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اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت
اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ
-Iاﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت :ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
-1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ Iﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ هﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ Iﻧﺤﻮ
اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت
→ u : Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ *-
ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﺼﻮرة nﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ unﻋﻮض ) . u ( nاﻟﻌﺪد unﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ذا اﻟﻤﺪل nوﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم.
ﻋﻮض . u ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـ (un )n∈I
) ( un أو = Iﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـ (u n )n ≥0 * -اذا آﺎن
= Iﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـ (u n )n ≥1 *
* -اذا آﺎن
(u n )n ≥n 0
∈ I = {nﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑـ * -اذا آﺎن } / n ≥ n0
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ Iﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (un )n∈I ﺗﻜﻮن
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
) ( unو ( vn )n≥2و ( wn )n≥1اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ : ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ
w1 = −2
un = ( −2 ) + 3n
n
*
و و vn = 2n 2 − 3n
∈ wn+1 = 2wn + 1 ∀n
أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت ) ( unو ( vn )n≥2و ( wn )n≥1
-2ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
. هﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (un )n∈I } {un / n ∈ I
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ) ( unاﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ )un = ( −1
n
}{−1;1 ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ( unهﻲ
-3ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
∀n ∈ I ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺘﻴﻦ اذا و ﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن un = vn ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﺎن (un )n∈Iو ( vn )n∈I
ﻣﺜﺎل
و vn = cos nπ ﺣﻴﺚ )un = ( −1
n
) ( unو ) ( vn ﻗﺎرن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ
-4اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ و kﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ (un )n∈Iو ( vn )n∈I
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع( un )n∈I + ( vn )n∈I = ( vn + un )n∈I :
اﻟﺠﺪاء ( un )n∈I × ( vn )n∈I = ( vn × un )n∈I :
ﺟﺪاء ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ k × ( un )n∈I = ( k × un )n∈I :
-5ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺣﺪودهﺎ أو اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب أي ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪودهﺎ.
و هﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص:
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 1 Moustaouli Mohamed
أ -اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم.
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ) ( unو ) ( vnو ( wn )n≥1اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ :
( −2 ) n
= wn vn = aﺣﻴﺚ aﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ و un = 2 n − 6و
n +1
) ( unو ) ( vnو ( wn )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻳﺤﺔ
( wn )n≥1 أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت ) ( unو ) ( vnو
ب – اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ :أي ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪودهﺎ ﻧﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﺤﺪود أﺧﺮى
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ) ( unو ) ( vnو ( wn )n≥1اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ :
w3 = 1 v0 = 2 v1 = −1 u0 = −1
و
wn +1 = 3wn − 1 ∈n vn +1 = 2vn + vn−1 n ≥1 un = −2un −1 + 3 n ≥1
) ( unو ) ( vnو ( wn )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ
w0 أﺣﺴﺐ ; v3 ; v2 ; u3 ; u2 ; u1
; w2
-IIاﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة – اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ
-1اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﻮرة – اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻐﻮرة – اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
∀n ∈ I ﻣﻜﺒﻮرة اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا وﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ Mﺑﺤﻴﺚ un ≤ M ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (un )n∈I
∀n ∈ I un ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( un )n∈Iﻣﺼﻐﻮرة اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا وﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ mﺑﺤﻴﺚ ≥ m
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( un )n∈Iﻣﺤﺪودة اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ( un )n∈Iﻣﻜﺒﻮرة و ﻣﺼﻐﻮرة
∈ ∃k *
+ ∀n ∈ I un ≤ k ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ( un )n∈Iﻣﺤﺪودة ⇔
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ) ( unو ) ( vnو ( wn )n≥1اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ :
( −1)n
= wn vn = −3n + 5و un = 2 n − 1و
n +1
ﺑﻴﻦ أن ) ( unﻣﺼﻐﻮر ة و ) ( vnﻣﻜﺒﻮرة و ( wn )n≥1ﻣﺤﺪودة.
-2اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
nﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰم un ≥ um ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (un )n∈I
ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ nو mﻣﻦ m : I
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( un )n∈Iﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ nو mﻣﻦ n m : Iﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰم un um
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( un )n∈Iﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ nو mﻣﻦ n m : Iﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰم un ≤ um
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( un )n∈Iﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ nو mﻣﻦ n m : Iﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰم un ≺ um
ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ nو mﻣﻦ Iﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ un = um ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (un )n∈I
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
vn = −3n + 5 و ) ( vnﺣﻴﺚ un = 2n − 1 أدرس رﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺘﻴﻦ ) ( unو
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 2 Moustaouli Mohamed
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ } I = {n ∈ / n ≥ n 0
∀n ∈ I u n +1 ≥ u n ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ⇔
∀n ∈ I u n +1 u n ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ⇔
∀n ∈ I u n +1 ≤ u n ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ ⇔
∀n ∈ I u n +1 ≺ u n ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ⇔
∀n ∈ I u n +1 = u n ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ⇔
ﺑﺮهﺎن
∀n ∈ I u n +1 ≥ u n ﻧﺒﺮهﻦ ( un )n∈Iﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ ⇔
n + 1ﻟﻜﻞ nﻣﻦ Iﻓﺎن un+1 ≥ un ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ وﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻤﺎ أن n * (un )n∈I
* ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ nو mﻣﻦ Iﺣﻴﺚ n m
ﺑﻤﺎ أن n mﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ * ∈ pﺣﻴﺚ n = m + p
um+ p ≥ um+ p −1 ≥ um+ p −2 ≥ ............ ≥ um−1 ≥ umﺑﻌﺪ pﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ un ≥ um
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ اذن (un )n∈I
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ) ( unو ( vn )n≥1و ( wn )n≥1اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ :
w1 = 1
2n n
1 و vn = و = un
wn+1 = 2 wn + 1 n n +1
) ( unو ( vn )n≥1 -1أدرس رﺗﺎﺑﺔ
*
∈ ∀n -2أ -ﺑﻴﻦ أن wn ≺ 2
ب -ﺑﻴﻦ أن ( wn )n≥1ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ .
-IIIاﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ -اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
-Aاﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ
-1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( un )n ≥ n0ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ اذا آﺎن ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ rﺑﺤﻴﺚ ∀n ≥ n 0 u n +1 = u n + r
اﻟﻌﺪد rﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ .
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
1
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ) ( unو ( vn )n≥1ﺣﻴﺚ un = −2n + 1و = vn
n
ﺑﻴﻦ أن ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدا أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ.
هﻞ ( vn )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ؟
-2اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ( un )n ≥ n0ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ rوﻣﻨﻪ un+1 = un + rو un = un−1 + r
un−1 + un+1
= un و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ un +1 + un−1 + r = 2un + rإذن
2
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 3 Moustaouli Mohamed
u n −1 + u n +1
∀n n0 أي un − un−1 = un+1 − un ∀nوﻣﻨﻪ = n0 u n ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ
2
وﻣﻨﻪ u1 − u0 = ........... = un−1 − un−2 = un − un−1 = un+1 − unﻧﻀﻊ u1 − u0 = r
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ r ( un ) n ≥ n0
∀n ≥0إذن و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ r = un+1 − un
اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة
u n −1 + u n +1
∀n = n0 u n ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( u n ) n ≥ n0ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ اذا آﺎن
2
-3ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم
ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ r ( u n )n ≥ n 0
un0 +1 = un0 + r
un0 + 2 = un0 +1 + r
. .
( n − n0 ) égalités
. .
un−1 = un−2 + r
un = un−1 + r
u n = u n0 + ( n − n0 ) r ﺑﺠﻤﻊ أﻃﺮاف اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺎت ﻧﺠﺪ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
∀ n ≥ n0 ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ rﻓﺎن u n = u n0 + ( n − n0 ) r ( u n )n ≥ n 0
اذا آﺎن
∈ ∀n ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ rﻓﺎن un = u0 + nr -اذا آﺎن ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
( un )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ rﻓﺎن ∀n ≥ 1 un = u1 + ( n − 1) r -اذا آﺎن
∀n ≥ p ≥ n0 ( un )n≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ rﻓﺎن un = u p + ( n − p ) r -اذا آﺎن
0
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ 3و ﺣﺪهﺎ اﻻول u0 = −2ﺣﺪد اﻟﺨﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ و أﺣﺴﺐ u200
∈ ∀n *
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ( un )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ u100 = 256و un+1 = un − 5
أﺣﺴﺐ u1و u2
-3ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺪود ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ r ( u n )n ≥ n 0
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
ﻟﻨﺤﺪد S n = u p + u p +1................ + un−1
( n− p )termes
S n = un−1 + ................u p + u p +1
( ( ) ) ( )
وﻣﻨﻪ 2 Sn = u p + un −1 + u p +1 + un− 2 + ....... + u p + k + un −( k +1) ......... + un−1 + u p ( )
∈ ∀k (
u p + k + un −( k +1) = u p + ( ( p + k ) − p ) r + u p + ( n − ( k + 1) ) − p r )
= u p + u p + ( ( n − 1) − p ) r
= u p + un−1
(
وﻣﻨﻪ 2Sn = ( n − p ) u p + un−1 )
) ( n − p ) ( u p + un−1
= Sn إذن
2
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 4 Moustaouli Mohamed
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ( u n )n ≥ n 0
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
) ( n − p ) (u p + u n −1
= Sn ﻓﺎن اذا آﺎن S n = u p + u p +1................ + u n −1
2
u n −1هﻮ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ n − pهﻮ ﻋﺪد ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع S nو u pهﻮ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮع S nو
ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮع S n
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺎن S nﻣﺠﻤﻮع nﺣﺪا أوﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ هﻮ اذا آﺎن -
) n ( u0 + un−1
= Sn = u0 + u1 ................ + un−1
2
(u n )n ≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺎن S nﻣﺠﻤﻮع nﺣﺪا أوﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ هﻮ اذا آﺎن -
) n ( u1 + un
= Sn = u1 + u2 ................ + un
2
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
-1أﺣﺴﺐ Sn = 1 + 2 + 3.... + n
-2أﺣﺴﺐ )S n = 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + ( 2n + 1
-3ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ 3و ﺣﺪهﺎ اﻷول u0 = 5
أﺣﺴﺐ unﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ nأﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 100ﺣﺪا أوﻻ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺘﻴﻦ ﺑـ
u0 = 1 ; u1 = 3
∈ ∀n vn = un+1 − un
un + 2 = 2u n +1 − u n ∈ ∀n
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ . -1ﺑﻴﻦ أن ) ( vn
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ و ﺣﺪد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮهﺎ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة . -2اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن ) ( un
i =n i =n
-3أﺣﺴﺐ S n = ∑ viﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ . nﺛﻢ أﺣﺴﺐ S n' = ∑ uiﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ . n
i =1 i =1
-Bاﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
-1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
∀n ≥ n 0 u n +1 = qu n ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (u n ) n ≥ nهﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اذا آﺎن ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ qﺑﺤﻴﺚ
0
اﻟﻌﺪد qﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ .
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ) un = 3 ( 2
n
∈ ∀n
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدا أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ( un ﺑﻴﻦ أن
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
1
vn = un − 2 و و ( vn )n≥1اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ un+1 = un + 1و u1 = 1 ( un )n≥1 ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺘﻴﻦ
2
( vn )n ≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدا أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ أن
و
-2اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة
(u n ) n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ q
0
n ∈ nﺣﻴﺚ n0 * ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 5 Moustaouli Mohamed
nn+1 = qunو nn = qun−1وﻣﻨﻪ qnn2 = qun−1 × un+1
إذا آﺎن q ≠ 0ﻓﺎن nn2 = un−1 × un+1
∀n n0 إذا آﺎن q = 0ﻓﺎن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﺪود (u n )n ≥ nﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ n n0و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ un 2 = un+1 ⋅ un−1 = 0
0
∀n * ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ (u n )n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ n 0 u n =u n +1 ⋅ u n −1
2
0
u un u
n+1 ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ ∀nوﻣﻨﻪ n0 (u nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺎن = n+1 إذا آﺎﻧﺖ )n ≥ n 0
un n n0
un −1 un
un +1
∀n ≥ n0 ∀n ≥ n0وﻣﻨﻪ un+1 = qun أي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ qﺣﻴﺚ = q
un
(u nهﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ )n ≥ n 0 إذن
(u nﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ )n ≥ n 0 اذا آﺎﻧﺖ
∀n (u n )n ≥ nهﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن n 0 u n 2 =u n +1 ⋅ u n −1 ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
0
-3ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم
(u n ) n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ q
0
un = qun−1
un−1 = qun−2
. .
( n − n0 ) égalités
. .
. .
un0 +1 = qun0
إذا آﺎﻧﺖ (u n )n ≥ nﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺎن ﺑﻀﺮب أﻃﺮاف اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺎت و اﻻﺧﺘﺰال ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ un = un0 q n−n0
0
un = un0 qﻣﺤﻘﻘﺔ
n− n0
ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺎن (u n )n ≥ n 0 إذا آﺎﻧﺖ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
(u nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻓﺎن )n ≥ n 0
n −n 0
∀n ≥ n 0 u n = u n0q اذا آﺎن
∈ ∀n ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻓﺎن un = u0 q n -اذا آﺎن ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ﻓﺎن ∀n ≥ 1 u n = u1q n −1 ( un )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ q -اذا آﺎن
∀n ≥ p ≥ n 0 (u n )n ≥nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻓﺎن u n = u p q n − p -اذا آﺎن
0
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
1
* ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ −و ﺣﺪهﺎ اﻻول u0 = 5
2
ﺣﺪد اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ( unﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ n
* ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) ( vnﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ 3و أﺣﺪ ﺣﺪودهﺎ u5 = −2
ﺣﺪد اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ( vnﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ n
-4ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺪود ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ (u n ) n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ 1
0
ﻧﺤﺪد S n = u p + u p +1................ + u n −1
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 6 Moustaouli Mohamed
qS n = u p +1 + u p + 2 ................ + un
1 − q n− p
Sn = u p وﻣﻨﻪ Sn − qSn = u p − un = u p − q n− p u pاذن
1 − q
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ (u n ) n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ 1
0
1− q n− p
Sn = u p اذا آﺎن Sn = u p + u p +1................ + un−1ﻓﺎن
1 − q
Sn n − pهﻮ ﻋﺪد ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع S nو u pهﻮ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮع
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ 1ﻓﺎن S nﻣﺠﻤﻮع nﺣﺪا أوﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ هﻮ -اذا آﺎن
1− q n
S n = u 0 + u1................ + u n −1 = u 0
1− q
( u n ) n ≥ 1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ 1ﻓﺎن Sn S nﻣﺠﻤﻮع nﺣﺪا أوﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ هﻮ اذا آﺎن -
1− q n
S n = u1 + u 2 ................ + u n = u1
1− q
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
(u n )n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ 1ﻓﺎن ) S n = u p + u p +1................ + u n −1 = u p ( n − p إذا آﺎﻧﺖ
0
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
n
أﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ nاﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع S = 2 + 4 + 8 + 16........ + 2
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
1
∈n ∈ (un ) nﺑﺤﻴﺚ u0 = −3 :و un+1 = un − 4ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
3
ﻧﻀﻊ vn = un + 6
.1ﺑﻴﻦ أن ) (vnﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ وﺣﺪد أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ qوﺣﺪهﺎ اﻷول v0
.2اﺣﺴﺐ vnﺛﻢ unﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ n
.3ﻧﻀﻊ Sn = u0 + u1 + ... + unﻟﻜﻞ nﻣﻦ
اﺣﺴﺐ Snﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ n
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 7 Moustaouli Mohamed
ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت
-Iﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ
ﻧﻌﺮف ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ داﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ∞+
-1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
* ( u n )n ≥ nﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ ∞ +إذا و ﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ Aﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ N
0
أو ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ∞lim un = + ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ∞lim un = + ﺑﺤﻴﺚ un ≥ Aﻟﻜﻞ n ≥ N
∞n→+
∀A ∈ 0 ∃N ∀n ≥ N un A ⇔ ∞lim un = +
∀A ∈ 0 ∃N ∀n ≥ N u n ≺ −A ⇔ ∞limu n = − *
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
∞lim un = −∞ ⇔ lim − un = +
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻳﺔ
a aﺣﻴﺚ 1 ﺗﺬآﺮ أن آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ ∞( ) ، ( n ) ، ( n ) ، ( n ) : +
n 2
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
n
3n 3
lim n
∞= lim = + ∞lim 3n + 2 = + ∞lim − n = −
2 2
-2ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
∀ε ∈ 0 ∃N ∀n ≥ N un − l ≺ ε ⇔ lim un = l
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
lim un = l ⇔ lim ( un − l ) = 0
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻳﺔ
ka nﺣﻴﺚ −1 ≺ a ≺ 1( ) ، nk2 ، k 1
ﺗﺬآﺮ أن آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ ، : 0
n n
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
n
22n 1
lim n = lim = 0 lim n = 0
3 3 10
-3ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ – ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﻧﻘﻮل إن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ إذا و ﻓﻘﻂ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ.
ﻧﻘﻮل إن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة إذا وﻓﻘﻂ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ.
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
n
1
)wn = ( −1
n n
و و vn = 4 ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ un = −5 + 4
2
) ( unﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻻن lim un = 4
) ( vnﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﻻن ∞lim vn = +
) ( wnﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﻷن ) ( wnﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ
-IIﻣﺼﺎدق اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب
(vﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻷﻋﺪاد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ n ' )n ≥ n 0 ﻣﺼﺪاق 1ﻟﺘﻜﻦ (u n ) n ≥ nﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ و
0
∈ . ∃N ∀n ≥ N un − l ≤v n lﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ
ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ و limu n = l (u n )n ≥ n 0 ﻓﺎن اذا آﺎن limv n = 0
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 8 Moustaouli Mohamed
∈ ∃N ∀n ≥ N (vﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﺪدﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ un ≤ vn n ' )n ≥ n 0 و (u n )n ≥ n 0 ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺪاق2
ﻓﺎن ∞limv n = + اذا آﺎن ∞limu n = +
ﻓﺎن ∞limu n = − اذا آﺎن ∞limv n = −
ﻻزﻣﺔ
(wﺛﻼث ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ n ' (v n )n ≥ n 0و " )n ≥ n 0 و (u n )n ≥ n 0 ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
∈ ∃N ∀n ≥ N v n ≤ u n ≤ w n
اذا آﺎن limv n = limw n = lﻓﺎن limu n = l
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﺣﺪد lim unﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ( un )n≥1 ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ
sin n
= un ج- بu n = − n 2 + n - أu n = n 2 + n − 3 -
n
n 2 ≤ n 2 + n − 3و ﺣﻴﺚ ∞ lim n 2 = +وﻣﻨﻪ ∞lim un = + أ -ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ n ≥ 3
n2 n n
n − n2 ≤ − 1 − ≤ 0وﻣﻨﻪ 1 − n ≤ −و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ب -ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ n ≥ 2
2 2 2
n2
lim −ﻓﺎن ∞lim un = − وﺣﻴﺚ ∞= −
2
1 sin n 1
lim un = 0 limﻓﺎن و ﺣﻴﺚ = 0 ≤ ج -ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ n ≥ 1
n n n
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
1 1 1
un = 1 + + + ...... +ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ( un )n≥1ﺣﻴﺚ
2 3 n
ﺑﻴﻦ أن un ≥ nو اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ lim un
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
u0 = 10
ﺣﻴﺚ 5un ) ( un ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
u =
n+1 n + 1
un +1 1
∀n ≥ 10 ≤0 -1ﺑﻴﻦ أن ≺
un 2
-2ﺣﺪد lim un
-IVﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ qn
q 1 اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ:1
وﻣﻨﻪ q n ≥ 1 + na (1 + a )n ≥ 1 + na ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ aﺣﻴﺚ q = 1 + aﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن
وﺣﻴﺚ ∞ lim1 + na = +ﻓﺎن ∞lim q n = +
q = 1ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ lim q n = 1 اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ2
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ−1 ≺ q ≺ 1 3
n
n 1 1 1
limو ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ lim q = 0 n
و ﻣﻨﻪ ∞= lim = + q ≺ 1وﻣﻨﻪ 1
q q q
إذن lim q n = 0
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 9 Moustaouli Mohamed
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔq ≤ −1 4
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ) (qn
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
n
اذا آﺎن q 1ﻓﺎن ∞lim q = +
اذا آﺎن q = 1ﻓﺎن lim q n = 1
اذا آﺎن −1 ≺ q ≺ 1ﻓﺎن lim q n = 0
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ) (q n
ﻓﺎن اذا آﺎن q ≤ −1
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ اذا آﺎن −1 ≺ q ≤ 1 * -اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) (q
n
*
∈r * -ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
r
rﻓﺎن ∞lim n = + إذا آﺎن 0
∞+
إذا آﺎن r ≺ 0ﻓﺎن lim n r = 0
∞+
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ
n
2n + 3n 1− 2
lim lim و ﺣﺪد
2n − 3n 1+ 2
-Vﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
آﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ و ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﻟﻜﻞ n ≥ Nﻓﺎن ' l ≤ l اذا آﺎن ) ( unو ) ( vnﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ lو ' lﺑﺤﻴﺚ un ≤ vn
ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ
آﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ و ﻣﻜﺒﻮرة هﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ
آﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ و ﻣﺼﻐﻮرة هﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ آﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ و ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ هﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ
آﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ و ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ هﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
1 1 1
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ( un )n≥1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ un = 1 + + + ..... + 2
4 9 n
-1ﺑﻴﻦ أن ( un )n≥1ﺗﺰاﻳﺪﻳﺔ
* * 1 1 1
∈ ∀n ﺛﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ أن un ≺ 2 ∈ ∀k ≺ -2ﺑﻴﻦ أن −
k 2k −1 k
-3اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن ( un )n≥1ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ.
-VIاﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ
-1ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ
) ( unو ) ( vnﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺘﻴﻦ و αﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ
lim (α un ) = α lim un lim ( un vn ) = lim un × lim vn lim ( un + vn ) = lim un + lim vn
un lim un
lim = إذا آﺎن lim vn ≠ 0ﻓﺎن
vn lim vn
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 10 Moustaouli Mohamed
-2ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎت
) lim ( un × vn lim vn lim un ) lim ( un + vn lim vn lim un
∞+ ∞+ ∞+ ∞+ ∞+ ∞+
∞+ ∞− ∞− ∞− ∞− ∞−
∞− ∞− + ∞+ ∞+ l
∞+ ∞+ l 0 ∞− ∞− l
∞− ∞− l 0 ﺷﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ∞− ∞+
∞− ∞+ l≺0 ﻣﺤﺪد
∞+ ∞− l≺0
ﺷﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ 0 ∞± 1 lim un
lim
ﻣﺤﺪد un
0 ∞+
u 1 0 ∞−
lim n = lim × lim un
vn un ∞+ 0+
∞− 0−
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
4 3 2
n + n −1 2n − 3n + 2
lim
n→+∞ 3
، lim
∞n→+ n2 − 1
، lim
∞n→+
n ( )
ﺣﺪد n + 1 − n
n 2 2n − 4
-Vﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ) f ( un
ﻧﺸﺎط
u0 = 2
ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ 2un + 3
u n +1 =
un
7
∈ ∀n -1ﺑﻴﻦ أن ≤ 2 ≤ un
2
4
vn = 1 − -2ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
un + 1
ب -ﺣﺪد lim vnاﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ lim un أ -ﺑﻴﻦ أن ) ( vnﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
2x + 3
= )f ( x ﺣﻴــﺚ *
+ -3ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
x
2
ب -ﺗﺄآﺪ أن fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2; 7 أﻧﺸﺊ ) ( C f أ-
2 2
د -ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ f ( x ) = x ج -ﺑﻴﻦ أن f 2; ⊂ 2;
7 7
ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻼﺣﻆ؟ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ؟
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
) ...................................... u3 = f ( u2 ) ، u2 = f ( u1 ) ، u1 = f ( u0
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ( ∆ ) : y = xو اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ( C f ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ أن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ
lim un = 3 أي ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ f ( x ) = x
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 11 Moustaouli Mohamed
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) u n +1 = f (u nﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﺎل Iﺿﻤﻦ D fو Nﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
∀n ≥ Nو fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ Iو . f ( I ) ⊂ I ﺣﻴﺚ u n ∈ I
اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ) ( unﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ هﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ f ( l ) = l
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
1 1
= u0 ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ) ( unﻣﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ) un+1 = un (1 − unو
2 2
ﺑﻴﻦ أن ) ( unﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ و ﺣﺪد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ
http://arabmaths.ift.fr 12 Moustaouli Mohamed
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