APPENDIX

3
CONVERSION
FACTORS AND
CONSTANTS
OF NATURE

To convert from

To

Multiply byt

acre

ft'
m'
N/m'

43,560*

Ibf /in. 2
particles!g mol

14.696
6.022169 x 1023
5.6146
420.15899
h x lO s
14.504
1.380622 x 10-"
251.996
778.17
1055.06
2.9307 x 10-'
0.55556

atm

Avogadro number
barrel (petroleum)

bar

ft'
gal (U.S.)
m'
N/m'

Ibf /in. 2

Boltzmann constant

JIK

Btu

cal rr
ft-lb J
J
kWh
calrr /g
calrr/g-OC
W/m'
Wjm2_0C
kcalfm'-h-K

Btufib
Btufib-OF
Btu/ft'-h
Btu/ft'-VF
Btu-ft/ft'-h_oF

W-m/m2_oC
kcalfm-h-K

4046.85

1.01325* x 10 s

3.1546
5.6783
4.882
1.73073
1.488
(Continued)

1082

APPENDIX 3 CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS OF NATURE

To convert from

To

Multiply byt

callT

Btu
ft-Ib J
J
J

3.9683 x 10 -,
3.0873
4.1868.
4.184*
0.39370
0.0328084
3.531467 x 10-'

cal
cm
cm'
cP (centipoise)

eSt (centistoke)

faraday
ft
ft-Ib J

in.
ft
ft'
gal (U.S)
kg/m-s
Ib/ft-h
Ib/ft-s
m 2 /s
Cfg mol
m
Btu

callT
ft-lbJ /s

J
Btu/h
hp

ft'/h

ml/s

ftl-atm

cm 2 js
cm'
gal (U.s.)
L
Btu

ft3js
gal (U.S.)

J
gal (U.S)fmin
ft'

ft'

caIIT

gravitational constant
gravity acceleration, standard

h
hp
hp/1000 gal

in.
in. 3

J
kg
kWh
L
Ib
Ib/ft'

Ib f /in. 2
Ib mOl/ft 2-h
light, speed of

2.64172 x 10- 4
h x 10- 3

2.4191
6.7197 x 10- 4
h x 10- 6
9.648670 x J04
0.3048.
1.2851

10- 3

0.32383
1.35582
4.6262
1.81818 x 10- 3
2.581 x 10- 5

0.2581
2.8316839 x 10 4
7.48052
28.31684
2.71948
685.29
2.8692 x JO'
448.83
0.13368

in. 3

23h

N_m 2jkg 2
m/5 2
min
s
Btu/h
kW
kW/m'
cm
cm'
erg
ft-IbJ
Ib
Btu
m'
kg
kg/m'
gJcm J

6.673 x 10- 11

N/m 2

kg mOI/m 2 _s
g mOl/cm 2-s
m/s

9.80665.
60.

3600*
2544.43
0.74624
0.197
2.54*
16.3871
h x 10 7
0.73756
2.20462
3412.1
h x 10- 3
0.45359237.
16.018
0.016018
6.89473 x JO'
1.3562 x 10-'
1.3562 x 10- 4

2.997925 x 10'

(Continued)

APPENDIX 3 CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS OF NATURE

To convert from

To

Multiply byt

It

3.280840
393701
35.3147
264.17
h x 105
0.22481
1.4498 x 10- 4
6.626196 x 10-"
0.5
1016
2240*
2000.
1000*
2204.6

in.

rn'

ft'

N/m 2
Planck constant
proof (U.S.)
ton (long)

ton (short)
ton (metric)
yd

t Values

gal (U.S.)
dyn
Ibf
Ibj /in. 2
J-s
percent alcohol by volume
kg
Ib
Ib
kg
Ib

ft

3.

0.9144.

that end in an asterisk are exact, by definition.

1083