Bi 2.

Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc Dng 1: V tr nguyn t trong bng tun hon, tnh cht v s bin i tun hon cc nguyn t. - Z = STT nguyn t - S lp e = STT chu k - Vi cc nguyn t s, p: S e lp ngoi cng = STT nhm (A) - Vi cc nguyn t d: gi s cu hnh tng qut : (n-1)da nsb vi 0a2; 1b10 + nu 3 a+b 7 STT nhm (B) = a+b + nu 8 a+b 10 STT nhm = 8 + nu 11 a+ b 12 STT = a+b -10. Cu hnh lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm A : gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p: ns1 IIA ns2 IIIA ns2np1 IVA ns2np2 VA ns2np3 VIA ns2np4 VIIA ns2np5 VIIIA ns2np6

Cu hnh lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t d : IB 10 (n1)d ns1 VB 1)d3ns2 (n IIB 10 (n1)d ns2 VIB IIIB 1 (n1)d ns2 IVB 2 (n1)d ns2 VIIIB : (n1)d6ns2 (n 1)d7ns2 (n1)d8ns2 Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn * Trong mt chu k t tri phi: - in tch ht nhn tng. - S lp e bng nhau. - S electron lp ngoi cng tng. - rnt gim . - m in tng . - Nng lng ion ho I1 tng. - Tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng; tnh axit ca cc oxit, hiroxit, tnh baz ca chng tng. - Ho tr trong hp cht kh vi H ca phi kim gim t 41 ; ho tr cao nht trong hp cht vi O tng t 17. * Trong mt nhm A t trn xung di: Khi Z tng , s lp e tng, s e lp ngoi cng bng nhau, rnt tng; m in gim; I1 gi m , tnh KL tng , tnh PK gim , tnh axit ca cc oxit, hiroxit , tnh baz tng. 3. nh lut tun hon * Ni dung nh lut Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. * Lu : Hai nguyn t A, B thuc cng mt chu k v thuc 2 nhm A lin tip nhau ZB ZA = 1. Hai nguyn t A, B thuc cng nhm A v thuc :2 chu k lin tip nhau.

(n1)d5ns1 VIIB (n 1) d5ns2

ZB ZA = 8 (nu t nht A thuc chu k nh) ZB ZA = 18 (nu c A, B thuc chu k ln)

Bi tp VD1: Cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t A l [Ne] 3s2. Cho bit v tr ca A trong bng tun hon? A l kim loi hay phi kim? V sao? VD2: Cc ion R2+, X- u c cu hnh electron l 2s22p6 Xc nh v tr ca R, X trong bng tun hon? VD3: Cho cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca X l 4s2. xc nh v tr X trong BTH? VD4: X l nguyn t chu k 4, nhm VIIA. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca X? VD5: X l nguyn t chu k 4, nhm IIB. xc nh cu hnh electron ca X? VD6: X, Y l 2 nguyn t cng nhm A 2 chu k lien tip trong bng tun hon. Tng s ht mang in ca X v Y l 64. Xc dnh X, Y ? VD7 : X, Y l 2 nguyn t 2 nhm A lin tip nhau, 2 chu k lin tip nhau trong bng tun hon. trng thi n cht, X v Y khng phan ng vi nhau. Tng s ht electron ca X v Y l 23. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca X, Y ? VD8: Sp xp cc nguyn t sau y theo th t tng dn bn knh nguyn t : 19K, 9F, 12Mg, 8O VD9 : sp xp cc nguyn t sau theo chiu tng dn m in : O, N, Mg, Al, S. Bi tp t luyn 1. Cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t A l [Ar] 4s2. Cho bit v tr ca A trong bng tun hon? A l kim loi hay phi kim? V sao? 2. Cc ion R2+, X- u c cu hnh electron l 3s23p6 Xc nh v tr ca R, X trong bng tun hon? 3. Cho cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng ca X l 4s1. xc nh v tr X trong BTH? 4. X l nguyn t chu k 3, nhm VIA. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca X? 5. X l nguyn t chu k 4, nhm IB. xc nh cu hnh electron ca X? 6. X, Y l 2 nguyn t cng nhm A 2 chu k lien tip trong bng tun hon. Tng s ht proton ca X v Y l 24. Xc dnh X, Y ? 7. X, Y l 2 nguyn t 2 nhm A lin tip nhau trong bng tun hon. X nhm VIA. trng thi n cht, X v Y khng phan ng vi nhau. Tng s ht electron ca X v Y l 23. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca X, Y ? 8. Sp xp cc nguyn t sau y theo th t tng dn tnh kh : K, F, Mg, O 9. sp xp cc nguyn t sau theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim : O, N, Mg, Al, S. 10*. sp xp cc cht sau tng dn tnh axit : a) HI, HF, HCl, HBr b) H2O, NH3, CH4, HF. Bi tp trc nghim Cu 1. Cho 3 nguyn t A, M, X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng (n = 3) tng ng l ns 1, ns2np1, ns2np5. Pht biu no sau y sai ? A. A, M, X ln lt l cc th 11, 13 v 17 ca bng tun hon. B. A, M, X u thuc chu k 3. C. A, M, X thuc nhm IA, IIIA v VIIA. D. Trong ba nguyn t, X c s oxi ho cao nht v bng +5. Cu 2. Cho bit s th t ca Cu l 29. Pht biu no sau y ng ? A. Cu thuc chu k 3, nhm IB. B. Cu thuc chu k 4, nhm IB.

C. Cu to c cc ion Cu+, Cu2+ c cu hnh electron bn ca kh him. D. Ion Cu 2+ c lp electron ngoi cng bo ho. Cu 3. Nguyn t Z thuc chu k 4, nhm VIIA, cu hnh electron ca Z l A. 1s22s22p63s23p5. B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s24p5. D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5. Cu 48. Dy nguyn t c s th t no sau y ch gm cc nguyn t d ? A. 9, 16, 25. B. 26, 28, 29. C. 20, 34, 39. D. 17, 31, 74. Cu 4. Cc nguyn t X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 ln lt c cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau : X1 : 1s22s22p63s2 X2 : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 X3 : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 X4 : 1s22s22p63s23p5 X5 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 X6 : 1s22s22p63s23p1 Nhng nguyn t no thuc cng mt chu k ? A. X1, X4, X6. B. X2, X3, X5. C. X1, X2, X6. D. X1, X4, X6 v X2, X3, X5. Cu 5. Cho cc nguyn t tng t cu 49. Cc nguyn t kim loi l A. X1, X2, X3, X5, X6. B. X1, X2, X3. C. X2, X3, X5. D. X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6. Cu 6. Cho cc nguyn t tng t cu 49. Ba nguyn t to ra 3 cation c cu hnh electron ging nhau l A. X1, X2, X6. B. X2, X3, X4. C. X2, X3, X5. D. X2, X3, X6. Cu 7. Nguyn t c s th t 37 thuc chu k no, nhm no trong bng tun hon ? A. Chu k 4, nhm IA . B. Chu k 4, nhm IIA. C. Chu k 5, nhm IA . D. Chu k 5, nhm IIA. Cu 8. Mt nguyn t R c cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p3, cng thc hp cht vi hiro v cng thc oxit cao nht l A. RH2, RO. B. RH3, R2O5. C. RH4, RO2. D. RH5, R2O5. Cu 9. Dy nguyn t no sau y sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca bn knh nguyn t ? A. C, N, Si, F. B. Na, Ca, Mg, Al. C. F, Cl, Br, I. D. S, O, Te, Se. Cu 10. Dy nguyn t no sau y c sp xp theo chiu tng dn m in ca nguyn t ? A. Na, Cl, Mg, C. B. N, C, F, S. C. Li, H, C, O, F. D. S, Cl, F, P. Cu 11. Nguyn t c tnh kim loi mnh nht l A. liti. B. rubii. C. xesi. D. hiro. Cu 12. Nguyn t c tnh phi kim mnh nht l A. flo. B. iot. C. oxi. D. heli. Cu 13. Tnh baz ca cc hiroxit : NaOH, Mg(OH) 2, Al(OH)3 bin i nh th no? A. Gim dn. B. Tng dn. C. Khng i. D. Va tng va gim. Cu 14. Tnh axit ca dy cht H2SiO3, H3PO4, H2SO4, HClO4 bin i theo chiu no sau y ?

A. B. C. D.

A. Tng dn. B. Gim dn. C. Va tng va gim. D. Khng i. Cu 15. Cc cht trong dy no sau y c xp theo th t tnh axit tng dn ? A. Al(OH)3 ; H2SiO3 ; H3PO4 ; H2SO4. B. H2SiO3 ; Al(OH)3 ; H3PO4 ; H2SO4 . C. NaOH ; Al(OH)3; Mg(OH)2 ; H2SiO3. D. H2SiO3 ; Al(OH)3 ; Mg(OH)2 ; H2SO4. Cu 16. ( TSH khi A 2007): anion X v cation Y2+ u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon l: X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA; Y c STT 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. X c STT 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA; Y c STT 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. X c STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA; Y c STT 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA; Y c STT 20, chu k 3, nhm IIA.

Bi 2. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc Dng 2: tm cng thc hp cht vi hidro v oxi * Trong mt chu k t tri sang phi: Hp cht kh vi hiro Hp cht vi oxi (ho tr cao nht) RH4 R2O RO R 2 O3 RO2 RH3 R 2 O5 RH2 RO3 RH R 2 O7

Ha tr cao nht trong hp cht oxit = STT nhm Ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro = 8- STT nhm i vi 1 nguyn t: Ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro + Ha tr cao nht trong hp cht oxit = 8 Bi tp: VD1: Nguyn t A nhm IVA, hp cht kh vi hidro l B, t khi ca B so vi H 2 l 8. xc nh A v cng thc oxit cao nht ca A. VD2: CT oxit cao nht ca X l X2O5. thnh % v khi lng ca X trong hp cht kh vi hidro l 91,18%. Xc nh X? VD3: X l nguyn t nhm VIA, trong hp cht kh vi hidro, % v khi lng ca hidro l 5,88%. Xc nh X? VD4: CT hp cht kh vi hidro ca A l AH4, trong hp cht oxit cao nht (B), % v khi lng ca A l 46,67%. Xc nh A, B? Dng 3: Xc nh cc nguyn t lien tip nhau trong cng mt nhm bng phn ng trong dung dch: Gi s cn tm 2 nguyn t X, Y lin tip nhau trong cng mt nhm - gi A l nguyn t i din cho hn hp gm X, Y. M l NTKTB ca hn hp vi: min( Mx, My) < M < max( Mx, My)

- Tm M - Da vo BTH Mx, My X, Y. VD1: Ha tan hon ton 3,2g hn hp gm 2 kim loi 2 chu k lin tip nhau nhm IIA vo dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh 2 kim loi ? VD2: ha tan ht 3,68g hn hp gm mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi 2 chu k lin tip nhau ca nhm IIA bng dung dch H2SO4 long thu c 2,576 lt kh thot ra ktc. Xc nh 2 kim loi v % v khi lng ca 2 KL trong hn hp ban u? VD3: ha tan ht 3,68g hn hp gm mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi 2 chu k lin tip nhau ca nhm IIA bng dung dch HCl thy khi lng ca dung dch sau phn ng tng 1,92g so vi ban u. xc nh 2 KL . VD4: Cho 5,05g hn hp kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lien tip nhau trong BTH vo nc d thu c dung dch A. trung ha ht dung dch A cn 115ml dung dch HCl 1M. tm 2 nguyn t v % v khi lng ca mi nguyn t trong hn hi ban u.