You are on page 1of 30

:

.
:

.
:

( )

.
:



.

.
:





.
:



.
:

.
(Primary Market) :
( )

.
(Secondary Market) :

: (
)
.

:


.
:

.
: .
( ) ,

.
:
, .
,

.
( Bankruptcy ) : ( )
, ,
:
, , ,
. : ,
, .
( Insolvency ) :

.
: , ,
, .
.
:





.
: ;
.
, ( ) )(1928 - 1932
( ) ( , )1933( ,)1938
, ,
.
: , , .
, , ,
,
.
.
:

.
: , , ,
.
.
.
.
1917 : .
,
. .
: ,






.
:
1945
184


-


.
: ,
. . ,
, 1799 1851
1913 .1917 ,
.

:
( ) ,
.
: . ,

( ) Gold Standard
- . , ,
.
: , ,
, .

: , , .
,

:





.
:



.
:


.
:

. ( ) : .

. "





:

".



( ( :

:
.
:
:


.
:
: :




.
:






.

: ( )


.
(Credit Cards) :
( )
()


.
( ATM Cards ) :

.
:
.
" ".

.


: ( ) ,
,
, .
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
( - )
.
:
.
:


.
:
.
:

.
:


!!
( Imports ) : ( )
.
( Exports ) : ( )
.
:


.
: ( (

.
:
.
( Commercial Treaties ) :



..
: ( )
( ) ..
:
.
:

.
:
.
:


.
:

.
:

.
:

.
:
.
:


.
:


.
( Price ) :
.
:






( ) .
:
.
:
.
: .
: ( )
.
: .
:
.
:

.
:
.
:
.
:
""General Agreement for Trade in Services GATS
.



.
12 :

- .
: 1969
.







.
:
.
: PS : 4
) (Product ) (Price) (Place(Promotion).
: .
.
:
.
:
.
:


.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:

:
: .
:
.
: ( )


.
:
:
.
:

.

:
( ) ( )

:- ( x
x ) 365 /
-:
-:

-:
.
-:

- :
.

-:

-:
.

-:


-: Blue Chips

-: .
:
( ) -:

-: .
.
...
-:
-: 10,000
-: ..

. ..

-:

-:
5% ( )
.

.
.
( ) 5%

-: .
.

-:

-: .


-:
..
-:
-:

-:

-: .
-: .
30
31
-:
() .

-:
-: .

-:

-:

-:

-: .
()

-:
-:
-:
-:

-:

-:

-:
-: (
) /
)) -: Institutional Investors
..

-: .
.
.


-:

.. 1 :
.
..2 :
( )...
( , )... ( , ,
)... ( , , )...
.. 3 : (
) ( )
..4 :

, .
..5 :
..6 .
:
= +
=
=
..7 :
..8 :
..9 :
.3
, ,
, ,
, ,

-1 : :

-2 : (
) .
-3 :
.
:
:
-1 :
-2 :
-3 :
.
-4 : .
-5 :
/ ( ) / ( )
Bill of Lading

.


)Free On Board (FOB


Cost Insurance and Freight CIF


)Ex-Works or EX-Factory (EXW



)Deliver Duty Paid (DDP



- Quotas

)MFN( Most Favored Nation



Demurrage

.

Storage Fees


Customs Duties




Certificate of Origin


.

Export Quotas


Commercial Invoice



Tariff Book
( )

)Declaration Form (CDF Customs
rt
.

Environmental Permit

Bonded Areas




)Export Declaration Form (EDF


Bonded Goods


Rules of Origin


Pro-Forma Invoice

.
.

Backing List


License Import

.


License Export

Drawback

Health Certificate


Harmonized System


Phytosanitary Certificate

Certificate Of Weight

List Specification



of Surveillance or Inspection Certificate
( ) LLOYDS ( ) SGS


Certificate Analysis


Clearance Papers


Customs Declaration


Customs Bond



Custom Broker



Clearance Customs


Discriminating Duties


Transit Trade

Barriers Non -Tariff




- Label

Brand Name
.

- Manifest

.

Protective Tariff


Re-exportation

. .


Export Duties



Export Incentives


-
-

Export Restraint Agreement



Subsidies Export

Harbor or Port Dues

/ /

/ / / - /

( )


.


( ) .
.
.

.
.
,


,
( EURO 1
:



. .
( FOB) Free on Board


CIF
.

.
" . " " ".

( )



( ) :
/ / / / /
/ / / /

. :
/ / / /
/ /
:

.


-/ -/ -/ -/
-/



.
.



===============

intrenational monatry fund_______ IMF
GATT___general agreement for trad and tariff _
poor countries initiave HIPC_____eavily indebted

IDA____international development association

GDP__ growth domestic progress

WTO________world trad organization
development OECD__organization of economic,co_operation and

____inflation indicators

_______ policy monatry


_________budget
_______ undertake
________ long-term loans
_______ marketing
________ exchange rates
________ debt relief
_______ management
_______ funds disbuesement of
________ financing
________creditors
______ debtor
________ stock shares of
******_________ fiscal
__________ assessment
_____ sector
______deposites
________ facillities
________ average
________ capitalism
_______manor
_______ income
_______copany.firm,corporation,
_______earnings
_________ tax puplic
________payment
________ revenue
____expenditure
________ industrial free zone
_______ houshold sector
________support
________ excise duty
______ surtax
________ bankruptcy
______ taxevasion
______ baragain
______balance
______ open door policcccy

Data Definition DDL --- Query Structured SQL
DataBase DB -------- Data Manipulation DML
Procedure PL --- Administrator DataBase DBA
System DataBase Management DBMS
Connectivity Open Database ODBC
System Identifier SID ---- Database Very Large VLDB

System Relational Database Management RDMD


Management System Object-Relational Database ORDBMS

Program Global Area PGA -- Object Binary Large LOB
Graphic User Interface GUI
Online Analytical Processing OLAP
System Global Area SGA
Program Global Area PGA
Objects ActiveX Data ADO
Object Data Access DAO
Exchange Dynamic Data DDE
Application Visual Basic for VBA
Objects Remote Data RDO
Script Visual Basic VBS

World Wide Web WWW
Commercial Businesses com.
Higher Education edu.
Organization org.
Government gov.
Network net.
Military mil.
Transfer Protocol ****Hyper HTTP
******** Hyper**** Markup HTML
HTML Dynamic HTML DHTML
File Transfer Protocol FTP
Internet Protocol Address Address IP
Internet Server Provider ISP
World Wide Web Consortium W3C
Common Gateway Interface CGI
Point-to Point Protocol P.P.P
Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol TCP/IP
Internet Information Server IIS
Personal Web Server PWS
Pretty Good Privacy PGP
Active Server Page ASP
Secure Socket Layer SSL
Secure Electronic Transaction SET
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP
Network News Transfer Protocol NNTP
Frequently Asked Questions FAQ
128 64 Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN
Protocol Network News Transport NNTP
Post Office Protocol POP
Serial Line Internet Protocol SLIP
Uniform Resource Locator URL
Internet Relay Chat IRC
Trivial File Transfer FTP TFTP

Advanced Research Projects Agency Arpanet


Bulletin Board System BBS
Computer Emergency Response Team CERT
WWW European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN
Commercial Internet Exchange CIX
Defense Data Network DDN
Department of Defense DOD
Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF
Internet Architecture Board IAB
Internet Engineering Task Force IETF
The Internet Society ISOC
Network Information Center NIC
Network Interface Card NIC
Virtual Private Network VPN
Personal Computer PC
Random Access Memory RAM
Only Memory Read ROM
Central Processing Unit CPU
Compact Disc CD
Write CD CD-R
CD Rewrite CD-Re
Hard Disc HD
Board Mother MB
Key Board KB
Kilobits Per Second Kbps
Institute American National Standards ANSI
Character Standard Unicode World Wide UCS
Blue & Green & Red RGB
Bit Bit
8 Bit = 1 Character 8 Byte
1024 Kilobyte = Byte 1024 KB
1024 KB Mega Byte 1024 MB
1024 MB Gaga Byte 1024 GB
1024 Tetra Byte GB 1024TB
******** Virtual Reality Markup VRML
Application Programming Interface API
Class Identifier CLSID
Information Management System IMS
Internet Information Server IIS
Customer Information Control System CICS
Data Access Objects DAO
Dynamic Data Exchange DDE
Dynamic Link Library DLL
Entity Relationship Analysis ERA
Globally Unique Identifier GUID
Internet Server API ISAPI
Microsoft Data Access Components MDAC
Interface ******** Multi < MDI

Single ******** Interface SDI


Microsoft Solution Framework MSF
Microsoft Message Queue Server MSMQ
Microsoft Transaction Server MTS
Object Linking and Embedding OLE
System Management Server SMS
System Network Architecture SNA
Universal Data Access UDA
Consistency Isolation and Durability ACID
ActiveX Data Objects ADO
Executable File EXE
File Batch BAT
Command File COM
File **** TXT
System File SYS
File Wave WAV
Music Instrument Digital Interface File MIDI
Music Instrument Digital File MID
Quick Time File QT
Bitmap File BMP
Enhanced **** File EMF
File **** s****** WMF
Graphic Interchange Format File GIF
Audio Video Interleave File AVI
******** doc DOC
Microsoft Database File MDB
Moving Pictures Experts Group File MPEG
PC Paint PIC
Audio Track File TRC
Joint Photographic Experts Group File JPEG
Portable Network Graphics File PNG
Tagged Image File Format File TIFF
Portable ******** Format PDF
MPEG-Layer3audio File MP3
: ""
Suspenders Braces
Bathing Bathing suit or Swimsuit Cozzy or
custome
" Dinner Jacket
Tuxedo "
RobeJersey , Jumper Dressing Gown
Pants Diaper Nappy Sweater
panties Knickers underwear
belts garter Suspenders
pants Trousers sneakers Trainers

UNESCO
cultural organization united nations educational, scintific ,and
:
nations children`s fund nited:
agency united nations relhef and works UNRWA:
organiyation Amnesty International A.I.O
ORGANIZATION WORLD TRAD W.T.O
organization international labor L.L.C
FUND INTRE NATIONAL MONETARY I.M.F
COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBRE OF I.C.C
The Ministry of the Interior
The Foreign Ministry
justice international court of I.C.J

:


1 .2 .3 .4 .


.
" "
.
:
1 : .2 : .3 : .4 : .5 : . ""

.


.

( ) .
" ".

( ) (

).

""
. ""
:

.



.

-1 :
.
-2 : .
() .
%.10
-3 :
.
-4 :

19211923 1945
%50 %100

:
-1 :

.
-2 :
. .
-3

.
-4

.
-5 :
.
( :







- - ..
-



.


- -
.


.
( : ) .

( )

.

.
( :



:
- -
: ) (fiscal policy
) (surplus ) (Budget .
.
:
.
: .
: :
.
-

:
: :
1. : :


.
2. ( )
. .
3. .

.
: :


.
: :




.
.




.
()

(Inflation):


.
.
( )10
( )15 .



.
.
:

,
, , ,

:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.

:
:
.
: .
:
.
: .
: .
: .
: .
:
.
:
.
:

.
:

:

:

:

:
. .
:

:
.
: .
: -.
:

:
.
:
.
:
.
:

.

:

.
:
.
:
.
:
.
: 10-7
.
:
.
: .
: %100.
: .
:
.
: .
:
.
: .
: .
: .
:
.
:
.
:
.
: .
: .
:
.
: .
:
.
: .
:
.
: .
: .
: .
: .
: .

: .
:
.
: ( )
.
: .
:
.
:
.
:
Servers ,
.
(WWW) :
*** Browser .
Centric Marketing :
.
( ) Coo Petition :
, .
:
.
Virtual Markets :

.
:
.
:

: .
: .
: -
. ( ) :
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
/ .
: .
:
.

:
.
: /
/.
:
.
:

.
( ) :
.
:
.
:
( )
( ) .
: .
:
.
: .
:
.
: .
: .
:
.
: /

You might also like