00 Thiet Ke Chong Set 3272

N TT NGIP
Thit k h thng chng st cho mt trm bin p v

ng dy cao p dn ti trm.
M U
GII THIU CHUNG V HIN TNG ST VIT NAM.
Qua vic nghin cu ging st v cc bin php bo v chng st cho cc
cng trnh, thit b c lch s t lu i. Ngy nay ngi ta tm ra c
nhng bin php, nhng h thng thit b v nhng k thut tin tin
phng chng st mt cch hu hiu v an ton. Tuy nhin ging st l hin
tng t nhin. Mt , thi gian v cng st mang tnh ngu nhin cho
nn vic nghin cu chng st l rt quan trng i vi cc cng trnh.
nhng vng khc nhau, do iu kin kh hu v thit b k thut khc
nhau nn cc c im v ging st gy ra nhng tc hi khc nhau. Tu theo
tng vng m c nhng bin php thch hp phng chng st c hiu qu.
A.Tnh hnh ging st vit nam:
Theo ti KC-03-07 ca Vin nng lng trong mt nm s ngy
ging trn Min bc nc ta thng giao ng trong khong t 70 n 110
ngy v s ln ging t 150 n 300 ln, nh vy vo ma ma trung bnh
mt ngy c th xy ra t 2 n 3 cn ging.
Vng ging nhiu nht trn Min Bc l vng Tin Yn, Mng Ci; Ti
y hng nm c t 100 n 110 ngy, thng nhiu ging nht l cc thng
VII, VIII c ti 25 ngy/ thng.
Mt s vng khc c a hnh chuyn tip gia cng bng s ln ging
cng nhiu ti 200 ln vi s ngy ging khong trn 100 ngy, cc vng cn
li t 150 n 200 cn ging mi nm tp chung khong 90 n 100 ngy.
Ni t ging nht l vng Qung Bnh hng nm ch c 80 ngy ging.
Xt v dng din bin ca ma ging trong nm ta thy ma ging khng
Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
hon ton ng nht gia cc vng. Ni chung Bc B ma ma bo tp

chung khong t thng 5 n thng 9. pha ty Bc B ma ging tp trung
trong khong t u thng 4 n thng 8. cc ni khc thuc Bc B thng
5, thng 9 H Tnh, Qung Bnh .
Vng Duyn hi trung b phn pha bc n Qung Ngi l khu vc
tng i nhiu ging trong thng 4 v t thng 5 n thng 8. S ngy ging
tp trung xp x 10 ngy/thng. Thng nhiu ging nht (thng 5 ) quan st
c 12 n 15 ngy. Nhng thng u ma (thng 4) v thng cui ma
(thng 10) mi thng ch gp t 2 n 5 ln ging. Pha nam Duyn Hi trung
b (t Bnh nh tr vo) l khu vc t ging nht thng ch c thng 5 s
ngy ging ch xp x hoc ln hn 10 ngy (Tuy ho 10 ngy, Nha Trang 8
ngy, Phan Thit 13 ngy) cn cc thng khc ca ma ng mi thng ch
quan st c t 5 n 7 ngy ging.
Min Nam cng kh nhiu ging hng nm trung bnh quan st c t
40 n 50 ngy n trn 100 ngy tu tng ni. Khu vc nhiu ging nht l
vng ng bng Nam B s ngy ging trung bnh hng nm ln ti 120 n
140 ngy (Si Gn 138 ngy, H Tin 129 ngy).
Bc B ch vo khong 100 ngy. Ma ging Nam b t thng 4 n
thng 11, tr thng u ma l thng 4 thng cui ma l thng 11 s ngy
ging trung bnh l 10 ngy trn mi thng cn cc thng 5 thng 6 n thng
10 mi thng quan st trung bnh gp trn 20 ngy ging (si gn 22 ngy, H
Tin 23 ngy).
Ty Nguyn ma ging thng ch c 2, 3 thng s ngy ging t ti
10 n 15 ngy l cc thng 4, thng 5 v thng 9. Thng cc i (thng 5)
trung bnh quan st c chng 15 ngy ging. bc Ty Nguyn 10 n 12
ngy, nam Ty Nguyn (P Ly Cu 17 ngy Kon Tum 14 ngy, Lt 10
ngy) cn cc thng khc trong ma ng mi thng trung bnh t 5 n 7
ngy ging.
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
Qua s liu kho st ta thy rng tnh hnh ging st trn ba min khc
nhau, nhng vng ln cn li c mt ging st tng i ging nhau.
Kt qu nghin cu ti KC-03-07 ngi ta lp c bn phn
vng ging ton Vit nam c th phn thnh 5 vng 147 khu vc. Cc thng
s cho ghi bng 1.
Bng 1 :
Ngy ging Gi ging
trung bnh trung bnh
(ngy/nm) (gi/nm)
1. ng bng ven bin Min
81,1
215,6
Bc
2. Min ni trung du Min
61,6
219,1
Bc
3. Cao nguyn Min Trung
47,6
126,21
4. Ven bin Min Trung
44,0
95,2
5. ng bng Min Nam
60,1
89,32
Vng
Mt Thng
st trung ging
bnh
cc i
6,47
8
6,33
3,31
3,55
5,37
5;8
5;8
5;9
T cc s liu v ngy gi ging s lng o lng nghin cu thc

hin qua cc giai on c th tnh ton a ra cc s liu d kin v mt
phng in xung cc khu vc (bng 2)
Bng 2 :
S
Khuvc
Khuvc min Khu vc
Khu vc
Khu vc
ngy ng bng ven ni trung du cao nguyn ven bin
ng bng
ging bin min bc
min bc
min trung min trung min nam
20 40
2,43 4,68
2,1 4,2
1,2 2,4 1,22 2,44 1,26 2,52
4o 60
4,86 7,92
4,2 6,3
2,4 3,6
2,44 3,65 2,52 3,78
60 80
7,92 9,72
6,3 8,4
3,6 4,8
3,65 4,87 3,78 5,04
80
100
100
120
9,72 12,1
8,4 10,5
4,8 6,0
4,87 6,09
5,04 6,3
12,1514,58
10,5 12,6
6,0 7,2
6,09 7,31
6,3 5,76
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
Qua nghin cu trn ta thy Vit Nam l nc c s ngy ging nhiu

v mt phng in ln cho nn dng st cng gy nn nhng thit hi ng
k cho li in v cc cng trnh xy dng Vit Nam
B. nh hng ca ging st
Vit Nam trong khun kh ti cp nh nc KC-03-07 lp t
cc vt ghi st v b ghi tng hp trn cc ng dy ti in trong nhiu
nm lin tc. Kt qu thu thp tnh hnh s c li in 220kV Min Bc t
nm 19871992 (bng 3 )
Bng 3 :
DK ph li H ng
Loi s c
nm
Di 220KV
Tng s
Vnh cu
Tng s
Vnh cu
Do st
1987
1988
1989
24
1990
25
1991
30
1992
19
Tng s
106
16
38
11
Trong tng s s c vnh cu ca ng dy khng 220 kV Ph Li

H ng nguyn nhn do st l 8/11 chim 72,7%. S d ly kt qu s c
ca ng dy Ph Li H ng lm kt qu chung cho s c li in
Min Bc v y l ng dy quan trng ca Min Bc v s c ng dy
ny nh hng rt ln n tnh hnh chuyn ti in ca Min Bc.
Kt lun : Qua nhng nghin cu tnh hnh ging st Vit Nam v
nhng tc hi ca st gy nn i vi li in, cho nn vic bo v chng st
cho ng dy in v cc trm bin p l khng th thiu c khi thit k
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
li in. V vy vic u t nghin cu chng st l cn thit nng cao

tin cy trong vn hnh li in nc ta.
CHNG I : TNH TON BO V CHNG ST NH

TRC TIP
1.1 :Gii thiu chung.
Khi cc thit b in ca trm phn phi in ngoi tri b st nh trc
tip th s gy nhng hu qu ngim trng : gy nn h hng cc thit b in,
dn n vic ngng cung cp in ton b trm trong mt thi gian di lm
nh hng n vic sn xut in nng v cc ngng kinh t quc dn khc.
Hin nay bo v chng st nh trc tip cho cng trnh thng
dng cc h thng thu st nh: ct thu st, dy thu st. H thng thu st gm
cc b phn thu st (kim, dy ), b phn ni t v cc dy dn lin h hai b
phn vi nhau. Ct thu st c th t c lp hoc trong nhng iu kin cho
php c th t trn cc kt cu ca trm v nh my.
Thng thng gim vn u t v tn dng cc cao cc trm
bin p ngi ta c th t ct thu st trn cc x , cc ct n chiu sng,
trn mi nh... Ct thu li c lp thng t hn nn ch dng khi khng th
tn dng cc cao khc.
Nu t ct thu li trn cc kt cu trm phn phi in ngoi tri v
dng dy chng st bo v cho on dy dn ni t x cui cng ca trm
n ct u tin ca ng dy th chng s c ni t chung vo h thng
ni t ca trm.V vy khi st nh vo thu li hay on dy chng st y th
ton b dng in st s i vo h thng ni t ca trm v do lm tng
th cc thit b c ni t chung vi h thng ni t ca trm. tng th
ln th c th gy nguy him cho cc thit b, do vy ch trong iu kin
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
cho php mi c t ct thu li trn cc cng trnh trong trm hoc dng
dy chng st trong trm.
Tc dng bo v ca h thng thu st l ch tp trung in tch nh
b phn thu st, to nn in trng ln nht gia n vi u tia tin o. Do
thu ht cc phng in st v hnh thnh khu vc an ton bn di,
chung quanh h thng thu st. B phn ni t ca h thng thu st cn c
in tr ni t b vic tp trung in tch cm ng trong t c d dng
v khi c dng in st i qua in p trn cc b phn ca h thng thu st s
khng gy nn phng in ngc t n ti cng trnh t gn.
. Khi thit k h thng chng st phi ch so snh v cc mt k thut,
m thut v vn ni t ca ct thu li. i vi trm phn phi ngoi tri
110kV tr nn do c mc cch in cao nn c th t ct thu li trn cc kt
cu ca trm phn phi ,cc tr ca cc kt cu trn c t ct thu li phi
c ngn nht v sao cho dng in st khuch tn vo trong t theo 34
thanh ci ca h thng ni t. Ngoi ra mi tr ca cc kt cu y phi c
ni t b sung ci thin tr s in tr ni t. Khi b tr ct thu st ca
trm phn phi ngoi tri 110kV tr ln phi0 thc hin cc iu sau:
+ ch ni cc kt cu trn c t ct thu li vo h thng ni t cn phi
c ni t b xung nhm m bo in tr khng c qu 4.
+ Khi b tr ct thu li trn x ca trm 35kV phi tng cng cch in
ca n ln n mc cch in ca cp 110kV .
+Trn u ra ca cun dy 610kV cn t cc chng st van .
+ bo v cun dy 35kV cn t chng st van. Khong cch gia ch
ni vo h thng ni t ca v my bin p v ca chng st van phi nh
hn 5m . + Khong cch trong khng kh gia kt cu ca trm trn c t
ct thu li v b phn mang in khng c b hn chiu di ca chui s.
+ C th ni ct thu li vo h thng ni t ca trm phn phi cp110kV
nu cc yu cu trn c thc hin . Khi dng ct thu li c lp phI ch
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
n khong cach gia cc ct thu li n cc b phn ca trm trnh kh

nng phng in t ct thu li n vt c bo v.
i vi cc nh my in dng s b th ch c t ct thu li trn x
my bin p khi my pht in v my bin p c li vi nhau bng cu
bc kn v hai u c li t. Nu cu c phn on th khng c php
t ct thu li trn x my bin p. m bo v mt c kh v trng n
mn cn phi theo ng qui nh v loi vt liu, tip din dy dn dng trn
mt t v di t.
1.2. Yu cu i v ct trng st v dy thu st.
Ct thu st ln dng gi bng ct b tng ct thp lm dy dn dng
in st t kim thu st n h thng li t gim vn u t.
+ Ct thu li c thit k lm vic trng thai t do khng lm vic
trng th cng.
+ Khi trn cc phn t ca ct thu li (phn thu v dy dn dng in st)
da trn s pht nng ca chng v trong tnh ton c th b qua s tn nhit
ra mi trng xung quanh.
Kim thu st phi nh v nhn tp trung in tch to ln trng ln nht
vi tia tin o ... do thu ht dng in st v hnh thnh khu vc an ton
bn di v xung quanh h thng thu st.
+ Dy thu st phi c tit din nh v b mt dn in tt m bo dng
in st chy qua, tp trung in tch v thu ht dng in st v pha mnh
khng gy nh hng n phn t nm trong phm vi bo v em li s an
ton cho cc thit b .
- Khi b tr dy thu st bo v cho ng dy cao p th tu theo cch
b tr dy n trn ct c th treo mt hoc hai thu st. Cc dy trng st c
treo trn ng dy ti in sao cho dy dn ca c ba pha u nm trong
phm vi bo v ca cc dy .
1.3. Tnh ton h thng chng st.
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
1.3.1.Cc cng thc s dng trong tnh ton bo v chng st.

a. Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu st:
Phm vi bo v ca ct thu st l min gii hn bi mt ngoi hnh chp
trn xoay c bn knh y c xc nh bi phng trnh :
rx =
1,6
(h - hx )
hx
1+
h
(1-1)
Trong : - h l cao ct thu st.

- rx l bn knh ca phm vi bo v mc cao hx .
- hx l cao ca vt cn c bo v.
- h - hx l cao hiu dng ca ct thu st.
d dng thun tin trong tnh ton thit k thng dng phm vi bo
v dng n gin ho (hnh 1-1) ng sinh hnh chp c dng gp khc. Khi
bn knh bo v c tnh ton theo cng thc sau y :
hx
)
0,8h
(1-2)
hx
)
h
(1-3)
- Khi
hx
2
h
3
; rx = 1,5h (1 -
- Khi
hx
2
h
3
; rx = 0,75h (1 -
Cc cng thc trn ch dng trong trng hp ct thu st cao ti 30m. Khi
ct c cao trn 30m th phi nhn theo h s hiu chnh P vi P =
5,5
h
trn hnh v dng cc honh 0,75h.P v 1,5h.P
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
Mt bng ca
phm vi bo v
mc cao hx
Hnh 1.2 . Phm vi bo v ca 1 ct thu st .
b. Phm vi bo v cu hai ct thu st c cng cao.

Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi
tng s phm vi bo v ca hai ct n. Bng thc nghim ngi ta chng
minh c khu vc c xc sut 100% phng in vo ct thu st c bn knh r
=3,5h. Nh vy khi hai ct thu st t cch nhau a = 2R = 7h th bt k im
no trn mt t trong khong gia hai ct s khng b st nh. T suy ra
nu hai ct thu st t cch nhau khong cch a < 7h th s bo v c
cao h0 xc nh bi :
h - h0 =
a
7
h0 = h -
a
7
(1-4)
Mt ct thng ng i qua hai ct thu st ca phm vi bo v cho trn

hnh ( 1-3):
H7 H THNG IN
N TT NGIP
Hnh 1. 3
Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cng cao.
c. Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cao khc nhau.

Ct 1 c cao h1.
Ct 2 c cao h2 (h1< h2)
Khong cch gia 2 ct l a.
Ta c cch v phm vi bo v :
Hnh 1. 4 Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cao khc nhau.

Khi cao ct thu st vt qu 30m cng c hiu chnh tng t nh trn v:
h0 = h -
a
7p
Cch v phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c chiu cao khc nhau oc

trnh by trn
( hnh 1 - 4 ). Trc tin v phm vi bo v ca ct cao, sau
qua nh ct thp v ng thng gp ng sinh ca phm vi bo v ct
H7 H THNG IN
10
N TT NGIP
cao im 3, im ny c xem l nh ca ct gi nh n s cng vi ct

thp ( ct 2 ) hnh thnh i ct c cao bng nhau ( h2 ) vi khong cch a/
Khong cch gia ct 1 vi ct gi nh l L .
Khi :
Nu
a= a - L
h2 >
2
h1 Th:
3
Nu
h2
2
h1
3
= 0.75 h1( 1- h2/h1)
Th:
L =1,5 h1 (1- h2/ h1)
d.Phm vi bo v ca nhiu ct thu st.

Khi cng trnh cn c bo v chim khu vc rng ln, nu ch dng
vi ct th phi rt cao gy nhiu kh khn cho vic thi cng, lp gip. Trong
trng hp ny ta nn b tr nhiu ct thu st phi hp cng bo v . Vt
c cao hx nm trong a gic hnh thnh bi cc ct s c bo v nu
tho mn iu kin:
D 8 ( h - hx ) = 8 ha
(1-5)
Trong :
- D : ng knh vng trn ngoi tip a gic hnh thnh bi nh cc
ct thu st.
- ha = h - hx : cao hiu dng ct thu st, l phn vt cao hn so vi
mc cao hx
Khi cc ct thu st b tr bt k cn phi kim tra iu kin bo v an
ton cho tng cp ba ct t gn nhau. Nu cao vt qu 30m iu kin
bo v (1-5) c hiu chnh theo
H7 H THNG IN
11
N TT NGIP
D 8 (h- hx ) p = 8 ha p Khi xt cc nhm ct bo v gm c ba ct hp

vi nhau thnh mt tam gic c ba cnh l a, b, c th D c tnh nh sau :
D=
a.b.c
(m)
2. p ( p a )( p b)( p c)
(1 - 7)
Trong : p l na chu vi tam gic ABC.

P=
a+b+c
2.
a)
b)
Hnh 1 . 4
a.Phm vi bo v ca 3 ct thu st
b.Phm vi bo v ca 4 ct thu st
!.3.2 Cc thit b trong trm v nhim v tnh ton :

a. Kch thc trm :
Trm c kch thc :
Chiu di : 50m.
Chiu rng : 35m.
Pha 110 kV c :
Hai l 110 kV dn in vo trm.
Thit b phn phi cao p gm hai h thng thanh gp c chiu
di 18,5 m.
Hai ma bin p c cao 4 m.
Chiu cao ca x ko dy cao nht l 11 m.
H7 H THNG IN
12
N TT NGIP
Chiu cao thanh gp cng l 8m.

Nh iu khin cao 5m , chiu di 27 m , chiu rng 7 m t cc
thit b phn phi, thit b d phng v thit b iu khin ton b
trm.
Cc thit b khc nh dao cch li, my ct... nm di hai h
thng thanh gp nn ta khng cn xt n.
*Nhim v ca chng ta l phi b tr ct thu st trn mt bng ca
trm sao cho m bo chng st nh trc tip cho tt c cc thit b trong
trm. Bao gm : d tnh s lng, v tr t ct thu st, cao ca tng ct.
Phm vi bo v ca mt ct, phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct v phm vi
bo v ca ton b h thng thu st.
*Ta b tr cc phng n nh sau:
H7 H THNG IN
13
N TT NGIP
1.4 Vch phng n v tnh ton cc phng n.

1.4.1 Phng n 1:
*Trong phng n ny ta b tr 4 ct thu st A,B,C ,D t trc tip trn
x dy v 2 ct E,F t trn nc nh Iu khin. V tr ca cc ct nh trn
hnh v 1.7
a.Tnh cao ca ct pha 110 kV.
+ cao ca thit b cn bo v hx = 11 m.
-Xt nhm 4 ct ABCD. Cc ct ny to thnh hnh ch nht vi khong
cch cc ct :
AD = BC =18,5 m
AB = CD = 27 m
cho ton b din tch gii hn bi 4 nh ct c bo v th :
D 8 ha
Trong : D: l ng kng ng trn ngoi tip t gic ABCD.
ha : l cao tc dng ca cc ct
Ta c D= AB 2 + AD 2 =
Ta c : ha
ha
27 2 + 18,5 2 = 32,73 m.
D
8
32,73
ha 4,09.
8
Vy cao tc dng nh nht m bo phm vi bo v l 4,09 m

cao ca ct thu li ti thiu l :
h1= ha +hx
= 4,09 + 11
= 15,09 m .
Do ta chn chiu cao ca cc ct thu st A,B,C,D l 15,5 m
b.Tnh cao ca cc ct pha my bin p v nh iu khin.
H7 H THNG IN
14
N TT NGIP
+ cao ca thit b cn bo v l : hx = 5m.

-Xt nhm 4 ct CDEF. Bn ct ny to thnh mt hnh ch nht vi
khong cch gia cc ct l :
DE = CF = 25,5 m.
EF = CD = 27 m.
m bo ton b din tch gii hn bi 4 nh ct c bo v th :
D 8 ha
Trong : D l ng knh ng trn ngoi tip hnh ch nht CDEF
D = CF 2 + CD 2 =
25,5 2 + 27 2 =37,14 m.
ha : l cao tc dng ca cc ct .
ha
D
37,14
ha
8
8
ha 4,64.
Vy cao tc dng ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l 4,64 m.
cao ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l:
h2 =hx + ha
= 5 + 4.64 = 9,64 m.
Vy ta ly cao ca ct EF l 10 m.
Kt lun : Ton b trm ta b tr 6 ct thu st. Bn pha my bin p v nh
iu khin m bo an ton ta b tr 2 ct E v F c cao l 10 m. Bn
ct A,B,C,D c cao 15,5 m.
Tnh ton phm vi bo v .
- Phm vi bo v ca ct cao 15,5 m l:
Ta c :
2
2
h = . 15,5 = 10.33 m .
3
3
hx = 11 m >
2
h.
3
H7 H THNG IN
15
N TT NGIP
Vy nn bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :

rx = 0,75 h0 ( 1 -
hx
)
h
= 0,75 . 15.5 ( 1 -
11
)
15,5
= 3,375 m.
- Phm vi bo v ca ct cao 10 m l :
Ta c :
2
2
h = . 10 = 6,667 m .
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
h.
3
Vy bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 10 (1 -
5
)
0, ,8.10
=5,625 m .
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct A v B l :
Ta c : h = 15,5 m .
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 27 m
Vi 7h = 7. 15,5 = 108,5 m .
a<7h
+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct l :

h0 = h =15,5 -
a
7
27
7
= 11,643 m .
+ Bn knh bo v gia 2 ct l :
Ta c :
2
2
h0 = . 11,643 = 7,762 m .
3
3
H7 H THNG IN
16
N TT NGIP
2
3
hx = 11 m > h0 .
r0x = 0.75 .h0 ( 1-
hx
).
h0
= 0,75. 11,643. ( 1 -
11
)
11,643
= 0,482 m .
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct A v D :
Ta c h = 15,5 m
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a= 18,5 m
Vi 7h = 7 . 15,5 = 108,5 m
a < 7 h.
+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct l:

ho = h -
a
7
= 15,5 -
18,5
= 12,857 m .
7
+Bn knh bo v ca 2 ct l :
Ta c ;
2
2
ho = .12,857 = 8,571 m .
3
3
hx = 11 m >
2
ho
3
rox = 0,75 ho (1 -
hx
)
ho
= 0,75. 12,857 ( 1 -
11
)
12,857
= 1,393 m .
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct B v C . Ta c hai ct B v C c
khong cch , cao v ca thit b cn bo v bng ca 2 ct A v D
nn c gi tr bng phm vi bo v ca 2 ct A v D .
H7 H THNG IN
17
N TT NGIP
Vi : h0 =12,857 m
rox = 1,393 m.
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct E v F
Ta c : h = 10 m.
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 27 m.
Vi 7h = 7 .10 = 70 m
a < 7h
h0 = h -
a
7
=10 -
27
= 6,143 m .
7
+ Bn knh bo v ca 2 ct l :
Ta c :
2
2
ho = . 6,143 = 4,095 m .
3
3
hx = 5m >
rox = 0,75 ho ( 1-
2
h
3
hx
)
ho
= 0,75 .6,143 ( 1 -
5
)
6,143
=0,886 m.- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct D v E l :

Ta c :
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 25,5 m.
Chiu cao ct D l : h1 = 15,5 m.
Chiu cao ct E l : h2 = 10 m .
2
2
h1 = . 15,5 = 10,333 m .
3
3
H7 H THNG IN
18
N TT NGIP
2
h1 > h2.
3

h0 = h 2 -
a,
7
a, = a - L
a: l khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 25,5 m.

h2
)
0.8h1
L = 1,5 .h1 ( 1-
= 1,5 . 15,5 (1 -
10
)
0,8.15,5
= 4,5 m .
h0 = 10 -
21
= 7 m.
7
Ta c :
2
2
.7 = 4,67 m
ho =
3
3
hx = 5 m >
2
ho
3
rox = 0,75 ho ( 1 =0,75 .7 ( 1-
hx
)
ho
5
)
7
= 1,5 m.
-Phm vi bo v gia 2 ct C v F .
Ta c 2 ct C v E c cng chiu cao ct thu st , chiu cao vt cn bo v
v khong cch gia 2 ct bng 2 ct D v E nn phm vi bo v gia 2 ct C
v F bng phm vi bo v gia 2 ct D v E vi :
ho = 7 m.
rox = 1,5 m
H7 H THNG IN
19
N TT NGIP
Kt Lun :Trong phng n I ta c 6 ct thu st vi :

+ Chiu cao ct A,B,C,D l 15,5 m.
+ Chiu cao ct E,F l 10 m.
+ Bn knh bo v ca ct A,B,C,D l 3,375 m.
+ Bn knh bo v ca ct E,F l 5,625 m.
+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct v bn knh bo v tng h
ca 2 ct c gi tr trong bng sau .
Ct
ho(m)
A v B
11,643
0,482
A v D
12,857
1,393
B v C
12,857
1,393
C v F
rox(m)
1,5
F v E
6,143
E v D
0,886
1,5
*V mt bng, mt ct ca phm vi bo v:
+ Mt bng hnh 1.8.
+ Mt ct hinh 1.9.
1.4.2.Phng n 2
* Trong phng n ny ta b tr 4 ct thu st A,B,C ,D t trc tip trn
x dy v 2 ct E,F t trn nc nh iu khin. V tr ca cc ct nh trn
hnh v 1.10.
a.Tnh cao ca ct pha 110 kV.
+ cao ca thit b cn bo v hx = 11 m.
-Xt nhm 4 ct ABCD. Cc ct ny to thnh hnh ch nht vi khong
cch cc ct :
AB = CD =18 m
H7 H THNG IN
20
N TT NGIP
AD = BC = 27 m
cho ton b din tch gii hn bi 4 nh ct c bo v th :
D 8 ha
Trong : D: l ng knh ng trn ngoi tip t gic ABCD.
ha : l cao tc dng ca cc ct
Ta c D= AB 2 + AD 2 =
Ta c : ha
ha
18 2 + 18,5 2 = 25,812 m.
D
8
25,812
8
ha 3,227 m .
Vy cao tc dng nh nht m bo phm vi bo v l 3,227 m

cao ca ct thu li ti thiu l :
h1= ha +hx
= 3,227 + 11
= 14,227 m .
Do chiu cao ca cc ct thu st A,B,C,D ta ly l 14,5 m
b.Tnh cao ca cc ct pha my bin p v nh iu khin.
+ cao ca thit b cn bo v l : hx = 5m.
-Xt nhm 3 ct DEF. Ba ct ny to thnh mt tam gic thng vi
khong cch gia cc ct l :
EF = 27 m.
DE = EH 2 + HD 2 .
Vi H l im cho trn hnh v 1.10 ta c:
DE = 18,5 2 + 4,5 2 =19,04 m
DF = FI 2 + ID 2
Vi I l im cho trn hnh v 1.10 ta c:
H7 H THNG IN
21
N TT NGIP
DF = 18,5 2 + 22,5 2 =29,129 m .

m bo ton b din tch gii hn bi 3 nh ct c bo v th :
D 8 ha
Trong : D l ng knh ng trn ngoi tip hnh tam gic DEF
ha : l cao tc dng ca cc ct .
ha
D
8
+ Tnh D
D=
EF .DE.DF
2 P( P EF )( P DE )( P DF )
Vi P l na chu vi ca tam gic DEF

P=
=
EF + DE + DF
2
27 + 19,04 + 29,129
= 35,585 m.
2
D =
27.19,04.29,129
2 35,585(35,585 27)(35,585 19,04)(35,585 29,129
= 42,7 m .
ha
42,7
8
ha 5,34 m.
Vy cao tc dng ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l 5,34 m.

cao ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l:
h2 = hx + ha
= 5 + 5,34 = 10,34 m.
- Xt nhm 3 ct CEF . Ta thy nhm 3 ct ny cng to thnh mt tam gic
thng bng tam gic to thnh t nhm 3 ct DEF v cao cn bo v nh
nhau nn cao ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l nh nhau.
Vy ta ly cao ca ct EF l 10,5m.
H7 H THNG IN
22
N TT NGIP
Kt lun : Ton b trm ta b tr 6 ct thu st. Bn pha my bin p v nh

iu khin m bo an ton ta b tr 2 ct E v F c cao l 10,5 m. Bn
ct A,B,C,D c cao 14,5 m.
Tnh ton phm vi bo v .
- Phm vi bo v ca ct cao 14,5 m l:
Ta c :
2
2
h = . 14,5 = 9,667 m
3
3
hx = 11 m >
2
h.
3
Vy nn bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :

rx = 0,75 h ( 1 -
hx
)
h
= 0,75 . 14.5 ( 1 -
11
)
14,5
= 2,625 m.
Theo s mt bng ca trm v ta b tr ct thu st gia x dy nn
khong cch t u x n gia x l 4,5 m. Ta phi bo v ton x v vy bn
knh bo v ti thiu phi l 4,5 m. V vy vi cao 14,5 m khng m bo
phm vi bo v. Gi s ta tng ct ln cao 17m ta c :
2
2
h = . 17 = 11,333 m .
3
3
2
h.
3
hx = 11 m <

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 17 (1 -
11
)
0,8.17
= 4,875 m. (Tho mn)

Vy ta ly chiu cao ct A,B,C,D l 17 m.
H7 H THNG IN
23
N TT NGIP
- Phm vi bo v ca ct cao 10,5 m l :

Ta c :
2
2
h = . 10,5 = 7 m .
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
h.
3

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 10,5 (1 -
5
)
0,8.10,5
= 6,375 m .
Theo s mt bng ca trm th phm vi bo v ca ct E v F ti thiu
cng phi bng chiu rng ca nh iu khin th mi m bo yu cu.
Chiu rng ca nh iu khin l 7m v vy bn knh bo v ti thiu ca ct
E,F l 7m. Vi cao ca ct l 10,5 m khng m bo vy gi s ta tng
chiu cao ca ct ln l 11,5m . Ta c:
2
2
h = . 11,5 = 7,667 m .
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
h.
3

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 11,5 (1 -
5
)
0,8.11,5
= 7,875 m . (Tho mn )
Vy ta ly chiu cao ct E,F l 11,5 m.
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct E v F l :
Ta c : h = 11,5 m .
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 27 m
H7 H THNG IN
24
N TT NGIP
Vi 7h = 7. 11,5 = 80,5 m .
a<7h

a
7
h0 = h -
27
7
=11,5 -
= 7,643 m .
Ta c :
2
2
h0 = . 7,643 = 5,095 m .
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
h.
3

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 7,643 (1 -
5
)
0,8.7,643
= 2,09 m.
Theo s mt bng ca trm th phm vi bo v ca ct E v F phi bo
v ton b nh iu khin th mi m bo yu cu. Chiu rng ca nh iu
khin l 7m v vy bn knh bo v tng h ti thiu ca ct 2 ct E v F
phi l 7 m. Vi cao ca ct l 11,5 m khng m bo vy gi s ta tng
chiu cao ca ct ln l 15m . Ta c:
h0 = h -
a
7
=15 -
27
7
= 11,143 m .
H7 H THNG IN
25
N TT NGIP
Ta c :
2
2
h0 = . 11,143 = 7,429 m .
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
h.
3

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 11.143 (1 -
5
)
0,8.11,143
= 7,34 m. (Tho mn)

Vy ta ly chiu cao ct E,F l 15 m.
- Bn knh bo v ca ct cao 15m l:
Ta c:
2
2
h = . 15 = 10 m .
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
h.
3

rx = 1,5 h ( 1-
hx
)
0.8h
= 1,5. 15 (1 -
5
)
0,8.15
=13,125 m.
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct A v D :
Ta c h = 17 m
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a= 18,5 m
Vi 7h = 7 . 17 = 119 m
.
a < 7 h.
+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct l:

ho = h Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM
a
7
H7 H THNG IN
26
N TT NGIP
= 17 -
18,5
= 14,357 m .
7
+Bn knh bo v ca 2 ct l :
Ta c ;
2
2
ho = .14,357 = 9,571 m .
3
3
hx = 11 m >
2
ho
3
rox = 0,75 ho (1 -
hx
)
ho
= 0,75. 14,357 ( 1 -
11
)
14,357
= 2,531 m .
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct B v C . Ta c hai ct B v C c
khong cch , cao v ca thit b cn bo v bng ca 2 ct A v D
nn c gi tr bng phm vi bo v ca 2 ct A v D .
Vi : h0 =14,357 m
rox = 2,531 m.
- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct Av B
Ta c : h = 17 m.
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 18 m.
Vi 7h = 7 .17 = 119 m
a < 7h
h0 = h =17 -
a
7
18
= 14,429 m .
7
+ Bn knh bo v ca 2 ct l :
H7 H THNG IN
27
N TT NGIP
Ta c :
2
2
ho = . 14,429 = 9,619 m.
3
3
hx = 11m >
2
ho
3
rox = 0,75 ho ( 1-
hx
)
ho
= 0,75 .14,429 ( 1 -
11
)
14,429
=2,572 m.- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct D v E l :

Ta c :
Khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 19,04 m.
Chiu cao ct D l : h1 = 17 m.
Chiu cao ct E l : h2 = 15 m .
2
2
h1 = . 17 = 11,33 m .
3
3
2
h1 < h2.
3

h0 = h 2 -
a,
7
a, = a - L
a: l khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 19,04 m.

L = 0,75 ( h1 h2 )
= 0,75 (17 15 )
=1,5 m .
a , = 19,04 1,5 =17,54 m.
h0 = 15 -
17,54
= 12,494 m.
7
H7 H THNG IN
28
N TT NGIP
Ta c :
2
2
ho =
.12,494 = 8,33 m
3
3
hx = 5 m <
2
ho
3
rox = 1,5 ho ( 1 -
hx
)
0,8ho
=0,75 .12,494 ( 1-
5
)
0,8.12,494
= 9,366 m.
-Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct C v F .
Ta c 2 ct C v F c cng chiu cao ct thu st , chiu cao vt cn bo
v v khong cch gia 2 ct bng 2 ct D v E nn phm vi bo v gia 2
ct C v F bng phm vi bo v gia 2 ct D v E vi :
ho = 12,494 m.
rox = 9,366 m
Kt Lun :Trong phng n II ta c 6 ct thu st vi :
+ Chiu cao ct A,B,C,D l 17 m.
+ Chiu cao ct E,F l 15 m.
+ Bn knh bo v ca ct A,B,C,D l 4,875 m.
+ Bn knh bo v ca ct E,F l 13,125 m.
+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct v bn knh bo v tng h
ca 2 ct c gi tr trong bng sau .
Ct
ho(m)
rox(m)
H7 H THNG IN
29
N TT NGIP
A v B
14,429
2,572
A v D
14,357
2,531
B v C
14,357
2,531
C v F
12,494
9,366
F v E
11,143
7,34
E v D
12,494
9,366
*V mt bng, mt ct ca phm vi bo v:
+ Mt bng hnh 1.11.
+ Mt ct hinh 1.12.
H7 H THNG IN
30
N TT NGIP
1.2.3.Phng n 3.
Ta b tr hai dy thu st dc theo cc im ABC v DEF. Bn ct ABDE dt
trn x ca h thng hai thanh gp 110KV hai ct C v F t trn nc nh
iu khin.
V tr ca cc ct dy nh trn hnh v 1.13, 1.14
- V khong cch gia cc ct nh ln ta khng cn tnh n vng ca
dy chng st.
- Tnh cao ca dy thu st pha thanh gp 110kV.
+ Khong cch gia hai dy : S =27m
+ Chiu cao cn bo v: hx =11m
+Gi s ta thit k hai dy c cao bng nhau cho ton b din tch
nm trong hai dy c bo v an ton th :
S 4ha
ha: l cao tc dng ca dy
ha
S 27
= =6,75m
4 4
Vy cao tc dng ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l 6,75m

cao ti thiu ca dy thu st l :
h = ha + hx
= 6,75+11=17,75m
- Tnh chiu cao ca dy thu st pha my bin p v nh iu khin :
Khong cch gia hai dy : S=27m
cao cn bo v hx= 5m
Gi s ta thit k hai dy c cao bng nhau ton b din tch gii
hn bi hai dy c bo v th:
S 4ha
ha
s 27
=
= 6,75
4 4
cao ti thiu ca dy thu st l :
H7 H THNG IN
31
N TT NGIP
h = ha + hx
= 6,75+5 =11,75
Vy ta b tr bn ct dy ABDE bn pha hai h thng thanh gp 110kV
cao 18m v hai ct C v F trn nc nh iu khin cao 12m .
Tnh phm vi bo v
- Phm vi bo v ca mt dy cao 18m:
Ta c
2
2
h + 18 = 12m
3
3
hx=11m <
2
h
3
Chiu rng ca phm vi bo v cao hx l:

hx
)
0,8h
bx= 1,2 h (1= 1,2 18(1-
11
)
0,818
= 5,1m
- Phm vi bo v gia hai dy c cao 18m
+ im thp nht ca phm vi bo v gia hai dy l
h0= h=18-
s
4
27
=11,25m
4
+Chiu rng nh nht hai u dy chng st l:

Ta c
2
2
h0 = .11,25 = 7,5 m.
3
3
hx = 11 m >
2
h0
3
b0x = 0,6. h0 .( 1 -
hx
)
h0
= 1,2. 12 (1 -
11
11,25
H7 H THNG IN
32
N TT NGIP
= 0,15 m.
- Phm vi bo v ca 1 dy cao 12 m .
Ta c:
2
2
h = .12 = 8m
3
3
hx = 11m <
2
h
3
Chiu rng ca phm vi bo v cao hx l ;

bx = 1,2 h (1-
hx
)
0,8h
5
)
0,8.12
= 1,2. 12 ( 1= 6,9m .
- Phm vi bo v gia 2 dy c cao 12m.

+ im thp nht ca phm vi bo v gia 2 dy l:
h0 = h
S
4
= 12 -
27
= 5,25m.
4
+ Chiu rng nh nht hai u dy chng st l;

Ta c:
2
2
h0 = .5,25 = 3,5m
3
3
hx = 5m >
2
h0
3
b0 x = 0,6h0 1
hx
h0
= 0,6.5,251
5,25
= 0,15m.
V mt bng , mt ct ca phm vi bo v:
+ Mt bng ( Hnh 1.15)
+ Mt ct ( hnh 1.16).
H7 H THNG IN
33
N TT NGIP
1.5. So snh cc phng n a ra phng n ti u.

Phng n 1.
- Trong phng n ny ta dng 6 ct thu st trong :
+ Bn ct c t trc tip trn x dy cao 11.
4 ct c cao 15,5m Chiu cao ct cn dng l :
h1 = 15,5 - 11 = 4,5m.
+Hai ct t trn nc nh iu khin cao 5m c chiu cao l 10m
Chiu cao ct cn dng l :
h2 = 10 - 5 = 5m .
Ta c tng chiu cao ct cn dng trong phng n I l:
h = 4.h1 +2.h2 = 4.4,5 + 2.5 = 28m.
- Nhn xt: Trong phng n ny cc ct c cao tng i ng u thun
tin cho vic lp t v bo qun. Phm vi bo v m bo an ton cho cc thit
b trong trm .
Phng n 2.
- Trong phng n ny ta b tr 6 ct thu st trong :
+ Bn ct c t trc tip trn x dy cao 11m.
4 ct c cao 17m Chiu cao mt ct cn dng l:
h1 = 17 11 = 6m.
+ Hai ct t trn nc nh Iu khin cao 5mc chiu cao l 15m.
cao mt ct cn dng l:
h2 = 15 5 = 10m.
Ta c tng chiu cao ct cn dng trong phng n ny l:
h = 4.h1 + 2.h2 = 4. 6 + 2. 10 = 44m.
H7 H THNG IN
34
N TT NGIP
- Nhn xt: Trong phng n ny chiu cao cc ct tng i ng u .

Nhng chiu cao 2 ct trn nc nh iu khin tng i ln so vi cao cn
bo v. Phm vi bo v m bo an ton cho mi thit b trong trm.
* Phng n 3.
- Trong phng n ny ta b tr hai dy thu st dc theo hai h thng thanh
gp ti nh iu khin. Ct dy gm 6 ct trong 4 ct t trc tip trn x
dy cao 11m v 2 ct t trn nc nh iu khin cao 5m.
+ Chiu di ca dy thu st :
h = 2 .44 = 88m.
+ cao ca ct dy:
Bn ct t trn x dy cao 18m cao mt ct cn dng l :
h1 = 18 11 = 7m.
Hai ct t trn nc nh iu khin c cao 12m Chiu cao mt ct cn
dng l:
h2 = 12 5 = 7m.
Tng cao ca ct dy cn dng l:
h = 4.h1 + 2. h2 = 4. 7 + 2. 7 = 42m.
- Nhn xt: Trong phng n ny cao ca ct dy tng i ng u
d lp t v bo qun, phm vi bo v m bo an ton cho mi thit b trong
trm. Nhng phi lp t c phn ct v phn dy tng i dI do vy
khng c li v mt kinh t.
* Kt lun: Trong 3 phng n trn xt v mt kinh t v k thut th
phng n I c vn u t nh nht v phm vi bo v m bo an ton cho mi
thit b trong trm. hai phng n cn li vn u t ln hn. V vy ta chn
phng n I thit k v thi cng cho trm.
H7 H THNG IN
35
N TT NGIP
CHNG II
THIT K V TNH TON H THNG NI T.
*Nhim v chung.
-Nhim v ca h thng ni t l tn dng in st xung t m bo
dng in trn thit b chng st c tr s b. Trong vic bo v qu in p, ni
t ca trm bin p, ca cc ct thu li, ca ng dy v ca thit b chng st
rt quan trng. Trong h thng in c 3 loi ni t khc nhau:
+Ni t lm vic: Nhim v ca loi ni t ny l m bo s lm vic
bnh thng ca thit b hoc ca mt s b phn ca thit b theo ch lm
vic c quy nh sn. Loi ni t ny gm c ni t im trung tnh ca
my bin p trong h thng c im trung tnh ni t, ni t ca my bin p
o lng v ca khng in nm trong b ngang trn cc ng dy ti in i
xa.
+Ni t an ton hay cn gi l ni t bo v: C nhim v m bo an
ton cho ngi khi cch in b h hng. Thc hin ni t an ton bng cch
em ni t mi b phn bnh thng khng mang in ( v my, thng my
bin p, my ct in, cc gi , chn s...).Khi cch in b hng, trn cc b
phn ny s xut hin in th nhng do c ni t nn gi c mc in
th thp...do m bo an ton cho ngi khi tip xc vi chng.
+Ni t chng st: Mc ch tn dng in st vo trong t ( khi c st
nh vo ct thu st hoc dy thu st ) gi cho in th ti mi im trn thn
ct khng qu ln...do hn ch c cc phng in ngc ti cng trnh cn
bo v.
H7 H THNG IN
36
N TT NGIP
- cc nh my in v trm bin p v nguyn tc phi tch ri cc h

thng ni t vi nhau phng khi dng in ngn mch ln hay dng in
st i vo h thng ni t lm vic s khng gy in th cao trn h thng ni
t an ton. Nhng trong thc t iu kh thc hin cho nn thng ch dng
mt h thng ni t. Do h thng ni t chung phi tho mn cc yu cu
ca mi thit b, h thng ni t cn c in tr ni t b nht. in tr ni t
ca h thng ny yu su khng c qu 0,5 .
- m bo v yu cu ni t cng nh gim khi lng kim loi
trong vic xy dng h thng ni t nn tn dng cc loi ni t t nhin nh:
+ ng nc chn di t hay cc ng kim loi khc ( khng cha cc
cht d n, chy ),
+ H thng dy chng st ct thu st .
+ Kt cu kim loi ca cc cng trnh .
- Khi dng ni t t nhin phi tun theo cc quy nh ca quy phm.
Nu in tr ni t t nhin tho mn cc yu cu ca thit b c dng in
ngn mch chm t b th khng cn lm thm ni t nhn to na. Nhng i
vi cc thit b c dng ngn mch ln th cn phi ni t nhn to v yu cu
tr s in tr ni t nhn to vn phi nh hn 1.
2.1. Phng php ni t, cc tham s nh hng n in tr ni t v
hin tng phng in xung kch.
2.1.1.Phng php ni t.
-H thng ni t bao gm cc in cc c chn trong t lm gim
ni t theo tiu chun ca tng loi t. Cc in cc thng l cc thanh di
nm ngang hoc ct thng ng in p bc nh, li t c th l mch
vng hoc li vung. Khi tnh ton ta phn lm 2 loi:
+Ni t t nhin: ta s dng cc ni t c sn nh dy chng st,ct thu
st, cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh.
+Ni t nhn to : Nhm mc ch m bo in tr ni t ca cng
trnh khi ni t t nhin khng m bo c.
H7 H THNG IN
37
N TT NGIP
2.1.2.Cc tham s nh hng n ni t.

- Cc tham s nh hng gm: Kch thc hnh hc ca in cc, cch
b tr in cc, tr s in tr xut ca t .
*nh hng ca kch thc hnh hc:Trong trng hp tng qut bt k dng ni
t no cng c s thay th nh ng dy di vi tham s : r, l, g, c. ( hnh 2.1 ).
Hnh 2.1
Khi tnh ton c th b qua r v in tr tc dng ca ni t c th nh

hn nhiu so vi in tr tn ca ni t v b qua in dung c v dng in
dung cng nh ngay c trng hp sng sung kch. in cm L v in dn G
ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca in cc h thng ni t. S thay th
rt gn c dng nh hnh 2.2
Hnh 2.2.
Khi c in cm L th tc dng ca n i vi dng in i vo h thng
ni t khc nhau, vi dng in c tc bin thin nh nh dng in cng
H7 H THNG IN
38
N TT NGIP
nghip th gi tr L nh v c th gy tc dng khng ng k. Vi dng in c

tc bin thin ln nh dng in st th gi tr in cm rt ln, in cm i
vi dng in th hin thi gian qu . T l thi gian m dng in tnh t lc
cha n nh n n nh. Vi dng in st thi gian qu T c tnh t thi
im dng in bt u i vo h thng ni t n khi kt thc qu trnh qu
. Thi gian t l vi in cm v in dn ca cc h thng ni t T L.g.l2 .
Khi dng in i trong t l dng in st, tham s biu th ca ni t vi
dng in th hin s v thi gian T.
Khi T s dng in t cc i qu trnh cha kt thc, in cm L
khng th b qua trong tnh ton v phn ng ca ni t l mt tng tr c gi
tr ln hn nhiu. Trong trng hp ny tng t nh ng dy ni t gi l
ni t phn b di .
Khi T < s dng in t cc i thi gian qu kt thc v ni t
th hin nh mt in tr tn. Trng hp ny ng vi ni t tp trung.
*nh hng ca cch b tr in cc :
Cch b tr in cc c nh hng rt ln n tr s ca in tr tn ca
h thng ni t. iu ny th hin ch in trng trong t ca cc in cc
khc nhau nhiu so vi trng hp mt cc n , c nga l in tr mt cc ca
h thng ni t t l vi in tr mt cc qua h s.
*nh hng ca tr s in tr xut ca t .
t l mi trng phc tp khng ng nht v mt kt cu v thnh phn
do in tr xut ca t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t thnh phn : m, nhit
ca t . Do kh hu cc ma thay i nn gi tr in tr xut ca t cng
thay i. V vy khi thit k h thng ni t tr s tnh ton in tr xut ca t
ta phi thay i ly tr s ln nht.
Tr s c tnh ton bi cng thc:
= o. Kma
Trong : o : in tr xut o c ca t.
H7 H THNG IN
39
N TT NGIP
Kma: h s ma.
H s ma mi loi t khc nhau c tr s khc nhau.
2.1.3. Hin tng phng in xung kch.
Khi c dng in st i vo in cc ni t th gy ra mt in trng
ln n mt thi hn th xy ra qu trnh phng in trong t. Cc tia la in
pht trin xung quang in cc to ra vng h quang, cc ni t xem nh l to
ra v in tr ni t gim. in tr ni t c tnh bng cng thc:
Rxk = xk. R ;
Vi xk < 1 l h s xung
kch.
2.2.Yu cu i vi h thng ni t.
B phn ni t ca h thng thu st cn c in tr ni t b vic tp
trung in tch cm ng pha mt t c dng v khi c dng in st i qua,
in p trn cc b phn ca h thng thu st s khng gy phng in ngc t n ti cc cng trnh t gn.
2.3.Tnh ton ni t cho trm.
2.3.1.Tnh ton ni t an ton.
-Trm 110kVyu cu in tr ni t ca h thng 0,5 .
-in tr ni t gm 2 phn :
+in tr ni t t nhin .
+in tr ni t nhn to .
a. Tnh ton in tr ni t t nhin.
Trm thit k c dy chng st dng bo v ng dy c ko vo
tn x ca trm. Nn in tr ni t t nhin l in tr h thng dy thu st ct
.
in tr ca dy chng st ct c tnh bi cng thc:
RCSC =
RC
1
+
2
RC 1
+
RCS 4
Trong : Rcsc: in tr ca dy chng st.

H7 H THNG IN
40
N TT NGIP
Rc: in tr ni t ca ct in in ng dy: Rc = 12
Vi dy chng st ta c : Ro = 2,83 / Km.
ng dy 110 kV khong cch gia cc ct l l = 180 m = 0,18 km.
Rcs = R0 . lkv = 2,83 . 0,18 = 0,51
Rcsc =
Rtn =
12
1
12 1
+
+
2
0,51 4
RCSC
n
Rtn =
= 0,232
( n l s l ng dy )
2,032
=1,016
2
Ta c Rtn = 1,016
Theo iu kin in in tr ni t ca h thng :
Rtn // Rnt 0,5(1)
Rnt 1(2 )
T (1) ta c :
1
1
1
.
+
RTN R NT
0,5
RTN .R NT
0,5
RTN + R NT
Vi Rnt = 1,066 ta c :
1,016.R NT
0,5
1,016 + R NT
R NT 0,984
Vi Rtn 0,984 tho mn iu kin (2 ).Vy ta phi tnh in tr ni
t nhn to . Nu Rnt 0,984 th tho mn yu cu in tr ni t ca h
thng .
b.Tnh ton h thng ni t nhn to .
H7 H THNG IN
41
N TT NGIP
H thng ni t nhn to bao gm thanh mch vng bao quanh trm

ng thi t cc thanh ph lm nhim v cn bng th v ni t an ton cc
thit b trong trm. Trong tnh ton ta b qua in tr ca cc thanh cn bng
p ny. Trong trm ta b tr cc thanh cn bng p nh trn hnh v (hnh 2.3).
Ta t mch vng cch tng bo v quanh trm l 1 m.
Hnh 2.3 : S h thng ni t nhn to.

Rmv =
Cng thc tnh in tr ni t ca mch vng:

tt
2L
ln
KL2
td
Trong : tt: l in tr sut tnh ton.

L : L chu vi mch vng .
K : L h s ph thuc s ni t.
t : L chn su. Ta ly t = 0,8 m
d : L ng knh in cc.
Ta chn thanh dt c kch thc 50 X 5 cm th:
d=
b
50
=
=25 cm = 0,25 m.
2
2
H7 H THNG IN
42
N TT NGIP
tt = o - Km
Da vo bng 19-2 sch K Thut in Cao p ca tc gi V Vit n
vi
t = 0,8 m ta c Km = 1,4.
tt = 80 . 1,4 = 112
Ta c : l1 = 50 m
l2 = 35 m
L = ( l1 + l2). 2 = ( 48 + 33 ). 2 = 162 m.
l1
48
=
=1,45
l2
33
T s
Tra bng 2.6 sch Hng Dn Thit K Tt Nghip K Thut in Cao

p ca tc gi Nguyn Minh Chc ta c K = 5,75.
Rmv =
112
5,75.162 2
ln
2.3,14
0,8.0,25
= 1,43
Nhn xt : Rmv > 0,984 khng tho mn yu cu in tr ni t ca
h thng do ta phi b xung thm cc. Gi s cc l n. c,mv l h s s
dng ca cc v mch vng. Ta c:
Rnt =
Rmv .Rc
Rmv . c .n + R c . mv
in tr ca cc c xc nh bi cng thc :
Rc =
tt 2.l
1 4.t + l
ln
+ ln
2.l d 2 4t l
Trong : tt: l in tr xut tnh ton.

tt = . Km
Ta thit k cc chn su cch mt t 0,8 m. Da vo bng 19.2 sch
K Thut in Cao p ca tc gi V Vit n ta ly Km = 1,4.
tt = 80 . 1,4 = 112
H7 H THNG IN
43
N TT NGIP
l : L chiu di cc: Ta ly l = 3 m.
d: L ng knh ca cc: Ta ly d = 0,05 m
t : L khong cch t mt t ti im gia ca cc.
t=
Rc =
3
l
+ h = + 0,8 = 2,3m
2
2
112 2.3 1 4.2,3 + 3
ln
+ ln
2.3,14 0,05 2 4.2,3 3
= 30,472
Ta xc nh c, mv:
+ cho
n=
a
=3 a = 3 . l =9 m.
l
L 162
=
= 18 cc
9
a
Ly n = 18 cc
Tra bng 4 trang 83 sch Hng Dn Thit K Tt Nghip K Thut
in Cao p (HDTKTNKTCA ) ca tc gi Nguyn Minh Chc ta c c =
0,73.
Tra bng 6 trang 84 sch HDTKTNKTCA ta c: mv = 0,46 .
Rnt =
Rmv .Rc
Rmv . c .n + Rc . mv
1,43.30,472
= 1,328.
1,43.0,73.18 + 30,472.0,46
Rnt > 0,984 Khng tho mn yu cu ca h thng.

+ Cho
n=
a
= 2 a = 2.l = 2. 3 =6 m
l
L 162
=
= 27 cc
6
a
Vy n = 27 cc
Tra bng 4 trang 83 sch HDTKTNKTCA ta c : c = 0,61.
H7 H THNG IN
44
N TT NGIP
Tra bng 6 trang 84 sch HDTKTNKTCA ta c: mv = 0,3.

Rnt =
1,43.30,472
=1,32
1,43.0,61.27 + 30,472.0,3
Rnt > 0,984 Khng tho mn yu cu ca h thng.

a
=1 a =l = 3m
l
+ Cho
n =
L 162
=
=54
a
3
Ly n = 54 cc.
Tra bng 4 trang 83 sch HDTKTNKTCA ta c: c = 0,38.
Tra bng 6 trang 84 sch HDTKTNKTCA ta c: mv = 0,2.
Rnt =
1,43.30,472
= 1,3
1,43.0,38.54 + 30,472.0,2
Rnt > 0,984 Khng tho mn yu cu ca h thng .

+ Cho
n=
a
= 0,5 a = 0,5 . l = 0,5. 3 = 1,5 m.
l
L 152
=
=108 cc.
a 1,5
Ly n = 108 cc
Tra bng 4 trang 83 sch HDTKTNKTCA ta c: c = 0,27.
Xc nh mv:
T trn ta c :
a
= 3 th mv = 0,46
l
a
= 2 th mv = 0,3
l
a
= 1 th mv = 0,2
l
Ta c th:
T th ta c vi
a
= 0,5
l
th mv = 0,17
H7 H THNG IN
45
N TT NGIP
Rnt =
1,43.30,472
= 0,93
1,43.0,27.108 + 30,472.0,17
Rnt < 0,984 tho mn yu cu ca h thng ni t. Vy ta b tr 113

cc b xung vo h thng mch vng .
2.3.2. in tr ni t xung kch .
Do nh hng ca ma st nn in tr ni t xung kch c tnh
tng ng vi h s ma K ms.
+ in tr ca mch vng l :
Rmvms =
K ms . d KL2
ln
2 L
td
Vi h s ma st Kms tra trong bng 19.2 sch K Thut in Cao p

ca tc gi V Vit n. Vi mch vng nm ngang chn su 0,8 m.
Ta chn :Kms = 1,25.
Trong tnh ton ni t an ton ta c :
L =162 m
= 8,0.
K = 5,75.
d = 0,25.
Rmvms =
1,25.80
5,75.162 2
ln
2.3,14.162
0,8.0,25
= 1.33
+ Cng vi Rc = 30,472 v s cc l 108 cc ta tnh in tr ni t
nhn to theo yu cu ca in tr xung kch .
Ta c: Rntxk =
Rmv .Rc
Rmv . c .n + Rmv mv
Vi mv = 0,17 .
c = 0,27,
Rntxk =
30,472.1,33
= 0,989 .
1,277.0,27.108 + 30,472.0,17
Ta c tng tr xung kch ti thi im t = s.

H7 H THNG IN
46
N TT NGIP
Z (0, ds ) =
1 2T1 1
1 +
2 g 0 l ds K =1 K 2
ds
1 e TK
_ Gi thit dng in i theo hnh 2.1 v in cc ny xem nh c 2

nhnh ghp song song cch xa nhau.
Khi chiu di mi nhnh :
l=
L 162
=
= 81m
2
2
- in cm trn mt n v di L0 ca 1 nhnh l:
l
l 0 = 0,2 ln 0,31
r
Vi r =
0,25
= 0,125m
2
81
0,31 = 1,234
l 0 = 0,2 ln
0,125
- in dn trn mt n v di g0 ca 1 nhnh :
1
2 Rntxk .l
g0 =
Rntxk : l in tr nhm to tnh yu cu ni t xung kch.

l : l chiu di 1 nhnh.
g0 =
T ta c : T1 =
1
1
= 0,0062
2.0,989.81
m
l 0 .g 0 .l 2 1,23.0,0062.812
=
3,14 2
2
T1 = 5,074 s.
ds =
I s 150
=
= 5 s.
a
30
Ta c :
ds
1
1 e TK
2
K
K =1
ds
1
e TK
=
2
2

K =1 K
K =1 K
H7 H THNG IN
47
N TT NGIP
ds
e TK
2
6 K =1 K
2
ds
1
t A = 2 e TK
K =1 K
A= e
ds
TK
Vi TK =
TK 1 =
ds
ds
ds
e TK e TK
e TK
+ 2 + 2 + ..... + 2
K
2
3
T1
Trong :T1 = 5,074 s.
K2
5,074
= 5,074 s.
12
TK 2 =
5,074
= 1,269
22
TK 3 =
5,074
= 0,564 s.
32
Ta c: Vi TK2 = 1,269 s th:

ds
TK
5
= 3,94 > 3
1,269
V vy:
e
ds
TK
V vy xc nh A ta cn tnh n TK2 = 1,269 s.

A=
5
5, 074
12
5
5, 074
22
A = 0,372 + 0,0049 = 0,3771

Ta c :
Z (0, ds ) =
2.5,074 2
0,3771
1 +
5 6
2.0,062.81
= 3,554
- Bin dng in st Is = 150 kA. Ta c in p ti u cc ti
thi im s l :
H7 H THNG IN
48
N TT NGIP
U (0, s ) = Is . Z (0, s ) = 150 . 3,554

U (0, s ) = 533,13 kV
Vi U (0, s ) = 533,13 kV ln hn nhiu so vi in p phng in
ca chui s l U50% = 460 kV
Vy ta phi ni t b xung. C nga l ti ch dng in st i vo ta
phi ni thm mt b phn ni t. Hnh thc ca loi ni t ny l ni
t tp trung. V vy khi tnh n in tr xung kch cn phi ch n nh
hng ca n.
2.3.3.Ni t b xung.
Trong trm c nhiu im cn ni t b xung nhng n gin ta
ch xt ni t b xung ti 1 im v gi thit sng xung kch i vo h thng
ni t ti im y .
Nh vy phn ni t b xung ta dng mt thanh ngang di 15m chn
su t= 0,8m , dng loi thp dt c b = 0,04m v 5 cc thp di 3m loi thp
gc L60 60 60 6 mm c b tr nh hnh 2.4.
H7 H THNG IN
49
N TT NGIP
Hnh 2.4.
- in tr ca thanh ngang tn s cng ngip l:
RT =
K ms . d Kl 2
ln
td
2.l
Trong : Kms = 1,25

= 80
l = 15 m
K=1
d=
b 0,04
=
= 0,02 m
2
2
t = 0,8 m
RT =
1,25.80
1.15 2
ln
= 10,139
2.3,14.15 0,02.0,8
- in tr ca 1 cc :
RC =
tt
2l 1 4t , + l
ln + ln ,
2.l d 2 4t l
3
2
Trong : t , = 0,8 + = 2,3m

tt = . Kms
vi Kms = 1,15
d = 0,95b = 0,95. 0,06 = 0,057 m

tt = 80. 1,15 = 92
RC =
92
2.3
1 4.2,3 + 3
+ ln
ln
2.3,14.3 0,057 2 4.2,3 3
= 24,391 .
Vy in tr ni t ca h thng ni t hnh tia c chn cc l:
R Bxxk =
Rc .RT
RC .T + n.RT . C
Trong : Rc, RT l in tr ni t ca cc v thanh hnh tia

n = 5 l h s cc.
c, T l h s s dng ca cc v thanh.
H7 H THNG IN
50
N TT NGIP
a l khong cch gia cc cc. a = 3m.

L l chiu di mi cc . L = 3m.
Ta c t s
a
=1
l
Tra bng 3 v bng 5 sch Hng Dn Thit K Tt Nghip K Thut

in Cao p ca tc gi Nguyn Minh Chc ta c:
T = 0,74
c = 0,73.
10,139.24,391
= 4,492 .
24,391.0,74 + 5.10,139.0,73
RBxxk =
- Tnh ton in tr ni t khi c ni t b xung. Gi s sng cng i

vo h thng ni t nh trc th ta c:
R .R
Z (0, ds ) = Bx Ntxk +
R Bx + Rntxk K =1
2 R Ntxk
R
1
+ Ntxk
2
R Bx
cos x k
x
k ds
TK
Trong : Rntck: l in tr ni t nhn to xung kch.

Rbx: L in tr ni t b xung.
T1 = 0,574 s.
2
x k ds
T1
Ta xc nh c:
x
m bo c chnh xc ta ly gi tr: k ds 3 .
T1
5
x K
3.
2
3,14 .5,074
xK 5,48
xK l ngim phng trnh:

tgx = -
R Ntxk
.x
R Bx
H7 H THNG IN
51
N TT NGIP
tgx = -
0,989
x = -0,22 x
4,492
gii phng trnh ta dng phng php th. Giao im ca ng

thng y = tg x v y = -0,22 x s l ngim ca phng trnh.
Vi cc ngim ta ch ly tho mn vi iu kin trong khong:
0 < xk < 5,48
- Ta c th: y = tg x v y = 0,22 x
Gi tr tho mn 0 < xk < 5,48 l xk = 2,62

Vy:
2
Z ( 0, ds ) =
4, 429.0,989
+
4,429 + 0,989
2.0,989
e
1
+ 0,22
cos2 2,62
2,62 5
3,14 5,074
= 1,4 .
H7 H THNG IN
52
N TT NGIP
in p ti u cc ni t khi c dng in i vo vi Is = 150kA l:

U( 0,s ) = Is. Z(0,s )
=150 . 1,45
=217,5 kV.
Vy U( 0,s ) = 217,5 kV < U50% = 460 kV (in p phng in ca
chui s ). Nh vy h thng ni t c tho mn.
Kt lun: Sau khi tnh ton ta thy m bo yu cu ca h thng
ni t trong trm ta cn phi thit k h thng ni t mch vng c chn
cc ni t v b xung mt h thng thanh v cc dng tia l hp l.
H7 H THNG IN
53
N TT NGIP
CHNG III
TNH TON CH TIU CHNG ST NG DY 110KV
3.1.Yu cu i vi bo v chng st ng dy.

-
ng dy ti in l phn t di nht trong h thng in nn
d xy ra hin tng st nh v chu tc ng ca qu in p kh quyn.

Qu in p kh quyn c th dn n ct my ct ng dy nh hng n
s cung cp ca li in ng thi c th ph hoi cch in ca cc thit b
trong trm nn ta phi tin hnh ngin cu chng st cho ng dy ti in.
c bit l nhng ng dy gn trm vi tham s ln gy nguy him cho
cch in, thit b trong trm .
-
Qu in p xut hin trn ng dy l do st nh trc tip vo
dy dn, vo dy chng st ,vo ct ca ng dy hoc nh xung t trong

phm vi gn ng dy gy cm ng ln ng dy. Khi xt n ch tiu kinh
t ta khng th chn theo mc cch in ng dy p ng c yu cu
qu in p kh quyn, v tr ca qu in p kh quyn l rt ln m ch c
chn theo mc hp l v kinh t v k thut.
-
Vi treo cao trung bnh ca dy chng st l h ng dy
chng st s thu ht v pha mnh cc phng in st trn di t c chiu

rng l 6h v chiu di bng chiu di ng dy.
+Tng s ln st nh vo ng dy hng nm c tnh theo cng
thc :
N = (0,6 0,9).htb.L.nngs.10-3
(3-1)
Trong : - htb l chiu cao trung bnh ca dy chng st (m).

- L l chiu di ng dy(Km).
- nngs l s ngy c st hng nm trong khu vc c
ng dy i qua.
H7 H THNG IN
54
N TT NGIP
+ Tu theo v tr st nh qu in p xut hin trn cch in ca

ng dy khc nhau. Ta phn bit nh sau:
-
S ln st nh vo nh ct v khu vc gn ct:
Nc =
N
2
S ln st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn:

N = N.V
V :l xc xut nh vo dy dn ph thuc vo gc .
Ta c :lg V =
hc
90
+ hc l cao ca ct
+ l gc bo v .
-
s ln st nh vo im gia khong vt
Nkv = N Nc - N
+Khi b st nh qu in p tc dng vo cch in ca ng dy c

th gy ra phng in. N c trng bi xc xut phng in Vp v tng
ng vi s ln phng in :
Np = N . Vp
+ Khi c phng in trn cch in ca ng dy, my ct c th b
ct ra nu c xut hin h quang tn s cng nghip ti ni phng in.
3.2. Cc thng s tnh ton ch tiu chng st cho ng dy ti in .
3.2.1. Cc thng s ban u.
-
ng dy ti in 110 kV vi s l l 2 l n.
Loi ct st.
Chui s 7 bt chn loi - 4,5 di 1,2 m.
Dy dn AC 95.
Dy chng st C 70.
H7 H THNG IN
55
N TT NGIP
Khong vt lkv = 180m.
in tr xut ca t = 75 m.
in tr ni t Rc = 12.
S ngy st nh trong 1 nm: nngs = 95 ngy/nm.
Nhit ln nht 40oC.
Gc bo v pha A: A = 230.
Gc bo v pha B,C: B,C = 200.
3.2.2.Cc s liu tnh ton.

-
Dy chng st C 70 chn ng knh dcs = 11,4mm; r = 5,7 mm.
Chiu cao ct hc = 18m.
in p phng in ca chui s U50% = 660 kV.
H s hiu chnh vng quang 110 kV l = 1,3.
Chiu cao ca dy chng st: hcs = 18 m.
Chiu cao ca pha A l: hA =14,2 m.
Chiu cao ca pha B v pha C l h(B,C) = 11,2 m.
1. cao trung bnh ca dy chng st.

hcstb = hcs -
2
f cs
3
Trong : fcs : L vng ca dy chng st.

* Tnh fcs.
-
Theo chng 7 trang 159 sch thit k cp in ca tc gi Ng
Hng Quang v V Vn Tm ta c:
f cs =
l kv2 .g1
8 max
Vi : lkv l chiu di khong vt .

g1 l t ti do trng lng bn thn dy.
H7 H THNG IN
56
N TT NGIP
g1 =
g0
, N/m.mm2.
1000
g0 l trng lng ring ca cht cu to dy.N/dm3

Vi dy thp ta c g0 =77N/dm3.
g1 =
77
= 77 . 10-3 N/m.mm2.
1000
Tnh max. Tac phng trnh trng thI:

max
l kv2 .g12
l kv2 g 32
0 ( max min )
c
max
2
2
24 0 max
24 0 cbao 0
g3 l t ti tng hp: g 3 = g12 + g 22 N/m.mm2.

g2 l t ti do p lc gi gy nn:
g2 =
P 8,81. .c.d .v 2
=
F
16.F .10 3
: l h s biu th s phn b khng ng ca gi trn nh ct.

= 1 ; v = 20 m/s.
d: l ng knh dy dn, vi dy C 70 chn d = 11 mm.
F: l tit din ca dy dn: F = 70 mm2.
C: l h s b mt ca khng kh ph thuc b mt chu gi.
Vi dy c d < 20 mm th c = 1,1.
g2 =
9,81.1.1,1.11.20
= 42,4. 10-3 N/m.mm2.
3
16.70.10
g3 =
(77
-3
+ 42 2 .10 6 = 87,71. 10 N/m.mm .
Theo bng 7.4 sch thit k cp in ta c:
0 = 12. 10-6
1
C
E = 19,6. 104 N/mm
H7 H THNG IN
57
N TT NGIP
1
1
= 5,1. 10-6 mm2/ N.
=
4
E 19,6.10
0 =
cp =
gh
n
540
2
= 216N/ mm .
2,5
+ Khong vt ti hn:
lth = cp
24 ( bao min )
24.12.10 6 (25 5)
=
216
g 32 g12
87,9 2 77 2 .10 6
= 386,67m
Khong vt ca ct l l = 180 m < lth = 386,67 m ng sut ln nht
s xut hin trong dy khi min.
Ly min = cp =216 N/mm2.
Ta c phng trnh:
max
180 2.77 2.10 6

180 2.87,9 2.10 6 1,2.10 6
(40 5)
=
216
24.5,1.10 6. 2max .
24.5,1.10 6.216 2 5,1.10 6
2max ( max 95,1 ) = 1569441,176

GiI phng trnh ta c: max = 158 N/mm2.
vng ca dy l:
f cs =
l kv2 .g 1
8 max
180 2.77.10 3
= 1,974m
8.158
cao trung bnh ca dy thu st:

hcstb = hcs
2
f cs
3
2
3
= 18 - 1,974 = 16,684m
2. treo cao trung bnh ca dy dn.
Ta dng ct hnh c 1 dy chng st b tr nh hnh v 3.1 .
H7 H THNG IN
58
N TT NGIP
* Tnh vng ca dy dn in.

-
Theo chng 7 trang 159 sch thit k cp in ca tc gi Ng
Hng Quang v V Vn Tm ta c:
f dd =
l kv2 .g1
8 max
Vi : lkv l chiu di khong vt .

g1 l t ti do trng lng bn thn dy.
g1 = 1,03
g A .FA + g B .FB
, N/m.mm2.
1000 F
gA l trng lng ring ca nhm: gA = 26,5 N/dm3

gB l trng lng ring ca thp: gB = 77 N/dm3
FA : l tit din ca nhm: FA = 95,4 mm2.
FB : l tit din ca thp: FB = 15,9 mm2.
F: l tit din ca dy dn: F = FA + FB = 111,3 mm2.
g1 = 1,03
26,5.94,5 + 77.15,9
2.
= 34,7.10 3 N/m.mm
1000.111,3
Tnh max. Tac phng trnh trng thi:

max
l kv2 .g12
l kv2 g 32
0 ( max min )
Ac max
2
2
24 0 max
24 0 ACbao 0
max l ng xut tng ng.

H7 H THNG IN
59
N TT NGIP
lkv l chiu di khong vt.
0 : l h s ko di n hi ca vt liu lm dy dn.
0 =
1+ a
E Fe + aE A
EFe: l m un n hi ca vt liu thp: EFe = 196.103 N/mm2.

EA: l m un n hi ca vt liu nhm: EA = 61,6.103 N/mm2.
a=
FFe 6.4,5
=
=6
FA 1.4,5
0 =
1+ 6
= 12,376.10-6 mm2/N
3
196.10 + 6.61,6.10
3
g3 l t ti tng hp:
N/m.mm2.
g 3 = g12 + g 22
g2 l t ti do p lc gi gy nn:
g2 =
P 9,81. .c.d .v 2
=
F
16.F .10 3
: l h s biu th s phn b khng ng ca gi trn nh ct

v = 31,5 mm , = 1
C: l h s b mt ca khng kh ph thuc b mt chu gi.
Vi dy c d > 20 mm th c = 1,2.
d = 31,5 mm , F = 111,3 mm2
g2 =
g3 =
(34,7
9,81.1.1,2.31,5.20 2
= 83,07.10-3 N/m.mm2.
3
16.113,3.10
+ 83,07 2 .10 6 = 89,645.10 3 N/m.mm .
0: l h s gin n di ca dy phc hp.

0 =
Fe .E Fe + a. A .E A
E Fe + a.E A
H7 H THNG IN
60
N TT NGIP
Fe: l h s gin n di ca thp: Fe =12.10-6
1
C
A: l h s gin n di ca dy nhm: A =23.10-6

0 =
1
C
12.10 6.196.10 3 + 6.23.10 6.61,6.10 3

196.10 3 + 6.61,6.10 3
= 19,2 .10-6
1
C
max: l nhit ln nht: max = 400C.

bao: l nhit khi bo : bao = 25 0C.
- Tnh mg sut dy AC- 95 theo trng thi min v bao vi :
Accp =
ACgh
n
157
= 78,5 N / mm 2
2
min = [ gh ( A 0 )( 0 min )E A ]
1
E A . 0
0 : Nhit mi trng ch to dy: Ly 0 =15 0C.

min : L nhit nh nht: min = 50C.
min = [78,5-(23.10-6-19,2.10-6)(15- 5).61,6.103]
1
61,6.10 .12,316.10 6
3
= 99,9 N/mm2.
bo = [cp ( A - AC)(0 - bo).EA]
= Acp A AC ( 0 bao )E A
E AC
EA
] E 1.
A
bo : l nhit khi bo. Ly bo = 25 0C.

bo=[78,5-(23.10-6-19,2.10-6)(15-25).61,6.103]
1
61,6.10 .12,376.10 6
3
= 106,04 N/mm2.
Khong vt ti hn ca dy AC 95 l:
H7 H THNG IN
61
N TT NGIP
24 A ( bao min )
lth =
g3
ACbao
g1

AC min
24.23.10 6.(25 5)
2
89,645.10 3 39,7.10 3
106,04 99,9
lth = 135,647 m.
Khong vt ca ct l l = 180 m > lth = 135,647 m ng sut ln
max = bao = 106,04 N/mm2.
nht s xut hin trong dy khi c bo:
vng ln nht xut hin lc max v v = 0 m/s.
Ta c phng trnh:
max
180 2. 34,7.10 3
180 2.87,645 2.10 6
19,2.10 6
(40 25)
=
106
24.12,376.10 6. 2max .
24.12,376.10 6.106,04 2 12,376.10 6
2max ( max 8,25 ) = 123883,444

Gii phng trnh ta c: max = 53 N/mm2.
vng ca dy l:
l kv2 .g 1
f dd =
8 max
180 2.34,7.10 3
= 2,654m
8.53
+ cao trung bnh ca dy dn pha A l :

hdd(tb) = hdd -
2
fdd
3
hdd(tb) = 14,2 -
2
. 2,654 = 12,43 (m)
3
+ treo cao trung bnh ca dy dn pha (B,C)

hdd(tb) = hdd hdd(tb) = 11,2 -
2
fdd (m)
3
(3-7)
2
. 2,654 = 9,43 (m)
3
3. Tng tr sng ca dy dn c tnh theo cng thc
H7 H THNG IN
62
N TT NGIP
Zdd = 60.ln
2.h dd ( tb )
rdd
() (3-8)
a. Tng tr sng ca dy dn pha A :

Zdd = 60.ln
2.12,43
= 492,688 ()
6,75.10 3
b. Tng tr sng ca dy dn pha B v pha C :

Zdd = 60.ln
2.9,43
= 476,155 ()
6,75.10 3
4. Tng tr sng ca dy chng st :

a. Khi khng c vng quang :
Zcs = 60.ln
2.h cs( tb )
rcs
()
Zcs = 60.ln
(3-9)
2.16,684
= 520,49 ()
5,7.10 3
b. Khi c vng quang :

Do nh hng ca vng quang in s lm in dung tng ln do
lm tng tr sng gim i v vy ta phi chia cho h s hiu chnh
ng dy 110 kV dng dy chng st treo ton tuyn. Tra trong bng
3-3 sch hng dn thit k KTCA ta chn = 1,3.
Vy ta c : Zcs(vq) =
Z cs
520,49
= 400,379 (3-10)
1,3
5. H s ngu hp gia dy dn vi dy chng st :
H7 H THNG IN
63
N TT NGIP
Hnh 3 - 2
H s ngu hp ca dy dn v dy chng st c xc nh theo cng
thc :
D2 K
d 2K
K=
2h
ln 2
r2
ln
(3-11)
Trong : D2K v d2K l cc khong cch c biu th trn hnh v (3-2).

D2K= (l x ) 2 + (h cs( tb ) + h dd ( tb ) ) 2
(m)
d2K = (l x ) 2 + (h cs( tb) _ h dd ( tb ) ) 2
(3-12)
(m)
- L x : l chiu di x treo dy dn
- h2 v r2 l chiu cao trung bnh v bn knh ca dy chng st
- h2 = hcs(tb) = 16,684 (m) ; r2 = 5,7.10-3 (m)
a. Tnh h s ngu hp ca pha A vi dy chng st. Ta c :
hdd(tbA = 12,43 (m)
- Chiu di x treo dy A:
Ta c: A =230
Chiu cao t ct thu st n pha A: 18- 14,2= 3,8 (m)
Gi chiu di x l X ta c:
tg =
X
3,8
tg230=
X
X=1,613 m
3,8
Vy ta tnh c gi tr D2A v d2A:

D2A = 1,613 2 + (16,684 + 12,43) 2 = 29,16 (m)
d2A = 1,613 2 + (16,684 - 12,43) 2 = 4,55
(m)
H s ngu hp ca pha A l :
H7 H THNG IN
64
N TT NGIP
29,16
1,858
4,55
KA =
=
= 0,214
2.16,684 8,675
ln
0,0057
ln
Khi c nh hng ca vng quang h s ngu hp ca pha A l :

KAvq = KA. = 0,214.1,3 = 0,278
b. Tnh h s ngu hp ca pha B v C i vi dy chng st ta c :
hdd(tb) B,C = 9,43
(m)
+ Tnh chiu di x treo dy B , C.

Ta c gc bo v pha B, C l B = C = 200.
Chiu cao t ct thu st n pha B, C l: 18 11,2 = 6,8 m.
Gi chiu di x l L ta c:
tg 200 =
L
L = 6,8. tg 200 = 2,475m.
0,8
Vy ta c chiu di x l 2,475m.
Vy ta tnh c cc gi tr D2B,C v d2B,C :
D2B,C = 2,475 2 + (16,684 + 9,43) 2 = 26,231 (m)
d2B,C = 2,475 2 + (16,684 - 9,43) 2 = 7,665 (m)
H s ngu hp ca pha B,C l :
26,231
7,665
= 0,142
KB,C =
2.16,684
ln
5,7.10 _ 3
ln
(m)
Khi c nh hng ca vng quang, h s ngu hp ca pha B v C s

l:
KB,Cvq = KB,C. = 0,142.1,3 = 0,184
3.3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu.
H7 H THNG IN
65
N TT NGIP
3.3.1. Xc nh tng s ln st nh vo ng dy trong 1 nm vi

chiu di 100 Km .
N = (0,6 0,9).h.L.nngs.10-3 (ln/100Km nm)
Theo cc s liu trn ta c:
N= (0,60,9). 16,684. 110,95. 10-3
N= ( 95,1 142,65 ) (ln /100Km nm)
Ta chn kh nng nguy him nht l c vng xy ra nhiu st tnh.
Ta ly gi tr N= 142,65 (ln/100 Km nm ) l tng s ln st nh vo ng
dy.
3.3.2. Tnh sut ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy
dn (nc )
Ta c:
nc = N. V. . Vp
- Xc sut ny st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn:

lg V = (.
h cs
90
)-4
(3-13)
Trong : - l gc bo v ca dy chng st i vi dy dn.

- hcs: chiu cao ca dy chng st ct (chiu cao ct
in).
H7 H THNG IN
66
N TT NGIP
Hnh 3 - 4
C th xem ti ni st nh , mch ca khe st c ghp ni tip vi
tng tr sng ca dy dn c tr s bng : Zdd / 2 (dy dn 2 pha ghp song
song ). V tng tr sng ca dy dn kh ln ( Zdd = 400500 ) nn dng
in st gim i nhiu so vi khi st nh vo ni c ni t tt.
I= Is.
Z0
I
s
Z
2
Z 0 + dd
2
(3-14)
Khe st
Is
4
Is
2
Zdd
Is
4
Zdd
Hnh 3 - 4
T ta tnh c in p dy dn khi b st nh :
Udd =
I .Z dd
4
(3-15)
Trong Zdd l tng tr sng ca dy dn.

Nu in p dy dn ln hn mc cch in xung kch ca chui cch
in th s c phng in trn cch in, gy s c ngn mch 1 pha chm
t.
N(1) do st : Udd U0,5
(3-16)
U0,5 tr s phng in xung kch b nht ca chui cch in.

Vy
I .Z dd
U0,5
4
ln ca dng in st ln gy ln phng in trn cch in

ng dy l:
H7 H THNG IN
67
N TT NGIP
4.U dd
Z dd
(3-17)
Vy xc sut phng in l :
-4.U 0,5
Vpd = P {I
4.U 0,5
Z dd
}= e
26,1.Z dd
(3-18)
Sut ct do st nh vo dy dn c xc nh theo cng thc :

nc = Ndd. Vp.
(3-19)
Trong :
- Ndd l s ln st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn trn chiu
di 100 Km
- Ndd = N.V
- N l tng s ln st nh trn ng dy chiu di 100 Km trong mt
nm
- N= 142,65 ln/100 Km nm.
- V l xc sut st nh vng qua dy chng st xc nh theo cng
thc (3-13).
- l xc sut hnh thnh h quang
-4.U 0,5
- Vp l xc sut phng in Vp = e
26,1.Z dd
- Zdd l tng tr ring ca dy dn c xc nh theo cng thc (3-8)

Zdd = 60ln
2 h dd
rdd
Trong : - hdd l cao trung bnh ca dy dn

- rdd l bn knh ca dy dn
ng dy 110 kVc tnh ton vi dy dn AC-95 c :
r = 6,75 mm = 6,75.10-3 m
Ta c :
npdd = N. V. e
4.U 0 , 5
26 ,1. Z dd
(ln / 100 Km nm)
H7 H THNG IN
(3-20)
68
N TT NGIP
Theo cng thc (3-20) ta c nhn xt :
4.U 0,5
26,1.Z dd
Khi chiu cao trung bnh ca dy dn tng th Zdd tng do

-4.U 0,5
gim v dn n e
26,1.Z dd
tng (ngha l Vp tng), t ta c ndd tng.
Vi l do nh vy ta chn pha B (pha trn cng ) lm pha tnh ton cho sut
ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn. V pha ny c gc ln
v hdd ln
A = 230
Zdd = 429,688
Tnh ton sut ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo pha A
Theo cng thc (3-13): lg V = (.
h cs
90
)-4
Vi : A = 230 ; hcs = 18 (m)

Ta c : lg V =
23 18
- 4 = -2,9158
90
Vy V = 0,0012
Tnh xc sut hnh thnh h quang : = f(ELV) (3-21)
ph thuc vo cng in trng (Elv) c xc nh theo cng

thc :
Elv =
U fa
l p
(kV/ m)
Trong : - U pha l gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha (kV)

Ufa =
110
3
= 63,508 kV
- lp l chiu di mch phng in ly bng chiu di chui s

lp = 1,2m
H7 H THNG IN
69
N TT NGIP
Ta c : Elv =
63,508
= 52,92 (kV / m)
1,2
Tra bng (21-1) sch gio trnh KTCA v dng phng php ngoi
suy ta c
= 0,61. Vy ta c xc sut hnh thnh h quang = 0,61

-4.U 0,5
Tnh xc sut phng in Vp = e 26,1.Z
dd
Trong : - U0,5 l tr s in p phng in xung kch b nht ca

chui cch in ng dy. Tra bng 3 sch hng dn tt nghip KTCA
U0,5 = 660 kV
- Zddl tng tr sng ring ca dy dn pha B tnh c trn l
- Zdd (A) = 492,688
-4.U 0,5
- Vy xc sut phong in Vp l : Vp = e
26,1.Z dd
=e
4.660
26 ,1.492 , 688
= 0,8144
Tng s st nh vo ng dy l N = 142,65 (ln/100Km nm )

Elv =
U fa
l p
(kV/ m)
Thay cc gi tr V , , e
-4.660
26,1.494,77
,N vo cng thc (3-21) ta c sut ct
do st nh vo dy dn l : Ncd = N. V,.. e
4.660
26,1.492,688
ncd = 142,65. 0,0012. 0,61. 0,08144 = 0,085 ln/ 100 Km nm

3.3.3. Tnh sut ct do st nh vo khong vt:
Tnh sut ct do st nh vo khong vt nh sau :
Nckv = Nkv.Vp. (ln / 100 Km nm)
trong : N kv s ln st nh vo khong vt
xc sut hnh thnh h quang.

Vp xc sut phng in.
1. Tnh s ln st nh vo khong vt ( Nkv)
H7 H THNG IN
70
N TT NGIP
Nkv = Nc = N/2
Nc :Tng s ln st nh trong khong ct
N :Tng s ln st nh vo ng dy xt cho chiu di 100 Km
trong nm
Vy Nkv c xc nh : Nkv = Nc =
142,65
= 71,325 (ln / 100 Km
2
nm)
2. Tnh xc sut hnh thnh h quang
mc 3-3.2 p dng phng php ngoi suy vo hm = f(Elv)
hnh 3-5 ta tnh c gi tr = 0,61
3. Tnh xc sut phng in (Vp)
Khi st nh vo dy chng st trong khong vt n gin ta gi
thit st nh vo im gia khong vt dng in st s chia u v hai
pha nh hnh v (3-6)
Hnh 3 - 6
H7 H THNG IN
71
N TT NGIP
mi ct dng in c gi tr l at/2 gi thit dng in st c dng

xin gc ta c phng trnh ca dng in st :
is = at nu t < s
I
nu t Ts
Ta s tnh ton cho cc gi tr

a = 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100 (kA/ s)
t = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 (s) ; Rc = 12
a- in p ti u ct D trn hnh (3-6) c tr s bng :
at
UD = .R + Lccs.
2
at
d( )
2 = at .R + a . L cs = a (t.R + L cs)
c
c
dt
2
2
2
(3-23)
Trong : - R l in tr ni t ca ct in
- a l dc dng st (kA/ s)
- Lccs l in cm thn ct tnh t mt t ln n dy chng st
- Lccs = hcs. L0 ( Vi hcs = 18 m )
- L0 in cm thn ct c gi tr l 0,6 (H/m)
Vy : Lccs =18 .0,6 = 10,8 (H)
b. in p xut hin trn dy dn :
Udd = Kvq. UD + Ulv
(3-24)
Trong : - Ulv l in p lm vic ca ng dy. Ulv c tnh nh

sau :
Ulv =
2
2
2
2
.
U.sint.dt = . .U = 0,52U (KV)
3
T 0 3
(3-25)
Ulv = 0,52. 110 = 57,2 (kV)

Ud -l in p ti im D
Kvq l h s ngu hp (khi k n nh hng vng quang) gia dy dn
pha vi dy chng st
H7 H THNG IN
72
N TT NGIP
c. in p t ln chui s
in p t ln chui cch in l tng i s ca cc thnh phn trn
Uc = UD - Kvq.UD + Ulv
= UD(1 - Kvq)+ Ulv
=
(kV)
(kV)
a
(1 - Kvq)(t.R + Lccs) + Ulv
2
(kV)
(3-26)
i vi loi ct in ta thit k th h s Kvq pha B hoc pha C b hn

so vi ca pha A
Kvq(B,C) = 0,184 < Kvq (A) = 0,287
Do trong tnh ton ta s tnh vi pha B hoc pha C. Vy ta c
Kvq=0,184 . Thay cc tr s vo cng thc (3-26)
Lccs = 10,8 (H) ; Ulv = 57,2 (kV)
Ta c Uc =
a
(1 - 0,184 )(t.R +10,8 ) + 57,2
2
Uc = 0,408 .a.(t.R +10,8 ) + 57,2
(3-27)
Gi tr Uc khi st nh vo khong vt vi dc a thay i cc

thi im t khc nhau vi Rc = 12 , ta lp c bng sau (bmg 3-1):
H7 H THNG IN
73
N TT NGIP
Bng 3-1
a
1
10
(kA/s)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150,22 119,18 248,11 297,10 346,06 395,02 443,98 492,94 541,09

4
243,04
8
4
338,72
590,864
439,08 537,08 634,92 732,84 830,76 928,68 1026,6

8
1124,53
336,27 483,15 630,03 776,91 923,79 1070,6 1217,5 1364,4 1511,3

2
429,29 625,13 820,97 1016,8 1212,6

6
522,32 767,12
7
1408,5
1658,19
1604,3 1800,1 1996,0

4
2191,86
1011,9 1256,7 1501,5 1746,3 1991,1 2235,9 2480,7

2
2725,52
615,33 909,10 1202,8 1496,6 1790,3 2084,1 2377,9 2671,6 2965,4 3259,18
4
708,36 1051,0 1393,8 1736,5 2079,2 2421,1 2764,6 3107,4 3450,1

8
3792,85
801,39 1193,0 1584,5 1976,4 2368,1 2740,2 3151,4 3543,1 3943,8

2
894,41 1335,0
6
987,44
7
1775,7
2216,3 2656,9 3097,6 3538,2

4
5
3978.9
4326,15
3
4419,5
4860,18
1477,0 1966,6 2456,2 2945,8 3435,4 3925,0 4414,6 4904,2

4
5393,84
T cc s liu tnh c bng 3-1 ta v c hm Uc= f(a,t) nh

hnh v (3-8)
Trn hnh v 3-8 ta kt hp v c tuyn phng in ca chui s theo
cc s liu bng 3-2
Bng 3-2
H7 H THNG IN
74
N TT NGIP
t(s)
7- 4,5
1020
930
860
815
790
790
780
780
770
Khi Uc Upcs s dng th trn hnh (3-8) th xc nh c cc

tham s ti xy ra phng in trn chui s.
Gi thit phng in xy ra thi im t = Ts th cp (Ii, ai) ta xc
nh c cp thng s nguy him (Ii, ai) qua cng thc : Ii = ai. ti (kA)
T cp s (Ii, ai) ta v c ng cong nguy him (Hnh 3-9)
Xc sut phng in Vp l xc sut cho cp thng s ca phng in
st (ai, Ii) thuc min nguy him (MNH) c th vit
Vp = p {a,IMNH}
hay dVp = p{a = ai}.p{I Ii}
Ii
Ta d bit : p{I Ii} = e 26,1 = VI

Vi l xc sut dng in I ln hn gi tr Ii no
p = {a = ai} P{ai - da a ai + da}= dVa
Va l xc sut dc a ln hn dc ai no
Va = P{a ai}= e
ai
10 , 9
T ta tnh c : dVp = Vi. dVa hay Vp = V I . dVa

0
Vi VI = e
Ii
26 ,1
Va = e
ai
10 , 9
y ta s xc nh Vp bng phng php

Vp =
V
i =1
Ii
. Vai
H7 H THNG IN
75
N TT NGIP
Vi cc cng thc tnh ton trnh by trn , ng vi cc gi tr ca

a ta c bng kt qu ghi bng sau
- Bng 3-3: Cc gi tr ng vi R = 12
Da vo cc tnh ton bng 3-3 ta c cc gi tr Vp ng vi R = 12
H7 H THNG IN
76
N TT NGIP
Bng 3-3
a (kA/S)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
tpi
13,3
6,5
4,25
3,19
2,55
2,1
1,8
1,43
1,25
1,1
Ii (kA)
133
130
127,5
112,6
125,25
122,6
127
114,4
110,7
110
VIi
0,00468
0,0059
0,0071
0,0074
0,0083
0,0093
0,0105
0,0125
0,0144
0,0148
Vai
0,399
0,1596
0,0638
0,0255
0,010
0,004
0,0016
0,00065
0,00026
0,0001
.Vai=
Vai -
0,2394
0,0958
0,0383
0,0155
0,006
0,0024
0,0009
0,00039
0,00016
0,0001
0,27.10-
0,115.10
0.05.10
0,022.10
0,009.10
0,005.10
0,0023.10-
0,0015.10
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
Vai+1
VIi..Vai
1,12.10-
0,56.10-3
Vp =
10
V
i =1
-3
Ii
.V ai = 2,163.10 .
4. Tnh sut ct do st nh vo khong vt

Ta tnh theo cng thc sau nkv = Nkv.Vp.
- Vi in tr ni t Rc= 12
nkv = 71,325. 2,163.10-3. 0,61 = 0,094 (ln / 100 Km nm)
3.3.4. Tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct (nc)
Tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct ( nc) ta p
dng cng thc:
nc = Nc.Vp. (ln / 100 Km nm)
(3-30)
Trong : - Nc s ln st nh vo nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct trong

thi gian 1 nm trn chiu di 100 Km
- Vp l xc sut phng in
- l xc sut hnh thnh h quang ngn mch n nh
tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct v ln cn nh ct ta s ln
lt tnh ton cc gi tr Nc , Vp,
1. Tnh gi tr Nc :
H7 H THNG IN
77
N TT NGIP
Nh phn 3.3.3 tnh s ln st nh vo nh ct v ln cn nh

ct bng s ln st nh vo khong vt ca dy chng st v bng 1/2 tng
s ln st nh vo ng dy. Ta c
Nc = Nkv = N/2 = 71,325 (ln/100 Km nm)
2. Tnh xc sut hnh thnh h quang :
mc III-4 tnh sut ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy
dn bng phng php ngoi suy hm n= f (Elv ) Hnh 3-5 ta xc nh c
= 0,61
3. Tnh xc xut phng in Vp:
a. in p cch in ca ng dy Uc(t):
Hnh 3 - 10
Hnh v (3 - 10). St nh vo nh ct ng dy c treo dy chng
st n gin xt trng hp st nh ngay trn nh ct in Hnh (3 - 10).
Phn ln dng in st i vo t qua ni t ca ct in phn cn li
s theo dy chng st i vo cc b phn ni t ca cc ct ln cn.
in p tc dng ln cch in ng dy gm cc thnh phn :
H7 H THNG IN
78
N TT NGIP
* in p ging trn b phn ni t ct in icRc.

Trong : - Rc l in tr ct in ( Rc = 12 )
- ic l dng in st i vo thn ct
* Thnh phn t ca in cm ng, ngha ca n ging nh khi c st
nh xung t. Trong trng hp ny thnh phn t ca in p cm ng
c biu th dng tng cc in p gy ra bi dng in i trong ct v
trong khe phng in st :
Uc(t) = lcdd.
dic
dis
+ Ndd (t).
dt
dt
(3-31)
Trong : - H s Lcdd : tr s in cm ca phn ct in tnh t mt

t ti mc treo dy dn : lcdd = L0. hdd
- L0 in cm thn ct c gi tr L0 = 0,6 (H/ m)
- hdd l treo cao ca dy dn v tr ct (m )
* Hm s Mdd (t) l h cm gia khe phng in st vi mch vng
dy dn - t. Tr s h cm l hm ca thi gian v chiu di khe st tng
cng s pht trin ca phng in ngc :
Mdd(t) = 0,2 hdd[ ln
V .t + H
H
h
ln
+1 ]
(1 + ) H
2hdd
h
(3-32)
- hdd : treo cao dy dn ct (m)

- H = hc + hdd
- h = hc - hdd
- hc : cao ca ct in (m)
- V = . c
Vi : + C l vn tc truyn sng trong khng kh C = 300 m/ s
+ V l vn tc pht trin ca phng in ngc ca khe st
+ l tc tng i ca phng in ngc ca dng in st ; ly
= 0,3.
H7 H THNG IN
79
N TT NGIP
Do : V = . c = 0,3. 300 = 90 (m/ s)

+
dic
l tc bin thin ca dng in trong ct, s bin thin c thay
dt
i trc v sau khi c phn x t ct ln cn v.

+
dis
= a l dc ca sng st (kA/ s)
dt
Thnh phn in ca in p cm ng gy ra bi in trng ca khe

h phng in st. Thnh phn ny c xc nh ging nh trng hp st
nh xung t , k hiu l Uc (t)
Uc (t) = (1-
K vq hcs
hdd
0,1a.hdd
. ln[
(V .t + hc )( (V .t + h)(V .t + H )
(1 + ) 2 .hc . h..H
(3-
34)
Trong :
- (1-
K vq hcs
hdd
) ni ln rng Uc gim do tc dng ca dy chng st
- hc l cao ca ct
- hdd l treo cao ca dy dn (m)
- l tc tng i phng in ngc ca dng in st (ly
=0,3)
- H = hc+ hdd (m)
- h = hc - hdd
- V = . c = 0,3.300 = 90 (m/ s) ( c l tc truyn sng bng 300
(m/ s), V l tc pht trin ca khe phng in ngc (m/s) )
- Kvq = K. ( Kvq l h s st ngu hp khi c xt vng quang, l h
s hiu chnh do vng quang =1,3 )
- a l dc dng in st (kA/ s)
H7 H THNG IN
80
N TT NGIP
Thnh phn in p trn dy dn gy ra bi dng in i trong dy

chng st. Nu in p trn dy chng st l Ucs (t) th thnh phn ny s bng
Kvq.Ucs(t)
Vi Kvq gii thch trn. Ucs(t) c xc nh bi cng thc
Ucs(t) = R. ic.+ Lccs.
dic
+ a. Mcs(t)
dt
(3-35)
Trong :
- Lccs l in cm ca thn ct t mt t n treo cao ca
dy chng st
Lccs = L0. hcs
hcs l treo cao ca dy chng st v tr ct.
L0 c chn l 0,6(H/ m)
a. Mcs(t) in p do h cm gia mch khe st vi mch dy
chng st t :
a. Mcs(t) =Mcs(t)
dis
dt
- Mcs(t) l h cm gia mch khe st v mch dy chng st t , h

cm ny cng bin thin theo s pht trin ca khe st tc l bin thin theo
thi gian
Mcs(t) = 0,2.hc.[ln
V .t + 2hc
+1]
2hc (1 + )
(3-36)
in p lm vic ca ng dy nh tnh phn 3-5 tnh sut ct

do st nh vo khong vt ta c
Ulv =
2
3
2
. Um
Vi Um l in p nh mc ca ng dy, Um = 110 kV
Vy Ulv =
2
3
2
. 110 = 57,2 kV
H7 H THNG IN
81
N TT NGIP
Ba thnh phn u ca in p tc dng ln cch in ng dy c

cng du v khi phng in st c cc tnh m th chng s lm cho dy dn
c in th dng so vi ct in. thnh phn th t ngc du nn lm gim
in p tng trn cch in , cn thnh phn cui cng chn cng du vi ba
thnh phn u v cn tnh theo iu kin nguy him nht.
Tm li khi st nh ln dy chng st khu vc nh ct in p trn
cch in c xc nh theo biu thc :
Uc (t) = ic.R + Uc(t) + Uct (t) - Kvq. Ucs(t) + Ulv
Hay l : Uc (t) = ic.R + Uc(t) + Lcdd.
+Ulv
(3-37)
ds
dic
+ Mdd(t) i - Kvq - Ucs(t)
dt
dt
(3-38)
b. Tnh in p tc dng ln chui s pha A khi c st nh vo nh
ct :
a. Thnh phn in p Uc (t) (kV)
Uc (t) c tnh theo cng thc
Uc(t) = (1-
K vq .hcs
hdd
0,1a.hdd
. ln[
(V .t + hc )( (V .t + h)(V .t + H )
(1 + ) 2 .hc . h..H
Trong :
- KvqA = 0,278 ;
- hcs = 18 (m) ;
H = hcs + hdd = 32,2 (m)
h = hcs - hd = 3,8 (m)
- hdd =14,2 (m) ;
= 0,3
V = . c = 0,3. 300 = 90 (m/ s)
Thay s vo ta c :
Uc(t) = (1-
(90.t + 18)( (90.t + 3,8)(90.t + 32,2)

0,278.18 0,1a.18
)
. ln[
]
14,2
0,3
(1 + 0,3) 2 .18. 3,8.32,2
Uc(t) = 3,886.a.ln(0,267.t +0,0535) (90t + 3,8)(90t + 32,2)

*. Thnh phn in lm vic ca dy dn :
H7 H THNG IN
82
N TT NGIP
Nh trn ta tnh c :
Ulv = 0,52.U = 0,52.110 = 57,2 kV
*. Thnh phn in p Ucs (kV)
Ucs(t) = ic. R +Lccs.
di s
+ a.Mcs(t)
dt
( kV)
Vi:
Lccs = L0.hcs = 0,6.18 = 10,8 (H)
Mcs(t) = 0,2.hc. [ln
V .t + 2hc
+1]
2hc (1 + )
Trong :
hc = hcs = 18 (m) ; V = 90(m/ s) ; = 0,3
Vy Mcs(t) = 0,2.18. [ln
90.t + 2.18
+1] = 3,6 [ln 90 .t + 2 .18 +1]
2.18.1,3
46 ,8
ic l dng in st trong ct trc v sau phn x c khc nhau

*. Thnh phn in p Uc(t) kV:
Uc (t) = Lcdd
ds
dic
dic
+ Mdd(t) i = Lcdd
+ Mdd(t).a (kV)
dt
dt
dt
Cc gi tr y gii thch mc 1 phn III mc 3-6

Lcdd = L0.hdd = 0,6. 14,2 = 8,52 (H)
Mdd (t) = 0,2. hdd [ln
V .t + H
H
h
ln
+ 1]
(1 + ).H
2hdd
h
Thay gi tr ca H, V, h, hdd, ta c
Mdd(t) = 0,2. 14,2 [ln
90.t + 32,2
3,8
32,2
ln
+ 1]
(1 + 0,3).32,2 2.14,2
3,8
= 2,84 [ ln( 2,15.t + 0,77) + 0,714]

-
dic
l dc bin thin dng in trong ct , s bin thin c thay
dt
i trc v sau khi c phn x t ct ln cn v
H7 H THNG IN
83
N TT NGIP
*. Biu thc tng qut in p t ln chui cch in pha A :

Khi st nh vo nh ct sau khi xc nh c cc thnh phn ta
c :
Uc (a,t) = Ulv + Uc(t) + ic.R + Lcdd
+ Lccs
dic
+ a. Mdd(t) - Kvq[ic.R +
dt
dic
+ a. Mcs(t)] (kV)
dt
Uc (a,t) = Ulv + Uc(t) + ic.R(1- Kvq) + a( Mdd(t) - Kvq. Mcs(t) ) +

+
dic
(Lcdd - Kvq. Lccs)
dt
Trong trng hp trn ic v
dic
s c tnh theo hai trng hp :
dt
Trc khi c phn x t ct ln cn b st nh t
2l
:
c
- vi c l tc truyn sng c = 300 m/ s

- l l chiu di khong vt l = 180 m nn
tnh ton dng in trong ct v
dic
dt
2l
2.180
=
= 1,2 (s)
300
c
ta v s thay th trong
trng hp ny ( hnh 3-11)

cs
a.M (t)
2is
is = at
cs
Lc
ic
vq
Zcs
Hnh 3 - 11
H7 H THNG IN
84
N TT NGIP
T s 3- 11 ta tnh c dng in trong ct ic

ic(t) =
Trong : 1 =
Z csvq
Z csvq
a
vq
[ Z cs .t - 2Mcs(t) ] (KA)
1
+ 2.R
Z csvq + 2 R
2 Lcsc
Vi Z csvq = 400,379 ; Lccs = 10,8 (H). tnh phn trc.

Thay vo ta c 1
1 =
400,379 + 2 R
= 18,536 + 0,0926 R
2.10,8
Vy ta c ic ng vi cc gi tr R thay i l :
ic(t) =
400,379
a
[400,379.t - 2Mcs(t) ] (kA)
400,379 + 2.R
18,536 + 0,0926 R
- Tnh
dic
2l
khi t
= 1,2 (s)
dt
c
Ta c
a.Z vq
dic
a.400,379
= vq cs =
(kA/ s)
dt
400,379 + 2 R
Z cs + 2 R
Sau khi c phn x t ct ln cn v b st nh vi t 1,2 (s)
- do ch xt hai khong vt ln cn b st nh nn on dy chng st

ca khong vt c thay th bi cm Lcs v c s mch thay th
trong trng hp ny nh hnh v 3-12
H7 H THNG IN
85
N TT NGIP
a.Mcs(t)
2ics
cs
cs
Lc
Lc
2
is = at
R
2
Hnh (3-12)
Trong s hnh 3-12 cm Lcs c tnh theo cng thc :
Lcs =
Z cs .l
(H)
c
ng V :
Lcs =
520,49.180
= 312,294 (H)
300
- Dng in ic(t) c tnh

ic(t) = a( 1Trong :
2 =
[ Lcs c + M cs (t )]
).(1 - e-2t )/ 2
cs
0,5 Lcs + L c
2R
Lcs + 2 Lcsc
Thay gi tr Lcs v Lccs vo ta c :
2 =
2R
= 0.006 R
312,294 + 2.10,8
Vy ta c dng in trong ct sau khi c phn x v l :

90t + 36
+ 1)
46,8
).(1 - e-0,006 Rt)/ 0,006.R (kA)
0,5.312,294 + 10,8
10,8 + 3,6(ln
ic = a( 1-
[ Lcs c + M cs (t )]
dic
dc
c tnh theo biu- thc : i = a( 1). e-2t
cs
dt
dt
0,5 Lcs + L c
H7 H THNG IN
86
N TT NGIP
Vy
dic
= a( 1dt
90t + 36
+ 1)
46,8
).e-0,006Rt
0,5.312,294 + 10,8
10,8 + 3,6(ln
g. Sau khi tnh c cc gi tr ic(t) v
dic
trc v sau khi c phn x
dt
ta thay tt c cc gi tr tm c vo cng thc :

Uc (a,t) = Ulv + Uc(t) + ic.R(1- Kvq) + a( Mdd(t) - Kvq. Mcs(t) ) +
dic
dt
(Lcdd - Kvq. Lccs)

t = 0,5; 1; 1,66; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10 (s)
Vi cc gi tr :
a = 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70; 80; 90; 100 (kA/ s)
R = 12 ()
* Vi t 1,2 ta c :
Uc (a,t) = 57,2 + 3,886.a.ln[(0,267t + 0,0535 ).
(90t + 3,8)(90t + 32,2) ] + 0,0204 a [400,379 .t 7,2(ln
a.{2,84[ln(2,15.t + 0,77) + 0,714] -[ln
90t + 36
+1) 13,5] +
46,8
90t + 36
+1]} +5,2a.
46,8
* Vi t 1,2 ta c :
Uc (a,t) = 57,2 + 3,886.a.ln[(0,267.t + 0,0535). (90t + 3,8)(90t + 32,2) ] +
90t + 36
+ 1)
46,8
).(1 - e-0,072Rt) +
166,947
0,8 + 3,6(ln
+ 120,333.a( 1-
+ a{2,84 . [ln 2,15t + 0,77) +0,714] - 1.[ln
90t + 36
+ 1]} +
46,8
90t + 36
+ 1)
52,26
).e-0,072Rt
166,947
10,8 + 3,6(ln
+ 5,52.a.( 1-
Ta c gi tr ca Uc(a,t) ca pha A c ghi cc bng (3-6).
H7 H THNG IN
87
N TT NGIP
t
Trc khi c phn x
Sau khi c phn x
0,1
0,5
1,2
1,2
10
10
129,49
233,54
316,77
345,1
340,8
430,5
514,9
602,1
733,7
736,3
794,3
847,0
895,6
940,5
624,52
503,96
972,74
1147,1
1288,3
1415,4
1531,4
1636,9
1734,1
1823,8
1692,0
1903,9
2094,5
2268,5
2426,7
2572,5
2707,1
3411,
3590,5
20
30
40
50
201,78
274,07
346,36
415,65
409,58
576,34
586,22
835,91
762,56
1095,48
938,9
1355,05
633
920,9
908,18
1177,3
1208,
1191,8
1550,7
1888,2
2237,0
2519,5
2773,7
3005,6
3216,6
1496,
1475,5
1924,1
2346,0
2782
3135,1
3452,8
3742,7
4006,5
7
60
490,94
1125,2
1614,62
4
70
563,23
1291,5
1874,19
8
80
635,52
2133,76
2
90
707,81
1644,2
2393,33
6
00
780,1
1820,6
2652,9
2
4249,4
4473,8
5087,9
557,18
1784,
1759,1
2297,4
2803,8
3326,9
3750,7
4131,9
4479,8
4796,3
2072,
2042,8
2670,8
2361,5
3871,9
4366,3
4811,1
5216,9
5586,2
5926,3
6240,5
6764,8
7123,8
1467,9
1430,5
2360,
2326,4
3044,2
3719,3
4416,8
4981,9
5490,2
5954,0
6376,0
2648,
2610,1
3417,6
4177,1
4961,8
5597,5
6169,3
6691,1
7165,9
7603,2
5007,1
2936,
2893,
3791
4643,
5506,
6213,
6848,
7428,
7955,
441,7
890,5
3. Tnh xc sut phng in ca chui s pha A.

T hnh v (3-12) v quan h Uc = f(a,t) v Up = f(t) khi Uc Up th
ta c thi gian phng in tp cc dc khc nhau ca dng st. T ta
c xc nh c ng cong nguy him Ia (Hnh 3-13). Nh bit xc sut
bin I ca dng st ln hn gi tr Ii no v xc sut dc a ca
dng st ln hn gi tr dc ai no c xc nh theo cng thc :
V Ii = p{I Ii} = e
Vai = p{a ai} = e
Ii
26 ,1
ai
10 , 9
V tng t phn st nh vo khong vt ta c

Vp =
VIi . Vai
i =1
H7 H THNG IN
88
N TT NGIP
Trong tnh ton v ng cong thng s nguy him ta mi tnh c

10 gi tr ca a v I nn ta phi tin hnh ngoi suy ph kn gi tr ca
chng.
Vi tnh ton trn ta c bng kt qu (3- 5).
Ii = Ti. ai
(kA)
Bng 3- 5
a (kA/s
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ti (s)
6,8
2,5
1,42
0,95
0,7
0,5
0,45
0,4
0,32
0,3
Ii (kA)
68
50
42,6
38
35
30
30
32
28,8
30
V Ii
0,054
0,093
0,159
0,171
0,173
0,191
0,2
0,216
0,2518
0,3049
Vai
0,3995
0,1596
0,0637
0,0254
0,0101
0,0040
0,0018
0,00064
0,00025
0,00001
0,0061
0,0024
0,0009
0,00039
0,00015
0,00001
0,000084
0,000038
.Vai= VaiVai+1
V Ii..Vai
0,2399
0,0130
5
0,0958
0,0383
0,0089
0,0061
0,0153
0,0026
3
0,0011
0,0004
T ta c : Vi R = 12 th Vp =
0,0002
0,00000
3
VIi . Vai = 0,03256
i =1
4. Tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct
Ta c.
R = 12 th Vp = 0,03256
Sut ct do st nh vo nh ct c tnh theo cng thc 3-12
nc = Nc.Vp.
Trong N c = 71,325 ( ln / 100 Km nm )
- Khi Rc = 12 sut ct do st nh vo nh ct l :
H7 H THNG IN
89
N TT NGIP
nc = 71,325.0,03256. 0,61 = 1,4656( ln / 100 Km nm )
3.4. Sut ct tng do st nh vo ng dy ti in :

Sut ct tng do st nh vo ng dy ti in c tnh theo cng
thc
n = nc + nkv + ndd
Vi cc gi tr nc , nkv , ndd tnh c ta c :
- Khi Rc = 12
Ta c:
n = nc + nkv + ndd
= 1,4656+ 0,094 + 0,085
= 1,59556 (ln / 100 Km nm )
3.5. Ch tiu chng st cho ng dy ti in :

m = 1/n ( nm / ln s c )
Thay cc gi tr n vo ta c :
- m = 1/ 1,59556 = 0,6275 ( nm/ ln s c)
3.6. Nhn xt
Qua tnh ton ton b chng III ta c nhng nhn xt nh sau :
* Sut ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn khng ph
thuc vo gi tr in tr n t m ch ph thuc vo gc bo v ca dy
chng st vi dy dn.
* Cng vi mt gi tr R ni t ca ct th sut ct do st nh vo
nh ct lun ln hn sut ct do st nh vo khong ct.
H7 H THNG IN
90
N TT NGIP
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Sch gio trnh k thut in cao p (GS, PTS V Vit n).
2. Sch hng dn thit k tt nghip k thut in cao p (TS Nguyn
Th Minh Chc ).
3. Chng st cho nh v cng trnh (Vin Sum ).
4. Gio trnh mng v h thng in (Nguyn Vn m).
5. Thit k cp in ( Ng Hng Quang v V Vn Tm )
H7 H THNG IN
91
N TT NGIP
H7 H THNG IN
92
N TT NGIP
MC LC
Trang
Li ni u ...................................................................................................... 1
Gii thiu chung v tnh hnh st Vit Nam ................................................ 2
A.
Tnh hnh ging st Vit Nam ........................................................... 2
B.
nh hng ca ging st ...................................................................... 5
Chng I. Tnh ton bo v chng st nh trc tip ............................... 6

1.1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................. 6
1.2.Yu cu i vi ct thu st v dy chng st .................................... 8
1.3. Tnh ton h thng chng st ........................................................... 8
1.3.1.Cc thit b trong trm v nhim v tnh ton .......................... 8
1.3.2. Cc cng thc s dng trong tnh ton bo v chng st ........ 13
1.4.Vch phng n v tnh ton cc phng n .................................... 14
1.4.1.Phng n I ............................................................................... 14
1.4.2.Phng n II .............................................................................. 21
1.4.3.Phng n III ............................................................................ 32
1.5.So snh cc phng n a ra phng n ti u ............................. 35
Chng II. Thit k v tnh ton h thng ni t .................................... 37
Gii thiu chung ....................................................................................... 38
2.1. Phng php ni t, cc tham s nh hng n in
tr ni tv hin tng phng In xung kch ............................. 38
2.1.1. Phng php ni t ................................................................. 38
2.1.2. Cc tham s nh hng n ni t .......................................... 38
2.1.3. Hin tng phng in xung kch............................................. 40
2.2. Yu cu i vi h thng ni t ....................................................... 41
H7 H THNG IN
93
N TT NGIP
2.3. Tnh ton ni t cho trm ................................................................. 41

2.3.1. Tnh ton ni t an ton............................................................ 41
2.3.2. in tr ni t xung kch ........................................................ 47
2.3.3.Ni t b xung .......................................................................... 50
Chng III. Tnh ton chng st ca ng dy 110 kV .......................... 55
3.1.Yu cu i vi bo v chng st ng dy .................................... 55
3.2.Cc thng s tnh ton ch tieu chng st cho ng dy ................. 56
3.2.1.Cc thng s ban u ................................................................. 56
3.2.2. Cc s liu tnh ton .................................................................. 57
3.3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu ....................................................................... 67
3.3.1.Xc nh tng s ln st nh vo ng dy
trong 1 nm vi chiu di 100 Km ........................................... 67
3.3.2. Tnh xut ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn ..... 68
3.3.3.Tnh sut ct do st nh vo khong vt ............................... 72
3.3.4. Tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc khu vc ln cn nh ct 78
3.4. Tng s ln ct In do st nh vo ng dy tI In ................ 91
3.5. Ch tiu chng st ca ng dy ti in ........................................ 91
3.6. Nhn xt ............................................................................................ 91
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................ 93
H7 H THNG IN
94

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N TT NGIP

Thit k h thng chng st cho mt trm bin p v

hon ton ng nht gia cc vng. Ni chung Bc B ma ma bo tp

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

T cc s liu v ngy gi ging s lng o lng nghin cu thc

2,44 3,65 2,52 3,78

3,65 4,87 3,78 5,04

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

Qua nghin cu trn ta thy Vit Nam l nc c s ngy ging nhiu

Trong tng s s c vnh cu ca ng dy khng 220 kV Ph Li

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

li in. V vy vic u t nghin cu chng st l cn thit nng cao

CHNG I : TNH TON BO V CHNG ST NH

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

n khong cach gia cc ct thu li n cc b phn ca trm trnh kh

1.3.1.Cc cng thc s dng trong tnh ton bo v chng st.

Trong : - h l cao ct thu st.

trn hnh v dng cc honh 0,75h.P v 1,5h.P

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

Hnh 1.2 . Phm vi bo v ca 1 ct thu st .

b. Phm vi bo v cu hai ct thu st c cng cao.

Mt ct thng ng i qua hai ct thu st ca phm vi bo v cho trn

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cng cao.

c. Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cao khc nhau.

Hnh 1. 4 Phm vi bo v ca 2 ct thu st c cao khc nhau.

Cch v phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st c chiu cao khc nhau oc

( hnh 1 - 4 ). Trc tin v phm vi bo v ca ct cao, sau

qua nh ct thp v ng thng gp ng sinh ca phm vi bo v ct

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

cao im 3, im ny c xem l nh ca ct gi nh n s cng vi ct

= 0.75 h1( 1- h2/h1)

L =1,5 h1 (1- h2/ h1)

d.Phm vi bo v ca nhiu ct thu st.

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

D 8 (h- hx ) p = 8 ha p Khi xt cc nhm ct bo v gm c ba ct hp

Trong : p l na chu vi tam gic ABC.

!.3.2 Cc thit b trong trm v nhim v tnh ton :

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

Chiu cao thanh gp cng l 8m.

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

1.4 Vch phng n v tnh ton cc phng n.

Vy cao tc dng nh nht m bo phm vi bo v l 4,09 m

+ cao ca thit b cn bo v l : hx = 5m.

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

Vy nn bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :

Vy bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :

+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct l :

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct l:

=0,886 m.- Phm vi bo v tng h gia 2 ct D v E l :

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

+ cao thp nht c bo v gia 2 ct l :

a: l khong cch gia 2 ct : a = 25,5 m.

rox = 0,75 ho ( 1 =0,75 .7 ( 1-

Kt Lun :Trong phng n I ta c 6 ct thu st vi :

Sinh vin : PHNG HUY IM

Vy cao tc dng nh nht m bo phm vi bo v l 3,227 m

DF = 18,5 2 + 22,5 2 =29,129 m .

Vi P l na chu vi ca tam gic DEF

Vy cao tc dng ti thiu m bo phm vi bo v l 5,34 m.

Kt lun : Ton b trm ta b tr 6 ct thu st. Bn pha my bin p v nh

Vy nn bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :

Vy bn knh bo v ca ct c tnh theo cng thc :