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Trc tin, ti xin gi li cm n v by t lng bit n su sc n C gio PGS.TS.V Th Bch, Thy gio TS. Nguyn Thanh Bnh, ngi tn tnh gip , h tr, hng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin v hon thnh lun vn ny. Xin cm n cc Thy, C gio ging dy, hng dn ti trong sut chng trnh hc cao hc. Cm n cc c, ch, anh, ch, cc bn ng nghip thuc Trung tm in t hc lng t thuc Vin Vt l tn tnh gip to iu kin thun li cho ti trong qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu cng nh thc hin lun vn ny. Ti xin cm n s hp tc v gip ca GS. TS.Nguyn Vn , TS. Phm c Khu trung tm Vt L Ht Nhn v cm n s h tr kinh ph t ti nghin cu c bn thuc Chng trnh Khoa hc v Cng ngh V tr - Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Vit Nam Cui cng, ti xin t lng bit n n gia nh v nhng ngi thn ca mnh lun h tr v vt cht, ng vin tinh thn v to iu kin cho ti trong sut thi gian thc hin lun vn ny. Xin chn thnh cm n!

Tc gi

Nguyn nh Hong

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Li cam oan Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh ca ring ti di s hng dn ca TS. Nguyn Thanh Bnh. Cc s liu v kt qu nu trong lun vn l trung thc v cha c ai cng b trong lun vn, lun n khoa hc no khc

Tc gi

Nguyn nh Hong

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Mc lc Li cm n .................................................................................................... i Li cam oan ................................................................................................ ii Mc lc .......................................................................................................... iii Danh mc cc bng ...................................................................................... v Danh mc cc hnh v .................................................................................. vi Li ni u .................................................................................................... 1 Chng 1 - ng nano carbon ...................................................................... 2 1.1. Lch s hnh thnh ........................................................................... 2 1. 2. Mt s dng cu hnh ph bin ca vt liu carbon....................... 2 1.3. C ch mc ng nano carbon ......................................................... 5 1.4. Cc phng php ch to ng nano carbon .................................... 6 1.5. Tnh cht ca ng nano carbon ....................................................... 8 1.6. Cc sai hng c th tn ti trong mng ca ng nano carbon ........ 10 1.7. Mt s ng dng ca ng nano carbon ........................................... 11 Chng 2 L thuyt tn x Raman ........................................................ 16 2.1. Hiu ng Raman ............................................................................. 16 2.2. Tn x Raman cng hng ............................................................. 17 2.3. Cc mode dao ng ca ng nano carbon ..................................... 17 2.4. Ph k raman ................................................................................... 20 Chng 3 Ngun bc x nng lng cao ................................................ 22 3.1. Tia v tr ......................................................................................... 22 3.2. Ngun bc x nhn to ................................................................... 23 3.2.1. My gia tc tuyn tnh ......................................................... 24 3.2.2. Ngun Americium-241, pht tia X ...................................... 26 3.2.3. Ngun Radium-226, pht gamma ........................................ 26 Chng 4 Thc nghim ............................................................................. 27

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4.1. Nghin cu s nh hng ca bc x laser ln CNTs.................... 28 4.2. Nghin cu s nh hng ca bc x hm ln CNTs .................... 31 4.3. S nh hng ca tia X v tia Gamma ln cu trc CNTs ............. 37 KT LUN ................................................................................................... 41 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................... 42 Cc cng trnh cng b c lin quan n lun vn .............................. 44

Danh mc cc bng Bng 1. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs khi cha chiu x Bng 2. Cc ng v phng x c nhn din t mu ng nano carbon. Bng 3. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs sau khi c chiu bng bc x hm. Bng 4. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs sau khi c chiu bng tia X. Bng 5. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs sau khi c chiu bng tia Gamma.

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Danh mc cc hnh v Hnh 1.1. Cu trc ca than ch Hnh 1.2. Cu trc ca kim cng Hnh 1.3. Cu trc ca carbon C60 (mt dng ca fullerene) Hnh 1.4. Cu trc ca ng n tng SWCNTs v a tng MWCNTs Hnh 1.5. nh SEM ca CNTs vi ht xc tc y ng v u ng Hnh 1.6. nh TEM cc ng carbon nano a tng Hnh 1.7. C ch mc ng nano carbon Hnh 1.8. H thit b ch to CNTs bng phng php CVD Hnh 1.9. H thit b ch to CNTs bng phng php h quang in Hnh 1.10. H to CNTs bng phng php chm laser Hnh 1.11. ng nano carbon kiu armchair c tnh cht kim loi v nano carbon kiu zig-zag c tnh cht bn dn Hnh 1.12. Sai hng Stone Wales to ra cp ng gic v tht gic trong CNTs Hnh 1.13. M hnh s xen gia ca Li v hp th H2 Hnh 1.14. Mn hnh hin th s dng CNTs Hnh 1.15. Tp STM, AFM c gn CNTs Hnh 1.16. Tp CNTs bin tnh Hnh 1.17. Vt liu CNTs-COOH dng cho sensor xc nh nng cn Hnh 1.18. o chng n siu bn, v tu v tr lm bng CNTs Hnh 1.19. Transistor trng s dng ng nanno carbon Hnh 2.1. C. V. Raman Hnh 2.2. Tn x Raman thu c khi kch thch phn t bng laser Hnh 2.3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh tn x raman Hnh 2.4. Ph tn x Raman ca CNTs a tng

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Hnh 2.5. Mt s mode dao ng ca CNTs, Hnh bn tri: mode hng tm, cc nguyn t dao ng theo phng bn knh, hnh bn phi: mode tip tuyn tng ng vi dao ng dc theo trc v xung quanh trc Hnh 2.6. S khi ca ph k Raman Hnh 2.7. Ph k Raman ca hng Renishaw Hnh 3.1. Ph nng lng ca tia v tr Hnh 3.2. S nh hng ca cc tia v tr theo cao Hnh 3.3.My gia tc electron tuyn tnh, trung tm gia tc Pohang, Hn Quc Hnh 3.4. Ni t mu c chiu x Hnh 3.5. Nguyn l to ra bc x hm Hnh 3.6. Ph bc x hm thu c t bn my gia tc Hnh 4.1. S b tr th nghim chiu x CNTs bng bc x hm Hnh 4.2. Ph Raman ca CNTs khi cha chiu khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/ cm2). Hnh 4.3. Tn s mode D v mode G ca CNTs khi cha chiu khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2 Hnh 4.4. T s v cng ID/IG ca ng nano carbon khi cha chiu x Hnh 4.5. H ph k gamma HPGe (CANBERRA, M) Hnh 4.6. Ph gamma c trng ca ng nano carbon Hnh 4.7. Sut lng to thnh cc ng v phng x trong mu ng nano carbon khi chiu bi chm photon hm nng lng cc i 60 MeV. Hnh 4.8. nh SEM ca CNTs (a) ban u v (b) sau khi c chiu bng bc x hm. Hnh 4.9. Ph Raman ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng bc x hm, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b- 15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/ cm2).

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Hnh 4.10. (a)Tn s mode D, (b)Tn s mode G, v (c)t l cng ca chng ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng bc x hm, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2 Hnh 4.11. Ph Raman ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng tia X, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b- 15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/ cm2). Hnh 4.12. Ph Raman ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng tia Gamma, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b- 15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/cm2). Hnh 4.13. dch tn s ca (a) nh D v (b) nh G v ( c) t l v cng nh ca CNTs cha chiu, v sau khi chiu bng tia X, tia Gamma, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2

M U Do c nhiu tnh cht rt ng ch nh kh nng dn in, cng cao, dn nhit tt. Vt liu nano carbon (CNTs) khng ch c ng dng trong cc vt liu nano composite, vt liu chu nhit, vt liu hp th sng in t, u d v u pht in t m cn c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh tu v tr, l phn ng ht nhn, v cc ng dng mi trng[10][12][16]. Trong mi trng v tr, CNTs c th c dng lm v tu, cc linh kin in t, thit b lu tr hidro, pin lithium v pin nhin liu... iu kin ny, cc thit b ny chu s tng tc ca nhiu loi ht, cc loi bc x in t c nng lng cao nh proton, electron, alpha, photon, ntron, cc ion nng, v vy c th dn n s bin i v cu trc mng, a vo mng cc nguyn t l, lm thay i cc tnh cht c, ha, l,...nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca cc thit b ny[8]. Thm vo , cc bc x, ht c nng lng cao cn gy ra cc phn ng ht nhn, to thnh cc ng v phng x, c th gy ra s thay i tnh cht ca vt liu. Nhm mc ch m phng qu trnh tng tc ca cc bc x trn v tr ln cc vt liu nano ngi ta thng tin hnh cc nghin cu th nghim trn mt t vi cc ngun bc x nhn to, trong ch yu c to ra t cc my gia tc ht v cc ngun ng v phng x. Lun vn ny a mt s kt qu nghin cu thc nghim trong vic nhn din cc ng v phng x v xc nh sut lng ca chng c to thnh t cc vt liu CNTs khi chiu bi chm photon hm nng lng cc i 60 MeV trn my gia tc electron tuyn tnh, ng thi kho st nh hng ca cc ngun bc x khc nhau nh: bc x hm, tia gama, tia X, tia laser c mt nng lng cao ln cu trc ca CNTs bng phng php phn tch ph raman.

Chng 1 - ng nano carbon 1.1. Lch s hnh thnh ng nano carbon c to ra bi cc nguyn t carbon, cc nguyn t carbon ny lin kt ha tr vi nhau bng lai ha sp2.Nm 1991, khi nghin cu Fulleren C60, Tin s Iijima mt nh khoa hc Nht Bn pht hin ra trong m mui than, sn phm ph trong qu trnh phng in h quang c nhng ng tinh th cc nh v di bm vo catt. Hnh nh t knh hin vi in t truyn qua cho thy rng cc ng ny c nhiu lp carbon, ng ny lng vo ng kia. Cc ng sau ny c gi l ng nano carbon a tng (MWCNTs- multi wall carbon nanotubes). Mc d c nhiu tnh cht c bit, nhng khng d dng phn tch ng nano carbon bng phng php quang ph, do vy iu ny cn tr vic nghin cu v chng. Nm 1993, ng nano carbon n tng (SWCNTs- single wall carbon nanotubes) c pht hin, l cc ng rng ng knh t 1,5 - 2 nm, di c micrmt. V ca ng bao gm cc nguyn t carbon sp xp theo cc nh su cnh rt u n. S pht hin ny thc y s nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trn ton th gii. Phng php quang ph Raman l phng php n gin, r tin so vi knh hin vi in t, c dng rng ri nghin cu trn CNTs trong thp k trc. 1. 2. Mt s dng cu hnh ph bin ca vt liu carbon 1.2.1.Than ch

Hnh 1.1. Cu trc ca than ch

Than ch l dng tn ti ph bin nht ca carbon, c mu en, t trng nh v thng gp trong t nhin. Cu trc ca than ch l cc lp mng lc gic cc nguyn t carbon lai ho sp2. Cc lp ny lin kt vi nhau bng lc ht Van de Wall. Khong cch gia hai nguyn t carbon l 1,42 A0. 1.2.2. Kim cng

Hnh 1.2. Cu trc ca kim cng Kim cng l dng tinh th c to thnh t cc nguyn t carbon, c cu trc t din, trng thi lai ho ca cc nguyn t carbon trong kim cng l sp3. Kim cng c bit n l mt loi qu vi gi tr s dng cao. Vi cc c tnh c bit nh rt cng, truyn nhit tt, tnh thm m cao..., kim cng c s dng rt nhiu trong thc t. 1.2.3. Fullerene

Hnh 1.3. Cu trc ca carbon C60 (mt dng ca fullerene) Fullerene l nhng phn t cu thnh t cc nguyn t cacbon, chng c dng rng nh mt cu, ellipsoid. Fullerene c cu trc tng t vi than ch, l

t hp ca lp than ch dy mt nguyn t (cn gi l graphene) lin kt vi nhau to thnh vng lc gic; nhng chng cng c th to thnh vng ng gic hoc tht gic. Fullerene u tin c khm ph ra, v tr thnh tn gi tng t cho nhiu fullerene sau ny, l buckminsterfullerene (C60), do cc nh khoa hc Harold Kroto, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl v Richard Smalley ti i hc Rice cng b nm 1985. S khm ph ra fullerene tr thnh mt bc tin ln trong s hiu bit v th hnh cacbon, m trc ch b gii hn than ch, kim cng, v cacbon v nh hnh nh mui than v than g. 1.2.4. ng nano carbon (Carbon nanotube) - CNTs Khc vi fullerene, CNTs c dng hnh tr rng v c th tn ti dng n tng hoc a tng (gm cc ng n tng lng vo nhau).

SWCNTs

MWCNTs

Hnh 1.4. Cu trc ca ng n tng SWCNTs v a tng MWCNTs

Hnh 1.5. nh SEM ca CNTs vi ht xc tc y ng v u ng

Hnh 1.6. nh TEM cc ng carbon nano a tng 1.3. C ch mc ng nano carbon C th hiu mt cch n gin qu trnh mc CNTs nh sau [3] Ht xc tc c to trn . Kh cha carbon (CnHm) s b phn ly thnh nguyn t carbon v cc sn phm ph khc do nng lng nhit, nng lng plasma. Cc sn phm sau phn ly s lng ng trn cc ht xc tc. y s xy ra qu trnh to cc lin kt carbon-carbon v hnh thnh CNTs. Kch thc ca ng CNTs v c bn ph thuc kch thc ht xc tc. Lin kt gia cc ht xc tc v m ng nano carbon quyt nh c ch mc: mc t nh ca ht ln hay mc t ln to thnh CNTs. Kch thc ca ht xc tc kim loi v cc iu kin lin quan khc quyt nh ng nano carbon l n tng (SWCNTs) hoc a tng (MWCNTs).
C ch mc t nh ca ht xc tc

C ch mc t

Hnh 1.7. C ch mc ng nano carbon

1.4. Cc phng php ch to ng nano carbon [3] 1.4.1. Ch to vt liu CNTs bng phng php lng ng pha hi ho hc Trong phng php lng ng pha hi ho hc (CVD) thng s dng ngun carbon l cc hyr carbon (CH4, C2H2) hoc CO v s dng nng lng nhit hoc plasma hay laser phn ly cc phn t kh thnh cc nguyn t carbon hot ha. Cc nguyn t carbon ny khuch tn xung , v lng ng ln cc ht kim loi xc tc (Fe, Ni, Co), v CNTs c to thnh. Nhit vo khong 6500C - 9000C.

Hnh 1.8. H thit b ch to CNTs bng phng php CVD Phng php lng ng ho hc pha hi thng to ra ng nano carbon a vch hoc n vch vi sch khng cao, thng ngi ta phi pht trin cc phng php lm sch. Phng php ny c u im l d ch to v r tin. Mt s k thut CVD to CNTs thng c s dng l: - Phng php CVD nhit. - Phng php CVD tng cng Plasma. - Phng php CVD xc tc alcohol. - Phng php CVD nhit c laser h tr. - Phng php mc pha hi. - Phng php CVD vi xc tc Co-Mo ( CoMoCat). 1.4.2. Ch to CNTs bng phng php phng in h quang Trong phng php ny hi carbon c to ra bng cch phng mt lung h quang in gia hai in cc lm bng carbon c hoc khng c cht xc tc. CNTs t mc ln t hi carbon. Hai in cc carbon t cch nhau 1 mm trong bung kh tr (He hoc Ar) p sut thp (gia 50 v 700 mbar). Mt

dng in c cng 50 - 100 A c iu khin bi th khong 20V to ra s phng in h quang nhit cao gia hai in cc carbon. Lung h quang ny lm bay hi mt in cc carbon v lng ng trn in cc cn li, to ra sn phm l SWCNTs hoc MWCNTs tu theo vic c cht xc tc kim loi (thng l Fe, Co, Ni , Y, Mo) hay khng. Hiu sut to ra CNTs ph thuc vo mi trng plasma v nhit ca in cc ni carbon lng ng.

Hnh 1.9. H thit b ch to CNTs bng phng php h quang in Vi in cc l carbon tinh khit, ta thu c MWCNTs cn khi c kim loi xc tc (Ni, Co, Fe) ta thu c SWCNTs. Cc k thut ch to CNTs bng h quang khc: - Ch to CNTs bng h quang ngoi khng kh. - Ch to CNTs bng h quang trong nit lng. - Ch to CNTs bng h quang trong t trng. - Ch to CNTs bng h quang vi in cc plasma quay. 1.4.3. Ch to ng nano carbon dng ngun laser Mt chm laser nng lng cao (xung hoc lin tc) lm bay hi mt bia graphite trong l nhit cao khong 1200 C. Trong l c cha kh tr He hoc Ne vi mc ch gi p sut trong l 500 torr v ng vai tr ca kh mang a hi carbon v pha cc lng ng. Cc nguyn t, phn t carbon lng ng li to thnh cc m c th gm fullerence v MWCNTs. to ra SWCNTs th bia phi c xc tc kim loi (Co, Ni, Fe hoc Y). CNTs c to ra bng phng php bay hi bng chm tia laser c tinh khit cao hn so vi phng php h quang in.
o

Hnh 1.10. H to CNTs bng phng php chm laser 1.5. Tnh cht ca ng nano carbon 1.5.1.Tnh cht c ng nano carbon cu to ch gm ton cc nguyn t carbon dng ng nn chng rt nh. Bn cnh lin kt gia cc nguyn t carbon u l lin kt cng ho tr to nn mt cu trc tinh th hon ho va nh va bn. Theo mt s so snh th ng nano carbon nh hn thp 6 ln v bn gp trm ln thp (trn cng 1 n v th tch v chiu di). Theo mt s ti liu cng b, ng nano carbon a tng c cng Young l 1,8 TPa, trong khi thp l 230 GPa.[15] 1.5.2.Tnh cht nhit Nhiu nghin cu cho thy ng nano carbon l vt liu dn nhit tt. dn nhit ca vt liu ca SWCNTs c t gi tr trong khong t 20-3000 W/mK trn nhit phng [18],so vi 400 W/ mK ca ng (Cu ). C tc gi cn cng b dn nhit c th t ti 6600 W/mK [13]. V kh nng dn nhit tt ny m CNTs c s dng cho vic tn nhit cho cc linh kin in t cng sut cao.[16] 1.5.3.Tnh cht in Ph thuc vo vc t cun ng (chiran) ca chng, cc ng nano carbon c th hoc l cht bn dn hoc l kim loi. S khc nhau trong cc tnh cht dn in gy bi cu trc phn t iu dn n cu trc di nng lng khc nhau. Ngoi ra dn in ca ng nano carbon n tng cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo lc tc dng ln ng. iu ny s m ra mt hng mi s dng vt liu CNTs lm cm bin lc, v.v trong tng lai

Hnh 1.11. ng nano carbon kiu armchair c tnh cht kim loi v nano carbon kiu zig-zag c tnh cht bn dn Dng hin vi lc nguyn t o in tr tng phn ca ng nano carbon th thy rng i vi ng nano n tng dn in nh kim loi th in tr khng i dc theo ng. Tuy nhin i vi ng nano n tng dn in kiu bn dn, khi kt li thnh si th in tr rt ph thuc vo cc v tr t cc u bn mi d o. Ni chung in tr sut ca ng nano carbon vo c 10-4 ohm /cm nhit phng( in tr sut ca ng l 1,678-6 ohm/cm). Cng dng ti a ca CNTs t 107 108 A/cm2 (gp hng trm ln so vi cng dng ti a ca kim loi ng). Ngoi ra, sai hng ng nano c th lm thay i tnh dn in ca chng. [12] 1.5.4. Tnh cht ha hc CNTs hot ng ha hc mnh hn so vi graphene. Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy CNTs vn tng i tr v mt ha hc, do tng hot tnh ha hc ca CNTs ta phi to ra cc khuyt tt trn b mt ca ng, gn kt vi cc phn t hot ng khc to ra cc vi u d nhy vi ho cht [17] 1.5.5. Tnh cht pht x in t trng S pht x trng l qu trnh pht x in t t b mt ca mt pha rn vo chn khng, di tc dng ca mt in trng tnh (khong 10 V/cm). Khi p mt in trng ln, cc in t ti b mt xuyn hm qua hng ro th v thot ra ngoi. Vi CNTs, do t l chiu di/ng knh ln (hn 1000 ln), cu trc dng tip, n nh ha, nhit cao v dn nhit, dn in cng rt cao nn kh nng pht x in t l rt cao, ngay in th thp.
8

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Vi dng tip nh CNT vi in th khong 25V/m th cc ng CNTs c th pht x dng in t ln ti 20A . y l mt thun li ln ca vt liu CNTs, do vy chng c ng dng trong cc thit b pht x in t[12]. 1.6. Cc sai hng c th tn ti trong mng ca ng nano carbon Vi vt liu bt k, s tn ti ca mt khuyt tt tinh th nh hng n cc c tnh vt liu. Trong CNTs c hai loi khuyt tt ch yu.[1] + Mt loi l do sai hng im. + Mt dng khuyt tt ng nano carbon l sai hng Stone Wales, sai hng ny to ra 1 cp ng gic v 1 cp tht gic. Do cu trc rt nh ca CNTs, bn ko ca ng l do phn yu nht ca ng quyt nh. Khuyt tt tinh th nh hng n tnh cht d in ca CNTs. Mt khuyt tt trong kiu ng CNTs loi Armchair (dn in) c th lm cho cc khu vc xung quanh ch khuyt tt tr thnh bn dn. Khuyt tt tinh th nh hng mnh n tnh cht dn nhit ca CNTs. Khuyt tt nh vy dn n tn x phonon, lm tng tc hi phc ca cc phonon. iu ny lm gim qung ng t do trung bnh, v gim tnh dn nhit ca CNTs.

Hnh 1.12. Sai hng Stone Wales to ra cp ng gic v tht gic trong CNTs

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1.7. Mt s ng dng ca ng nano carbon 1.7.1. Cc ng dng v nng lng S dng CNTs trong pin litium c th tng dung lng pin ln 10 ln. Cc nh nghin cu ti Hc vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT) pht hin ra rng, nu s dng cc lp ng nano carbon qua x l lm in cc, chng c th tng nng lng tch ly trn mi n v trng lng ca pin ln hn 10 ln.( 10 kW /Kg trong khi pin Lithium thng thng 1 kW/kg ). Pin c s n nh rt tt theo thi gian, sau khi 1000 chu k sc v x pin th nghim, khng pht hin c s thay i ca vt liu. iu ny ha hn kh nng ng dng ca CNTs trong xe hi, cc thit b in t cm tay[11]. Bng phng php layer by layer. Cc nh khoa hc ch to c in cc lm t CNTs a tng to thnh in cc dng, v lithium titanium oxide lm in cc m. Thng qua nh TEM phn gii cao v so snh chu trnh phng np ca pin trc v sau khi x l nhit vi kh hidro, h cng chng minh c rng, nguyn nhn ca s ci thin v mt tch tr nng lng l do cc nhm chc c cha oxi trn b mt ca CNTs. - Do CNTs c cu trc dng tr rng v ng knh c nanomt nn vt liu CNTs c th tch tr cht lng hoc kh trong li tr thng qua hiu ng mao dn. Hp th ny c gi l hp th vt l. CNTs cng c th tch tr hydrogen theo cch ha hc (hp th nguyn t hydrogen) . V vy CNTs c th c s dng cho vic tch tr Hidro, lm thnh pin nhin liu dng cho t.[10].

Hnh 1.13. M hnh s xen gia ca Li v hp th H2 - Bng cch x l CNTs trong mt dung dch siu axit, cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Rice (M) thu c nhng si di, c th s dng lm nhng dy dn nh, hiu qu cho mng li in, hoc lm c s cho nhng vt liu dn in. H cho bit tm ra c mt phng php mi lp rp CNTs vi nhau, bng cch ho tan CNTs trong dung dch siu axt chlorosulphonic to ra

12

dung dch c nng v khi lng ln n 0,5Wt% cao hn 1000 ln so vi cc axit khc bo co trc . trng thi mt cao ny, chng to thnh tinh th lng, c th to thnh nhng si di hng trm mt, hoc nguyn khi. V CNTs rt bn, cho nn trong tng lai, rt c th ng nano carbon s c s dng thay th cho dy in kim loi truyn thng. 1.7.2. Thit b pht x in t trng Yu cu chung l ngng th pht x ca vt liu phi thp, mt dng phi c n nh cao, vt liu pht x phi c ng knh nh c nanomet, cu trc tng i hon ho, dn in cao, rng khe nng lng nh v n nh v mt ha hc. Cc iu kin ny, vt liu CNTs p ng y . Hn na, CNTs li tng i tr v mt ha hc nn c n nh v mt ha hc rt cao. Vt liu CNTs c s dng cho cc thit b pht x in t trng nh: transistor hiu ng trng, cc mn hnh hin th ,tip STM, AFM.

Hnh 1.14. Mn hnh hin th s dng CNTs Cc tnh nng ca CNT-FED: Mng, sng cao, tng phn cao, hiu sut pht quang cao, gc nhn rng, p ng nhanh, in th tiu th thp, tiu th t in nng. 1.7.3. u d nano v sens Do tnh do dai c s dng nh cc u d qut trong cc thit b knh hin vi in t AFM v STM. Thun li ch yu ca cc u d loi ny l phn gii c ci thin hn nhiu so vi cc tip Si hoc cc tip kim loi m khng ph mu (do CNTs n hi cao). Cc ng CNTs gn trn u tip c th c bin tnh bng cch gn cc nhm chc nng (-COOH) tng cc tng tc ha, sinh. Cc tip ny c th

13

c s dng nh cc u d phn t, ng dng trong cc lnh vc ho hc v y sinh. Chng hn vi cc sensor xc nh nng cn cc thp s dng vt liu CNTs th vt liu CNTs phi c bin i trc gn cc nhm -COOH trn b mt. Cc nhm ny s tng tc vi phn t ethanol (CH3CH2OH) v gn cc phn t ny ln b mt CNTs, lm thay i dn in. T s thay i ny, ta c th xc nh c nng cn. [17]

Hnh 1.15. Tp STM, AFM c gn CNTs

Hnh 1.16. Tp CNTs bin tnh

Hnh 1.17. Vt liu CNTs-COOH dng cho sensor xc nh nng cn

14

1.7.4. ng nano carbon to ra cc vt liu siu bn, siu nh Trng nhm nghin cu, Gio s Alan Windle, thuc i hc Cambridge dng CNTs dt thnh o, hoc kt hp vi nhng loi vt liu khc sn xut nhng sn phm siu bn. Theo cc chuyn gia, ng dng quan trng ca si carbon mi ny l sn xut o chng n siu bn, v n bn hn, dai hn v cng hn nhiu ln so vi loi vi c dng may o gip hin nay. Nasa cng s dng CNTs trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Nh trong cc v tu v CNTs l vt liu siu bn v siu nh. Do d lm gim trng lng ca tu v tr, v lm gim chi ph phng tu. ng thi cn lm tng kh nng chng chu va p cho tu.

Hnh 1.18. o chng n siu bn, v tu v tr lm bng CNTs 1.7.5. ng nano carbon to ra cc linh kin in t nano Hin nay vi s xut hin ca ng nano carbon, cng vi kh nng ch to ra cc ng carbon c tnh cht nh l bn dn loi p hay loi n. Ngi ta c th sp xp c cc si carbon nh nm gi ln nhau, ti nhng im giao nhau chng c tc dng nh mt it. Cc it ny c kch thc rt nh c vi nm. Tuy nhin k thut ch to cc it ny kh phc tp, ngi ta s dng phng php dng chy nh hng cc si carbon. Nghin cu gn y, cc nh khoa hc ch ra rng vi ng nano carbon c th ch to cc linh kin hot ng trn c s nhng hot ng ca Spin in t. Vi cc dy dn thng thng cc in t lun b tn x bi mng cc ion, hay vi chnh cc in t, do lun tn ti in tr. Nhng vi ng nano carbon th khc, cc in t chuyn ng theo kiu xung kch v ng nano li rt nh, khng c sai hng nn in t khng b tn x. iu c ngha l in t c th chuyn ng c mt qung ng xa m khng thay i xung lng, vn gi nguyn trng thi ca mnh v c ngha l spin c bo ton. Ta bit spin ca in t c hai gi tr -1/2 v +1/2 (spin up v spin down), nn ta c th dng t trng iu

15

khin spin thay cho vic iu khin in t v l trng trong cc bn dn thng thng. Hin nay vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cc linh kin in t, kch thc ca cc linh kin c gim nh. Tuy nhin chng ta khng th cc tiu ho mi c v hin nay qu trnh cc tiu ho ang tin gn n gii hn vt l. T chng ta cn phi ngh n mt vt liu mi no c kh nng c bit v t c th cc tiu ho c cc linh kin. V iu c gii quyt bng s xut hin ca ng nano carbon. ng carbon c dng lm knh dn trong transistor.

Hnh 1.19. Transistor trng s dng ng nanno carbon in th cc cng c nh hng rt ln n tnh dn in ca ng nano carbon. Vi vic s dng ng nano carbon lm knh dn in, dn in c th thay i hn mt triu ln so vi transistor trng trn c s silic. Hn na v c kch thc nh, transistor trng trn c s ng nano lm vic vi tin cy cao hn, tiu th t nng lng hn, n c th ng m vi tc Terahert. Khi cc thit b c cc tiu ho v kch thc v c tng mnh v tc th cc in t s hot ng vi tc cao nn to nhiu nhit... gii quyt vn ngi ta s dng kh nng dn nhit rt tt ca ng carbon gn vo cc linh kin [16]. V kch thc ca cc linh kin rt nh nn khng th s dng cc dy dn kim loi thng thng nh hin nay vn dng ni cc linh kin vi cc thit b hay cc mch logic bn ngoi m phi dng ng nano carbon.

16

Chng 2 L thuyt tn x Raman 2.1. Hiu ng Raman Hiu ng Raman c nh vt l hc n Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman tm ra nm 1928, nh pht hin ny m C. V. Raman c nhn gii Nobel vt l vo nm 1930. Nguyn nhn chnh ca hiu ng ny l do tn x khng n hi ca nh sng vi phonon. Trong th nghim Raman, mt laser c s dng kch thch nhng nguyn t, phn t, lm thay i trng thi dao ng ca chng. cc dao ng rung, xoay ca phn t lm thay i mc nng lng ca chng, do nh sng ti s tn x cc tn s khc vi tn s ca nh sng kch thch.

Hnh 2.1. C. V. Raman

Hnh 2.2. Tn x Raman thu c khi kch thch phn t bng laser Hnh 2.3 m t cc qu trnh tn x khc nhau, trong c c nhng phonon. rng ca cc mi tn ch ra kh nng ca tn x. Tn x thng xy ra nht l tn x Rayleigh, tn x ny l tn x n hi, y l kt qu ca qu trnh pht ra mt photon vi cng bc sng vi nh sng kch thch. Nu cc phn t ban u trng thi c bn, sau khi tn x th n trng thi kch thch cao hn, qu trnh ny c gi l tn x Raman Stokes. (Cc photon thc hin tn x khng n hi b mt nng lng v lm xut hin tn x Stokes) Ngc li, vi mt phn t ban u trng thi kch thch, sau khi tn x th n tr v trng thi c bn, c gi l qu trnh tn x Anti-Stoles. (cc

17

photon thc hin tn x khng n hi thu nng lng lm xut hin tn x antiStokes) Tit din tn x Raman l c 106, tit din tn x ph thuc vo s phn t ban u trng thi kch thch, s phn t ny li ph thuc vo nhit (theo phn b Boltzmann). Nh vy, t l cng ca vch Stokes/Anti-Stokes trong ph Raman c th c s dng tnh ton iu kin nhit khi o c.

Hnh 2.3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh tn x raman 2.2. Tn x Raman cng hng Thng thng, phn t c kch thch ln trng thi nng lng o sau n hi phc, kt qu l mt photon c pht ra. Qu trnh tn x ny c gi l tn x cng hng nu mt hoc nhiu chuyn di gia cc trng thi nng lng thc ca phn t. Chi tit hn, nu tn ti trng thi nng lng thc ca phn t ph hp vi nng lng photon ti (thay cho trng thi nng lng o), kh nng xy ra ca qu trnh ny s cao hn. Hiu ng ny c ch ra hnh 2.3, kh nng xy ra ca tn x c th tng ln hng nghn ln, c ch ra cc ng m nt. 2.3. Cc mode dao ng ca ng nano carbon Trong cc ng nano carbon n tng, hiu ng cng hng xy ra khi nng lng ca photon kch thch trng vi hiu ca cc mc nng lng dao ng. Nng lng kch thch phi ph hp vi s chuyn mc nng lng trong khong 50-100 meV thu c hiu ng cng hng. Trong khi hiu ng

18

cng hng l do tn x, s trng thi ca in t cng gp phn vo mnh ca tn hiu.

Hnh 2.4. Ph tn x Raman ca CNTs a tng.[4] + Mode RBM: l dao ng do cc nguyn t carbon dao ng theo hng hng tm ca ng. Do vy mode ny c gi l RBM (radial breathing mode) vi tn s nm trong khong 100 500 cm-1. Khi tn s ca mode RBM ph thuc vo ng knh ca ng nano carbon, tn hiu t cc ng khc nhau khng chng ln nhau trong ph Raman. Cng ca mode RBM tr ln yu hn khi ng knh ca ng tng. V khng cn trng thy c khi ng knh ng ln hn 3 nm. Mode RBM nhy vi s thay i ca p sut, mode ny s dch v pha tn s cao khi tng p sut. Tt c ph Raman bc 1 ph thuc vo chiu di lin kt ca carboncarbon. Tng chiu di s lm cho cc mode dao ng dch v pha tn s thp. +Mode D: c tn s c khong 1330 cm-1, c gi l mode sai hng mng, hay mt trt t ca mng (disorder hay defect band), n lin quan n tn x Raman cng hng kp. Mode D c to ra bng qu trnh tn x gm 1 tn x ca phonon, v 1 tn x t dao ng n hi ca mt sai hng mng. Nu tn x t ca sai hng mng c thay th bi mt phonon th ta s thu c tn hiu Raman c nng lng gp i nng lng ca phonon. Mode c gi l mode bc 2 ca D, gi l mode G, mode ny th khng lin quan n sai hng mng. + Mode G c tn s c khong 1590 cm-1. Mode ny do s dao ng trong mt nguyn t carbon ln cn trong mng lc gic, bao gm c ko dn v un ca cc lin kt carbon. nh ny l do Graphene to thnh, do vy m n thng c gi l mode G. Trong mode G c 2 nh khc nhau.

19

nh c cng cao hn s tng ng vi dao ng dc theo trc ca CNTs, nh c cng thp hn s tng ng vi dao ng ngang trc ca CNTs. Nu CNTs c tnh cht kim loi l ch yu th, s trn ph Raman, mode G s c mt nh c cng thp pha tn s thp, v 1 nh c cng cao hn pha tn s cao. V ngc li, nu CNTs c tnh cht bn dn, trong mode G s c 1 nh c cng cao tn s thp v 1 nh c cng thp tn s cao [7].

Hnh 2.5. Mt s mode dao ng ca CNTs, Hnh bn tri: mode hng tm, cc nguyn t dao ng theo phng bn knh, hnh bn phi: mode tip tuyn tng ng vi dao ng dc theo trc v xung quanh trc Ta c th xc nh c mc trt t trong cu trc ca vt liu CNTs qua t s cng gia mode D v mode G, ID/IG. Nu ID/IG cng ln th chng t mu cng c nhiu khuyt tt. V ngc li, nu ID/IG cng nh th chng t mu cng t c khuyt tt. S khc nhau gia ID/IG ca mu CNTs cha chiu, v c chiu bi cc tia bc x khc nhau c nghin cu bng phng php o ph Raman, t nh gi mc nh hng ca cc ngun bc x ln vt liu sau khi c chiu x. Nu t s ID/IG thp i v khng thay i theo nng lng laser th CNTs c cht lng tt, v ngc li nu t s ID/IG cao ln v khng n nh th CNTs c cht lng b gim [9],[6].

20

2.4. Ph k raman 2.4.1. Cu to ca ph k Raman

Hnh 2.6. S khi ca ph k Raman

Hnh 2.7. Ph k Raman ca hng Renishaw Ph k Raman gm cc khi chnh nh sau: Khi pht Laser Khi dn quang v u d My n sc Khi thu nhn tn hiu Cc khi in t, hin th khc 2.4.2. u im ca phng php y l mt phng php c rt nhiu u im, c bit l kh nng ng dng trong thc t rt ln. C th k ra mt s u im sau:

21

Phng php ny khng yu cu phi ph mu hay trch mt phn nh ca mu nghin cu do bo ton c mu. Thm vo , n cng khng cn phi tip xc trc tip vi mu m s dng chm sng n v chm sng phn x thu thng tin, nh vy phng php ny c th s dng trong trng hp khng tip cn c vi mu. y l phng php phn tch nhanh, khng yu cu phi chun b mu nh cc phng php khc, iu ny lm cho phng php n gin v rt ngn ng k thi gian thc hin. Vi mt s thit b h tr, ph k Raman c kh nng phn tch mu t trong ti nha, chai thu tinh, mu t trong dung dch ... y cng l mt c im hu ch, n c th phn tch cc mu ang c bo qun m khng phi tch chng khi mi trng bo qun. C th o mu dung dch v mu kh d dng (so snh vi FTIR) Di ph rng 100 cm-1 n 4000 cm-1 c kh nng nghin cu hu ht cc hp cht hu c v v c. Nng sut phn gii ln, ph k Raman c kh nng phn tch cc mu c kch thc khong 1 2 m. Ph sc nt v t b nhiu x hn do d dng x l s liu hn (so snh vi Mid-IR v NIR) Nhng u im trn lm cho ph k raman khng nhng ph bin trong cc phng th nghim m ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip, y hc, iu tra ti phm ... c bit l nhng ng dng yu cu phn gii cao, n gin, nhanh chng m khng phi ph mu. Do phng php phn tch ph raman c chn lm phng php nghin cu chnh trong lun vn ny nghin cu s thay i trong cu trc ca ng nano carbon sau khi c chiu x.

22

Chng 3 Ngun bc x nng lng cao 3.1. Tia v tr Tia v tr (cosmic rays) c pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1911 bi Victor Hess trong khi ng ta bay trn kh cu cng vi my o tnh in cao trn 5000 mt. Ban u chng c ngh l cc bc x Gamma. Nhng cc th nghim vo nhng nm 1930 chng minh rng tia v tr c ngun gc ch yu l cc ht mang in bi v chng b nh hng bi t trng tri t. Hu ht cc tia v tr ion (cosmic rays) c to thnh bi cc ht m tn ti trn tri t, nh l cc protons, ht nhn nguyn t, v cc electron. Tuy nhin mt phn nh c c phn vt cht nh l positron hoc antiproton. Khong 89% thnh phn ca tia v tr l proton (ht nhn hidro), 10% l ht anpha (ht nhn Helium), 1% l cc ht nng khc. Cc ht ny c th c nng lng ln n 1020 eV, cao hn nhiu ln so vi cc my gia tc ht c th to ra.

Hnh 3.1. Ph nng lng ca tia v tr Cc tia X v tia Gamma t v tr khng th quan st c t mt t v bu kh quyn nhanh chng hp th chng. Tuy nhin, chng c th quan st c bng cc v tinh quan st. nh sng nhn thy c c nng lng c 2 eV, trong khi tia X c th c nng lng n 50 keV, v tia Gamma c th c nng lng trn 1MeV. Mi photon c sinh ra bi mt n ht, nh vy ht pht ra cc tia v tr l cc photon cn c nng lng c th cn ln hn nh th.

23

Cc tia v tr c th c to ra t cc v n siu sao (supernova), t cc l en (black holes), hot ng ca mt tri hay do tng tc ca cc tia v tr vi vt cht gia cc sao. Hu ht cc tia v tr b hp th bi kh quyn tri t, khi mt tia v tr nng lng cao i vo kh quyn, n s bn ph vo ht nhn (O, N, Ar) v to ra nhiu tia v tr th cp khc, nu cc tia mi ny vn cn nng lng cao th chng li to ra nhiu tia v tr khc. Tht may mn kh quyn bo v chng ta khi s ph hy ca cc tia ny. Nhng trn thc t c mi gi, c khong 100 000 tia v tr i xuyn qua c th chng ta.

Hnh 3.2. S nh hng ca cc tia v tr theo cao Nhng trong iu kin v tr, cc v tinh thng phi bay cch mt t c 500 km. Ni chu nh hng mnh ca tt c cc tia, cc ht c nng lng cao nh proton, electron, alpha, photon, ntron, cc ion nng, cc ht c bn, sng in t c nng lng cao, c th dn n s bin i v cu trc, tnh cht c, ha, vt l, do vy s nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca cc thit b ny. Gn y, s dng vt liu nano trong cng ngh v tr ang c cc nh khoa hc quan tm, c bit l vic s dng nano trong ch to cc linh kin in t, vt liu ch to v tu v tr. Trong mi trng khc nghit ny, cc linh kin, vt liu b cc tia v tr bn ph c th dn n s bin i v cu trc, gy ra s thay i tnh cht ca vt liu. Do vy n c th nh hng n tui th, bn, tnh lm vic n nh ca thit b. 3.2. Ngun bc x nhn to Nhm mc ch m phng qu trnh tng tc ca cc bc x trn v tr ln cc vt liu nano ngi ta thng tin hnh cc nghin cu th nghim trn mt t vi cc ngun bc x nhn to, trong ch yu c to ra t cc my gia tc ht v cc ngun phng x. Trong th nghim ny, ti s dng chm

24

bc x hm t my gia tc tuyn tnh (trung tm gia tc Pohang, Hn Quc) v tia X t ngun ng v phng x Americium-241, tia Gamma t ngun Radium226 (trung tm Vt L Ht Nhn, Vin Vt L, Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Vit Nam). 3.2.1. My gia tc tuyn tnh Cc b phn chnh ca my gia tc linac: 01 ngun pht electron, 01 nam chm alpha, 02 cp nam chm t cc, 01 b ba nam chm t cc, 02 on ng gia tc, 01 nam chm phn tch dng, 01 nam chm iu tiu, 01 b pht sng cao tn v cung cp nng lng. Ch lm vic: Nng lng Ee-= 60 MeV; Dng Ie- = 30 mA; Tn s xung f = 15 Hz; rng xung = 2 s.

Hnh 3.3.My gia tc electron tuyn tnh, trung tm gia tc Pohang, Hn Quc

Hnh 3.4. Ni t mu c chiu x

Nguyn l hnh thnh bc x hm

25

Photon hm c to ra khi bn ph chm electron c gia tc ti nng lng 60 MeV vo bia hm W. Bc x hm c ph lin tc ti nng lng cc i bng nng lng ca chm electron l 60 MeV (bc sng ngn nht 2x10-5 nm)[14].

Hnh 3.5. Nguyn l to ra bc x hm Electron c nng lng cao 60 MeV t my gia tc bn ph vo ht nhn bia. Electron ny truyn 1 phn nng lng ca n cho ht nhn, kch thch ht nhn bia ln trng thi kch thch v pht ra photon. Electron sau khi va chm, li tip tc va chm vo ht nhn bia khc, n li kch thch ht nhn ny ln trng thi kch thch. Sau ht nhn ny li pht ra photon. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho ti khi electron b mt ton b nng lng ca mnh. e+A A* +e A+ +e A++e, ....

e+A A* +e

Chnh v vy m bc x hm c ph nng lng lin tc t 0 cho n 60 MeV.

10
5

Thng lng photon h m

60MeV

10

10

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Nng lng photon h m (MeV)

Hnh 3.6. Ph bc x hm thu c t bn my gia tc

26

3.2.2. Ngun Americium-241, pht tia X Thi gian bn r 432,2 nm Hot ban u 1,24x109 (bq) =33,5 mCi Pht ra 1,24x109 tia X trong mi giy Nng lng tia X: 0,06 MeV 3.2.3. Ngun Radium-226, pht Gamma Thi gian sng 1600 nm Hot ban u 1,85x105 (bq) =5Ci Pht ra 1,85x105 tia Gamma trong mi giy Nng lng Gamma: 1 MeV

27

Chng 4 Thc nghim Trong th nghim ny, chng ti s dng mu nghin cu l ng nano carbon c ch to ti Vin Khoa hc Vt liu - Vin KH&CN Vit Nam, c ch to bng phng php lng ng pha hi ha hc s dng hn hp xc tc l Fe(NO3)3 v CaCO3. ng nano carbon c ng knh t 15- 90 nm, tinh kit l 97%, v phn cn li l tp cht v carbon v nh hnh [4]. kho st s nh hng ca mu ng nano carbon vi iu kin chiu x c cng ln v nng lng cao, mu nano carbon c em i chiu x bng bc x hm c to bi my gia tc tuyn tnh c nng lng cc i l 60 MeV, trong thi gian 80 pht.

Hnh 4.1. S b tr th nghim chiu x CNTs bng bc x hm Electron t my gia tc tuyn tnh c nng lng 60 MeV, bn vo bia Vonfram dy 0,1 mm, c t cch my gia tc 10 cm. Mu CNTs c t cch bia Vonfram 10 cm, nhn c bc x hm pht ra t bia Vonfram. Bc x hm ny c ph nng lng t 0-60 MeV. Nhng trn thc t, trong iu kin v tr, s chiu x yu hn rt nhiu ln so vi chiu x bng my gia tc, nhng thi gian chiu x l lin tc trong khong thi gian di. Do vy m phng qu trnh chiu x cho st vi iu kin v tr hn, chng ti tin hnh chiu x mu nano carbon bng tia X vi nng lng l 0,06 MeV nm v Gamma vi nng lng l 1 MeV trong thi gian 12 ngy lin tc. Sau khi c chiu x bng bc x hm, tia X v Gamma, cc mu nano carbon c em i phn tch bng phng php quang ph Raman. Ph Raman (kch thch bng laser bc sng 632,8 nm) cng c thu nhn v phn tch bng my quang ph Renishaw vi vt knh 50x vi khong o t 100 cm-1 - 3200 cm-1, phn gii l 1 cm-1, nng lng kch thch cc i l 60 kW/cm2. Trong qu trnh o tn x Raman nng lng laser c thay i thun nghch, t nng lng nh nht c th nhng vn mnh thu c tn

28

hiu (nng lng nh nht 3 kW/cm2) nhm mc ch hn ch ti a nh hng ca nhit do chiu laser cng cao ln mu. Sau nng lng laser c tng t t v t nng lng cc i l 60 kW/cm2. gi tr nng lng cao nht ny, mu s b nh hng mnh bi nhit , do nng lng laser hi t vo 1 im nh trn mu. Sau nng lng laser li c gim t t v nng lng nh nht, qua qu trnh thay i thun nghch ny, ta c th nhn c kt qu v nh hng ca laser ln cc mu CNTs. Sau khi thu c s liu, cc ph raman c x l nhiu, ng thi cc nh ph raman c fit theo hm Lorentz tm ta nh, chiu cao, rng ph mt cc chnh xc, khch quan bng phn mm chuyn dng cho phn tch ph Origin 8.0. 4.1. Nghin cu s nh hng ca bc x laser ln CNTs Ph Raman ca mu CNTs ban u c v trn hnh 4.2. Hnh bn tri l ph Raman ca CNTs ban u, c v theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng laser (LDP), hnh bn phi c v theo chiu gim dn ca nng lng laser.
D
Intensity (arb.units)

d c b a
1200

LDP G d c b a

LDP d c b a

d c b a
1400 1600

1400

1600 1200 Raman shift(cm-1)

Hnh 4.2. Ph Raman ca CNTs khi cha chiu khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/ cm2).

29
1334 1584

Tn s mode G(cm )

Tn s mode D (cm )

-1

1332

1582

1330

1580

1328
Mode D Mode G

1578

-1

1326 0 15 30 45 60 45 30 15
2

1576 0

Cng laser (KW/cm )

Hnh 4.3. Tn s mode D v mode G ca CNTs khi cha chiu khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4
Cha chiu

ID/IG

1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0 15 30 45 60 45 30 15

2

Cng laser (KW/cm )

Hnh 4.4. T s v cng ID/IG ca ng nano carbon khi cha chiu x Bng 1. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs khi cha chiu x Cng laser Tn s mode G T s ID/IG (KW/cm2) Tn s mode D 3 1331,5 1583 1,09 15 1331,2 1583,4 1,2 30 1329,4 1580,8 1,2 60 1326,7 1577,8 1,14 30 1329,5 1580,8 1,17 15 1331,3 1583 1,12 3 1331,5 1582,8 1,22

30

T hnh ph Raman 4.2 v l thuyt ti chng 2.3, ta c th nhn nh rng, mu nano carbon c tnh cht bn dn mnh hn tnh cht kim loi. Ta cng c th thy c rng, khi tng cng laser c mode D v mode G u dch chuyn v tn s thp hn, khi gim cng laser mode D v mode G li dch chuyn ln s sng cao hn. Tn s mode D ca ph Raman ca CNTs khi cha chiu vi cng laser kch thch yu nht 3 kW/cm2 l khong 1331,5 cm -1, cng laser tng dn, khi c chiu mnh nht, mode D chuyn v tn s 1326,7 cm-1. Sau , cng laser gim dn v khi cng laser kch thch quay v yu nht 3 kW/cm2 mode D cng quay v tn s 1331,5 cm-1. Mt cch tng t, v tr mode G ca ph Raman ca mu CNTs khi cha chiu cng thay i thun nghch theo cng laser. V tr mode G chuyn t 1583 cm -1 n 1577,8 cm -1 v tr li 1582,8 cm -1. S chnh lch gia mode D v G khi c kch thch vi cng laser khc nhau l c 5 cm-1, dch chuyn ny ln hn nhiu so vi phn gii ca thit b (1cm-1) . Hin tng dch chuyn mode ny c th gii thch nh sau: Khi tng cng laser, CNTs b chiu sng mnh hn, nhit ca CNTs tng, dn ti s gin n v nhit, lin kt carbon-carbon di ra do vy n lm gim lc lin kt gia carbon-carbon [5], [17], do vy lm gim nng lng ca phonon. V vy, khi tng cng laser, th mode D v G chuyn v tn s thp hn. Qu trnh dch chuyn thun nghch khi chiu bi cng laser khc nhau chng t rng, CNTs khng b h hng khi chiu bi chm laser c cng cao. Kt qu ny trng vi kt qu ca cc bi bo khc [5],[8]. Mt thng s quan trng nh gi mc sai hng ca CNTs l t s ID/IG, nu t s ID/IG khng thay i theo cng laser th CNTs c cht lng tt , ta cng thy t s ID/IG ca CNTs khi cha chiu, kh l n nh xung quanh gi tr t 1,1-1,2. iu ny chng t rng bc x laser khng lm h hng cu trc ca CNTs m ch lm cho CNTs b t nng v gin n. Sau khi b nung nng, CNTs li tr v trng thi ban u.

31

4.2. Nghin cu s nh hng ca bc x hm ln CNTs 4.2.1. Cc ng v phng x c th to thnh khi chiu bc x hm Do c chiu x bng photon c nng lng rt ln, ln ti 60 MeV. Nn trong qu trnh chiu x, cc ng v phng x mi c to thnh. iu ny s nh hng n s hot ng n nh ca nu CNTs c ng dng ch to cc thit b in t. xc nh cc ng v no c th c to ra, mu CNTs c phn tch cc thnh phn ng v phng x. Cc ng v phng x to thnh sau phn ng ht nhn c nhn din cn c vo nng lng ca cc tia Gamma (E) v thi gian bn r (T1/2) ca chng bng h ph k Gamma vi tect bn dn Gecmani siu tinh khit (HPGe).

Hnh 4.5. H ph k Gamma HPGe (CANBERRA, M) Bng 2 l kt qu nhn din cc ng v phng x c to thnh t cc mu mu ng nano carbon sau khi c chiu x bi chm bc x hm nng lng cc i 60 MeV. Bng lit k 17 ng v phng x c nhn din thng qua vic o v phn tch cc ph Gamma ca mu CNTs. ng v c thi gian sng ngn nht l 43Sc vi thi gian bn r l 3,891 gi, ng v c thi gian sng di nht l 57Co vi thi gian bn r l 271,79 ngy. Cc ng v phng x sau khi c to ra lun trng thi kch thch, cc ng v ny s kh kch thch v bin i thnh cc ht nhn bn thng qua cc qu trnh phn r phng x. Cc kiu phn r ch yu l phn r - (pht electron), EC (electron

32

capture) v + (pht positron). Cc qu trnh ny s lm ht nhn thay i in tch. Sau cc qu trnh phn r trn cc ht nhn tip tc kh kch thch bng cch pht ra cc tia Gamma. Bng 2. Cc ng v phng x c nhn din t mu ng nano carbon.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ng v 24 Na
43 44 46 47 48

Thi gian bn r 14,959 gi 3,891 gi 3,927 gi 83,79 ngy 3,3492 ngy 43,67 gi 15,9735 ngy 5,591 ngy 312,3 ngy 8,275 gi 17,53 gi 77,27 ngy 271,79 ngy 70,86 ngy 6,077 ngy 35,60 gi 65,94 gi

Kiu phn r EC; + EC; + EC; + EC; + EC; + EC; + EC; + EC; + EC EC; + EC; + EC; + -

Nng lng [keV] 1368,63; 2754,03 372,76; 1931,3 1157,03; 1499,43 889,277; 1120,54 159,377 983,52; 1037,6; 1312,1 983,52; 1312,10 744,23; 935,54; 1434,07 834,45 168,69; 377,75 477,2; 931,3; 1408,4 846,77;1037,84; 1238,28 122,06; 136,47 810,77; 863,96 158,38; 749,95; 811,85 127,16; 1377,63 140,51; 739,5; 777,92

Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc V

48 52 54

Mn Mn Fe Co Co Co Co Ni Ni

52 55 56 57 58

56 57 99

Mo

Hnh 4.6. Ph Gamma c trng ca ng nano carbon

33

ng v 57Co c thi gian sng di (T1/2=271,79 ngy), c th c to thnh cc phn ng: 59Co(,2n)57Co v 58Ni(,p)57Co. Ngoi ra cng cn lu ti cc ng v nh 57Ni ch yu t cc phn ng: 58Ni(,n)57Ni, 60Ni(,3n)57Ni v 54Mn (T1/2=312,3 ngy) c th c to thnh t: 55Mn(,n)54Mn, nat Fe(,xn1p)54Mn, vi x = 1, 2,... Cc ng v c nhn din c th c to thnh t cc nguyn t tp cht v cht xc tc c s dng trong qu trnh ch to mu. Thnh phn chnh ca mu CNTs l carbon, bao gm hai ng v bn 12 C ( giu ng v: 98,89%) v 13C(1,11%). Khi chiu vi chm photon hm 60 MeV, cc ng v phng x c th c to thnh nh: 11C (T1/2: 20,39 pht, 10 C (19,255 giy) v 9C (126,5 mgiy), cc ng v ny c thi gian sng qu ngn hoc khng pht bc x Gamma, do trong th nghim ny cha ghi nhn c.
10
7

Mu CNTs
Sut lng (/giy/gam)
10
6

10

10

10

10

10

Na24 Sc43 Sc44 Sc46 Sc47 Sc48 V48 Mn52Mn54 Fe52 Co55 Co56 Co57 Co58 Ni56 Ni57 Mo99

ng v phng x

Hnh 4.7. Sut lng to thnh cc ng v phng x trong mu ng nano carbon khi chiu bi chm photon hm nng lng cc i 60 MeV. T cc kt qu thu c ta c th thy khi chiu x CNTs bi cc photon hm bn cnh cc hiu ng c th lm thay i cu trc ca vt liu, cn c s bin i ca cc ht nhn bn thnh cc ht nhn phng x thng qua cc phn ng ht nhn. Cc ht nhn phng x phn r bin thnh cc ht nhn khc, km theo qu trnh phn r l cc ht mang in v bc x Gamma c pht ra. Nhng qu trnh ny rt c th s nh hng ti tnh cht ca cc vt liu nano, trong c tnh cht dn in. Trong khng gian v tr, cc thit b s chu s tng tc ca rt nhiu loi bc x, trong c cc photon nng lng cao. Cc kt qu nghin cu ny nhm gp phn vo vic nh gi tc ng ca bc x photon nng lng cao, ch ra s bin i ca cc ht nhn trong mu ng nano carbon.

34

4.2.2. S nh hng ln cu trc ca CNTs khi c chiu bc x hm Mu CNTs sau khi c chiu bi bc x hm, c mang i chp nh SEM nhng khng pht hin ra s thay i trong cu trc gia trc khi chiu v sau khi chiu bng bc x hm v hn ch v phn gii ca nh. Cho nn phng php o ph Raman tip tc c p dng. Ph Raman ca mu CNTs c chiu bi bc x hm c so snh vi ph Raman ca mu CNTs ban u.
(a) (b)

Hnh 4.8. nh SEM ca CNTs (a) ban u v (b) sau khi c chiu bng bc x hm.
D LDP d c b a G D LDP d c b a d c b a 1600 1200 1400 1600 G

Intensity (cm-1)

d c b a 1200

1400

Raman shift (cm-1)

Hnh 4.9. Ph Raman ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng bc x hm, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b- 15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/ cm2). Sau khi c phn tch, tn s cc nh mode D v G c v trn cng mt th c th quan st d dng s thay i ca chng. T cc th c v trn, ta c th thy rng, v tr mode D v mode G ca hai mu CNTs cha chiu v c chiu vi chm photon 60 MeV l khc nhau. thy r c s thay i ny, ta xt mode D vi cng laser yu nht 3 kW/cm2, v tr mode D ca ph Raman ca c hai mu CNTs l khong 1332 cm-1, nhng khi tng cng laser ln 60 kW/cm2 ta thy s khc bit r rt, v tr mode D ca ph Raman ca c mu CNTs khi cha chiu l 1326,7

35

cm-1, cn v tr mode D ca ph Raman ca c mu CNTs khi c chiu vi bc x hm l 1323 cm-1.

1334

Tn s mode D(cm-1)

1332 1330 1328 1326 1324 1322

(a)

1586

Cha chiu
Chiu bc x h m

Tn s mode G(cm-1)

1584 1582 1580 1578 1576 1574 1572 1570

(b)

1.6

ID/IG

1.4 1.2 1.0 0 15 30 45 60 45 30

2

(c)

15

Cng laser(kW/cm )

Hnh 4.10. (a)Tn s mode D, (b)Tn s mode G, v (c)t l cng ID/IG ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng bc x hm, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2 Bng 3. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs sau khi c chiu bng bc x hm. Cng laser (KW/cm2) 3 15 30 60 30 15 3 Tn s mode D 1331,9 1331,2 1325,6 1323 1328,8 1332,1 1332,4 Tn s mode G 1581,3 1581,4 1575,7 1570,7 1578,6 1581,3 1581,9 T s ID/IG 1,22 1,26 1,23 1,3 1,44 1,4 1,28

36

Bn cnh ta c th thy c s bt i xng vi cng mt cng laser kch thch. Ti cng l 30 kW/cm2, ta c th thy c s khc nhau gia tn s mode D v tn s mode G trc v sau khi c chiu bc x hm. Trong khi mode D v mode G trong qu trnh chiu cng laser thun nghch, ti cng l 30 kW/cm2, ca ph Raman ca CNTs cha chiu kh l ging nhau tng ng vi tn s 1329,4 cm-1 v 1580,8 cm-1, th mode D v mode G ca ph Raman ca CNTs c chiu bc x hm khc nhau tng ng vi tn s 1325,6 cm-1, 1328,8 cm-1 vi mode D v 1575,7 cm-1,1578,6 cm-1 vi mode G. V tr mode G ca ph Raman ca c hai mu CNTs khi cha chiu v c chiu bc x hm vi cng laser kch thch yu nht 3 kW/cm2 l khong 1583 v 1581,3 cm-1, trong khi mode G ca CNTs khi cha chiu v c chiu bc x hm vi cng laser kch thch mnh nht 60 kW/cm2 l khong 1577,8 cm-1 v 1570,7 cm-1. Nh vy, cc lin kt ha tr gia carbon-carbon cng b thay i. Ta cng thy r c s khc nhau t s ID/IG ca hai mu.T s ID/IG ca CNTs khi cha chiu, kh l n nh xung quanh gi tr t 1,1-1,2 , trong khi t s ID/IG ca CNTs sau khi c chiu x bng bc x hm l 1,2-1,4. iu ny cng khng nh thm s nh hng ca photon 60 MeV ln cu trc ca CNTs. Bc x nng lng cao lm sai hng cu trc ca mng, gy ra cc khuyt tt trong mng. iu ny l do sau khi c chiu vi chm photon 60 MeV, CNTs b h hi mt phn v cu trc, trt t theo 2 chiu ca lp mng khng cn c nh trc na. Compagnini v cc tc gi khc ch ra rng, s chiu x dn n s chuyn di t sp2sp3 do vy n lm tng t l ID/IG [2]. V lin kt sp3 c nng lng lin kt yu hn ca sp2. Sau khi chiu x, cc lin kt carbon-carbon b yu i, chng s d b nh hng bi nhit hn, b gin n v nhit nhiu hn. Do vy khi m b chiu vi bc x laser th mode D v mode G dch chuyn v tn s thp hn v nhn c nng lng phonon thp hn. H cng tm ra s tn ti ca hai loi mng con trong mng graphene sau khi c chiu x. Mt loi mng con l ca mng graphene thng thng, loi kia l loi c cu trc ca kim cng hnh thnh do lin kt sp3. Mi loi c c trng ring trong ph Raman: mode G c trng cho mng graphene v mode D c trng cho mng c cu trc kim cng. Vy mode D cng cao th s sai hng ca mng, hoc thnh phn carbon v nh hnh trong CNTs cng ln .

37

4.3. S nh hng ca tia X v tia Gamma ln cu trc CNTs V trong bc x hm c nhiu thnh phn bc x khc nhau. V vy kh c th xc nh xem mi loi bc x c nng lng khc nhau nh hng nh th no n cu trc CNTs, chng ti em nhng mu CNTs ny chiu x vi cc ngun ng v phng x khc nhau, l ng v phng x Americium-241 v ngun ng v phng x Radium -226. ng thi cng chiu x cng yu hn nhiu so vi bc x hm. Cho nn th nghim ny st vi iu kin thc t trn v tr hn. Hai ngun phng x ny pht ra cc ngun bc x sau: - Ngun Americium-241, pht tia X c nng lng 0,06 MeV. - Ngun Radium-226, pht gama c nng lng 1 MeV
LDP G d c b a LDP G d c b a

Intensity (arb.units)

d c b a
1200

d c b a
1600

1400

Raman shift(cm-1)

1200

1400

1600

Hnh 4.11. Ph Raman ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng tia X, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b- 15 kW/cm2, c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/ cm2).
D LDP G d c b a D LDP G d c b a

Intensity (arb.units)

d c b a
1200

d c b a
1200 1400 1600

1400

1600

Raman shift(cm-1)

Hnh 4.12. Ph Raman ca CNTs sau khi chiu bng tia Gamma, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2(a- 3 kW/cm2, b- 15 kW/cm2 ,c-30 kW/cm2, d-60 kW/cm2).

38

1332

Tn s -Mode D

1330 1328 1326 1324 0

Cha chiu Chiu tia X Chiu tia Gamma

(a)

15 30 45 60 45 30 15 0 2 Cng laser (KW/cm )

1584

Tn s -Mode G

1580

(b)

1576
Cha chiu Chiu tia X Chiu tia Gamma

1572

0 15 30 45 60 45 30 15 0 2 Cng laser (KW/cm )

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

(c)

ID/IG

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0 15 30 45 60 45 30 15 2 Cng laser (KW/cm ) 0

Cha chiu Chiu tia X Chiu tia Gamma

Hnh 4.13. dch tn s ca (a) mode D v (b) mode G v c) t l v cng nh ca CNTs cha chiu, v sau khi chiu bng tia X, tia Gamma, khi tng cng laser t 3 n 60 kW/cm2 v gim cng laser t 60 xung 3 kW/cm2

39

Bng 4. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs sau khi c chiu bng tia X. Cng laser (KW/cm2) Tn s mode D Tn s mode G T s ID/IG 3 1330,7 1582,7 0,98 15 1330,8 1581,2 0,98 30 1327,3 1577,8 0,91 60 1324,9 1572,8 0,88 30 1328,6 1578,2 0,96 15 1331,5 1582,1 0,97 3 1331,5 1582,9 1,01 Bng 5. Tn s mode D, G , t s ID/IG theo cng laser ca CNTs sau khi c chiu bng tia Gamma. Cng laser (KW/cm2) Tn s mode D Tn s mode G T s ID/IG 3 1331 1582 1,3 15 1330,3 1581,6 1,27 30 1326,8 1577,6 1,25 60 1323,3 1572,8 1,16 30 1328,4 1578,4 1,32 15 1330,4 1582,8 1,39 3 1330,5 1582,3 1,45 Khi c chiu tia X, th mode D dch chuyn t 1330,7 cm-1 xung 1324,9cm-1, mode G dch chuyn t 1582,7 cm-1 xung 1572,8 cm-1 theo s thay i ca cng laser. T s ID/IG ca mu c gi tr khong 0,88-1,01 Khi c chiu tia Gamma, th mode D dch chuyn t 1331 cm-1 xung 1323,3cm-1, mode G dch chuyn t 1582 cm-1 xung 1572,8 cm-1 theo s thay i ca cng laser. T s ID/IG ca mu c gi tr khong 1,16-1,45. Ta c th thy rng, v tr mode D ca mu CNTs c chiu vi tia X v tia Gamma l khc nhau. V mode D c trng cho s sai hng trong mng ca CNTs v nng lng ca cc tia X v Gamma l khc nhau c v cng v nng lng. Tn s mode G ca hai mu sau khi chiu bng tia X v Gamma kh ging nhau. Thay i t 1582 cm-1 xung 1573 cm-1 theo cng ca laser.

40

Qua hnh 4.13, ta c th thy c, c hai loi tia X v Gamma u gy ra cc sai hng mi cho mu CNTs. Chnh v vy m mode D b nh hng bi nhit nhiu hn. Tnh thay i thun nghch khng cn. Tia X lm cho CNTs c thm nhng sai hng mi trn cc tng ca CNTs, lm cho CNTs b xp, lin kt carbon-carbon b suy yu, v chnh v vy m dch nh ca mode D v mode G theo bc x laser cng nhiu hn, v t s ID/IG cng khng n nh theo cng laser bng lc cha chiu. Ta cng cn ch rng tuy tia Gamma c nng lng gp 100 ln so vi tia X( 1 MeV v 0,06 MeV ) nhng tia Gamma li c cng nh thua c 1000 ln so vi cng ca tia X. Do vy ta c th khng nh c rng, nng lng ca bc x l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra sai hng mng cho CNTs, cng chiu ch ng gp 1 phn nh. Quan hnh 4.13c, t s ID/IG ca CNTs chiu bi tia X nh hn lc cha chiu v t s ID/IG ca CNTs chiu bi tia Gamma th li ln hn lc cha chiu. T y ta c th kt lun c rng, khi chiu mu CNTs vi tia X th mu CNTs li tr nn tt hn, c th tia X c nng lng thch hp mt mt va to ra cc sai hng mi, mt khc li ti cu trc li cc sai hng tn ti trc . Chnh v th m t s ID/IG gim xung r rt. Mu CNTs ban u c nhiu sai hng, v c cha nhiu carbon v nh hnh. Khi c chiu bng tia X vi nng lng va phi, cc nguyn t carbon b dao ng v sau mt khong thi gian di, nguyn t carbon b lch c y vo v tr ng trong mng, hoc c th cc nguyn t carbon bn ngoi c y vo cc v tr b thiu trong mng do vy n lm tng cht lng ca CNTs. Khi chiu mu CNTs vi tia Gamma, th mu CNTs b h hng nhiu hn nhiu hn v nng lng ln ca tia Gamma. Do nng lng mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tia X, nn n c kh nng lm CNTs h hng cao hn nhiu, do vy m t s ID/IG tng ln. T s ID/IG lc ny cng thay i mnh hn theo cng laser u cng khng nh rng CNTs tr ln xp hn, c nhiu khuyt tt hn, d b thay i theo nhit hn so vi mu CNTs ban u.

41

KT LUN Tnh cht bn dn chim u th hn so vi tnh kim loi c rt ra t ph Raman ca mu CNTs. Tnh cht ca CNTs di nh hng ca bc x laser, bc x hm, tia X v Gamma c nghin cu. S nh hng ng thi ca c hai loi bc x ny ln cu trc ca CNTs cng c nghin cu bng phng php ph Raman. Bc x laser khng lm thay i tnh cht ca CNTs, bc x ny thng qua nhit cao ch lm cho CNTs gin n v nhit . Bc x hm do c nng lng rt cao, lm thay i tnh cht ca CNTs, gy ra cc phn ng ht nhn, to ra cc ng v phng x, qua cc phn ng ht nhn c th to cc ht nhn mi, ng thi cng gy ra nhiu sai hng mng. Nh vy c th nh hng n tin cy, n nh ca cc linh kin in t. Bc x tia X c nng thch hp c th lm gim bt cc sai hng mng trong ca CNTs, lm nng cao cht lng ca CNTs. Bc x Gamma, nng lng cao lm thay i cu trc ca CNTs, ph v lin kt, gy ra cc sai hng mng. Kt qu ca th nghim ny, c th cung cp nhng thng tin quan trng v CNTs, c bit l khi CNTs c dng trong cc mi trng c bit, chu nh hng ca bc x c nng lng cao, nh trong cc ng dng cho l phn ng ht nhn, hoc cc thit b in t, v bo v cho tu v tr. Bng cc loi chiu x khc nhau ta c th: i) a cc nguyn t mi vo trong ng nano carbon bng qu trnh phn r ht nhn; ii) to ra cc khuyt tt trong ng nano carbon thun tin cho vic gn thm cc nhm chc nhy ha, sinh; iii) ng thi cng c th ci thin c phm cht ca CNTs thng qua qu trnh chiu x. Kt qu ny c th m ra mt cng ngh x l CNTs ni ring v cc vt liu nano ni chung bng phng php chiu x nng lng cao.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

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Cc cng trnh cng b c lin quan n lun vn: 1. N. D Hoang, N. T. T. Bao, N. X. Nghia, N. T. Binh , D. V. Trung, N. T. T. Tam, V.T. Bich, The effects of intense laser on vibrational modes of Carbon Nanotubes, ALTA 2010, OSK, Vol. 9, Iss. 1, (2010) ISSN 205-8705, pp. 104. 2. Phm c Khu, Nguyn nh Hong, V Th Bch Xc nh sut lng ca cc ng v phng x to thnh t vt liu nano di tc dng ca chm photon nng lng cao, K yu Hi tho Khoa hc Cng ngh v tr v ng dng- 2010 H Ni, 16-17/12/2010, Nh xut bn KHTN v CN, S XB:1202-2010/CXB/001-10/KHTNCN, ISBN:978-604-913-023-6, trang 268273. 3. Nguyen Dinh Hoang , Nguyen Ngoc Trung , Pham Duc Khue, Nguyen Thi Thanh Bao, Phung Viet Tiep, Dao Duy Thang, Nguyen Thanh Binh and Vu Thi Bich, The synergistic effect of bremsstrahlung photons and intense laser radiation on the structural properties of carbon nanotubes, 2011, Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2 035010