Cch gii cc dng ton thng gp i s 12 chng 1

Trang 1
CCH GII CC DNG TON THNG GP

Phn 1: S NG BIN,NGHCH BIN CA
HM S
Bi 1.1: Xt s ng bin nghch bin ca hm s
- Tm TX
- Tnh y. Tm cc im ti hn.
- Lp bng bin thin
- Kt lun.
Bi 1.2: Tm m hm s ng bin, nghch bin trn
R hoc trn tng khong ca tp xc nh.
- Tm TX
- Tnh y
- Hm s B trn R ' 0, y x R > e

0
0 a
A s

>

( Hm s nghch bin trn R ' 0, y x R s e

0
0 a
A s

<

)
T suy ra iu kin ca m.
Bi 1.3: Tm m hm bc 3 ng bin, nghch bin
trn khong (a,b)
* Cch 1:
+ Hm s B trn (a,b)
( ) ' 0, , y x a b > e

| | ' 0, , y x a b > e ( v ylin tc ti x = a v x =b)
g(x) > h(m) ,
| |
, x a b e
( ) ( ) min
,
g x h m
a b
(
(

> (*)
+ Tnh g(x) . Cho g(x) = 0 tm nghim x
0 | | , a b e
Tnh
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , g x g a g b => ( ) min
,
g x
a b
(
(


+ T (*) suy ra iu kin ca m.
* Cch 2: (thng dng khi tham s m c bc 2)
+ Hm s B trn (a,b)
( ) ' 0, , y x a b > e
C 2 trng hp :
* TH1 :
0
' 0,
0
y x R
a
A s
> e

>

suy ra m
* TH2 : y = f(x) =0 c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha
.(iu kin v x
1
, x
2
hm s B trn (a,b) xem
phn so snh cc s vi nghim ca tam thc bc hai )
Suy ra m
Kt hp hai trng hp trn ta c p s m cn tm.
Bi 1.4: Tm m hm s B , NB trn on c
di bng d.
+ Tm TX
+ Tnh y
+ Hm s c khong B, NB y = 0 c 2 nghim
phn bit x
1
, x
2

0
0 a
A >

.suy ra m. (*)
+ Bin i
1 2
x x d = thnh ( )
2
2
1 2 1 2
4 x x x x d + =
Dng nh l Viet a pt trn v pt theo m.
Gii pt tm m , so vi k (*) c m cn tm.
Bi 1. 5 : Chng minh bt ng thc P(x) > Q(x),
( ) , x a b e bng cch s dng tnh n iu
( Chuyn v a BT v dng : f(x) = P(x) Q(x) >0 )
- Xt hm s f(x) = P(x) Q(x) lin tc trn [a,b).
- Tnh '( ) f x . Chng t '( ) 0, [ , ) f x x a b > e
Hm s ng bin trn [a,b).

( ) , : ( ) ( ) x a b f x f a e > =
Suy ra pcm
---------------------------------------------------------------
Phn 2 : CC TR CA HM S
Bi 2.1: Tm cc tr ca hm s
- Quy tc 1:
+ Tm TX
+ Tnh y. Cho y = 0 tm nghim (nu c)
+Lp bng bin thin
+ Kt lun : Hm s t cc i ti x =

v y
C =

Hm s t cc tiu ti x =

v y
CT =

- Quy tc 2 ( thng dng i vi hm lng
gic):
+ Tm TX
+ Tnh y . Cho y = 0 tm cc nghim x
i

+ Tnh y
Tnh y(x
i
)
+Kt lun :
y(x
i
) >0 => hs t CT ti x
i
v y
CT
=
y(x
i
) <0 => hs t C ti x
i
v y
C
=
Bi 2.2: Tm m hm s c ( ko c )cc tr.
(Lu : hm s c cc tr khi y = 0 c nghim v y
i du khi qua nghim )
- Tm TX
- Tnh y
- Hm bc ba c cc tr ( hoc c C, CT hoc c
2 cc tr) pt y=0 c hai nghim phn bit

'
0
0
y
a
A >

.suy ra m.
- Hm b3 ko c cc tr y=0 c n
0
kp hoc v n
0
.
- Hm
2
1
b
b
c cc tr pt y=0 c hai nghim
phn bit khc x
0
( vi x
0
l nghim mu)

0
0
( ) 0
g
g x
A >

( vi g(x) = t s ca y )
Gii h tm m.
Bi 2.3 : Tm m hm s t cc tr ti x = x
0
.
- Tm TX
- Tnh y
Cch 1:
- Hm s t cc tr ti x = x
0
=> y(x
0
) = 0 .tm m
- Vi mi gi tr m tm c, ta thay vo y. lp
bng bin thin. Da vo BBT kt lun m c
tha ycbt khng.
Cch 2 : Hm s t cc tr ti x = x
0

( )
( )
0
0
' 0
" 0
y x
y x
=

Gii h tm m.
Cch gii cc dng ton thng gp i s 12 chng 1
Trang 2
Bi 2.4 : Tm m hm s t cc i ( CT ) ti x = x
0

- Tm TX
- Tnh y , y
- Hm s t cc i ti x = x
0

( )
( )
0
0
' 0
" 0
y x
y x
=

<

( Hm s t cc tiu ti x
0

( )
( )
0
0
' 0
" 0
y x
y x
=

>

)
- Gii h tm m.
Bi 2.5 : Tm m hm s bc 3 c hai cc tr (hoc
c cc i v cc tiu) tha iu kin K ( k v x
1
, x
2
)
.
+ Tm TX
+ Tm m hm s c cc i v cc tiu. (*)
+ Honh cc i v cc tiu l nghim ca pt y = 0
( Ta c th suy ra cc honh ny hoc tng , tch ca
cc honh )
+ Tm m cc i v cc tiu tha iu kin K.
So vi iu kin (*) c m tha ycbt.
Bi 2.6 : Tm m th hm bc 3 c hai im cc
tr tha k K cho trc ( VD: t qua 2 cc tr vung
gc hoc song song vi t cho trc,.)
+ Tm TX
+ Tnh y
+ Tm m hm s c 2 cc tr. (*)
+ Ly y chia y ta c : y = y.g(x) + (ax + b)
Gi
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , , M x y M x y l cc im cc tr.
=>
( )
1
' 0 y x = v
( )
2
' 0 y x =
Suy ra :
1 1
y ax b = + ,

2 2
y ax b = +
Do : ng thng i qua hai im cc tr l d
m
: y =
ax +b
+ Tm m tha iu kin K.
+ So vi (*) kt lun m cn tm .
Bi 2. 7 : Cc tr ca hm trng phng
( )
4 2
0 y ax bx c a = + + =
+ TX : D = R
+ Tnh y = 4ax
3
+2bx

( )
2
0
' 0
4 2 0 *
x
y
ax b
=
=

+ =

- Hm s lun t cc tr ti x = 0
- Hm s c 3 cc tr y = 0 c 3 nghim phn
bit
pt (*) c 2 nghim phn bit
khc 0
a.b <0
- Hm s c 2 C v 1 CT
y = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit v a<0

0
0
a
b
<

>

- Hm s c 2 CT v 1 C
y = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit v a>0

0
0
a
b
<

>

- Hm s c ng 1 cc tr
pt (*) v nghm hoc c nghim kp bng 0.

. 0
0
a b
b
>

Lu : Khi th hm s c 3 cc tr A, B ,C v A
thuc Oy th tam gic ABC cn ti A.
--------------------------------------------
Phn 3: GTLN GTNN CA HM S

Bi 3.1 : Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn
khong (a,b)
- Xt hm s trn (a,b)
- Tnh y
Cho y = 0 tm nghim (nu c )
- Lp bng bin thin
- Da vo BBT kt lun
( ) ( )
max , min
, ,
y y
a b a b
.
Bi 3.2 : Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn
[a,b]
- Xt hm s trn [a,b]
- Tnh y
Cho y = 0 tm cc nghim x
i
[ , ] a b e
- Tnh
( ) ( ) ( ) , ,
i
y x y a y b
- Kt lun max , min
[ , ] [ , ]
y y
a b a b
.
Bi 3.3 : Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn
[a,b] hoc trn R, vi f(x) l hm lng gic phc tp
- Bin i f(x) v cng mt hm s lng gic
ca cng mt cung
- t t = HSLG . iu kin ca t
( ) [ , ] t o | e
Ta c : g(t) =
Tnh g(t) . Cho g(t) = 0 tm cc nghim t
i

[ , ] o | e
Tnh g( t
i
) ,
( ) ( ) , g g o |
- Suy ra :

( )
( )
max max .... ....
[ , ] [ , ]
min min .... ....
[ , ] [ , ]
y g t khi x
a b
y g t khi x
a b
o |
o |
= = =
= = =

Bi 3.4 : tm m hm s t GTLN (hoc GTNN )
bng d trn [a,b]
- Xt hm s y = f(x) trn [a,b]
- Tnh y . cho y = 0 tm nghim ( nu c )
- Xt du y trn [a,b] ( thng thng ta cn
chng t y >0 (hoc y <0) vi mi x thuc
[a,b] => hm s lun B (hoc lun NB) trn
[a,b] )
- Suy ra max
[ , ]
y
a b
( hoc min
[ , ]
y
a b
)
- Cho max
[ , ]
y
a b
= d (hoc min
[ , ]
y
a b
=d ) tm m.
Bi 3.5 : ng dng ca GTLN, GTNN vo gii ton
VD : trong cc hnh ch nht c chu vi 12cm , tm hnh
ch nht c din tch ln nht.

Cch gii cc dng ton thng gp i s 12 chng 1
Trang 3
Phn 4: KHO ST HM S
Bi 4.1 : Kho st hm bc 3 , bc 4 trng phng
- B1 : Tp xc nh : D = R
- B2: Tnh y . Cho y = 0 tm nghim .
- B3 : Gii hn : lim
x
y
+
v lim
x
y

- B4: Bng bin thin
Kt lun : ng bin , nghch bin , cc i, cc
tiu
- B5: Bng gi tr : ( 5 im c bit)
- B6 : V th.
( Nhn xt : th ca hm bc 4 trng phng
nhn Oy lm trc i xng)
Bi 4.2 : Kho st hm ( )
1
: 0
1
b ax b
y ad bc
b cx d
+
= =
+

- B1 : Tp xc nh : D = \
d
c

`
)

- B2: Tnh y.Nhn xt y>0 hoc y <0,
d
x
c

=
- B3 : Gii hn v tim cn :
+
0
lim
x
y y

=
y =
0
y l tim cn ngang.
+ lim
d
x
c
y
+
| |

|
\ .
= v lim
d
x
c
y

| |

|
\ .
= (- hoc+)

d
x
c

= l tim cn ng.
- B4: Bng bin thin .
Kt lun :
- Hm s ng bin , nghch bin trn tng
khong xc nh.
- Hm s khng c cc tr.
- B5 : Bng gi tr : ( 4 im c bit)
- B6 : V th.
Bi 4.3 : Da vo th (C):
( ) y f x = v, bin
lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
( ) , 0 F m x = (1)
- a pt (1) v dng :
( ) ( ) f x g m =
- y l phng trnh honh giao im ca (C)
v ng thng d : y = g(m) ( nm ngang)
S nghim ca pt (1) bng s giao im ca (C)v d.
- Da vo th, lp bng bin lun v kt lun.
g(m) m S nghim pt (1)
+


-


Phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s
* Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C). Pt tip tuyn ca (C)
ti im
( )
0 0
, M x y c dng :
( ) ( )
0 0 0
' . y y f x x x =


* Cho hm s y = f(x) v y = g(x) c th ln lt l
(C
1
) v (C
2
).
(C
1
) tip xc vi (C
2
)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
' '
f x g x
f x g x
=

c n
0

Bi 4.4 : Vit pt tip tuyn ca th (C) y = f(x) ti
im
( )
0 0
, M x y
- Tm x
0
, y
0
.
- Tnh y . => y(x
0
)
- Pt tip tuyn ca (C) ti
( )
0 0
, M x y c dng :

( ) ( )
0 0 0
' . y y y x x x =
Bi 4.5 : Vit pt tip tuyn ca th (C) y = f(x) bit
tip tuyn c h s gc k.
- Gi
( )
0 0
, M x y l tip im.
- Tip tuyn d cn tm c dng:
( )
0 0
. y k x x y = +
- d c h s gc k =>
( )
0
' y x = k.
Gii tm x
0
. suy ra y
0
= y(x
0
)
- Suy ra Pt tip tuyn d.
Cch 2: Dng k tip xc
+ Pt tip tuyn d c dng : y = kx +b
+ d tip xc vi (C)
( )
( )
'
f x kx b
f x k
= +

c nghim
+ Gii h tm b . Vit pttt d.
Lu : H s gc ca tip tuyn c th c cho gin
tip nh sau :
+ d song song vi
( )
2 2
: y k x b A = + => k = k
2

+ d vung gc vi
( )
2 2
: y k x b A = + =>
2
1
k
k

=
+ d to vi
( )
2 2
: y k x b A = + mt gc o th

( ) ( )
0 0 2
1 2
tan , 0 , 90
1
k k
k k
o o

= e
+

+d to vi chiu dng ca trc honh 1 gco th k = tano
Bi 4.6 : Vit pt tip tuyn ca th (C) y = f(x) bit
tip tuyn i qua im A (x
A
, y
A
)
- Gi d l tip tuyn qua A (x
A
, y
A
) v c h s
gc k . Suy ra : d :
( )
A A
y k x x y = +
- d tip xc vi (C) h pt sau c nghim :

( )
( )
( )
'
A A
f x k x x y
f x k
= +

- Gii h tm x ( pp th). => k . Vit pttt.
Cch 2: tm ta tip im :
- Gi
( )
0 0 0
, M x y l tip im.Khi
( )
0 0
y f x =
- Pt tip tuyn d ti M c dng :

( ) ( )
0 0 0
' . y y y x x x =
- V d qua A(x
A
, y
A
) nn :
( ) ( )
0 0 0
' .
A A
y y y x x x =
- Gii pt tm x
0
. T vit pttt.

Cch gii cc dng ton thng gp i s 12 chng 1
Trang 4
Bi 4.7: Bin lun theo m s giao im ca 2 ng:
Cho 2 hm s y = f(x, m) v y = g(x, m) c th ln lt l
( ) ( )
1 2
, C C . Bin lun theo m s giao im ca (C
1
) v (C
2
):
* B1 : Lp pt honh giao im ca
( )
1
C v
( )
2
C
f(x,m) = g(x, m) (1)
* B2: Bin lun theo m s giao im ca
( )
1
C v
( )
2
C .
Ch :
* Nu (1) l pt bc hai th bc 2 ta lm nh sau:
- Tnh A.
- Bin lun theo A => s nghim pt (1) => S giao im
ca
( )
1
C v
( )
2
C .
* Nu (1) l pt bc 3 th bc 2 t a lm nh sau :
- on 1 nghim ca pt ( gi s pt c nghim x = a)
- Thc hin php chia a thc ( S Hoocne). Ta c:
(1) (x-a)(Ax
2
+Bx + C) = 0

2
0 (2)
x a
Ax Bx C
=

+ + =

- Tnh A, Bin lun theo A=> S nghim pt(2) => s
nghim pt (1).
Bi 4.8 : Nghim ca pt bc ba:
S n
0
ca pt b3 bng s giao im ca (C) vi trc Ox
Pt bc 3 th ca hm
s v trc honh
Nu
C 3 nghim
to thnh cp
s cng
Ct ti 3 im
cch u nhau
(hay 3 im lp
thnh CSC)
f (x) = 0 c 2 n
0
pb v
im un nm trn
trc Ox
C 3 n
0
n
phn bit
Ct nhau ti 3
im phn bit
f (x) = 0 c 2 n
0
pb v
y
C
.y
CT
<0
C 1 n
0
kp,
1 n
0
n
Tip xc nhau ti
1 im v ct
nhau ti 1 im
f (x) = 0 c 2 n
0
pb v
y
C
.y
CT = 0

C duy nht
1 n
0
n
Ct nhau ti 1
im
C 2 trng hp :
* f (x) = 0 c n
0
kp
hoc v n
0
.
* f (x) = 0 c 2 n
0
pb
v y
C
.y
CT
>0
nh l Viet v pt bc 3:

1 2 3
1 2 2 3 1 3
1 2 3
b
x x x
a
c
x x x x x x
a
d
x x x
a

+ + =

+ + =

Bi 4.9 : Tm nhng im trn th hm hu t
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
= c ta nguyn
* Phn tch
( )
( )
( )
( )
P x
a
y A x
Q x Q x
= = + , vi A(x) l a
thc , a e
* Ta im trn th nguyn x nguyn v a l
bi ca Q(x).
* Th li cc gi tr m tm c => Kt lun.
Bi 4.10 :Tm im c nh ca h th
(C
m
): y = f(x,m)
Cch 1:
- Gi M(x
0
, y
0
) l im c nh ca h th (C
m
)
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
. , ,
m
M x y C m y f x m e = c n
0 m
- Bin i pt theo n m.
- p dng k pt c n
0
m cc h s ng thi
bng 0. gii tm x
0
, y
0
. => Kt lun.
Lu :* ax + b = 0 , m
0
0
a
b
=

*
2
0
0, 0
0
a
ax bx c m b
c
=

+ + = =

Cch 2:
- Gi M(x
0
, y
0
) l im c nh ca h th (C
m
)

( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
. , , ,
m
M x y C m y f x m m e = (*)
- t F(m) = f(x
0
,m) .
F(m) = y
0
khng i => F(m) = 0 . Gii pt tm x
0
.
- Thay vo (*) tm y
0
. Kt lun im c nh.
Bi 4.11: th ca hm cha du gi tr tuyt i:
Cho th (C) : y = f(x) . Da vo th (C) , v
th (C) : a)
( )
y f x = , b) ( ) y f x =
- V th (C) : y = f(x)
a) th hm s ( ) y f x =
Ta c:


( ), ( ) 0
( )
( ), ( ) 0
f x f x
y f x
f x f x
>
= =

<

+Gi nguyn phn th (C) nm bn trn trc honh
+Ly i xng phn th (C) nm pha di trc honh
qua trc honh
Suy ra th hm s ( ) y f x =
b) th hm s ( ) y f x =
Ta c: ( ) y f x = l hm s chn v
( ), 0
( )
( ), 0
f x x
y f x
f x x
>
= =

<

+Gi nguyn phn th (C) nm bn phi trc tung
+B phn th (C) nm bn tri trc tung.
Ly i xng phn th (C) nm bn phi trc tung qua
trc tung.
Suy ra th hm s ( ) y f x =