@Wi ALOIS THEOR So GALOIS THEORY SamePURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS |AWiley-Ierscen Sere of Tet, Monographs td Tris Funded by RICHARD COURANT Editor: MYRON B, ALLEN ill, DAVID A, COX, PETER LAX. [tos Emer: PETER HILTON, HARRY HOCHSTADT, JOHN TOL AND ‘A complet st of he tiles ia this series appears atthe end ofthis vom GALOIS THEORY DAVIDA. COX Amber College Deparment of Mathematics & Computer Science )WILEY- INTERSCIENCE AJOHN WILEY & SONS, INC, PUBLICATIONCai © 20 ob Wie Son ne Al bene bit ta Wie Si, Hen New Nomen peblision may eget ln ta tem ete ay em denotes thread an example Referens inte text use oe ftw formas ‘+ Reference tothe bibliography a the end the book are sven bythe author's Tas ane, sin Abel, When there moe than oe ite by a given autor, We sud mums a in Jordan and oda). ‘Some more specialized rfences risa the end of he chap in whic the reference gears. Those references are sted numerically 0 tat if yu ae real Chapter 0 hen [1] means the fist erence at thee that cape ‘The tex fs numer exercises, many more than can Be assigned during an cal course.” Some of the exersnes cn he wed exam questions. Hint 10 felted exereie can be fou in Appel ‘The alge needed forthe ok scoveredin Append A. Sales should ead Secs At and A.2 before saving Chap 1. The Four Pars. The bok songz it our ars. Pat (Chapters 103) focuseson polynomials. Here, we stay eb polynomials, symmetric polynomials ndprove the Pandamenal Theorem of Algbe, In Part I (Chapters $07). oes ‘histo es, where we develop their ase properties an roe the Fundamental Theorem of Galois Ther. Pat Ils eanerned with the following aplisaons of Galas theory 1 Chapter discuss slab by radical, «+ Chapter reas elcome equations + Chapter IO explores geomevie consructions. 1 Chapter 1 stds finite eds Final, Par I covers the folowing farther tapes 1 Chapter I2scuses the work of Lagrange, Galois nd Kreck. {+ Chapter 13 expuns how o compute Galois groups. 1 Chaps 14 ests slab by rails or polynomials of prime power dere, 1 Chapter 15 proves Abe's theorem on he lems ©. Notes tothe Instructor. Many hooks on Galois theory have been sony inflocced by Ain thin bt elegant presentation (Aan). This ok is iferet, Inpunicalr prerace vil «+ Symaweie polynomials an dhe Theorem ofthe Primitive Blement ae use 10 rove som ofthe main esl of Gals hen, «The src comet of Gals thor is discus in dtl “Tee choices retet my pes preerenses a my conviction ht tents need to kro what an dea ely means an where came frm Bore he ca lly "pect is legance. The resol hook which deity mt thi, though Ie thatthe elegance comes trouzh "The cone of the ok consi of Part and H (Chapters 1407), should Be possible to cover this materia in about9 wees, assuming tee lectures er Week. Trremainde ofthe curve the atu ca pick and choose sections fom Pars Mand V. These chapters can also be used for fading cures, student pret independent sos re ate se ther commen forthe insta + Sections lbs “Optional” ca be skipped without nf coninty. Lsome- ‘ins ansian he opionaseton on Abia equals (Sexton 65) ax pa of = take home exam «Sunt pialy wil ve seen most it not alo the alge in Appel A. My sees ito survey the cle about what art of Appendin. Are new 0 them. Ths topic can then fe covered when needed in be ex, «+ Fart mos atthe Mathematical Note and Historical Noes ae not sin ‘he robe tex though Ha ta they stimulate some iting elsi0om tlscssions, The exception i Chapter 12, which dawson the Bria! Notes . Acknowledgments. The macro this book was completed darag Melon § satel funded by the Mellon Foundation and Ames College, Tam ‘ery trate for thei suport Las want toexpress my indebtedness 1th ators ofthe many ie presentations of Gos deer sted at he end ofthe book. ‘am especialy grateful to oneph Fnerman, Wal Pay, Abe Shriver and Mery Suma for thir earful reading ofthe manusrig 1 woud also ike think Kamran Divan Azar Harold Edvars, AleanderHulph, Teresa Knick, Bay “Maza. ft MKay, Norton la a Sinan Woog fo the blp. The stun’ who ook courses Amherst College based on prelinnary versions ofthe manvsript contd many wet commens an sggestions. (thank sil nd dedicate hs book to tne al age) who undertake the say ofthis onder sje Daw A. CoxContents Preface Notation PARTI POLYNOMIALS. Chapter 1 Cubic Equations 1.1 Cardan’s Formulas Historical Notes 1.2 Permutations ofthe Roots ‘A. Permutations B. The Diseriminant © Symmetsic Polynomials, Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 1.3. Cubic Equations over the Real Numbers A. The Number of Real Roots 1B Trigonometrie Solution ofthe Cubic Historical Notes References 4 “ 15 8Chapter 2. Symmetric Polynomials 2 23 24 Polynomials of Several Variables A. The Polynomial Ring inn Variables B The Elementary Symmetric Polynomials Mathematical Notes ‘Symmetric Polynomials A. The Fundamental Theorem B_ The Roots of a Polynomial © Uniqueness Mathematical Notes Historical Notes, ‘Computing with Symmetric Polynomials (Optional) A Using Mathematica B. Using Maple ‘The Disesiminant Mathematical Notes Historical Notes References Chapter Roots of Polynomials 3. The Existence of Roots Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 3.2. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Mathematica! Notes Historical Notes References PART IL FIELDS Chapter 4 Extension Fields 4 Elements of Extension Fields ‘A Minimal Polynomials B Adjoining Elements Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 2 as ” 0 a 2 4 9 o a am gee 4.2. Ineducible Polynomials A Using Maple and Mathematica B_ Algorithms for Factoring The Schdnemann-Eisenstein Criterion D_ Prime Radicals Historical Notes 43° The Degree of an Extension A. Finite Extensions B_ The Tower Theorem Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 44 Algebraic Extensions Mathematical Notes, References. Chapter 5 Normal and Separable Extensions 5.1 Spliting Fields ‘A. Definitions and Examples B Uniqueness 5.2 Normal Extensions Historical Notes 53. Separable Extensions A. Fields of Characteristic 0 B Fields of Charsceristic p Computations Mathematicl Notes 54 ‘The Theorem ofthe Primitive Element Mathematical Notes Historical Notes References Chapter 6 The Galois Group 6.1 Definition ofthe Galois Group Historical Notes 6.2 Galois Groups of Split 6.3 Permutations ofthe Roots Mathematical Notes Historical Notes Fields SI a8 85 7 “9 93 93 a 101 ro ro 11 19 ua us 6 9) ir 12 m3 125 as 8 0. naa 644 Examples of Galois Groups A The pth Roots of 2 B__ The Universal Extension © _A Polynomial of Degree 5 Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 65 Abelian Equations (Optional) Historical Notes References Chapter7 The Galois Correspondence 7.4 Galois Extensions A. Splting Fields of Separable Poly B_ Finite Separable Extensions C_ Galois Closures Historical Notes 7.2. Normal Subgroups ara Normal Extensions A Conjugate Fields B_ Normal Subgroups Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 7.3 ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory 7.4 First Applications A. The Diserimina B_ The Universal Extension C__ The Inverse Galois Problem Historical Notes 7.8. Automorphisms and Geometry (Optional) A. Groups of Automorphisms 1B Funetion Fields ia One Variable © Linear Fractional Transformations D_Stereographie Projection Mathematical Notes References 136 ra Be m1 ua 4 6 “7 ur 1 151 12 Is 5 160 67 ws 169 10 m 13 176 180 13 PART IT APPLICATIONS ‘Chapter 8 Solvability by Radicals 8.1 Solvable Groups Mathematical Notes 8.2 Radical and Solvable Extensions A. Definitions and Examples B Compositums and Galois Closures C Properties of Radi Historical Notes 8.3 Solvable Extensions and Solvable Groups A Roots of Unity and Lagrange Resolvents B Galois’s Theorem © Cardan’s Formulas Historical Notes 844 Simple Groups Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 8.5. Solving Polynomials by Radicals ‘A Roots and Radicals B__ The Universal Polynomial © Abelian Equations 1D. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Revisited Historical Notes 8.6 The Casus Irreducibilis (Optional) A Real Radicals B._Irreducible Polynomials with Real Radical Roots C_ The Failure of Solvabilty in Characteristic p Historical Notes, References Chapter 3 Cyciotomic Extensions 9.1 Cyelotomie Polynomials A Some Number Toeory B Definition of Cyclotomie Polynomials C_ The Galois Group of a Cyslotomic Extension Historical Notes and Solvable Extensions 231 as9.2 Gauss and Roots of Unity (Optional) A. The Galois Correspondence 1B Periods C Explicit Calculations D_ Solvability by Radicals Mathematical Notes Historical Notes References Chapter 10 Geometric Constructions. 10.1 Constructible Numbers Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 10.2. Regular Polygons and Roots of Unity Historical Notes 103. Origami Optional) A. Origami Constructions B Origami Numbers C_ Marked Rulers and Intersections of Conies Mathematical Notes Historical Notes Reterences Chapter 11 Finite Fields LLL "The Structure of Finite Fields A Existence and Uniqueness B_ Galois Groups Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 11.2. Irreducible Polynomials over Finite Fields (Optional) A. Inreducible Polynomials of Fixed Degree B_ Cyclotomic Polynomials Modulo p C_Berlekamp’s Algorithm Historical Notes References ns ae a 2st 28s 26 299 a ms me m6 a9 om 2s 289 2x0 ae ws 29 201 303 305 as PARTIV FURTHER ToPics Chapter 12 Lagrange, Galois, and Kronecker 12.1 Lagrange ‘A Resolvent Polynomials B Similar Functions The Quantic D_ Higher Degrees E Lagrange Resolvents Historical Notes, 122. Galois A Beyond Lagrange B Galois Resolvents C. Galois's Group 1D. Natural and Accessory Irationalities E_ Galois’ Strategy Historical Notes, 123. Kronecker A Algebraic Quantities B Module Systems C_Spliting Fields Historical Notes, References Chapter 13 Computing Galois Groups 13.1 Quartic Polynomials Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 13.2. Quintic Polynomials A’ Transitive Subgroups of Ss B. Galois Groups of Quinties © Examples D_ Solvable Quinties Mathematical Notes Historical Notes 133 Resolvents, A. Jordan's Strategy B__ Relative Resolvents, 313 a3 as m me 06 Pa) m ua a ae 30 M6 M6 a ue 49 as xs wi a0 M5 m9 ae 308Ba C Factoring Resolvents Mathematical Notes Other Methods. A Krongcker's Analysis B_ Dedekind’s Theorem ‘Mathematical Notes References Chapter 14 Solvable Permutation Groups 1a M2 143 44 Polynomials of Prime Degree Mathematical Notes Histricl Notes Inprimitive Polynomials of Prime Squared Degree A» Primitive and Impritstive Groups 1B Wreath Products C The Solvable Case Mathematical Notes Historial Notes Primitive Permutation Groups ‘A. Doubly Transitive Permutation Groups B Affine Lisca and Senilinear Goups © Minimal Normal Subgroups D_ The Solvable Case Mathematical Notes Historical Notes Primitive Polynomials of Prime-Squared Degree A» The Fit Two Subgroups B_ The Third Subgroup ©The Solvable Case Mathematical Noes Histrial Notes References Chapter 15 The Lemniscate Ist Division Points and Arc Length A. Division Points 9 31 98 a8 08 410 an a3 a8 419 ap 2 oy a 1 233 8 28 a asi 382 455 45 12 Isa Iss B Are Length ofthe Lemniseate Mathematical Notes Historical Notes "The Lemniscatic Function A A Periodic Function B Addition Laws C_ Multiplication by Integers Historical Notes ‘The Complex Lemniseatic Funetion AA Doubly Periodie Function B_ Zeros and Poles Mathematical Notes Historical Notes ‘Complex Multiplication A” The Gaussian Integers B- Multiplication by Gaussian Integers C_ Multiplication by Gaussian Primes Mathematical Notes Historical Notes Abel's Theorem ‘A The Lensniscatie Galois Group B _Straightedge-and-Compaes Constructions Mathematical Notes, Historical Notes References Appendix A Abstract Algebra Al Basic Algebra, A. Groups B Rings C Fields D_ Polynomials A2_ Complex Numbers A Addition, Multiplication, and Division B__ Roots of Complex Numbers A3_ Polynomials with Rational Coefficients ot 460 462 65 65 467 am a an a as 482 48 385 8s 495 496 9 so so 09 sis sis sis sis si9 soA Group Actions AS) More Algebra A. The Sylow Theorems B_ The Chinese Remainder Theorem C The Multiplicative Group ofa Field D Unique Factorization Domains Appendix B Hints to Selected Exercises References ‘A Books and Monographs on Galois Theory B Books on Abstract Algebra C Collected Works Index su sn 7 38 su Notation We ws the following sandal notation: 2 forthe set ofimeges, forthe set of rational umes, forthe set of el names, © forthe set of complex numbers Forimger ob €Z, we define: lb Bivanimegermile of 4th if bisnotan imegermulile of a= bmodn if lab, (0, ) = the pretest common divisor ob Jem) =the least common mukipe of ‘We we the uel notation for union Vand intretin 7 and we also define A\ Batre Alxe |S] =the number of lemons ina test.Wevrite A.C Btwindiate ha A nasa of. (Some texts mrt A & Bor anabirary subset and reserve ACB forthe case when Ais sly smaller than 1B. We dot follow ths pacice.) Thus A= Biland oly Ac Band BCA Given sets A and thst Cares pads Ax B=.) |e A.D BI A function f= A > Bis sometimes denoted x > fx). where he aro +> mmeans“tmaps 0" Also, ween wate feASB voiodae hatte map one 0 oe and om, In tis stato, we ay that fis one-one corespondence CGinen any set 8. the ent map 1g: —> Sis defied by s+ s fr alls © S ‘Abo, gen ay futon fA" Banda subset Ay © A, the rection of F 10 ‘als the function Sing 40> 8 elise by f(a) = Fle ora € Ao. Fathemnoe: AoC A ghves /(Ao)= [fle [a € Ao) ¢ B. By CB gives J"'Ba) =[0e A fla) © BCA. Othe ation is inredced a nested the course ofthe et. A review of he burt alr aseded forthe tx can be oundin Seton A. App A, PartI Polynomials “The iste capers focson polynomials and tei root "We bein in Chapter 1 with cubic polynomials. The gal so derive Confon’s formulas ant se ha the permtatons of ther naace igs. Then, Chap 2. we lea how fo express the coeiciens of polyoma s cern symmeric pobomialin thers. Ths east guewons but deserbing all symm polynomials. We also discus the dicriminane, Final, nChater 3, we show thal polynomials ate os ina possibly age fh We ano prove the Fundamental Pheonem of Algebra, which asers tha he roots of polyromial with complex coefcieas are complex nutes,1 Cubic Equations “The quadratic foul states that the solutions of «quadratic equation at tbrte=d aheeC a0, ane venty ay rete 1a this chapter we wll se ta the sluts of ubic quation abedet aF0, a8 bbe bertd sre given by a similar thoueh more complied formula, Fining he forma wi ‘ot be aca, ut understanding where comes rm and what meas wl ead 1.4 CAROAN’S FORMULAS Ginenatcubicequtionax! + bx? + er 4d = Owitha 0, we it dade by at rewrite the equation as Bebe tertda0, bodes where b/c nd da have been replaced with and respectively. Observe that +b! + ex +d isa monic polynomial an that reducing othe monic ease bas no effect on the reas