Phn cn li to bng ht go n ht ng l c. Lng t ph khong 20-25kg/m3, chiu cao 2-2,5cm. Khi ph t xong, tin hnh ti nh ln b mt. Thi gian khong 3-4 ngy sau khi ti, nc thm t ton b lp t ph l c. Gim lng nc ti trong ngy, duy tr m lin tc nh vy n khi thy nm ln (sau 15-20 ngy ph t) 6. Chm sc v thu hi nm Khi thy nm bt u ln (xut hin cc chm nh mu trng, ln dn bng ht ng, ming chn) iu chnh lng nc theo mt v ln ca cy nm. Nm ra cng nhiu v cng ln th lng nc ti cng nhiu hn. Tu thuc vo thi gian v thi tit (nhit , m tc gi) iu chnh h thng ca ra vo v lng nc phng rng ln cao. Tng cng m ca nhiu ln trong ngy iu 30
S tay k thut trng nm

ho khng kh. - Khi nhit khng kh thp hn nhit phng cn thng thong nhit phng gim xung nhanh hn v ngc li.Khi nhit phng tng cao, thng thong km, nm pht trin nhanh, cung di v nh, m b v cp. III. TM TT K THUT V QUY TRNH SN XUT NM M 1. Nhng kinh nghim t thc t sn xut Chun b y vt t trc khi sn xut S dng khu trang, gng tay, ng bo bo h trong qu trnh o nguyn liu

S tay k thut trng nm

31

2. S quy trnh sn xut nm m S 5. QUY TRNH SN XUT NM M

Lm t rm r ro (1-3 ngy) ng, B sung m Sunfat, Ur (3 ngy)

o ln 1
(3 ngy) o ln 2, B sung bt nh (3 ngy) o ln 3, B sung phn ln (3 ngy) o ln 4 (3 ngy) Ln men ph (5-7 ngy) Vo lung (2-3 ngy) Cy ging (15 ngy) Ph t (15 ngy) Chm sc, Thu hi (3 thng)

32

S tay k thut trng nm

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. i Vn Ngc (2008). Nui trng v ch bin nm n v nm dc liu Trung tm dy ngh cng lp huyn Ngha Hng, Nam nh. 2. inh Xun Linh, Thn c Nh - Nguyn Hu ng - Nguyn Th Sn (2010). K thut Trng, ch bin Nm n v Nm Dc liu Nh xut bn Nng nghip. 3. Ths Nguyn Tun Phong (2005). K thut trng nm rm (Volvariella volvacea) - S 10- http://www.tiengiangdost.gov.vn/tsan/ndung_tsan.aspx?ma=39 .

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Cu lc b sn xut nm Vn Quc gia Xun Thy c chnh thc thnh lp ngy 27/2/2009 vi s h tr ca Vn Quc gia Xun Thy v Vin cc ngun lc Chu (CORIN-Asia) ti Vit Nam trong Chng trnh Lin minh t ngp nc (WAP). Cu lc b c vai tr lp k hoch sn xut, o to k thut, m bo u ra v lin kt vi cc c quan, t chc trong v ngoi nc.

Vin Cc Ngun Lc Ven Bin Chu (CORINAsia Vit Nam) l mt t chc phi li nhun, hot ng trong lnh vc qun l cc vng t ngp nc v vng ven bin trong s hp tc vi mng li CORIN-Asia. CORIN-Asia c nhiu nm kinh nghim trong vic pht trin ngun nhn lc x hi nhiu cp khc nhau bng vic bin nhng kh khn ca a phng thnh nhng c hi. Mc tiu l xy dng nng lc a phng hng ti pht trin sinh k bn vng v tng cng kh nng thch ng vi s bin i ca mi trng.