8/29/2013

1
Chng 2
M hnh ton hc ca h
thng cng ngh ha hc
Tin S. L Cm Hng
Office: 112 B2 Building
Tel: 0934 711 141
Email: lchung@hcmut.edu.vn
M HNH HA V M PHNG TRONG CNHH
1
Ni dung
1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
3. Mt s nh lun c bn
Phng trnh bo ton dng vt cht
Phng trnh bo ton dng nng lng
Phng trnh bo ton dng ng lng
Phng trnh truyn vn
Phng trnh trng thi
Phng trnh cn bng
Phng trnh ng ha hc
2
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2
Nguyn l ca vic
thit lp m hnh
2.1
3
Mt s nguyn l v M Hnh Ha
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
Nn tn m hnh ha.
Cc gi thit ca m hnh
Tnh ng nht ca m hnh
Li gii ca cc phng trnh ton hc
Tnh ng n ca m hnh
4
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Nn Tn M Hnh Ha
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
Nn tn ca cc m hnh ton hc l cc nh lut ha l
c bn v d nh:
nh lut bo ton khi lng
nh lut bo ton nng lng
nh lut bo ton ng lng
o hm ring phn theo thi gian s c thm vo cc
phng trnh trn nu m hnh c kho st iu kin
khng n nh.
5
Cc gi thit ca m hnh
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
M hnh cng chi tit, cng phc tp s cng ging vi
nhng g tn ti trong cuc sng.
Xy dng m hnh chi tit v phc tp s mt rt nhiu
cng sc v thi gian, v cha chc s gii c hoc s
mt rt nhiu thi gian gii (tt nhin s dng cc
my tnh vi cu hnh mnh nht).
Mt trong cc nguyn l khi m hnh ha l thit lp cc
gi thit n gin ha m hnh, t gii c d dng
v nhanh chng.
6
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Cc gi thit ca m hnh
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
Gi thit cng nhiu th li gii c sai s cng ln, nh vy
cn cn nhc vic lp gi thit sao cho sai s nm trong
phm vi chp nhn c.
Gi thit lp ra cng chnh l gii hn ca m hnh. Nh
vy, cn nh rng li gii tm c ch c gi tr khi nm
trong gii hn .
7
Tnh ng nht ca m hnh
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
S n s phi bng s phng trnh.
Cc n v trong tt c cc phng trnh phi ng nht.
( Lu : mt i lng vt l c th dng cc n v khc
nhau, nhng phi thng nht trong mt phng trnh. V d:
thi gian c th dng giy, pht, gi nhng trong cng mt
phng trnh khng c va dng gi va dng pht.)
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Li gii ca cc phng trnh ton hc
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
M hnh ton hc c thit lp thng phc tp v i
hi cn s dng phng php s tm ra li gii.
Cn lu rng, m hnh lp ra m khng tm c li gii
th m hnh khng c gi tr v ngha g c.
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Tnh ng n ca m hnh
2.1. Nguyn l ca vic thit lp m hnh
Cn chng minh rng m hnh lp ra phi m t c
nhng g tn ti trong thc t.
Khi thit k mt qui trnh cng ngh,
10
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n tp mt s
kin thc v ton
2.2
11
Ni Dung n Tp
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
12
Ma Trn & nh thc.
H phng trnh tuyn tnh v phi tuyn.
PT Vi phn ton phn
(ODE: Ordinary Differential Equations)
PT Vi phn tng phn
(PDE: Partial Differential Equations)
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Ma trn
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
13
Mt bng s c m hng, n ct
A =
c gi l mt ma trn c mn.
a
ij
l phn t hng th i v ct j.
Ma trn
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
14
CC PHP TON MA TRN
- Php cng
- Php nhn ma trn vi mt s
- Php nhn hai ma trn
- Ma trn chuyn v
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nh Thc
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
15
nh thc ca ma trn 2 2
nh thc ca ma trn 3 3
nh Thc
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
16
CC TNH CHT C BN CA NH THC
Nu i ch hai hng ca ma trn th nh thc i du.
nh thc c tnh cht tuyn tnh i vi mi hng.
Mt ma trn c hai hng t l th nh thc bng 0.
Nu ta cng vo mt hng mt t hp tuyn tnh cc
hng khc th nh thc khng thay i.
nh thc ca ma trn chuyn v bng nh thc ca ma
trn .
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H phng trnh tuyn tnh
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
17
Dng tng qut ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh
x
1
, x
2
,..., x
n
l n n,
a
ij
l h s ca n th j trong phng trnh i,
b
i
l v phi ca phng trnh th i.
i = 1,..., n; j = 1,..., m.
H phng trnh tuyn tnh
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
18
Dng ma trn ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh
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Phng php gii trc tip
Cramers Rule
Gaussian Elimination
Gauss Jordan
LU Decomposition
Phng php lp.
Jacobi
Gauss-Seidel
Phng Php Gii H PPTT
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh tuyn tnh
Gii h phng trnh :
x 2y + 3z = 2
2x 3z = 3
x + y + z = 6
S dng phng php
a) Cramers rule
b) Gauss elimination
c) Gauss-Jordon method
d) LU decomposition
Bi Tp: H PT Tuyn Tnh 01
(PP Gii Trc Tip)
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh tuyn tnh
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Phng Php Jacobi
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh tuyn tnh
Xt h 2 phng trnh 2 n s sau:
Phng php lp Jacobi:
Phng Php Gauss-Seidel
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh tuyn tnh
Xt h 2 phng trnh 2 n s sau:
Phng php lp Gauss-Seidel:
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Gii h phng trnh sau s dng phng php Jacobi v
Gauss-Seidel :
6x
1
2x
2
+ x
3
= 11
-2x
1
+ 7x
2
+ 2x
3
= 5
x
1
+ 2x
2
5x
3
= -1
Ch : c th s dng Matlab h tr
Bi Tp: H PT Tuyn Tnh 02
(PP Gii Lp)
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh tuyn tnh
H phng trnh phi tuyn
2.2. n tp mt s kin thc v ton
Phng php Bisection & False Position
Phng php Successive Substitution
Phng php Newton-Raphson
Phng php Secant
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Phng php Bisection
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
Phng php False Position
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
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Phng php Successive Substitution
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
Bin i phng trnh f(x) = 0 v dng
x = g(x)
Xc nh x
i+1
t phng trnh trn: x
i+1
= g(x
i
)
Lp li bc trn cho n khi thu c sai s
a
:
Bi ton bnh khuy lin tc trong xy ra ng thi 2
phn ng ho hc nh sau:
Cu hi:
1. Gi thit g cn quan tm?
2. Tnh nng cc cht iu kin n nh?
Bi Tp: H PT Phi Tuyn 01
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
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1. Gi thit:
Th tch bnh khng i trong sut qu trnh phn
ng.
Bnh khuy l tng: nng ti mi imtrong
bnh phn ng l nh nhau.
2. Tnh nng cc cht iu kin n nh?
iu kin n nh: nng cc cht khng i
theo thi gian.
Bi Tp: H PT Phi Tuyn 01
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
Da trn vic cn bng vt cht cho mi cu t trong
bnh phn ng, ta c:
Bi Tp: H PT Phi Tuyn 01
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
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Trong :
= 1 mol/hr : lu lng dng
V = 50 lit : Th tch bnh
k1 = 1 lit
2
/(mol
2
.hr) : hng s tc phn ng
k2 = 1 lit/(mol.hr)
c
A, in
= 1 mol/lit : nng ban u
c
B, in
= 3 mol/lit
c
C, in
= 0 mol/lit
c
D, in
= 0 mol/lit
Bi Tp: H PT Phi Tuyn 01
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
Nu ta t:
x
1
= c
A
x
2
= c
B
x
3
= c
C
x
4
= c
D
iu kin n nh, ta c h phng trnh phi tuyn
nh sau:
(c
A, in
x
1
) + V(k
1
x
1
x
2
) = 0
(c
B, in
x
2
) + V(k
1
x
1
x
2
k
2
x
3
x
2
) = 0
(c
C, in
x
3
) + V(k
1
x
1
x
2
k
2
x
3
x
2
) = 0
(c
D, in
x
4
) + V(k
2
x
3
x
2
) = 0
Gi : gii bng PP Successive Substitution
Bi Tp: H PT Phi Tuyn 01
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
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Phng php Newton-Raphson
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
Phng php Secant
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
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Mt nh my x nc thi vo mt con knh. Nng nc thi
c o v th hin qua phng trnh ton hc nh sau:
Xc nh nng cht thi iu kin n nh bng phng
php Newton Raphson v Secant.
S dng gi tr sau (nu cn)
c
i
= 4 g/m
3
and c
i-1
= 3.8 g/m
3
, and
s
= 0.1 %.
Bi Tp: H PT Phi Tuyn 02
2.2. n tp - H phng trnh phi tuyn
PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
PP Vi phn ton phn thng gp cc bi ton
khng n nh. V d nh bi ton CSTR:
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PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
Mt s nh lut c m t bng ODE:
PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
Dng ton hc:
VD:
0 3 = + x
dx
dy
( )
x
e x y y y = + + 3 ' 4 ' '
( ) ( ) 0 = + dy y x dx y x
Cap 1 Cap 2 Cap 1
Phng trnh vi phan cap n: cha ao ham cao nhat cap n
Dang tong quat PT vi phan cap 1:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0 , , ' ' , ' , , = x y x y x y x y x F
n
K
Dang tong quat cap n:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ' , , = x y x y x F
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PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
Nghiem PTVP
(c) Dang tham so
(a) Dang hien: y = f(x)
(b) Dang an: H(x, y) = 0
( )
( )

=
=
t y y
t x x
VD:
x
e y
dx
dy
=
Nghiem:
x
e y
2
=
Nghiem:
x x
e Ce y
2
+ =
(nghiem tong quat)
PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
PHNG TRNH PHAN LY BIEN SO
Co the tach ri moi ve 1 bien
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0
'
2 2 1 1
= +
= +
=
dy y g x f dx y g x f
dy y g dx x f
y g x f y
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PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
Cong thc nghiem tong quat PTVP cap 1 tuyen tnh:
( )
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

= + =

dx x p dx x p dx x p
e dx e x f Ce y x q y x p y
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( '
PTVP cap 1 t/tnh (E):
2/ Bien thien hang so C = C(x)
1/ PT thuan nhat:
3/ Nghiem sau cung: Tong 2 nghiem bc 1 & bc 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x q y x p y x b y x a y = + + = ' ' hoac
( ) ( ) ( ) x Cy y y x p y y x a y
0
0 ' ' = = + = hoac
( ) ( )

= = K x C x b y C
0
'
PT VI PHAN CAP 1 TUYEN TNH
PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
PT VI PHAN CAP 2
F(x, y, y, y) = 0
BT Cosi: PT chuan hoa + K au
( )
( ) ( )

= =
=
1 0 0 0
' ,
' , , ' '
y x y y x y
y y x f y
( )

= =
=
b y a y
b x a y y x f y
, ) (
), ' , , ( ' '
Bai toan bien: Tm y = y(x) thoa
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PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
PT VI PHAN CAP 2
He so ham, k0 thuan nhat (ve phai): y + p(x)y + q(x)y = f(x)
PT thuan nhat tng ng: y + p(x)y + q(x)y = 0
He so hang, k0 thuan nhat (co ve phai): y + py + qy = f(x)
PT thuan nhat tng ng: y + py + qy = 0
GIAI PTVP TUYEN TNH C2 THUAN NHAT HE SO HANG
------
x k x k
tn tq
e C e C y
2 1
2 1 .
+ =
x k x k
e e
2 1
, s c nghiem 2 PTVPC2 thuan
nhat he so hang
y + py + qy = 0
PTrnh ac trng
k
2
+ pk + q = 0
> 0: k
1
k
2
R
< 0: N0 phc
= 0: k
1
= k
2
R
i k
i m
=
= <
2 , 1
2 2
0
kx kx
xe e , s c nghiem 2
kx kx
tn tq
xe C e C y
2 1 .
+ =
(thc) s c nghiem 2
[ ] x C x C e y
x

sin cos
2 1
+ =
x e x e
x x


sin , cos
Phai tm u 2
nghiem phng
trnh ac trng
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PT Vi phn ton phn (ODE)
2.2. n tp - ODE
Phng php s (Numerical Methods)
Bi ton iu kin u Initial value Problem (ODE-IVP)
Phng php Euler
Phng php Runge-Kutta
Bi ton iu kin bin Boundary value Problem (ODE-BVP)
Phng php shootting
Phng php phn t hu hn (Finite Difference Method)
Phng php tng qut
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
Phng php s dng thut ton sau y gii bi ton
ODE-IVP:
Gi Tr Mi = Gi Tr C + H S Gc x bc nhy
y
i+1
= y
i
+ h
Trong ,
y
i+1
= Gi Tr Mi
y
i
= Gi Tr C
h = bc nhy
= H S Gc
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Phng php Euler
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
Bi ton ODE-IVP: Li gii:
y = f(x, y)
y(x
o
) = y
o
Phng php Euler
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
V d: Gii PT sau:
Trong khong: x = [0,4]
Bc nhy: h = 0.5
iu kin ban u: Ti x = 0; y = 1
Lu : li gii chnh xc l: y = -0.5x
4
+ 4x
3
10x
2
+ 8.5x + 1
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Phng php Euler
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
Li gii:
Lp ln 1:
y(0) = 1
f(0,1) = -2(0)3 + 12 (0)2 + 20(0) + 8.5
y(0.5) = y(0) + f(0,1)0.5 = 1.0 + 8.5(0.5) = 5.25
Lp ln 2:
y(1) = y(0.5) + f(0.5, 5.25)0.5
= 5.25 + [-2(0.5)3 + 12(0.5)2 12(0.5) + 8.5]0.5
= 5.875
Phng php Euler
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
Kt qu:
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Phng php Runge-Kutta
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
PP Runge-Kutta bc 3:
trong :
Phng php Runge-Kutta
2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
PP Runge-Kutta bc 4:
trong :
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2.2. n tp ODE-IVP
V d: Gii PT sau bng PP Runge-Kutta bc 4
Trong khong: x = [0,2]
Bc nhy: h = 0.5
iu kin ban u: Ti x = 0; y = 2
Lu : kim tra kt qu sau, ti x = 0.5; y = 3.7517
Bi Tp: PP Runge-Kutta
ODE - BVP
2.2. n tp ODE-BVP
ODE-BVP c dng:
y" = f(x; y; y); a < x < b;
Dirichlet:
y(a) = ; y(b) =
Neumann:
y(a) = ; y(b) =