Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines: Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy
Three-Phase Wound-Rotor
Induction Machines
Courseware Sample
86367-F0

A

RENEWABLE ENERGY

THREE-PHASE WOUND-ROTOR INDUCTION MACHINES

Courseware Sample
by
the staff
of
Lab-Volt Ltd.
Copyright 2011 Lab-Volt Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means, without the prior
written permission of Lab-Volt Ltd.
Printed in Canada
March 2011

A Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines v
Foreword
The primary difference between three-phase wound-rotor induction machines
and three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines is the design of the machine
rotor. The rotor of three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines is made of
conducting bars short-circuited by rings at both ends, while the rotor of three-
phase wound-rotor induction machines consists of wire windings similar to the
machine stator windings. These rotor windings are accessible through slip rings
and brushes, allowing the connection of electrical components to the machine
rotor.
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machines offer a number of advantages over
other types of induction machines, most notably the ability to produce high
starting torques at lower starting currents. Large three-phase wound-rotor
induction machines are also easier to assemble than comparatively sized three-
phase squirrel-cage induction machines. Due to these advantages, three-phase
wound-rotor induction machines are commonly used in industry for any
application requiring a large rotating machine (0.75 MW, or 1000 hp, and more).
In such cases, the ability to produce a high starting torque with a reasonable
starting current is crucial.
Another particularity of three-phase wound-rotor induction machines is the
possibility to adjust the machine operating speed by controlling the rotor currents.
Due to this feature, three-phase wound-rotor induction machines were
traditionally used in applications requiring a rotating machine to run over a wide
range of speeds. Today, however, the ability to adjust the speed of three-phase
wound-rotor induction machines is used less frequently because the same
results can be achieved more efficiently by controlling the speed of three-phase
squirrel-cage induction machines using variable-frequency motor drives.

Typical wound-rotor found in three-phase wound-rotor induction machines.

A Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines vii
Table of Contents
Introduction Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines .................... 1
Introduction to three-phase wound-rotor induction machines.
Exercise 1 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with a
Short-Circuited Rotor ................................................................ 5
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine with a short-
circuited rotor windings.
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor
Resistance ................................................................................ 13
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting current
and torque versus the rotor resistance. Varying the speed of
a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine through the
rotor resistance.
Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart ................................................... 31
Appendix B Glossary of New Terms ........................................................... 33
Appendix C Impedance Table for the Load Modules ................................ 35
Appendix D Circuit Diagram Symbols ........................................................ 37
Index of New Terms ............................................................................................. 39
Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 41
We Value Your Opinion! ...................................................................................... 43

Sample Exercise
Extracted from
Student Manual

A Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines 13

When you have completed this exercise, you will know the effects of varying the
rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine on the machine
starting current and torque, as well as on the machine rotation speed and
efficiency.
The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting current and torque
versus the rotor resistance
Varying the speed of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine
through the rotor resistance
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting current and
torque versus the rotor resistance
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machines have an important advantage over
three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines during start-up: it is possible to
reduce the starting current while increasing the starting torque. The ability of
wound-rotor induction machines to reduce the starting current is crucial for large-
size induction machines (0.75 MW, or 1000 hp, and more) because these
machines operate with large currents, especially during start-up. During this
period, the current requirements of large squirrel-cage induction machines can
be as high as four times the machine nominal current. Such high current
requirements put a great strain on the ac power network and make large squirrel-
cage induction machines impractical or even impossible to start.
Large-size induction machines are also required to produce high starting torques
as they are generally used to drive high-inertia loads (e.g., large pumps, cranes,
grinders). In such cases, the ability of three-phase wound-rotor induction
machines to increase the machine starting torque is beneficial because it
reduces the amount of time required for the machine to reach the nominal speed
and shortens the machine start-up time (and thus, the amount of time during
which the current drawn by the machine is many times the nominal current).
The following two sections explain in more detail the ability of three-phase
wound-rotor induction machines to reduce the machine current and increase the
machine torque during start-up.
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting current
The starting current of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine can be
lowered by increasing the machine rotor resistance. The relationship between the
Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor
Resistance
Exercise
2

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION OUTLINE
DISCUSSION
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor Resistance Discussion
14 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines A
amount of current drawn by a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine as a
function of the machine speed for different rotor resistance values is shown in
Figure 4.

Figure 4. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting current as a function of the
machine speed for different rotor resistance values.
As Figure 4 shows, the higher the rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine, the lower the machine starting current. For instance, passing
from a short-circuited rotor condition to a high rotor resistance condition reduces
the machine starting current from about 400% of the machine nominal current to
about 200% of the machine nominal current. As large-size machines require a
large amount of current during start-up, such a gain can make an enormous
difference. Figure 4 also shows that, as the machine nears the synchronous
speed, the effect of the machine rotor resistance on the machine current
becomes less and less important until, at the synchronous speed, the machine
current is the same for any rotor resistance.
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting torque
The starting torque of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine, like its
starting current, can be adjusted by changing the rotor resistance. Increasing the
rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine has the effect of
shifting toward the left the breakdown torque region on the torque-versus-speed
curve. The relationship between the torque and speed of a three-phase wound-
rotor induction machine for different rotor resistance values is shown in Figure 5.
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Short-circuited rotor
Low rotor resistance
Moderate rotor resistance
High rotor resistance
Machine speed (% of synchronous speed)

Figure 5. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine torque-versus-speed curves for
different rotor resistance values.
As Figure 5 shows, the higher the rotor resistance of the three-phase wound-
rotor induction machine (up to a certain value), the higher the machine starting
torque. However, as the machine speed increases, a high rotor resistance
causes the machine torque to decrease more rapidly than when lower rotor
resistance values are used. For this reason, after the machine initial start-up, the
rotor resistance is usually progressively lowered, or simply short-circuited, in
order to reduce the rotor resistance to a minimum and optimize the machine
torque.
Figure 6 shows on the same graph both the current-versus-speed and torque-
versus-speed curves of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine for
different rotor resistance values. As you can see, when the machine rotor
resistance is high, the starting current is minimal and the starting torque is
maximal. This is perfectly adapted to applications where large induction
machines are started under heavy mechanical loads.
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Figure 6. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine current-versus-speed and torque-
versus-speed curves for different rotor resistance values.
Another advantage three-phase wound-rotor induction machines have over
three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines is the ability to adjust the machine
speed. Traditionally, this ability was used in applications requiring the machine to
run over a wide range of speeds. Nowadays, however, the ability to adjust the
speed of three-phase wound-rotor induction machines is less and less used as
the same results can be achieved more efficiently by controlling three-phase
squirrel-cage induction machines using variable-frequency motor drives.
It is possible to adjust the speed of three-phase wound-rotor induction machines
by varying the rotor resistance. For any given torque (within the normal operating
range of the machine), the higher the rotor resistance, the lower the machine
rotation speed. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 7. In this example, a
three-phase wound-rotor induction machine is coupled to a constant-torque
brake that produces a constant opposing torque. As you can see, for a given
machine torque during motor operation, the machine speed decreases as the
machine rotor resistance increases.
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Figure 7. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine speed variation for a given torque for
different rotor resistance values.
However, varying the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine speed in such
a way has drawbacks. Firstly, it reduces the machine efficiency and mechanical
power output in comparison to a similarly sized three-phase squirrel-cage
induction machine operating at the same speed. This is due to the fact that
adding resistance to the machine rotor increases the machine copper (I
2
R)
losses and thus lowers the machine efficiency and mechanical power output.
In addition, the higher the rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine, the greater the variation in the rotation speed as the torque varies. This
relationship is illustrated in Figure 8. As the figure shows, for a given torque
variation, the resulting machine speed variation is much more important when the
machine rotor resistance is high than when the machine rotor is short-circuited.
This means that three-phase wound-rotor induction machines having a high rotor
resistance are more susceptible to speed variations as the load torque changes.
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Machine speed variation
for a given torque
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor Resistance Procedure Outline

Figure 8. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine speed variation as the machine torque
varies for different rotor resistance values.
The Procedure is divided into the following sections:
Setup and connections
Effect of the rotor resistance on the starting current and torque of a
three-phase wound-rotor induction machine

CAUTION!
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify
any banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified!
Setup and connections
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine coupled to a brake. You will then set the measuring equipment
required to study the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine operation
during start-up.
1. Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart in Appendix A to obtain the list of
equipment required to perform this exercise.
Install the required equipment in the Workstation.
PROCEDURE OUTLINE
PROCEDURE
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Machine speed
variation as the
machine torque varies
Machine torque variation
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor Resistance Procedure
a
Make sure you use the same Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
module as in Exercise 1 of this manual by confirming that the modules serial
number is the same as the serial number you recorded in the first step of
Exercise 1.
Mechanically couple the Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine to the
Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply using a timing belt.
2. Make sure that the ac and dc power switches on the Power Supply are set to
the O (off) position, then connect the Power Supply to a three-phase ac
power outlet.
Make sure that the main power switch on the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/
Power Supply is set to the O (off) position, then connect its Power Input to an
ac power wall outlet.
Connect the Power Input of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a
24 V ac power supply.
3. Connect the USB port of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a USB
port of the host computer.
Connect the USB port of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to
a USB port of the host computer.
4. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9.

a
As the machine starting current will reach a value that is higher than 4 A, use
the 40 A input terminal for current input I1 on the Data Acquisition and Control
Interface.
Local ac power network Rotor
resistance
R
1
, R
2
, R
3

()
Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
120 60 171
220 50 629
240 50 686
Figure 9. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine coupled to a brake.
5. Make the necessary switch settings on the Resistive Load module in order to
obtain the rotor resistance value required.
Short-circuit the resistors in the Resistive Load module in order to temporarily
reduce the rotor resistance to zero.
6. Turn the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply on, then set the
Operating Mode switch to Dynamometer. This setting allows the Four-
Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to operate as a prime mover, a brake,
or both, depending on the selected function.
7. Connect Analog Output n of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
to Analog Input 8/n of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface using a
miniature banana plug lead.
Three-phase
wound-rotor
induction
machine
Brake
R
1
R
2
R
3
40 A input
L1
L2
L3
Connect the common (white) terminal of the Analog Outputs on the Four-
Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to one of the two analog
common (white) terminals on the Data Acquisition and Control Interface
using a miniature banana plug lead.
8. Turn the host computer on, then start the LVDAC-EMS software.
In the Module Selector window, make sure that the Data Acquisition and
Control Interface and the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply are
detected. Select the Computer-Based Instrumentation function for the Data
Acquisition and Control Interface. Also, make sure that the selected network
frequency corresponds to the frequency of your local ac power network, then
click the OK button to close the Module Selector window.
9. In LVDAC-EMS, open the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
window, then make the following settings:
Set the Pulley Ratio parameter to 24:24.
Set the Function parameter to Two-Quadrant, Constant-Torque
Brake.
Set the Torque parameter to 3.0 Nm (26.55 lbfin).
Start the Two-Quadrant, Constant-Torque Brake.
In LVDAC-EMS, set the Range setting of current input I1 to high.
10. In LVDAC-EMS, open the Oscilloscope, then make the appropriate settings
in order to observe the machine current (stator current) waveform measured
using input I1, as well as the machine speed n measured using Analog
Input 8/n.
a
It is recommended to set the sensitivity of the channel used to observe the
machine current waveform to 5 A/div, the sensitivity of the channel used to
observe the variation of the machine speed to 200 r/min / div, and the time
base to 50 ms/div.
On the Oscilloscope, set the trigger type to Hardware, the trigger source to
the channel used to observe the machine current waveform, and the trigger
level to 2 A. Adjust the horizontal position of the trigger point to about 1
division of the left-hand side of the oscilloscope screen.
a
These settings ensure that the Oscilloscope begins to record data only when
the machine stator current reaches a value of 2 A, i.e., when the machine
starts.
On the Oscilloscope, click the Single Refresh button.
Effect of the rotor resistance on the starting current and torque of a
three-phase wound-rotor induction machine
In this section, you will start the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine and
record on the Oscilloscope the machine current waveform and speed signal
when the machine rotor is short-circuited. You will then increase the resistance at
the rotor and record on the Oscilloscope the machine current waveform and
speed signal. You will compare the machine current waveforms you obtained
with a short-circuited rotor and with rotor resistance, and analyze the results. You
will also compare the machine speed signals you obtained with a short-circuited
rotor and with rotor resistance, and analyze the results.
11. On the Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine, press and hold the
Protection Override push-button in order to override the overvoltage
protection then, on the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source
on. Wait for about three seconds, then turn the three-phase ac power source
off. Release the Protection Override push-button in order to reactivate the
overvoltage protection device.
a
Lab-Volts Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine is fitted with an
overvoltage protection device preventing the rotor voltage from reaching
values higher than about 110% of the machine nominal rotor voltage. Since
the rotor voltage shortly exceeds this limit during start-up, it is necessary to
temporarily override the overvoltage protection in order to observe the
machine characteristics during start-up.
12. On the Oscilloscope, store in Memory 1 the data you just recorded, then click
the Single Refresh button to reset the Oscilloscope.
a
If the speed signal of the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine is of a
negative polarity, invert the connections at two of the three phase terminals of
the machine stator windings, then repeat the previous step.
13. On the Resistive Load module, remove the leads that short-circuit the
resistors connected to the rotor. The machine rotor resistance should now be
equal to the resistance value indicated in Figure 9.
14. On the Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine, press and hold the
Protection Override push-button in order to override the overvoltage safety
device then, on the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on.
Wait for about three seconds, then turn the three-phase ac power source off.
Release the Protection Override push-button in order to reactivate the
overvoltage protection device
In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, stop the Two-
Quadrant, Constant-Torque Brake.
15. On the Oscilloscope, show Memory 1 on screen. Show also the horizontal
cursors.
On the Oscilloscope, use the horizontal cursors to determine the amplitude of
the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine current during start-up, with
a short-circuited rotor and with rotor resistance.
Amplitude of starting current with a short-circuited rotor = A
Amplitude of starting current with rotor resistance = A
16. Calculate the rms values of the starting currents recorded in the previous
step.
RMS value of starting current with a short-circuited rotor = A
RMS value of starting current with rotor resistance = A
17. Convert the rms values of the starting currents calculated in the previous
step into percentage values related to the nominal stator current of the
Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine.
a
The nominal value of the stator current is indicated on the front panel of the
Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine.
Starting current with a short-circuited rotor = % of nominal current
Starting current with rotor resistance = % of nominal current
18. Do the results you obtained confirm that increasing the rotor resistance of a
three-phase wound-rotor induction machine lowers the machine starting
current?
Yes No
Do the machine speed signals you recorded confirm that the machine
starting torque obtained with rotor resistance is higher than the starting
torque obtained with a short-circuited rotor? Explain.

In this section, you will set up a circuit consisting of a three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine with rotor resistance coupled to a prime mover/brake. You will
start the machine and increase the machine speed by steps. At each step, you
will record in the Data Table the machine speed, torque, mechanical power, line
current, active power, reactive power, and power factor. You will calculate the
machine efficiency using the recorded machine mechanical power and active
power values. On the same graph, you will plot the torque versus speed curve
when the rotor is short-circuited (using the results you obtained in the previous
exercise), as well as when resistance is added to the rotor, and interpret the
results. Finally, you will plot the curves of the machine line current, active power,
reactive power, power factor, and efficiency as a function of the machine
mechanical power when the rotor is short-circuited (using the results you
obtained in the previous exercise), as well as when resistance is added to the
rotor, and interpret the results.
19. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 10.

Local ac power network Rotor
resistance
R
1
, R
2
, R
3

()
Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
120 60 171
220 50 629
240 50 686
Figure 10. Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine coupled to a prime mover/brake.
In LVDAC-EMS, set the Range setting of current input I1 to low.
Three-phase
wound-rotor
induction
machine
Prime mover/
brake
R
1
R
2
R
3
L1
L2
L3
20. Make sure the switch settings on the Resistive Load module correspond to
the rotor resistance values required (see table in Figure 10).
21. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, make the
following settings:
Set the Function parameter to CW Constant-Speed Prime
Mover/Brake.
Set the Speed parameter to the synchronous speed of the Three-
Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine.
a
The synchronous speed of the Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine
is 1500 r/min at a local ac power network frequency of 50 Hz and 1800 r/min at
a local ac power network frequency of 60 Hz.
22. In LVDAC-EMS, start the Metering application. Make the required settings in
order to measure the rms values (ac) of the three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine line current I
Lnc
(input I1). Set two other meters to
measure the machine active power P and reactive power using the two-
wattmeter method (meter function PQS1 + PQS2). Finally, set a meter to
measure the machine power factor PF from inputs E1, I1, E2, and I2.
23. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on.
Before starting the prime mover/brake, make sure that the Three-Phase
Wound-Rotor Induction Machine is rotating in the clockwise direction. If so,
proceed directly to the next step. Otherwise, turn the three-phase ac power
source off, invert the connections at two of the three phase terminals of the
machine stator windings, then repeat this step from the beginning.
24. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, start the
CW Constant-Speed Prime Mover/Brake.
In LVDAC-EMS, open the Data Table window.
Set the Data Table to record the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine
speed n, torque I, and mechanical power P
M
indicated in the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply window.
Also, set the Data Table to record the three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine line current I
Lnc
(input I1), active power P, reactive power , and
power factor PF indicated in the Metering application.
25. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, decrease the
Speed parameter until the three-phase wound-rotor induction machine
mechanical power P
M
is approximately equal to 250 W.
In the Data Table, click on the Record Data button to record the current value
of the machine speed n, torque I, mechanical power P
M
, line current I
Lnc
,
active power P, reactive power , and power factor PF.
26. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, increase the
Speed parameter so that the machine mechanical power P
M
decreases to
approximately -250 W in steps of about 25 W. For each machine mechanical
power value P
M
, record the machine parameters in the Data Table.
27. When all data has been recorded, turn the three-phase ac power source in
the Power Supply off.
In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, stop the
CW Constant-Speed Prime Mover/Brake.
28. In the Data Table window, save the recorded data, then export it to a
spreadsheet application.
In the spreadsheet application, add a new parameter to the results: the three-
phase wound-rotor induction machine efficiency p. To calculate the machine
efficiency p, use the following equations:
When the machine mechanical power P
M
is of positive polarity (i.e.,
when the machine operates as a motor), divide each machine
mechanical power value P
M
by the corresponding machine active
power value P, then multiply the result by 100 to express the
efficiency p as a percentage.
When the machine mechanical power P
M
is of negative polarity (i.e.,
when the machine operates as a generator), divide each machine
active power value P by the corresponding machine mechanical
power value P
M
, then multiply the result by 100.
a
Do not calculate the machine efficiency p when the machine mechanical
power P
M
is lower than about 50 W (positive or negative).
29. Plot on the same graph curves of the three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine torque I as a function of the machine speed n when the rotor is
short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to the rotor. Use the
results you recorded in the previous exercise and in this exercise to do so.
Observe the graph. Does adding resistance to the rotor of a three-phase
wound-rotor induction machine have any significant effect on the machine
torque I versus speed n curve? If so, explain.

Do your results confirm that increasing the resistance at the rotor of a three-
phase wound-rotor induction machine changes the machine speed n for a
given machine torque I?
Yes No
machine line current I
Lnc
as a function of the machine mechanical power P
M

when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to the
rotor. Use the results you recorded in the previous exercise and in this
exercise to do so.
line current I
Lnc
? If so, explain.

machine active power P and reactive power as a function of the machine
mechanical power P
M
when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when
resistance is added to the rotor. Use the results you recorded in the previous
exercise and in this exercise to do so.
active power P and reactive power ? If so, explain.

machine power factor PF as a function of the machine mechanical power P
M

when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to the
rotor. Use the results you recorded in the previous exercise and in this
exercise to do so.
power factor PF? If so, explain.

Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor Resistance Conclusion
machine efficiency p as a function of the machine mechanical power P
M
with
a short-circuited rotor, as well as with rotor resistance, when the machine
operates as a motor (P
M
50 W). Use the results you recorded in the
previous exercise and in this exercise to do so.
Plot on another graph curves of the three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine efficiency p as a function of the machine mechanical power P
M
with
a short-circuited rotor, as well as with rotor resistance, when the machine
operates as a generator (P
M
-50 W). Use the results you recorded in the
previous exercise and in this exercise to do so.
Observe the graphs. Does adding resistance to the rotor of a three-phase
efficiency p? If so, explain.

34. Close LVDAC-EMS, then turn off all the equipment. Disconnect all leads and
return them to their storage location.
In this exercise, you learned the effects of varying the rotor resistance of a three-
phase wound-rotor induction machine on the machine starting current and
torque, as well as on the machine rotation speed and efficiency.
1. Describe the effect of increasing the rotor resistance of a three-phase
wound-rotor induction machine on the machine starting current.

2. Describe the effect of increasing the rotor resistance of a three-phase
wound-rotor induction machine on the machine starting torque.

CONCLUSION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor Resistance Review Questions
3. Why is the rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine
usually short-circuited after the machine initial start-up?

4. How is it possible to vary the speed of a three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine?

5. What is the main drawback of lowering the speed of a three-phase wound-
rotor induction machine using the machine rotor resistance?

Sample
Extracted from
Instructor Guide
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine with Rotor Resistance
Exercise 2 Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machine
with Rotor Resistance
15. The following oscilloscope screen shows the obtained results.

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine starting current and speed with short-circuited
rotor and with rotor resistance.
Amplitude of starting current with a short-circuited rotor = 8.11 A
Amplitude of starting current with rotor resistance = 4.42 A
16. RMS value of starting current with a short-circuited rotor = 5.73 A
RMS value of starting current with rotor resistance = 3.13 A
17. Starting current with a short-circuited rotor = 458% of nominal current
Starting current with rotor resistance = 250% of nominal current
18. Yes
Yes. The machine speed increases more rapidly during start-up with rotor
resistance than with a short-circuited rotor. Consequently, the machine
starting torque is higher with rotor resistance than with a short-circuited rotor.
ANSWERS TO
PROCEDURE STEP
QUESTIONS
Oscilloscope Settings
Channel-1 Scale ............................ 5 A/div
Channel-2 Scale .................. 200 r/min/div
Show memories ........................Memory 1
Show cursors ........................... Horizontal
Time Base ................................. 50 ms/div
Trigger type ............................... Hardware
Trigger source .................................... Ch1
Trigger level ............................................ 2
Motor speed with
rotor resistance
Motor speed with short-
circuited rotor
Motor current with
short-circuited rotor
Motor current with
rotor resistance
28. The results obtained are presented below.
Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine speed n, torque T, mechanical power P
M
, line current I
L|ne
, active power P,
reactive power Q, power factor PF, and efficiency q when resistance is added to the rotor.
Speed n
(r/min)
Torque T
(Nm) [lbfin]
Mechanical
power P
M

(W)
Line
current I
L|ne

(A)
Active power P
(W)
Reactive
power Q
(var)
Power
factor PF
Efficiency q
(%)
1343 1.79 (15.8) 251.7 1.54 415.6 334.6 0.78 60.6
1438 1.49 (13.2) 223.7 1.39 345.0 325.5 0.73 64.8
1495 1.28 (11.3) 200.8 1.29 298.5 322.6 0.68 67.3
1547 1.09 (9.64) 176.4 1.21 255.7 333.1 0.61 69.0
1598 0.90 (7.94) 150.1 1.16 214.6 326.6 0.55 69.9
1643 0.71 (6.32) 122.9 1.10 176.5 329.3 0.47 69.6
1678 0.57 (5.01) 99.5 1.08 145.7 332.8 0.40 68.3
1706 0.43 (3.84) 77.6 1.06 120.9 336.3 0.34 64.1
1741 0.28 (2.47) 50.9 1.05 90.4 342.1 0.26 56.3
1772 0.14 (1.22) 25.6 1.05 62.6 350.3 0.18
1801 -0.01 (-0.04) -1.0 1.06 36.4 354.3 0.10
1826 -0.13 (-1.14) -24.7 1.06 11.7 360.8 0.03
1853 -0.25 (-2.24) -49.2 1.08 -12.1 369.1 0.03 24.6
1877 -0.38 (-3.34) -74.1 1.10 -35.2 374.6 0.09 47.5
1902 -0.51 (-4.48) -100.7 1.13 -57.8 384.7 0.15 57.4
1923 -0.62 (-5.47) -124.4 1.16 -77.9 392.6 0.20 62.6
1944 -0.73 (-6.47) -148.7 1.19 -98.2 400.0 0.24 66.1
1968 -0.86 (-7.57) -176.2 1.22 -120.0 408.6 0.28 68.1
1987 -0.96 (-8.46) -198.8 1.25 -137.2 406.7 0.32 69.0
2010 -1.07 (-9.50) -225.9 1.29 -158.8 421.0 0.35 70.3
2028 -1.18 (-10.4) -249.8 1.32 -175.9 430.4 0.38 70.4
29. The resulting graphs are shown below.
When the machine torque I is expressed in Nm:

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine torque T (expressed in Nm) as a function of the
machine speed n when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to the
rotor.
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Machine speed n (r/min)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

t
o
r
q
u
e

I

(
N
m
)

With a short-
circuited rotor
With rotor
resistance
When the machine torque I is expressed in lbfin:

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine torque T (expressed in lbfin) as a function of the
machine speed n when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to the
rotor.
Yes. When the rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine is increased, the machine torque I versus speed n curve becomes
much less steep, in both motor and generator operation. This means that,
when the rotor resistance is increased, the machine torque I increases much
less rapidly as the machine slip increases.
Yes
30. The resulting graph is shown below.

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine line current I
L|ne
as a function of the machine
mechanical power P
M
when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to
the rotor.
No
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-450.0 -350.0 -250.0 -150.0 -50.0 50.0 150.0 250.0 350.0 450.0
Machine speed n (r/min)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

t
o
r
q
u
e

I

(
l
b
f
i
n
)

With a short-
circuited rotor
With rotor
resistance
Machine mechanical power P
M
(W)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

l
i
n
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

I
L
n
c

With rotor
resistance
With a short-
circuited rotor

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine active power P and reactive power Q as a
function of the machine mechanical power P
M
when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as
when resistance is added to the rotor.
No

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine power factor PF as a function of the machine
mechanical power P
M
when the rotor is short-circuited, as well as when resistance is added to
the rotor.
No
-300.0
-200.0
-100.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
-450.0 -350.0 -250.0 -150.0 -50.0 50.0 150.0 250.0 350.0 450.0
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
-450.0 -350.0 -250.0 -150.0 -50.0 50.0 150.0 250.0 350.0 450.0
M
(W)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

a
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

P

(
W
)

M
a
c
h
i
n
e

r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

(
v
a
r
)

Reactive power with
a short-circuited rotor
Active power P with a
short-circuited rotor
Active power P with
rotor resistance
Reactive power
with rotor resistance
M
(W)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

p
o
w
e
r

f
a
c
t
o
r

P
F

With rotor
resistance
With a short-
circuited rotor
33. The resulting graphs are shown below.

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine efficiency q as a function of the machine
mechanical power P
M
with a short-circuited rotor, as well as with rotor resistance, when the
machine operates as a motor.

Three-phase wound-rotor induction machine efficiency q as a function of the machine
mechanical power P
M
with a short-circuited rotor, as well as with rotor resistance, when the
machine operates as a generator.
When resistance is added to the rotor of the three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine, the machine efficiency p is approximately equal to or
lower than when the rotor is short-circuited, and stabilizes at a lower value.
1. Increasing the rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine reduces the amount of current drawn by the machine during start-
up.
2. Increasing the rotor resistance of a three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine shifts toward the left the breakdown torque region on the machine
torque versus speed curve. Thus, the higher the machine rotor resistance (up
to a certain value), the higher the machine starting torque.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-400.0 -350.0 -300.0 -250.0 -200.0 -150.0 -100.0 -50.0 0.0
ANSWERS TO REVIEW
QUESTIONS
M
(W)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

p

(
%
)

With a short-
circuited rotor
With rotor
resistance
M
(W)
M
a
c
h
i
n
e

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

p

(
%
)

With a short-
circuited rotor
With rotor
resistance
3. After the initial start-up of a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine, a
high rotor resistance causes the torque produced by the machine to
decrease rapidly as the machine speed increases. This is why the machine
rotor resistance is usually short-circuited after initial start-up to optimize the
torque produced by the machine.
4. It is possible to vary the speed of a three-phase wound-rotor induction
machine by varying the machine rotor resistance. The higher the machine
rotor resistance, the lower the machine speed for a given torque.
5. The main drawback of lowering the speed of a three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine by increasing the machine rotor resistance is the reduction
of the machine efficiency. This is because increasing the machine rotor
resistance increases the machine copper (I
2
R) losses.

Bibliography
Wildi, Theodore, Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6
th
Edition,
Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 2005, ISBN 978-0131776913.

Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Machines: Renewable Energy

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