!"# 

$&%('*),+.-0/"13254!6 798

:<;>=@?AB?>C>DFEHGIE#CBJ5;>ABGK=ML NPOQREHGSGSATDFD NPOE#DPOUAWVXEHY ATCOVZABGI;TNPO?GSA>[TDX=#Y O#\

]GSA>[BDP=Y_^H` NFabSced(?EHf#=O*`HghEHai`jkglT`jkmnO5JoE#JS=Op
qrahE"fN sB=at:GSNFEHafDP=u?>DFEkv!=uEtwh=5xEkf#ABah;BEesTNPafyNzJSO9AB??ABO{NzJ!=|O{NPi=#O9=H}TCED
HE ai~?>EHGoE#DFDP=#DrpEHaiJ5;BGS==€ATVJ5;>=YD ‚BNFafƒE#DXABaf@J5;>=„O{NPi=#O…ATVJ5;>=
:GSNFEHafDP=BpBEai,O5C†v{;‡J5;BEeJˆN‰JoOuiBNFEkf#ABa>E#DPOyNFaTJ!=#GoOŠ=vSJˆNPa,EnfNzsB=#a&]BATNPaTJ\
:<;>=?GSA>[TDX=#Y‹;BEOh[>=H=#af#=a=#GoED‰N‰Œ{=iVZABGuJ5;>=,vSEHOU=nLn;>=aJ5;>=,fNzsB=#a&?†ATNFaTJ*NFOtaAkJ
NPa>O5NXi>=tJ5;>=tJ!GSNFEHafDP=IbS
edB\9&="L NFD‰D†DPA>A>ŽnE#JEHaAkJ5;>=#G9LhEe‚J!AYA>iTNFV‰‚J5;>=h?GSA>[TDX=#Y&p
Ln;>=GS=(J5;>= Y,ENFa,iBNFEkf#ABa>E#DPO|ATV<ATCGˆ;>={xEHf#ABa>OˆL NFD‰D†=EHv{;[=t?EGoED‰DX=eD>JSAABa=hATVJ5;>=
O{NPi=#O\
‘B’{“T”k•F–e—™˜†\|K=eJ [>= EnfN sB=a?†ATNFaTJˆNFa‡J5;>=t?>DFEHa=hATVJ!GSNFEHafDP= \9QšABa>O!J!GSC†vSJ
J5;>= DFNFa=O M
p p›EHai Y==eJSNFaf,E#J O{C†v{;IJ5;BEeABC
JtVZABG Eai
p A1DFB NP=2OABBa 1 C2 p CD‰NX1=#A
O2ABa p DFM
NP=OABa p"EaiœiY = ABGS=H1A#sB=GUp
i = 2 Ai p BC Bi p CA Ci EO|NFažkNPfCAB GS=`Ÿ{\
A 1 B 2 k A 2 B 1 B 1 C2 k B 2 C1 C1 A 2 k C 2 A 1 
A
.........
...... .....
... ... ...
.. .... ......
A
.
... ... ... Y
B
...
... .... ...................
... 2...............................................
...
....... ... . ..................
... ..... .. ... ...... ..
..
... .....
... C ....
1........................... .
.. B
..........................................
.
... ...... .0
. ..
.....
....... ....
....... ......
.
. ................... ... ..............
Z
... . .
... ... ................ .... .... ... ... .. ...
........................ ... ... .................................. ...
...
C
...
..
...
..........
...
.............. 2
... B ... ........... 0.... .... .................................. .................. ...... .....
... ............. ............................ ... .... ......... .... ... ....
C
.
1....................
. ..........................
.. ............................... .... ......
.. ....
...
...
.............. .. .. ... ....... ...
.. ... ............ ... .. ........... ....................... ...... ...... 1
.
.
B
...............
.. ... .... .... ..................................................................
M
.. ...  .. ...
.. .. ... ... ... ... .. ............................................. .... ... ...
... .... ... . ...
.............

... ..
. . . . . .
C
. . ...
. .. .
.................... ... ....... .. .. .. ........... . . ... . . ...
..

... ... ... ...

B
...
2......... ................... ..... .... ..... ...... ..........................
. . ...
... ...
.............. 1
... ... .. ... ...
...
.. ... ..... .......... . .. ............. ...... ... ....... ... ............. ...
..........................
. ... .... ......................... ...... ..... ..
.... . .
.. .............. ..... ... .... ..... .... ... .........
..
M
.
. ......................... ... . .
. ............ .....
.. ... ... ............ ... .... .... .. .... ... .... ......... ...
C
. .
... ...
. . .
.. ................ ... .. .
...
... . ....... ...... ......... ....... ...... ..
2.......................... ..... ..... ...
...
... ..........................................................................................................................................................................
. .
...............................

.............

A A C
... ... .. .
B A
....

.. .... .. ... .
..

... ...
...............................

. . ..
1 ..... 0..... ......
. . . ... .
2
....

...
..........

... ... ...

. . . .. ...
... ... ..
..........

.. ... . .. ... ... .. ...

. ... ... . ... .. . ...
... ...... . ... .. .. ...
... ... ... ....
.. . ... ... ....
.................................................................................................................................................................
. . . . ..........
B A1 A2 C ......

X
 k¡z¢e£B’{– ˜B¤]GSA>[BDP=Y¥`\  k¡z¢e£B’{–¦H¤›§HATDFCBJSNPABa‡J!AI]GSA>[TDX=#Y¥`\
¨ “H• £H©{¡F“Hª«\š¬y­>®#¯X°±5²P±#\|K=eJ9DFNFa=O p pTEHai NFaTJ!=#GoOŠ=vSJˆE#J p pTEai
EOyNPažkNPfCGS=cTpBEHai‡DX=J p C2 ApTEH1 aiA2 B1[=(J5;>= BY,2NPC i³51?†ATNFaTJSOuATV XpY p
ZEHai pRGS=#OU?=HvSJSN sB=#D ‚«\‡´R=v!E#COŠ=hJ5;>=D‰NPa=#O|µrATNPaBNFafhJ5;>=#OŠ=Y,NPi³5?†ATNFaTJS2O"EHBGS=n
A 0 B 0 C 0 A 1 A 1BJ5;>2=
Y,NPi³!CDFNF1aC
=Ou2 ATV†J!GoE?†=Œ{ATNXiBOepLn=tJ5;>=#GS=#VZABGS=h;BEesB=
p p \
A0 B0 k A 1 B2 k A 2 B1 B 0 C0 k B 1 C2 k B 2 C1 C0 A 0 k C 1 A 2 k C 2 A 1
:<;TCOp«J!GoNPEafDX=#O Eai ;BEesB=v!ABG!GS=#OU?ABaiBNFaf,O{NPi=#Oh?>EHGoE#DFDP=#Dr¶9[‚
·|=O{EHGSfC†=#Oe¸Š:<;>=ABAGS=1YIZB p 2 p A 0 C0 B p#E0ai EGS=uv5ABav!CGSGS=aTJ\ˆqrahAkJ5;>=#GLnABGSi>Op
D‰NX=#O¹ABa \´CBJŠp A1EA DFOŠ0A(D‰B
NX=#2O¹B
ABa 0 ZCO5NPa0v!= NFO9E*?EGoED‰DX=eDXA>feGoEY‡Ÿ{\
C ZC0 M ZC0  ZC2 M C1
ºe»{¼5½U¾Z¿ ÀSÁSÂ
c Ã!Ä{Ä5Å
ºMÆ!ÇUÆ5È{¿ Æ!ÇyɐÆÊÂÊÁ{ËSÌ9ÆÊÂÍ¿ ÎrÆ!ÏMÐ!»UÎÍ¿ ËÍÂZ½
 
k^

:<;TNFOuY=#EHa>OyJ5;BEeJ ?>EHO{OŠ=#OJ5;BGSATC†f#; \§#NFY,N‰DPEGSD ‚<p ?EOUOU=OJ5;BGSATC†f#;

EHai ?>EHO{OŠ=#OCM J5;BGSATC†f#; \ C0 AM A0
BM B

­>±
P²
­«\ &=EGS=0 J!Av5ABa>O!J!GSC†vSJ|J5;>=?†ATNFaTJSO p p<EHai \ #xJS=ai
J5;>=,D‰NPa=#O p p«EHai JSAINPaTJS=GoOU=HvSJuJ5;>= O5NXi>=A O iATV Bi CE#J i p p
EHai pHGS=AMO{?†=vSJSNzBM
sB=eDz‚š\(=5xJ¹CM v!ABa>O5J!GoC†vSJ«J5;>="?EGoED‰DX=eDkJ!A 4ABCJ5;BGSATC†f#; Ap#0Ln;TBNPv{0;
NPaTJS=GoCOU=H0vSJoO EHai EeJ EHai p«GS=#OU?=HvSJSN sB=#D ‚«A 0C
\ a>E#0 DXA>f#ATCO5Dz‚Rp«M i>GoEL™J5;>=
?EGoED‰DX=eD*J5;BGSATC†f#;BA BC J!A C 1 A
Eai@JS2A ŸhJSAai Eai EHai
EHai ŸU\·|=#OUEGSfC†M =O¸M:R;>=HB ABGS0=#AY 0 J5;> =#atNPY,?>D‰B NX=#0OšC
J5;B0E#J†J5;>=µrATNFa>A O9AT1VTE??>GSABB?2GoNPEe J!=|?E#B NPGo1O
ATV†J5;>C=2OU=h?ATNPaTJoOyVZABG!Y ?EGoED‰DX=eD†D‰NPa=#O|EHOui>=O5NPGS=i«\
ˆD‰J5;>ATC†f#;(J5;>=†fCGS=O9EHainiTNPOUv!COUO5NXABa EH?>?>D ‚tJSA(J5;>="vSEHOU=yLn;>=#GS= NPO›NFa>O{NPi=
J5;>="J!GoNPEafDX=TpJ5;>=tv!ABa>O5J!GoC†vSJSNXABanVZABG¹AkJ5;>=G›DPA>v!EeJSNXABa>OATV L N‰DFD>[>=t=O{OŠM =#aTJSNPE#DFD ‚hJ5;>=
OUEY=>\ M

‘B’{“T”k•F–e—0¦\"QšABa>O!J!GSC†vSJyJ5;>=?ATNPaTJ VZABGˆLn;TNPv{;,J5;>=‡;>=5xEkf#ABa
ATV¹]GSA>[BDP=Y¥` NFOyNPa>OUv5GSNP[=iNFa,Ev!NFGSM v!DX=>\ A 1 A 2 B 1 B 2 C1 C2

A A
...... .........
... ... ... ......
... ..... ... ... ...
..
. ... ... .... ....
... ... ... ... ...
... ...
.. .. ...
C .. ......................... ....
B
... ...
1.......................................................... 2
.. ... . .
... ..................................... .....
............ ........ ............. ... ............
..
.. . .. ...... .
...... ... ........
.... .. .......
.. ..
.. .. ....
.... ..
.. .. ...
.. ..........
... .. C .
0............
.. ...
... B ....
...
....... ...
0
... ... .. . ...........
.......... ..... ........... .........
.
M
.... .. ...... .....
... ..
B
.... ... .
C M
..... .......... .. ......
.... ...... .... ....
2..................................................................................................................... 1
.. . . .
. . .
..............
. .. ... .
.. . . .
..
. .. . . ...
. ... .... . .... ..... .... ... ... ...... ... ...................... ....
.
.. ... .... ..
. .... ... ..... ...... ..... ......... ..
. . .... ... .... . .. ...... ... ..............
C ... ...........
... ..... ...... . ... ...
..
.. .... ..... ............. ......... ... ... ....................
... .. .
C
.... ... . . ...... ..
.. ..... .... .... ............. ...
. .. ..
...... ..................
.
... ................... .
..
....... .. .. ............. ............... ...
.
................................
.....
A
. . ......
.. . . .. .
. ... ......
2
. .. . . ...
............................................ ....
...
........ . ... ... . ... .......
.. .......... .......................
............
A 0
.
...
.. ............
.........................
............
A 1
.
.. ..... .........
............................
.
...... ..............
B B
 k¡z¢e£B’{–H¤y]GSA>[TDX=#Y¥c\  k¡z¢e£B’{–¤›§HATDFCBJSNPABa‡J!A]GSA>[BDP=Y¥c\
¨ H“ • £H©{¡F“Hª«\ ¬y­>®#¯X°±5²P±#\…&=IEHO{O{CY =J5;BE#J NPO‡vʂBv!D‰NXv žkNPfCGS=>\ Ÿ
žTGSABY Ln=ti=iBC†v!=(J5;BEeJ¹D‰NPaA=(1OŠA B=#1aTBJS2O C1 C2
=fe2Y  \9§#NPav!=(J5;>=
C
OŠ=v!EaTJSO9VXGSABY
1 A 2 k C A
OUEeJSNPO5V‰‚
2 1 C C = A A
peJ5;>=OU=|JÊLnAh=H}TCE#JSNPABa>OˆfNzsB=uCO
1 2 1 2
B
\a>EDPA>f#ATBC CO{D 2‚<·p BC1 = BA1 · BA Eai 2 \<=HvSED‰DFNFafhJ5;BEeJ
BCp 2 =pkBA EHai 1 EGS="J5;>=(Y,NPi³5?†AC ATNFaT1JSOy=ATV AB2 p CB1pkE=ai CA2 pkGS=O{?†=vSJSNzsB=eDz‚Rp
A=
Ln 0 B a>E0 D‰Dz‚,A>[kC JSE#0NPa A1 A2 B1 B2 C 1 C2

p p \
BC0 = BA0 AC0 = AB0 CB0 = CA0
qXJ9NFO9J5;>=a‡=EOo‚ J!An?>GSAsB=*J5;BEeJ p pkEai EGS=*J5;>=(?ATNPaTJoO›Ln;>=GS=*J5;>=*NPav!NFGSv!DX=
ATV JSATC†v{;>=OJ5;>=hO5NXi>=O#A \ 0 B0 C0
4ABC 
­>±
P²
­ QšABa>O!J!GSC†vSJnJ5;>=NFav!NPGSv!DP=ATVuJ!GSNFEHafDP= EHai3DFEk[>=#D|J5;>=
?†ATNFaTJSO p peEHai Ln;>=#GS=ˆJ5;>=yNFav!NPGSv!DP=ˆJSATC†v{;>=O<J5;>=yO5NXi>=ABCO p pEHai p
GS=O{?†=vSJSA B\ 0 §H=H=žk
NzsB0=eDz‚š CNP0fCGS=‡<\ Ÿ"={x#JŠp«i>GoEL J5;>=D‰NPa=#O p BC CA p p†LnAB
;TNPv{;
NPaTJS=GoOU=HvSJ*EeJ|J5;> =,i>=O5NPGS=iI?ATNPaTJ \ :R;>=?ATNPaTJ NFOep<AA
ATV¹v50ATCBB
GoOU=Bp†0J5;>CC
=!#"0%$
­>­&"
M M
'
²X­&šATV 4ABC OŠ==Ib(#dHpB?>Ekf#=n`)MŸU\

‘B’{“T”k•F–e—*>\«N‰J5;h?ATNPaTJoO p pHEai i>=+a=HinEHO9NFa J5;>="OŠATD‰CBJSNXABatJ!A,]GSA>[TDX=#Y™`Tp
v5ABa>O!J!GSC†vSJ(J5;>=?ATNPaTJ XVZABG*YLn;TNPv{;&J5Z;>=;>={xEHf#ABa NFOhNFa>OŠv5GoNX[>=HiNFaE
v!NPGSv!DP=\ M AY CXBZ

g

A ............................................................................
.................... ...........
........... .............. ..........
.......... .. ..... ...... .........
... .
........... .
. ........
.
. ..... . ... .....
. .......
. .....
. ...
.. ....α2.....
. ......
......
. ........
...α1....
. ....
. ....
....
... .. ... .... ....
. . . ... .
....
..... .
.
. .
... .....
....
....
..... ... . . ....
Y
... .. ... .... ....
.
.. . ... .....
. .. ..
. . . . .... ....................................
B
... .. ... .... ...... .
. . . .. ...
............ γ2 .......... ... ....
.
2
... ....
... ... . ..... ...................... . .... ....... ... .
... ..
.
...
...
.. ..
........ ... ...
.
.. .. ... ........................... ....... α1....
... . ...
.. .. .. .................. .......
..
................... .. .....
..
C .. ..
.. .................................. .... .. ....... .. ..
.... 1 . .. .... ..... .. ..
.
. ... ..... .. . ...
..........
. ... .. ....
......... .. ..
.
............ ... ..... ... .. .... ....... . . ..
.... ...
..
B
. . . . .. .
. .
.. .. . ..
. .. ..
........ .. ....... ... .............
................................. . ..
........................ .......... ..... 0 ..
. ... .
Z . ... .. ...
........ ..
. .. ...
..........................β 1
..
. ....
.... .
. .......... . .
.. .
. γ2........ .. . . .... . ...
C
.
... ..... .................... ... ... ...................................... .... .. . . ... ...
.... .....α
... ..
0 . .... .. ...
.... 2
. . . . . . ..
... α1...
.. .. . .
............ . ................. .... ... .... . . . .
... . .... . ..... .. .
. . ...
B
... ....................... . . . ...
.... ................... β1 ..... .. .. ........ . . . .......
. ........................... ... ..... 1
.... . . . . . .. ... ... .... . ..
.... .
.. ....... ...................... .... ... .. ....... .
.
. .. .
...
...
...
....
.... .
... ....α2 ............... ..... .... ............ .............................
. . . ... . .
... ..... .
.
.
.
............................................ ....
M
.... .. .... . . .
...
.. .... .. . ..... ............... .. .
..
..
.. .
. ......................................................................... ....
..
...
. . ..... ...
.. .... ..
.... .. ........................................
.... ...
... . . .. .............. ... .... ..
C
.. .... ............ .... ..... ...... . ..............
.. ...........
.... .... ................ .... ..
..
.. 2 ............ .. .
......... .. ...
.. . ... ...... . ... ..
... ............ ..
..... .
.
..
.. .. ..... ....... .......... ... ... ............
............ γ ......
.
..
... .. .... ....... ......
...
. β ... ..... ... ............ 1 ... ....
.... ............ .. ... 1..... 2... .......
... ..
... .. .....γ
.. γ2 ................................
.. .
...
... .. . .
............. . . ... ... .
. ...
.. β .......
.. . . . . . . . .
C
. . .... .... .. .. .... . ................... .... . .
.. 2...... .... .... ..................................
... .... ... .. ..
... ............................................................................ ..
.... .... ............ ... .. ...
.... .. ........ β1 ..........................................................................
................................................... ....
A ... A ..
.. 2 ...
....
A
.
.... .. ... 0 ... . .
..
.
1 ........ ....
B
.... ...
.... ... ... ....
..... ....
... ... .....
......
......
....
.... ... β ... ..
. ......
....... .... . 2. ......
.
........ ....γ1..... .... ........
......... .... .. .. ........
.......... .... ... ... ..........
............
................. ......... ...
...
..... .............
.............................................................

X
 H¡‰¢£B’{–
«§HATDFCBJSNPABa‡J!A]GSA>[BDP=Y \
¨ H“ • £H©{¡F“Hª«\@¬y­>®#¯X°±5²P±#\W&=&O{C?>?†ABOU=IJ5;BEeJ NFO,vʂBv!D‰NXve\œ:<;>=#a<pyVZABGhJ5;>=
EHafDP=OpHLn=n;BEsB= EHOyNPažHNXfCGS=n
Ÿ AY CXBZ

p p
∠XAB = ∠XY B = α1 ∠CAX = ∠CZX = α2
p p
∠Y BC = ∠Y ZC = β1 ∠ABY = ∠AXY = β2
p \
∠ZCA = ∠ZXA = γ1 ∠BCZ = ∠BY Z = γ2
uO{NFaf"J5;>=nfNzsB=#a,?EGoED‰DX=eDDFNFa=OpHLn= EDFOŠA;BEsB=
p p p
∠A0 B0 B = α1 ∠B0 C0 C = β1 ∠C0 A0 A = γ1
p p \
∠CC0 A0 = α2 ∠AA0 B0 = β2 ∠BB0 C0 = γ2
žTGSABY J5;>==}BCE#DFNzJ͂ pšLn=i>=HiTC†v5=
J5;BE#J|J5;>=?ATNPaTJoO p p γp<1EHa=i ∠C0EHAGS= 0A v5ABa=v͂Bv!∠ZCA
DFNPve\h:R;TC=Oep ∠C0 CA \§#NFY,N‰DPEGSD ‚<p
EHai A C \|A´0CBJŠpHLn= C
EDF0OŠAŽkaAHL„J5;BE#J γ2 = α 1
β1 = α 2 β2 = γ1
\
∠ABC + ∠BCA + ∠CAB = α1 + α2 + β1 + β2 + γ1 + γ2 = 180◦
:<;>=#a ◦ \«:<;BEeJ9NFOepkv5ABa>O5NXi>=GoNPaf p#Ln=
OŠ== J5;BαE#1J + β1 + β2 = γ2 + α2 + γ1 = 90◦ \uQ<ABa>OŠ=}BC†=#aTJSDz‚Rp>J5;>=v5=Š4AA sTNPEa 0 C NFO
?†=#G!?=aiTNX∠AA v!C>DFEHGy0J!CA,J5= ;>=‡α[>1E+
OŠ= β1 +EHβa2i= 90
O{NFY, N‰DPEGSD ‚<p Eai AA0
\
qXJVZATD‰DXAHLhOˆJ5;BEeJ BC
NFOJ5;>=nABGÊJ5;>A>v5=#aTJ!GS=nATV BB \ 0 ⊥ AC CC 0 ⊥ AB

­>±
PM²
­I·yGoEeL J5;>=,EDzJSN‰JSC†i>=O 4ABC p p«Eai \‡:<;>=eNPG*NFaTJ!=#G5³
OŠ=vSJSNXABa?ATNPaTJyNPO|J5;>=‡i=#O{NFGS=Hi?†ATNFaTJ \tžBABAA GˆJ5;>0=‡BB?>GSA>AT0VšJ5;BEeJ CCOU0EeJSNPO R=#O*ED‰DRJ5;>=
GS=H}TC>NPGS=#Y=#aTJSOp>O{NFY ?BDz‚GS=#Eki‡J5;>= ?GS=M v5=iBNFaf EHa>E#Dz‚BO{NFOyNFa,GS=ŠsB=GoOUM =\
 
m

R–e—
#’ B\ &=v!ATC>DXiE#DPOUA&EOŠŽ VZABGtATCGt;>={xEHf#ABa>OtJ!A[>=v!NFGSv!CY OUv5GSNP[=iEk[>ATCBJtE

!v NPGSv!DP=\J5;>=Gh?>GSAB?†=#GoJSNP=OATVu;>=5xEkf#ABa>OhL NzJ5;O{NPi=#O‡?>EHGoE#DFDP=#D¹J!AiBNFEkf#ABa>E#DPO Ln=GS=
NPaksB=#O5JSNPfeE#JS=Hi[‚‡§\Pq5\ #=J!=eDBNFa]GSA>[TDX=#Y Oy`gT
MlT`gB^*NFabo#dkpkQ<;š\>q
*pH?EHf#=Oy`H`HglT`HcHj\
&=(JSCGSa,aAHL„JSANPaksB=#O5JSNPfeE#JSNFaf*J5;>= EHGS=#EHO|ATVJ!GoNPEafDX=#O|EOUOUA>v!NPEeJ!=ihL N‰J5;nJ5;>=
;>={xEHf#ABa>OATVt]GSA>[TDX=#Y ` @;>=5xEkf#ABa>OnJ5;BEeJhEHGS=NPa>OUv5GSNP[=iNFaJ!GSNFEHafDP=OEai ;BEsB=
iBNFEkf#ABa>E#DPO›J5;BEeJ«NFaTJ!=#GoOŠ=vSJ«NFanE"?ATNPaTJ«EHaihEGS="?>EHGoE#DFDP=#DJ!A(J5;>=*aABaTJ!GSNFEHafC>DFEHG«O{NPi=#O\
GS=EO¹L N‰DFD[= i>=aAkJS=Hi[‚‡OU}BCEGS=h[BGoEkv{ŽH=JSO#\›&=tEGS=(NPaTJS=GS=#O5JS=HiNFaGS=eDPEeJSNXABa>OU;TNP?>O
EHY ABaf(J5;>=tVZATDFDPAHL NPaf(aBNFa=hEHGS=#EHO EHOuiBNFOU?BDPE‚B=Hi‡NPažHNXfCGS=nŸ 

p p p
T1 = [M C1 B2 ] T2 = [M A1 C2 ] T3 = [M B1 A2 ]
p p p
S1 = [M A1 A2 ] S2 = [M B1 B2 ] S3 = [M C1 C2 ]
p p \
P1 = [AB2 C1 ] P2 = [BC2 A1 ] P3 = [CA2 B1 ]
A
......
... ....
..
... ......
... B1
P B
. ... ........
... ................ ....
1 ..... 2
C
... ......
.. .........................................
1.................
. ....................... M ................
................ ...
........
................
...
.. .....
C
. ................ .
. ..
......... .... ...
... .... ... 2 ......................... ...
T
...

..........
... .

..
... .... 1 .... .................. ... ....
α ...
..........

...
S B
..

.. ... .. ..
T
. ..
2 ........... 1
. . . .. ... ..

..................................
.. ...

..........
.. ... ...
T 3 ...

..
...
d
.
S
.
..
. ...... . ... .
. ... ... ......................
.... .... ... 2 .....
c
...
3 .................................. ..... .......
.. ........

...
.
..................................

.. ..
.. ...
..

M b
...
C
.  ... .
..................
α
...
a α ...
.. ...
. .. ..
2................................ ..... ..... ... ... ..
...

T .. ...
... ... .. . .. ...
3 .....
.
S
...
...................................

..........

..... .. ... ... .

T
..

.
..

... .
1
.. . .. ....
.. .... ... ....
2...
..
..................................

. . ...
..........
..

. .
P
... .
...

.. . ... .. ...
...............................................................
S
.. .
. ... .. .
3 ...
A2
...
.. 1 .. ..
.
...

P
. .. . .. ..
.. .. ...........
2 ..... A1
.. . . ...
......
. .
.....
.
C
. . . . .
............................ ..
...
...
... . .. .... ..
......
...
.... ......
...
.
.................
.......................................
A2
 H¡‰¢£B’{– ˆ
 ·|=†aBNzJSNXABa,ATV  k¡z¢e£B’{– ˆ
 K=#Y Y,E‡`>\
B A1
p pBEai \
Ti S i Pi
k–e——
h˜R\ T T = S pTVZABG {i p j p k} = {1 p 2 p 3} \ 2

 

 žTGSABY J5;>=EHO{O{CY,?BJSNPABa>O A C k A M Eai

i j k
p¹Ln=f#=J
p>Ln;>AB2OŠ=Y =EO{CA ;BEHO(k[=A
GS=‡1 M =aI 2Bi=#1aAkJ!=iI[‚ 1 2
∠CNPa 2A žk1NPfM =^>\
CGS= K=2J M A1 = ∠Mp A2 B1
∠A p p pREHO*NPaJ5;>=
αRfCGS=>\ˆ:R;>=a<p[‚ aaiBNFa=f(A
J5;>1=nCE2GS=bEO = Ap 1 Mp>Eaci = AEH2aM i,O{C†d[BO5=JSNzJSA
CBJS2NPB
af"
1 J5;>=Y NPaTJSA
J5;>=h?GSAB?ABOŠ=i =}BCEeJSNXABa T
p2 H2Ln=hTA>3 [TJoENFa S1
T2 T3 = S 1
NFVREHai ABaBD ‚‡NFV p
1
2
ab sin α · 1
2
cd sin α = 1
4
b2 c2 sin2 α ad = bc
Ln;TNXv{;&NFOtJ!GoC†=[>=HvSECOU=ATV¹J5;>= O5NPYNFDFEHGoN‰Jr‚ATV
J!GSNFEHafDP=O EHai \›§#NFY,N‰DPEGSD ‚<p C1
Ln=nf#=J A1 C2 M2 EHai A2 M B1 2 \
......
... ...
... ....
T1 T3 = S 2 T1 T2 = S 3
k–e——
¦\IžTABG
... ...
...
p p p p p<Ln=
..
.. ...
.... ...
...
{i j k} = {1 2 3} . .. ...
...

;BEesB= \
.. ..
.
.............
M
.
Ti2 ..
. ..
h ..... .
........
. ...
...
..
Pi =
. ..
...... .............................................
.
.. ..
C . .
. ....
........ ............. ........ . ..

 


.
Sj + S k − T i 2 ............................................................................. ..... ....
´ =HvSECOU=
R p"Ln=3v!Ea ..........
. ...
...... ...
... .................
.........
h ...
...
...
2 ;>k
[>=&J5;>=v!ABY AY 1ABCa@ =#NPf#A 2C
... ...
DX=J ;kJ ATVu
1 J!GoNPEafDX=#O
.. ..
... ..
... .
.. ...
... . . .. ...
..
h .. ... ..

p p*EHai \ :R;>=a<p
. ..
... ..........
..
h
. ... .
. .
...
..
... ..
. ... . . .... .
....... ...
... ..... ...
M A 1 C2 M C 1 C2 p M A 1 A2
.. . .

p
. ... . .. ..
.... .
. ...
....
... .. ... ..................
.. ......................................................................................
1 1 A2
.
S1 = 2 · h · M A 2 S3 = 2 · h · C 1 M .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................

EHai ¹
\ #
§ F
N 
a 5
v = F
N O
. ...
...
....
.
...................................
A1
 H¡‰¢£B’{–T¤K=Y,Y Ec>\
1 B
O{NFY,N‰DPTE2G9= J!A 2 · h · C2 ApH1Ln= OU=H=(J54BC ;BE#J 2 A1
4BC1 A2
>Hj

[BC2 A1 ] (C2 A1 )2

C2 A 1
2 
T2
2 \
= = =
[BC1 A2 ] (C1 A2 )2 C1 M + M A 2 S1 + S 3
´B‚‡J5;>=hi=†aBNzJSNXABa ATV pHLn=(J5;>=GS=eVZABGS=n;BEesB=
P2

P2

T2
2 ¶
=
P2 + T 2 + S1 + S3 S1 + S 3

Ln;>=av!=Bp T22 pTEHOuv!DPE#NPY =Hiš\

P2 =
S1 + S 3 − T 2
Tž GSABY J5;>=OU=tJÊLnADX=#Y Y,EHOˆLn="L N‰DFDRi>=GoNzsB= En?>ENFGyATV†NPa=}BCE#DFNzJSNX=#O\
Xª>–
£
#•z¡ ©˜†\ \
T1 + T 2 + T 3 ≥ S 1 + S 2 + S 3
 

 :<;TNFO|NFOˆµXCO5J¹J5;>= l  qra=}BCE#DFNzJ͂ v!ABY[TNPa=iL NzJ5;IK=Y,Y E` 
1
T1 + T 2 + T 3 = 2
(T2 + T3 ) + 21 (T1 + T3 ) + 21 (T1 + T2 )
p p p q q q
\
≥ T 2 T3 + T 1 T3 + T 1 T2 = S12 + S22 + S32
Xª>–
£
#•z¡ © ¦>\ \
T1 + T2 + T3 ≤ 31 [ABC]
 

 &=(LhEaTJ¹J!A‡OŠ;>AHL„J5;BE#J
\
3(T1 + T2 + T3 ) ≤ T1 + T2 + T3 + S1 + S2 + S3 + P1 + P2 + P3
´B‚&K=#Y Y,E‡c(J5;TNPOyNFOu=H}TC>NzsTE#DX=#aTJˆJSAOU;>AHL NPaf"J5;BEeJ

T12 T22 T32 \

2(T1 +T2 +T3 ) ≤ + + +S1 +S2 +S3
S2 + S 3 − T 1 S1 + S 3 − T 2 S1 + S 2 − T 3
´R=HvSECOU= ED‰D>J5;BGS==ni>=aABYNPa>EeJ!ABGoOyVZABG9J5;>= EHGS= O!J!GSNPvSJSDz‚‡?†ABO5N‰JSN sB=BpLn=hvSEHaEH?>?>D ‚
EtsTEGSNFEHaTJyATV†J5;>=hQ<E#C†v{;H‚³{§Hv{;HLhEHGʌ"qra=}BCE#PDFNziJ͂Rp>a>EY=eDz‚

(T1 + T2 + T3 )2
2(S1 + S2 + S3 ) − (T1 + T2 + T3 )
T12 T22 T32 p
≤ + +
S2 + S 3 − T 1 S1 + S 3 − T 2 S1 + S 2 − T 3
EHai,GS=iBC†v!=tJ5;>=h?GSA>ATV†JSAOU;>AHL NPaf"J5;BEeJ

(T1 + T2 + T3 )2 \
2(T1 + T2 + T3 ) − (S1 + S2 + S3 ) ≤
2(S1 + S2 + S3 ) − (T1 + T2 + T3 )
:A‡J5;TNFO"=#ai<pkLn=hOŠ=J EHai p>Eai‡Ln=h?GSA#sB=
a = S 1 + S2 + S3 b = T 1 + T2 + T3
J5;BE#J
b2 \
2b − a ≤
2a − b
:<;TNFO|DFEHO!J¹JoEHOUŽhNPOu=}BC>N sTEDP=aTJ¹J!AOU;>AHL NPaf*J5;BE#J
\
0 ≤ 2a2 − 5ab + 3b2 = (3b − 2a)(b − a)
 >k`

§#NPav!= Ln;TNPv{;NFO"qra=H}TCED‰N‰Jr‚`Ÿ!pkJ5;>=hGS=#O{C>DzJˆNPO|aAHL v!DP=EG\

GÊJ5;>a=GˆNFa=H}TCED‰N‰JSNP=OuATV†J5;TNFOJ͂B?†=hEGS=tJSA,[>= VZATCaiNFabrkdtEaibS`edB\
kž bC≥

Hª>“ •‰– T¢–e—,–eª© 9:R;>=hE#CBJ5;>ABG9LnATC>DPi‡DFNPŽH=(J!A={xH?GS=#OUOˆsB=#Gr‚,O{NFav5=#GS=(J5;BEHaŽHOyJSA
J5;>=hGS=eVZ=GS==BpHLn;>A?>GSAsTNXi>=HiEHa =5xJ!GS=#Y=eDz‚,i>=eJoEN‰DX=i v5GoN‰JSNP}BC†=hATV<EGoO5J›sB=GoO5NXABa,ATV
J5;>=h?>GS=OU=aTJ?>EH?=GM\9:R;>=hY,EHak‚,;>=#DF?>VPC>DRO5C†f#f#=O!JSNXABa>O|;BEesB=tDX=i‡JSAEhYC†v{; v!DP=EGS=G
?GS=#OŠ=#aTJSEeJSNXABa«\
R– ʖe’{–eª
– 
bS`ed
"\ n\)ˆDFN ‚B=Šs<p<]GSA>[TDX=#Y™†^#m#†p  ® " ®
P² ͱu²P­


¯ NPa <CO{O{NFEHakŸ!p&"Aš\†g
cHjHj#Ÿ5p†
k^T¶B§HATD‰CBJSNXABa,Eai!(AkJS=OJSAOŠATD‰CBJSNXABa #"Aš\  cHjH jT
MŸ5p†
H
lk
T^B\
 
bScedœK=ML NPOtQ<EG!GSATD‰DÍp >²‰¯F¯ 
   
 ¯ " ,±ep†n=HiTN‰JSNPABa<p¹·|AsB=#Gh]>C†[BDÊ\Xp›`mT
g†\ ]>C†[>³
D‰NPOU;>=Hi‡NPa RCOUO5NPEa [‚ NFGŠp`mkgk
\ Ÿ 
b ed…w\‰§\ W\Q<AxH=eJS=GREHai §\ZK>\ 9GS=#NzJoŒ{=GUp #"
!")S°#" M²P±5²% ""!p
REaiABY~w ATCOŠ=Tp
`mkT^>\ ˆDFOŠA‡?>C†[TDFNFOŠ;>=iNPa RCOUO5NPEa [‚!*EC†ŽEBp†`mB^#g†\ Ÿ

brkd…q5\ (\ #šCOU;BaBNPGUpR]GSA>[TDX=#Y >meRp3®
&" ® P² ʱˆ²X­$


¯ NFa RCOUO5NPEakŸ5p "Aš\>

`HmHmkjŸ5¶>§HATD‰CBJSNXABa  "Aš\  `mkmk`Ÿ!p†
e<\ 
 
bS
ed (\BKAB?OU;TN‰JoŒMp
¹=vSJ!ABGoNPE#DkOŠATD‰CBJSNXABa>OšJSA E %a=u?GSA>[TDX=#Y O#\ &'®­ Êp
"Aš\Hg `mB^#meŸ!p
jel)k
>\ 
bo#d §\Pq5\ #=J!=eDÍp   
 ¯ ",±® 

( ® )²* ®®H­+!,²X­T²* ®Tp 
yq #³ˆABO!J!=ŽT;TNzŒ{i>EeJŠp
 ABOUv5AHLp>`Hme>g PN a <CO{O{NFEHakŸ{\


«EkŽC†[!n\)ˆDFN ‚B=Šs
·|=#?EGoJ!Y =aTJyATV  E#J5;>=#Y EeJSNXvSED
a>E#Dz‚BO{NFO
žTEHv!C>D‰Jr‚ ATV  = v{;BEHaBNPv!OU³ EeJ5;>=Y,E#JSNPv!O
´†EHŽHC§eJoE#JS= uaBNzsB=#GoO{NzJ͂
B+\ #›;BE#DFN‰DXA#s §eJ!GS==eJ|c 
´†EHŽHC  h`H`eBg
¹Œ{=G![>E#NzµZEa
·|=#?EGoJ!Y =aTJyATV EeJ5;>=Y,E#JSNPv!O
žTEHv!C>D‰Jr‚,ATV¹]B=HiBEkf#A>fNPv!O
- E#VZ}>EeŒ uaBNzsB=#GoO{NzJ͂
#›;H‚BGSi>E#DPEa
´†EHŽHC  jk`Hjk`
¹Œ{=G![>E#NzµZEa
yakubaliyev@yahoo.com