Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ng Nh Khoa
M U
Gio trnh Phng php Phn t hu hn (PP PTHH) c bin son da trn
cun: Gio trnh Phng php Phn t ha hn L thuyt, bi tp v chng trnh
Matlab. GS.TS. Trn ch Thnh, TS. Ng Nh Khoa. NXB Khoa hc K thut 2007.
V kinh nghim ging dy mn hc cng tn trong nhng nm gn y cho sinh vin
khoa C kh, trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni v hc vin cao hc ngnh C hc K
thut, trng i hc K thut Cng nghip - i hc Thi Nguyn. Ni dung gio
trnh c mc ch trang b cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut: Cng ngh ch to my,
K thut c kh, v.v. Vi cc ni dung:
-
MC LC
Chng 1..................................................................................................................................................................1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN......................................................................................1
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
3.1.
3.2.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.
Chng 2..................................................................................................................................................................9
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN............................................................................9
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
I S MA TRN..........................................................................................9
Vct..............................................................................................................9
Ma trn n v................................................................................................9
Php cng v php tr ma trn.....................................................................10
Nhn ma trn vi hng s.............................................................................10
Nhn hai ma trn..........................................................................................10
Chuyn v ma trn........................................................................................11
o hm v tch phn ma trn......................................................................11
nh thc ca ma trn..................................................................................11
Nghch o ma trn......................................................................................12
Ma trn ng cho....................................................................................12
Ma trn i xng........................................................................................12
Ma trn tam gic.........................................................................................13
PHP KH GAUSS.......................................................................................13
M t ............................................................................................................13
Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut....................................................................14
Chng 3................................................................................................................................................................17
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG CHUNG ......................................................................17
V VCT LC NT CHUNG.........................................................................................................................17
1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
CC V D.....................................................................................................17
V d 1..........................................................................................................17
V d 2 .........................................................................................................19
THUT TON GHP K V F......................................................................21
Nguyn tc chung.........................................................................................21
Thut ton ghp ni phn t:........................................................................23
Chng 4................................................................................................................................................................24
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU..............................................................................24
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
M U.........................................................................................................24
M HNH PHN T HU HN..................................................................24
CC H TRC TO V HM DNG.................................................25
TH NNG TON PHN.............................................................................28
MA TRN CNG PHN T ................................................................28
QUI I LC V NT.................................................................................29
IU KIN BIN, H PHNG TRNH PHN T HU HN.............30
V D..............................................................................................................32
...........................................................................................................................36
ii
BI TP CHNG 4.......................................................................................37
Chng 5................................................................................................................................................................39
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG.............................................................39
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
M U.........................................................................................................39
H TO A PHNG, H TO CHUNG...................................39
MA TRN CNG PHN T.................................................................41
NG SUT ....................................................................................................41
V D.............................................................................................................42
BI TP CHNG 5.......................................................................................43
Chng 6................................................................................................................................................................47
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU ...............................................................................47
1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
M U.........................................................................................................47
Trng hp ng sut phng.........................................................................47
Trng hp bin dng phng.......................................................................48
RI RC KT CU HO BNG PHN T TAM GIC..........................48
BIU DIN NG THAM S......................................................................50
TH NNG ....................................................................................................53
MA TRN CNG CA PHN T TAM GIC ..................................53
QUI I LC V NT ................................................................................54
V D .............................................................................................................56
BI TP CHNG 6.......................................................................................60
Chng 7................................................................................................................................................................62
BI TON I XNG TRC CHU TI TRNG I XNG..................................................................62
1.
2.
3.
M U.........................................................................................................62
M T I XNG TRC............................................................................62
PHN T TAM GIC...................................................................................63
BI TP CHNG 7.......................................................................................71
Chng 8................................................................................................................................................................73
PHN T T GIC............................................................................................................................................73
1.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.
M U.........................................................................................................73
PHN T T GIC...................................................................................73
HM DNG................................................................................................73
MA TRN CNG CA PHN T....................................................75
QUI I LC V NT..............................................................................77
TCH PHN S...........................................................................................77
TNH NG SUT.......................................................................................81
V D...........................................................................................................81
BI TP CHNG 8.......................................................................................83
Chng 9................................................................................................................................................................84
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V KHUNG...............................................84
1.
5.10.
5.11.
5.12.
5.13.
5.14.
5.15.
5.16.
GII THIU....................................................................................................84
TH NNG................................................................................................84
HM DNG HERMITE...........................................................................85
MA TRN CNG CA PHN T DM........................................86
QUY I LC NT.................................................................................88
TNH MMEN UN V LC CT.......................................................89
KHUNG PHNG.......................................................................................89
V D.........................................................................................................92
BI TP CHNG 9.......................................................................................96
Chng 10..............................................................................................................................................................98
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT...............................................................................98
1.
2.
GII THIU....................................................................................................98
BI TON DN NHIT MT CHIU........................................................98
iii
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
M t bi ton ..............................................................................................98
Phn t mt chiu.........................................................................................98
V d.............................................................................................................99
BI TON DN NHIT HAI CHIU .......................................................101
Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu...................................101
iu kin bin............................................................................................101
Phn t tam gic.........................................................................................102
Xy dng phim hm.................................................................................104
V d ..........................................................................................................107
BI TP CHNG 10...................................................................................109
Chng 11............................................................................................................................................................110
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN....................................110
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
GII THIU..................................................................................................110
L THUYT TM KIRCHOFF..................................................................110
PHN T TM KIRCHOFF CHU UN..................................................112
PHN T TM MINDLIN CHU UN.....................................................117
PHN T V...............................................................................................120
BI TP CHNG 11...................................................................................123
iv
Chng 1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
5.1.
v2
bin gii
v2
v1
bin gii
v1
v2
bin gii
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t bc nht
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t ba chiu
Phn t t din
Phn t bc ba
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc nht
y
(4)
r3
0,1
vr
0,0
1,0
(3)
v2
r2
r1
v3
(1)
v1
(2)
Cc php bin i hnh hc phi sinh ra cc phn t thc v phi tho mn cc qui
tc chia phn t trnh by trn. Mun vy, mi php bin i hnh hc phi c
chn sao cho c cc tnh cht sau:
a. Php bin i phi c tnh hai chiu (song nh) i vi mi im trong phn t
qui chiu hoc trn bin; mi im ca vr ng vi mt v ch mt im ca ve v
ngc li.
b. Mi phn bin ca phn t qui chiu c xc nh bi cc nt hnh hc ca bin ng
vi phn bin ca phn t thc c xc nh bi cc nt tng ng.
Ch :
3
-1
-1
/2
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc nht
0 1/2
-1
-1
Phn t bc ba
v
0,0
Phn t bc nht
0,0
1 ,1
/2 /2
vr
/2
1 ,2
/3 /3
2
1
Phn t bc hai
2 ,1
/3 /3
vr
/3
0,0
/3
/3
Phn t bc ba
0,0,1
0,0,1
0,0,1
vr
0,0,0
vr
0,1,0
0,1,0
1,0,0
vr
1,0,0
Phn t bc nht
0,1,0
1,0,0
Phn t bc hai
Phn t bc ba
Phn t su mt
0,1,1
vr
vr
1,1,0
Phn t bc nht
0,1,1
vr
0,1,1
1,1,0
Phn t bc hai
1,1,0
Phn t bc ba
f : f = f[ fx, fy , fz]T
(1.1)
(1.2)
v
y
w
z
v w
+
z
y
u w
+
z
x
u v
+
y x
(1.3)
(1.4)
=D
(1.5)
Trong :
1
E
D=
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ,5
0
0
0
0
0
0 ,5
0
0
0
0 ,5
=U+W
(1.6)
1 T
2
2V
dv
(1.7)
W = u T FdV u T TdS ui Pi
V
i =1
(1.8)
n
1
T
T
T
T
dV
u
f
dV
u
TdS
ui Pi
2V
i =1
V
S
(1.9)
c d liu u vo
- Cc thng s c hc ca vt liu
- Cc thng s hnh hc ca kt cu
- Cc thng s iu khin li
- Ti trng tc dng
- Thng tin ghp ni cc phn t
- iu kin bin
Chng 2
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN
p dng phng php PTHH trong cc bi ton k thut thng lin quan n
mt lot cc php ton trn ma trn. V vy, cc php ton c bn trn ma trn v
phng php kh Gaussian (Gauss) gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh s l 2 ni dung
chnh c cp trong chng ny.
1. I S MA TRN
Cc cng c ton hc v ma trn c cp trong phn ny l cc cng c c
bn gii bi ton tm nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh, c dng nh sau:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a2 n xn = b2
(2.1)
an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + ann xn = bn
a n1
a12
a 22
a n2
a1n
a 2 n
a nn
x1
x
x = 2
xn
b1
b
b = 2
bn
1.1. Vct
Mt ma trn c kch thc (1 n) c gi l vct hng, ma trn c kch thc
(n 1) c gi l vct ct. V d mt vct hng (1 4):
r = {2
2 12
6}
v vct ct (3 1):
11
c =2
34
1.2. Ma trn n v
Ma trn n v l ma trn ng cho vi cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng
1, v d:
I = 0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2 8
+
1
1
5 5
=
2
4
7
3
2 300
=
1
500
(2.4)
200
100
A
(m n)
(n p)
(2.5)
(m p)
(2.6)
k =1
V d:
2
3
8
1
4
5
2
4
6
5
54
5
=
38
70
36
Ch :
- iu kin tn ti php nhn 2 ma trn AB l s ct ca ma trn A phi
bng s hng ca ma trn B.
- Trong phn ln cc trng hp, nu tn ti tch 2 ma trn AB v BA, th tch
2 ma trn khng c tnh cht giao hon, c ngha l AB BA.
10
(2.7)
A = 2+x
6x
5 x 2 xy
x +4y
dx
dx
Adxdy = [ a
ij
dxdy
(2.8)
(2.9)
Chng ta s s dng thng xuyn biu thc (2.8) xy dng h phng trnh
PTHH trong cc chng sau. Xt ma trn vung A, kch thc (n n) vi cc h s
hng, vct ct x = {x1 x2 ... xn}T cha cc bin. Khi , o hm ca Ax theo 1 bin xp
s l:
d
( Ax) = a p
dx p
(2.10)
n +1
i+ j
trong , Aij l ma trn kch thc (n-1 n-1) thu c bng cch loi i hng i ct j
ca ma trn A.
11
V d:
a11
a
A = 21
an1
a12
a22
an 2
a1n
a2 n
ann
a22
a
A11 = 32
an 2
a23 a2 n
a33 a3n
an 3 ann
Cng thc (2.11) l cng thc tng qut. Theo cng thc ny, nh thc ca ma trn
vung c kch thc (n n) c xc nh theo phng php truy hi t nh thc cc
ma trn c kch thc (n-1 n-1). Trong , ma trn ch c 1 phn t (1 1) c:
det(apq) = apq
(2.12)
(2.13)
adjA
det A
(2.14)
i+ j
det( A ji )
v Aji l ma
a12
a 22
1 a22
det A a21
a12
a11
D = 0
0
0
3
0
0
5
12
3
4
0
11
0
2
B =
3
11
0
4
0
0
0
2. PHP KH GAUSS
Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c biu din dng ma trn nh sau:
Ax = b
trong , A l ma trn vung kch thc (n n). Nu detA 0, th ta c th thc hin
php bin i phng trnh trn bng cch nhn 2 v vi A-1 v nhn c nghim: x =
A-1b. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc bi ton k thut, kch thc ca ma trn A l rt
ln v cc phn t ca A thng l s thc vi min xc nh rt rng; do , vic tnh
ton ma trn nghch o ca A l rt phc tp v d gp phi sai s do vic lm trn
trong cc php tnh. V vy, phng php kh Gauss l mt cng c rt hu ch cho
vic gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh.
2.1. M t
Chng ta s bt u m t phng php kh Gauss thng qua mt v d minh ho sau
y; sau tm hiu gii thut kh Gauss tng qut.
Xt h phng trnh:
x1 + 2 x 2 + 5 x3 = 1
(1)
2 x1 + 5 x2 + 3 x3 = 2
(2)
x1 x2 +15 x3 = 4
(3)
(1)
0 x1 x2 + 7 x3 = 4
(21)
0 x1 + x2 + 20 x3 = 5
(31)
(1)
0 x1 x2 + 7 x3 = 4
(21)
0 x1 + 0 x2 + 27 x3 = 9
(32)
y, ta nhn c h phng trnh m ma trn cc h s lp thnh ma trn tam
gic trn. T phng trnh cui cng (3 2), ta tm c nghim x3, ln lt th cc
13
5
3
8
3
2
5
5
3
1 15
1
1
2
0
2
1
5
7
20
1
1
4
0
2
1
5
7
27
1
4
5
x2 = ;
3
x1 =
8
3
ai1 ai 2
a
n1 an 2
a13
a1 j
a23
a33
a2 j
a3 j
ai 3
an 3
aij
anj
a1n x1 b1
a2 n x2 b2
a3n x3 b3
=
ain xi bi
ann xn bn
(2.16)
ai1 ai 2
a
n1 a n 2
a13
a 23
a33
ai 3
an3
a1 j a1n
a 2 j a 2 n
a3 j a3 n
aij ain
a nj a nn
b1
b
2
b3
b
i
b
n
(2.17)
14
ai1
( 1)
a
=
a
ij ij a a1 j
11
b ( 1) = b ai1 b ; i, j = 2,..., n
i
1
i
a11
(2.18)
a1 j a1n
a2( 1j) a2( 1n)
a3( 1j) a3( 1n)
aij( 1) ain( 1)
anj( 1) ann( 1)
a12 a13
a22( 1) a23( 1)
a32( 1) a33( 1)
ai( 12) ai( 31)
an( 12) an( 13)
b1
b ( 1)
2
b3( 1)
b ( 1)
i
( 1)
bn
(2.19)
a12
a13
( 1)
a 22
0
( 1)
a23
( 2)
a33
a1 j
a2( 1j)
a3( 2j )
( k 1)
( k 1)
( k 1)
ai , j
a k +1,k +1 ak +1, j
( k 1)
ai ,k +1
( k 1)
a n ,k +1
( k 1)
an, j
a1n
a2( 1n)
a3( 2n)
a k( k+11,n)
ai(,kn1)
a n( k,n1)
b1
b (1)
2
b3( 3)
( k 1)
bk +1 (2.20)
( k 1)
bi
bn( k 1)
( k ) ( k 1) a ( k 1) ( k 1)
aij = aij ik( k 1) akj ; i, j = k + 1,..., n
akk
( k 1)
( k ) ( k 1) aik ( k 1)
bi = bi ( k 1) bk ; i, j = k + 1,..., n
a kk
(2.21)
15
a11 a12
(1)
a 22
a13
a14
(1)
23
( 2)
33
(1)
24
( 2)
34
( 3)
44
a
a
a
a
a
a1n x1 b1
a 2(1n) x2 b2(1)
a3( 2n) x3 b3( 2)
=
a4(3n) x4 b4(3)
( n 1)
( n 1)
a nn
xn bn
(2.22)
bi
j =i +1
aii
ij
xj
;
i = n 1, n 2 , ,1
(2.23)
16
Chng 3
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG CHUNG
V VCT LC NT CHUNG
Vic ghp cc ma trn cng k v cc vct lc f ca cc phn t to ra ma
trn cng K v vct lc nt F chung cho c h, t thit lp h phng trnh
PTHH l mt vn quan trng.
Ta s cng cc s hng ca ma trn cng ca mi phn t vo cc v tr tng
ng ca ma trn cng chung v cng cc s hng ca vct lc vo vct lc
chung.
Cch d nht ghp cc phn t l gn s cho mi dng v ct ca ma trn
cng phn t ng vi bc t do ca phn t y, sau chng ta s lm vic qua cc
s hng ca ma trn phn t; tc l cng cc s hng ny vo ma trn chung m mi
dng, mi ct cng c gn ng nhng s trn.
Di y ta s xt hai v d.
1. CC V D
1.1. V d 1
Mt kt cu c chia ra 8 phn t tam gic nh Hnh 3.1. Mi phn t c 3 nt;
mi nt c 1 bc t do (v d nhit ).
7
8
5
9
7
5
1
3
Hnh 3.1
1
1
3
6
2
1
8
2
2 ; k =
1
1
7
3
2
9
3
3 ; k =
4
4
6
0
1
0
17
Li gii
1. Xy dng bng ghp ni phn t (ng n cc nt ngc chiu kim ng h)
Bc t do
Phn t
1
2
3
1
4
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
2. Xt tng phn t
Vi phn t 1, cc dng v ct c nhn dng nh sau:
1
7
k =
3
3
6
2
1
2
1
2
4
7
3
0
K =
1
0
2 0 5 0
0 0 0 0
6
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
3
4
5
8
k =
1
2
1
7
3
2
3
4
2
5
3
7
3 6 + 7
0
0
K =
1 2 +1
0
3
0 2 +1
0
0
0 5 +8
0
2
2
4
1
2
3
4
5
Vi phn t 3:
2
9
k3 =
4
4
6
0
1
0
2
3
5
18
3
7
3 13 + 9
0
4
K =
3
1
0
3 +1
0
4
6
0
0 +0
1
3
0
13
2
0
3 +1
0 +0
2
4 +5
1
2
3
4
5
Vic cng cc vct lc phn t vo vct lc chung c tin hnh hon ton
tng t.
1.2. V d 2
Gi s c hai phn t 1 v 4 trong bi ton hai chiu; mi phn t c 3 nt, mi
nt c 2 bc t do (Hnh 3.2). Hy m t qu trnh ghp ni ma trn cng chung K
v vct lc nt chung, theo cc ma trn cng phn t v vct lc nt phn t k1,
k4, f1 v f4 cho trc nh sau:
22
3
7
1
k =
4
6
2
23
1
6
k4 =
8
3
29
9
9
1
7
9
30
6
3
5
9
6
31
4
8
1
3
4
16
2
19
2
6
7
5
2
30
7
8
7
4
7
25
2
4
7
8
2
27
7
2
7
5
;
8
2
24
3
6
1
f =
1
7
5
5
7
;
4
7
28
9
7
6
=
2
4
5
4
2
1
1
i
2
2
Hnh 3.2
{q
2 i 1
q2i 1
q2 j 1
q2 j
q2 k 1
q2 k } = { q1
T
q2
q3
q4
q9
q10 }
19
1
22
3
7
1
k =
4
6
2
1
22
3
4
0
0
K = 0
0
6
0
0
29
9
9
30
9
6
1
3
31
16
10
2 1
7
2
5 3
8 4
2 9
24
10
10
2
11 12
00
29
9
9
0
0
0
0
1
7
0
0
9
30
6
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
9
6
31
0
0
0
0
4
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
0
0
0
0
16
2
0
0
7
5
8
0
0
0
0
2
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
{q
2 i 1
q2i 1
q2 j 1
q2 j
9
23
1
6
4
k =
8
3
q2 k 1
10
1
19
2
6
7
5
q2 k } = { q9
q10
12
6
2
30
7
8
7
8
4
7
25
2
4
11
3
7
8
2
27
7
q3
q4
q11
q12 }
5 9
5
10
7 3
4 4
7 11
28
12
20
1
22
3
4
0
0
K = 0
0
6
0
0
3
29
9
9
0
0
0
0
1
7
0
0
7
9
60
13
0
0
0
0
9
7
8
7
4
9
16
56
0
0
0
0
12
12
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
1
9
12
0
0
0
0
39
3
3
5
10
11
12
2
7
7
14
0
0
0
0
3
43
7
5
0
0
8
2
0
0
0
0
3
7
27
7
0
0
7
4
0
0
0
0
5
5
7
28
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3 1
6 2
4
3
1
f =
1 4
7 9
5
10
3 1
6 2
4 3
1 4
0 5
0 6
F = 0 7
0 8
7 9
5 10
0 11
0 12
4
; f
9 9
7 10
6
3
=
2 4
4 11
5
12
3 1
6 2
10 3
3 4
0 5
0 6
F =0 7
0 8
16 9
12 10
4 11
5 12
{ }
K = k e ; F = f e
e
(3.1)
Khi y: Q = { Q1 Q2
Q3
Q5 }
Q4
- Vi phn t 1 (e =1) :
= { Q1 Q2
4)
= { Q4
Q2
Q5 }
= { Q2 Q3 Q5 }
index(2, :) = ( 4
- Vi phn t 3 (e =3)
q
(1
index(1, :) =
- Vi phn t 2 (e =2)
Q4 }
5)
index(3, :) = ( 2
5)
2
...
10
4
...
4
10
...
12
11
Khi y:
Q = { Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q3 Q4
Q9
Q10 }
Q10
Q3
Q4
Q11 Q12 }
10
Q12 }
- Vi phn t s 1
q
= { Q1 Q2
index(1, :) = (1
10)
- Vi phn t s 4
q
= { Q9
index( 4, :) = ( 9
11
12)
(3.2)
K I = Findex (e,i ) + f e i
(3.3)
22
2.2.
Bc 1: Khi to ma trn vung [K] c kch thc (sdof sdof) v vct ct {F} c
kch thc (sdof 1), vi cc s hng bng khng. Trong , sdof l k hiu cho tng
s bc t do ca cc nt trong ton h.
Bc 2: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng kij ca ca ma
trn phn t ke vo s hng K IJ ca ma trn [K]:
(3.4)
FI = FI + f e i ; i = 1 : edof ; I = index(e, i)
(3.5)
...
K=zero(sdof,sodf);
F=zero(sdof,1);
e =1; i = 1; j = 1;
F ( index(e, i) ) = F ( index(e, i) ) + f e ( i )
i = i+1;
i edof
F
e = e +1;
e noe
...
Hnh 3.3. S thut ton ghp ni phn t
23
Chng 4
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU
1. M U
gii bi ton mt chiu (1D) bng phng php phn t hu hn, chng ta s
s dng nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn v cc quan h: quan h ng sutbin dng, quan h bin dng-chuyn v. Vi bi ton hai chiu (2D) v ba chiu (3D),
cch tip cn cng tng t.
Trong bi ton mt chiu, cc i lng: chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut ch ph
thuc vo bin x. Ta biu din chng nh sau:
(4.1)
u = u ( x );
= ( x );
=( x)
Quan h gia ng sut vi bin dng, bin dng vi chuyn v:
= E ; =
du
dx
(4.2)
(4.2)
2. M HNH PHN T HU HN
C th chia thanh ra nhiu phn t, mi phn t c tit din ngang khng i (hoc
thay i). Chng hn, ta chia thanh ra 5 phn t vi cc nt c nh s t 1 n 6,
cc ch s nt ny l ch s nt ton cc (Hnh 4.1a); mi phn t c hai nt 1 v 2,
cc ch s nt ny l ch s nt cc b (Hnh 4.1b).
Trong bi ton mt chiu, mi nt ch c mt chuyn v theo phng x . V vy
mi nt ch c mt bc t do, n nt c n bc t do.
Chuyn v tng th c k hiu l Qi ; i = 1, n; chuyn v a phng ca mi
phn t c k hiu l qj; j = 1, 2
Vct ct Q = [ Qi ] c gi l vct chuyn v chung (tng th).
T
Lc nt c k hiu l Fi ; i = 1, n.
Vct ct F = [ Fi ] c gi l vct lc nt chung (tng th).
T
1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
6
Q6
1
q1
2
q2
Hnh 4.1b. Ch s cc b
24
Phn t
1
2
3
4
5
1(u)
1
2
3
4
5
2(cui)
2
3
4
5
6
Ch s a phng
Ch s chung
3. CC H TRC TO V HM DNG
Kho st mt phn t e nh Hnh 4.2. Theo s nh s nt cc b:
Nt th nht l 1
Nt th hai l 2
e
1
x1
= -1
x2
=1
(b)
(a)
x = x1 = 1
x = x2 = 1
2
( x x1 ) 1
x2 x1
(4.3)
[ 1 : 1] x [ x1 : x2 ]
Vy:
u1
1
q2
q1
1
25
1
;
2
N 2 ( ) =
1+
2
(4.4)
1
N 1 = 1 +
N 2
=
2
N2
u=N1q1+N2q2
1
q2
1
-1
1
-1
2
1
q1
0
(b)
(a)
1
(c)
Hnh 4.4. (a), (b). Hm dng N1, N2; (c). Ni suy tuyn tnh
N = N1 , N 2
q = [ q1
(4.6)
q1 ]
(4.5)
(4.7)
Ta bit:
N1 = 1
x = x1 = 1 u = q1
N2 = 0
N1 = 0
x = x2 = 1 u = q 2
N2 = 1
26
By gi ta ni suy ta x nh cc hm dng N 1 , N 2
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2
So snh:
(4.8)
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2
u = N1q1 + N 2 q2
du du d
=
dx d dx
(4.9)
m:
d
2
=
dx x2 x1
(4.10)
suy ra
u = N1q1 + N 2 q2 =
1
1 +
q1 +
q2
2
2
du q1 + q2
=
d
2
1
( q1 + q2 )
x2 x1
(4.11)
(4.12)
(4.13)
do :
= Bq;
B=
1
[ 1 1]
x 2 x1
(4.14)
= EBq
(4.15)
Ch :
B, , l cc i lng hng s;
Cc biu thc u = Nq; = Bq; = EBq m t chuyn v, bin dng v ng
sut qua cc gi tr chuyn v nt ca phn t. Ta s th cc biu thc ny vo
biu thc th nng ca thanh thit lp ma trn cng v ma trn lc nt ca
phn t.
27
n
1
T
T
T
T
A
d
x
u
f
Adx
u
Tdx
u i Pi
2L
i =1
L
L
(4.16)
n
1
T
T
T
A
d
x
u
f
Adx
u
Tdx
Qi Pi
2 e e
e e
e e
i =1
(4.17)
1
T A d x
2
e
1 T T
1
q B Ee B q Ae dx = qT BT Ee B Ae dx q
2e
2 e
(4.18)
l
x2 x1
d dx = e d , vi:
2
2
1 1;
le = x 2 x1
1 T le
T
U e = q Ae Ee B B d q
2
1
2
vi:
B=
1
[ 1 1]
x2 x1
ta c:
Ue =
1 T Ae Ee 1
q
2
le
1
1
q
1
Gi:
ke =
Ae Ee 1 1
le
1 1
(4.19)
1 T e
q k q
2
(4.20)
28
6. QUI I LC V NT
Khi vt th c ri rc ha bng cc phn t hu hn vi cc nt xc nh, ta
phi qui i cc loi lc tc dng v nt.
Ln lt xt tng thnh phn biu din cng ca ngoi lc trong biu thc th nng
(4.17), ta c:
-
Cng do lc khi:
Ae f N1dx
e
T
T
u
f
Adx
=
q
e
Ae f N 2 dx
e
le 1 1
le
N
dx
=
d
=
1
2 1 2
2
e
1
N dx = le 1 + d = le
2
2 1 2
2
e
m:
u T f Adx = q T
e
Ae f le 1
T
=q f
2 1
Vi:
f
Ae f le 1
2 1
(4.21)
u
e
T dx = ( N1q1 + N 2 q 2 )
T N1dx
e
T
e
T dx = q
=q T
T N 2 dx
e
Vi:
Te =
T le
2
(4.22)
1 T
Q KQ Q T F
2
(4.23)
Trong :
Q l vct chuyn v nt chung,
K l ma trn cng chung, c xc nh t cc ma trn cng ke ca cc
phn t:
29
( f
+T e) + P F
Q2 Qn }
F = { F1
F2
Fn }
K n1
K12
K 22
K n2
K1n
K 2 n
K nn
(4.24)
K l ma trn i xng
Ta vit biu thc ca th nng di dng khai trin nh sau:
30
+ Q K Q + Q K Q + + Q K Q
n n1 1 n n2 2 n nn n
(4.25)
+ Q K a + Q K Q + + Q K Q
n n1 1 n n2 2 n nn n
(4.26)
= 0; i = 2,..., n
Qi
(4.27)
ta thu c:
K 22 Q2 + K 23Q3 + + K 2n Qn = F2 K 21a1
K 32 Q2 + K 33Q3 + + K 3n Qn = F3 K 31a1
K n 2 Q2 + K n3Q3 + + K nn Qn = Fn K n1 a1
(4.28)
31
K n 2
K 23
K 33
K n3
K 2 n Q2 F2 K 21a1
K 3n
Q3 F3 K 31a1
=
K nn Qn Fn K n1a1
(4.29)
Nhn xt: Ma trn cng (n-1)(n-1) trn c nhn t ma trn cng (nn) ban
u (4.23) bng cch b i hng th nht v ct th nht (v Q1 = a1). H phng trnh
(4.28) c vit di dng c ng:
KQ = F
(4.30)
Ma trn K trong (4.30) l ma trn khng k d cn ma trn K ban u (4.24) l ma trn
k d (det K=0).
p dng phng php kh Gauss (xem chng 2) gii h phng trnh (4.30), ta s
tm c chuyn v Q;
Nh bng thng tin ghp ni phn t gii thiu phn u, ta s xc nh c
chuyn v nt q ca phn t t chuyn v chung Q tm c trn.
p dng cng thc = EBq ta tm c ng sut;
xc nh phn lc lin kt R1, ta vit phng trnh cn bng cho nt 1:
K11Q1 + K12Q2 + + K1nQn = ( f e + T e )1 + R1
(4.31)
(a)
(b)
32
Li gii
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, Hnh 4.5b.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t
Nt i
1
1
2
2
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k1 v 2: k2
Nt j
2
3
k1 =
A1 E1 1 1 4
=
l1 1 1 4
4
10 4 N
mm
4
k2 =
A2 E 2
l2
1 1 2
1 1 = 2
2
10 4 N
mm
2
4
4 +2
2
0
4 N
2
10
mm
10 4 4 + 2 2 Q2 = 0
0
2
2 Q3 10
4
6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A), do ta loi dng 1 v ct 1 trong h phng trnh
trn. Cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
6 2 Q2 0
10 4
=
2 2 Q3 10
1 = E 1 = 0,5 N/mm2
33
2 = E 2 = 1 N/mm2
V d 4.2.
Cho mt trc bc chu lin kt ngm 2 u v tc dng ca lc P = 200 kN (hnh
4.6a). Bit tit din cc on: A1=2400 mm2; A2 = 600 mm2; chiu di cc on l1 =
300mm, l2 = 400 mm; v mun n hi: E1 = 70 gPa, E2 = 200 gPa. Hy xc nh
chuyn v ti B; ng sut trong cc on trc AB, BC v phn lc ti A v C.
P=200 KN
x
B
1
C
A
Hnh 4.6. Trc bc chu ko ng tm
Li gii
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, nh hnh 4.5b v d 4.1.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t
1
2
Nt i
1
2
Nt j
2
3
A1 E1
l1
1 1 2400 70 103
1 1 =
300
1 1 N
1 1 mm
k2 =
A2 E2
l2
1 1 N
1 1 mm
560
860
300
3 N
300
10
mm
300
4. Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R1 200103 R3]T
5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
34
0 Q1 R1
560 560
6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q3 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti C) , do ta loi dng 1,
ct 1 v dng 3, ct 3 trong h phng trnh trn. Cui cng ta thu c phng trnh:
860 Q2 = 200
7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Q2 = 0,23257 mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c cc phn lc lin kt:
R1 =103 (-560 Q2 ) = -130,233 KN
R3 =103 (-300 Q2 ) = -69,767 KN
Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t
150mm
C
B 2
150mm
1,2mm
Li gii
35
y, ta xem nh thc hin bc kim tra kt lun rng, trong qu trnh bin
dng, u C ca trc tip xc vi thnh cng v tip tc bin dng. Tng t cc v
d trn, ta chia trc lm hai phn t (1) v (2). Khi , ma trn cng chung K c
xc nh nh sau:
1
250 20 10 3
K =
1
150
1
2
1
0
N
1
mm
1
Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R1 60103 R3]T
H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
1 1 0 Q1 R1
250 20 10 3
1 2 1 Q2 = 60 10 3
150
0 1 1
Q3 R3
36
BI TP CHNG 4
1. Cho kt cu 1D c ri rc ho bi 2 phn t mt chiu nh Hnh C4.1
di y.
a. Hy chng t rng ma trn cng tng th K l ma trn k d.
b. Ch ra mt vct chuyn v Q0 0 m tho mn KQ0 = F = 0. Bng cch m t
qua hnh v, hy phn tch ngha ca cc chuyn v ny. V ch ra nng lng
bin dng n hi trong cu trc trng hp ny ?
c. Chng minh dng tng qut rng, vi bt k vct chuyn v Q 0 l nghim
ca h phng trnh KQ = 0, vi K l ma trn k d.
x
2
Hnh C4.1
250mm2
P=300 kN
150mm
150mm
300mm
Hnh C4. 2
37
250mm2
400mm2
P=300 kN
150mm
150mm
P=600 kN
200mm
200mm
3.5mm
Hnh C4. 3
thp
22 cm
Nhm
24 cm
E=70109 N/m2
50cm
E=200109 N/m2
40 cm
30 cm
20 cm
60 KN
Hnh C4. 4
38
Chng 5
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG
1. M U
Trong chng ny chng ta s p dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh ton
h thanh phng (h gm n thanh lin kt vi nhau bi cc khp quay). H thanh phng
in hnh c trnh by trn Hnh 5.1.
Q12
Q11 7
6
Q2
1
Q14
Q4
2
Q15
Q13 8
Q6
Q3
Q1
Q16
Q8
Q5
Q10
Q7
Q9
39
q2
q4sin
q3cos
q4
q3
q1
q2sin
q1cos
q1
x
(a)
q2
(b)
Hnh 5.2. (a) Phn t thanh trong h to a phng v (b) trong h to chung
(5.3a)
q2 = q3 cos + q4 sin
(5.3b)
K hiu
= cos
(5.4a)
m = sin
(5.4b)
q = T q
Trong T l ma trn chuyn i h c s, c vit di dng:
(5.5)
Ta c th vit
l
T =
0
m
0
0
l
(5.6)
40
Ee Ae
le
1
1
1
1
(5.7)
1 T
q' k ' q'
2
(5.8)
1 T T
q T k 'T q
2
(5.9)
Cui cng, nng lng bin dng trong h to chung c vit di dng:
Ue =
1 T
q kq
2
(5.10)
E A lm
k= e e 2
le l
lm
lm
m2
lm
m2
l2
lm
l2
lm
lm
m2
lm
m 2
(5.11)
(5.12)
q'
q ' 2 q '1 Ee
=
[ 1 1] 1 = Ee [ 1 1] Lq
le
le
q ' 2 le
Ee
[ l
le
m l
m] q
(5.13)
41
5. V D
Kho st h gm hai thanh chu lc P nh hnh di. Cc thanh c cng din tch mt
ct ngang v cng vt liu. Xc nh chuyn v ti im t lc.
y
3
2
1
300
L, A, E
(a)
300
2
(b)
Li gii
1. M hnh ho h thanh bi 2 phn t hu hn; mi nt phn t c 2 bc t do.
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca cc phn t
p dng cng thc (5.12), ta tnh c cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t.
Vi phn t 1: l = cos = 1; m = sin = 0; L1 = L
1
EA 0
k1 =
L 1
Vi phn t 2:
l = cos =
3
;
2
m = sin =
1
;
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
L2 =
0
0
0
2
L
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3
EA
8
8
8
8
k2 =
L
3 3
3
3 3
3
8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
T y, ta thit lp c ma trn cng chung K v h phng trnh:
42
1
0
EA
0
L
0
3 3
1+
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
8
0
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
0
3 3
8
3
8
3 3
8
3
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
R
3 1
R
0
8 2
3 Q3 0
=
8 Q4 P
3
0 R5
8 0 R
6
3
8
L
3
3
Q 0
8 3 =
3 Q4 P
8
Q3
EA
=
8
LP
Q4
+ 3
3 EA
R2
R5
R6 } =
0 3 1P
BI TP CHNG 5
1. Mt kt cu thanh ging nh trn Hnh C5.1. Vt liu cc thanh bng thp,
c mun n hi E=200gPa. Xc nh ma trn cng tng th ca h.
P
2
Q2i
1000 mm2
Q2i-1
1
500 mm
3
1250 mm2
750 mm
Hnh C5.1
43
2. Mt kt cu gin gm 3 thanh c nh
s (nt v thanh) nh trn Hnh C5.2. Vt liu ca
cc thanh I v II l nhm, vt liu ca thanh III l
thp. Tit din ca thanh I l 15cm 2 v tit din ca
thanh II v III l 8cm2. Xc nh chuyn v ca nt 2
v ng sut trong cc thanh. Gii bi ton bng tay
v bng cch s dng phn mm tnh ton kt cu
tng ng. Khi gii bng tay yu cu biu din ma
trn cng tng th di dng ton b v di
dng rt gn. Cho Enhm = 70gPa, Ethp = 210gPa.
8 kN
1 I
II
y
x
0,7m
5 kN
III 1m
4
0,5m
a
a
3. Mt kt cu gin gm 5 thanh c nh
s (nt v thanh) nh trn Hnh C5.3. Vt liu ca
2
x
cc thanh u l thp v c mun n hi Ethp =
1
3
280 kN
210 kN
600
360 kN
3.118m
280 kN
600
R
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
44
P2
P3
P4
b
c
a
Hnh C5.5. M hnh dm cu chu lc
6. S kt cu ca mt chic cn cu
c th hin trn Hnh C5.6, ti trng thit k
l 10 tn. Chn loi thp ph hp v s dng
h s an ton bng 4, xc nh tit din cho tt
c cc thanh. Cho a=3m; b=9m; P=10000kg.
a
a
45
a
b
a
a
b
46
Chng 6
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU
1. M U
Trong chng ny, chng ta p dng phng php PTHH tnh kt cu phng
(2D) ca bi ton n hi. Cc bc c tin hnh ging nh bi ton mt chiu
xt trong chng 4.
Vct chuyn v u c xc nh bi: u = [u v]T
(6.1)
Trong : u, v l cc chuyn v theo phng x v y tng ng (Hnh 6.1).
T
v
y
(x,y)
fy
i
u=0
v=0
fx
x
Hnh 6.1. Bi ton hai chiu
= [x, y, xy]T
(6.2)
= [x, y, xy] T
(6.3)
v
y
(6.4)
u v
+
y x
(6.5)
2
xy
Hoc:
0 x
1
1
0 y
1
0 0
xy
2
= D
(6.6)
(6.7)
Trong
47
1
E
1
D=
1 2
0 0
0
0
1
(6.8)
x
1
E
y =
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
xy
0 x
0 y
1 2
xy
2
1
0
(6.9)
Hoc:
= D
(6.10)
Trong
1
E
D=
(1 + )(1 2 )
0
1
0
0
0
1 2
(6.11)
Q2 Qn }
(6.12)
T
10
11
10
Q4
2
5
4
Q1 1
Q2 6
11
Q3
Q6
Q5
Q2j
j
Q2j-1
tin tnh ton, cc thng tin v vic chia min thnh cc phn t tam gic s
c th hin qua cc bng to nt v bng nh v cc phn t.
Bng nh v cc phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Bc t.do
6
48
Phn t
1
2
3
...
11
1
3
3
2
4
4
3
13
5
4
14
6
11
11
13
12
12
14
13
14
10
21
22
q 2 q6 }
(6.13)
N1=1
=1
N2
=1
N3 =1
N3
N2 =1
=1
3
=1
1
2
=1
=1
Nhn xt:
- Hm dng N1=1 nt 1, gim tuyn tnh n 0 ti nt 2 v nt 3. Tng t i vi
N2 v N3.
- Bt k mt t hp tuyn tnh no ca cc hm dng trn cng u biu din mt
mt phng.
- Tng N1+ N2+ N3 biu din mt mt phng c chiu cao l mt n v cc nt 1,
2 v 3; mt phng ny song song vi mt phng (1, 2, 3). V vy, vi N1, N2 v N3
bt k, ta c: N1+ N2+ N3 = 1
Trong ba hm dng, c hai hm l c lp. Cc hm dng c biu din qua v
nh sau:
49
N1= 1- - ; N2 = ; N3 =.
(6.14)
A1
A
A
; N2 = 2 ; N3 = 3
A
A
A
A2
A1
(x,y)
2
A3
1
u = N1q1 + N 2 q3 + N 3 q5
v = N1q 2 + N 2 q 4 + N 3 q6
(6.15)
hay
u = Nq
(6.16)
Trong
N
N = 1
0
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
N 3
(6.17)
u = ( q3 q1 ) + ( q5 q1 ) + q1
v = ( q 4 q2 ) + ( q6 q 2 ) + q 2
(6.18)
Hay
Ta k hiu:
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2 + N 3 x3
y = N1 y1 + N 2 y2 + N 3 y3
(6.19)
x = ( x2 x1 ) + ( x3 x1 ) + x1
y = ( y2 y1 ) + ( y3 y1 ) + y1
(6.20)
xij = xi - xj
yij = yi - yj
x = x21 + x31 + x1
y = y21 + y31 + y1
(6.21)
x
u y
+
y
x
u y
+
y
(6.22)
u = x
y u
x
y u
y
(6.23)
y 21
( ((
y31
u
u
x
1
u = J u
1
J 1 l ma trn nghch o ca J : J =
(6.24)
1
det J
y31
x
31
y 21
x21
(6.25)
Trong :
det J = x21 y31 x31 y21
Ta cng bit rng, det J chnh bng hai ln din tch tam gic.
|det J|= 2A
(6.26)
y31
y21
u
u
x31
+ x21
1
x
u =
det J
y
(6.27)
1
x
v =
det J
y
v
v
y31
y 21
v
v
x31
+ x21
(6.28)
x
v
=
y
u + v
y x
(6.29)
=
x32 q2 + x13q4 + x21q6
det J
=Bq
(6.30)
Trong :
y 23
1
B=
0
det J
x32
0
x32
y 23
y31
0
x13
0
x13
y31
y12
0
x21
0
x21
y12
(6.31)
52
1
T Dt dA u T ft dA T Tt dl u i T Pi
2
i
A
A
L
(6.32)
Trong :
T: lc din tch; f: lc th tch; t: chiu dy phn t
Pi: lc tp trung, Pi = [Px, Py]iT
Theo s phn t hu hn, th nng c vit di dng:
1
T
= T Dt dA u T ft dA T Tt dl u i Pi
2
e
e e
e e
i
e
(6.33)
Hoc
= U e u T ft dA T Tt dl u i Pi
T
(6.34)
Trong :
Ue =
1
T Dt dA
2
e
1
1
T Dt dA = q T B T DBqt dA
2e
2e
(6.35)
Mt khc:
1 T T
q B DB qt e dA
2
e
(6.36)
dA = A , nn cui cng ta c:
e
Ue =
1 T
1
q t e Ae B T DB q = q T k e q
2
2
(6.37)
Trong :
k e = t e Ae B T DB
(6.38)
1 T
Q KQ
2
(6.39)
Ta c:
u
e
ft dA = t e (uf x + vf y ) dA
(6.40)
ft dA =q1
t e f x N 1 dA +q 2 t e f y N 1 dA
e
e
+q 3
t e f x N 2 dA +q 4 t e f y N 2 dA
e
e
+q 5
t e f x N 3 dA +q 6 t e f y N 3 dA
e
e
(6.41)
Vi ch :
1 1
1 1
N1 dA =
e
N 2 det J dd = 2 Ae
0
dd = 3 A
(6.42b)
1 1
1 1
N 2 det J dd = 2 Ae
0
(6.42a)
1 1
N 3 dA =
e
(1 ) dd = 3 A
1 1
N 2 dA =
e
N1 det J dd = 2 Ae
dd = 3 A
(6.42c)
ft dA = q T f
t e Ae
{ fx
3
fy
fx
fy
fx
fy}
(6.43)
54
Tt dl =
(uT
+ vT y ) t dl
(6.44)
l12
Ty2
Ty
l12
2
Ty1
Tx2
Tx
Tx1
Thay u = Nq, ta s c:
u
L
Tt dl = q1 t eTx N 1 dl +q 2 t eT y N1 dl
l12
l12
+q3 t eTx N 2 dA +q 4 t eT y N 2 dA
l12
l12
(6.45)
dl =
l12
1
l12
2
Trong
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2
l12 =
Tt dl = q T e
y,
(6.46)
Cui cng
Te =
6.3.
t el12
{Tx
2
Ty
Tx
Ty
0}
(6.47)
Lc tp trung
( f
+T e + P F
(6.49)
Sau khi tnh c nng lng bin dng v cc thnh phn lc nt, ta vit biu thc
th nng ton phn di dng:
55
1 T
Q KQ Q T F
2
(6.50)
(6.51)
= DBq
(6.52)
T chuyn v chung Q, nh bng ghp ni phn t, suy ra cc chuyn v nt q ca
tng phn t, sau thay vo (6.52) s tnh c ng sut. ng sut chnh v phng
chnh c xc nh nh vng Mohr ng sut.
7. V D
Cho mt tm kim loi hnh vung, cnh di 2m, chu lc nh Hnh 6.6.
P
(a)
p=10mN/m2
P
3
P=100 kN
2m
y
P=100 kN
2
(b)
1
1
Bit E = 182 gPa; = 0,3; t = 0,01 m. Xc nh ng sut trong tm cho hai trng
hp:
a. Ch c P = 100 kN tc dng,
b. Ch c p = 10 mN/m2 tc dng.
56
Li gii
Do kt cu i xng, chu ti trng i xng, nn ta ch cn xt mt phn t tm
vi hai phn t (Hnh 6.6b).
Ta thit lp c bng nh v cc phn t
Bc t.do
Phn t
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
7
4
8
5
5
6
6
iu kin bin:
Ti nt 1: u = v = 0, tng ng ta c Q1 = Q2 = 0;
Ti nt 2: v = 0, tng ng ta c Q4 = 0;
Ti nt 3: u = 0, tng ng ta c Q5 = 0;
p dng cc cng thc (6.38): ke = te Ae BT DB Ta xc nh c ma trn cng cho
tng phn t.
Phn t 1
1350
650
1000
1
k =
350
350
300
650
1000
350
350
1350
300
350
350
1000
300
1000
0
0
300
350
0
350
350
0
350
0
350
350
0
300
1000
300
3
10 ( N / mm )
0
0
1000
Phn t 2
350
0
350
2
k =
350
0
350
350
350
1000
300
1000
300
0
300
1350
650
1000
350
1000
650
1350
300
350
300
1000
300
1000
0
350
0
350
3
10 ( N / mm )
350
0
350
1000
350
K =
350
300
0
650
1000
350
350
300
1350
300
350
350
300
1350
0
0
350
0
1350
650
350
0
650
1350
1000
650
0
0
0
350
300
1000
1000
0
0
650
350
350
0
300
1000
0
1000
300
1350
350
350
350
1350
650
350
1000
10 3
300
350
650
1350
Trng hp 1: P = 100 kN
Sau khi p t iu kin bin ta c h phng trnh:
57
10 3
= 10
350 350 1350 650 Q7 100
Q8
=DBq
Trong
200
D =10
60
0
9
q1 = 10 6 {0
9,9715
0
B =
0
1
0
0
( N / m)
70
60
200
9,9715
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0}
0
0
y = 2 ,593 ( MPa )
0
xy
9,9715
1
B =
0
0
9,9715
99,919
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
42,938}
0
1
y = 2 ,5926 ( MPa )
2 ,5926
xy
10
= 10
350 350 1350 650 Q7 50
Q8
59
BI TP CHNG 6
1. Tm chuyn v ti hai im A v B v phn b ng sut trong tm phng c
kch thc v chu ti trng nh Hnh C6.1. Vt liu ca tm l thp c mun n hi
Ethp=210gPa v h s Poisson =0,22; vi a = 0,2 m ; b = 0,3 m; t = 5 mm v q = 8
kN/m2. Hy xt vi cc trng hp chia li nh sau:
a. Hai phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh C6.1a
b. Ba phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh C6. 1b
c. So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v a ra nhn xt v khuyn co.
d. Thay i lin kt ca tm nh trn Hnh C6.1c v d, liu cc kt qu tnh trn
Hnh C6.1a v b c thay i hay khng? Gii thch?
3A
3A
4
II
II
III 5
I
1
2B
3A
2B
3A
4
II
q
2 B
II 5
I
I
I
1
a
b)
II
b
b/2
a)
4
q b/2
b/2
b/2
2B
c)
d)
Hnh C6.1.Cc dng lui vi phn t tam gic
re
p
ri
h
Hnh C6.2. Vng dt chu p lc
60
2
2
ri pr
re
(1 ) + (1 + ) 2
ur =
2
2
r
E re ri
2
2
2
ri p re
ri p
r = 2 2 1 2 ; = 2 2
re ri r
re ri
re 2
1 + 2
r
2b
a
2b
2b
a
61
Chng 7
BI TON I XNG TRC CHU TI TRNG I XNG
1. M U
tnh ton mt vt i xng trc hay cn gi l vt trn xoay chu ti trng i
xng trc, ta a bi ton v bi ton hai chiu n gin.
V vt i xng hon ton i vi trc z, nn cc thnh phn bin dng v ng sut
khng ph thuc vo gc quay . Do , bi ton c xem xt nh mt bi ton hai
chiu trong mt phng (rz), trong z l trc ng, r l trc hng knh.
2. M T I XNG TRC
Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh trn Hnh 7.1:
z
z
Pi
bin L
dV
dA
w
r,z
(a)
(b)
Hnh 7.1. Vt i xng trc
1
2
T
T
T
T
rdAd u frdAd u Trdld ui Pi
0 A
0 A
0 L
(7.1)
T
T
T
T
= 2
2 rdA u frdA u Trdl u i Pi
i
A
A
L
(7.2)
y:
u = [u w]T
(7.3)
62
f = [fr fz]T
T = [Tr Tz]T
(7.4)
(7.5)
rz
u
r
w
z
} T =
u w
+
z r
(7.6)
Vct ng sut:
= { r z rz }
(7.7)
= D
(7.8)
vi:
E (1 ) 1
D=
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
1 2
2(1 )
1
0
(7.9)
(r3,z3) 3
Ae
w
q4
q2
u
1 q1
(r1,z1)
q3
2
(r2,z2 )
r
Hnh 7.2. Phn t tam gic i xng trc
u = Nq
(7.10)
trong :
N
N = 1
0
q = { q1
q2
N2
N3
N1
N2
q3
q4
q5
q6 }
0
N 3
T
(7.11)
(7.12)
Ch rng:
N1 = 1 - - , N2 = , N3 =
Suy ra:
u = ( 1 ) q1 + q3 + q5
v = ( 1 ) q2 + q 4 + q6
(7.13)
r = ( 1 ) r1 + r2 + r3
z = ( 1 ) z1 + z2 + z3
(7.14)
u
u
u = J u
(7.15)
w
w
r
w = J w
(7.16)
T ta c:
z 21
( ((
z 31
K hiu: rj = ri - rj ; z = zi - zj
Suy ra:
detJ = r21z31 r31z21
vy :
|detJ| = 2Ae
Nghch o (7.15) v (7.16) ta c:
(7.17)
(7.18)
64
u
u
r
1
u = J u ;
w
w
r
1
w = J w
(7.19)
1
det J
= { r
z 31
r
31
rz
z 21
r21
}
(7.20)
u
=
r
w
z
u = ( 1 ) q1 + q3 + q5
v = ( 1 ) q 2 + q 4 + q6
u w
+
z r
(7.21)
(7.22)
z31 ( q3 q1 ) z 21 ( q5 q1 )
det J
r31 ( q4 q2 ) + r21 ( q6 q2 )
det
J
=
r (q q ) + r (q q ) + z (q q ) z (q q )
31 3 1 21 5 1 31 4 2 21 6 2
det J
N
q
+
N
q
+
N
q
1 1
2 3
3 5
= Bq
(7.23)
z 23
det J
0
B=
r32
det J
N
1
r
0
r32
det J
z 23
det J
0
z 31
det J
0
r13
det J
N2
r
0
r13
det J
z 31
det J
0
z12
det J
0
r21
det J
N3
r
0
r21
det J
z12
det J
(7.24)
T
=
2 T D r dA
2 u T fr dA 2u T T r dl u i Pi
e
i
e
e
e
(7.25)
65
S hng u trong du mc [], chnh l nng lng bin dng ca phn t. Sau khi
thay = Bq, ta s c:
Ue =
1 T
T
q
2 B D B r dA q
2
e
(7.26)
i lng
k e = 2 B T D B r dA
(7.27)
K hiu: r =
1
3
(7.28)
r1 + r2 + r3
; trong r l bn knh ca trng tm tam gic.
3
k e = 2r B D B dA
e
(7.29)
chnh l th tch ca phn t vnh, cn din tch Ae c xc
k e = 2r Ae B D B
Ch : s hng 2r Ae
nh bi: Ae =
det J
2
3.2. Lc nt qui i
3.2.1. Lc th tch
Ta c:
2 u T frdA = 2 ( uf r + wf z ) rdA
e
(7.30)
trong :
fe =
K hiu f r ,
ca tam gic.
f z,
2 r Ae
f
3
(7.31)
q4
2
q3
l12
r
q2
Tz
q1
Tr
Da vo biu thc:
2 u T Trdl = q T T e
(7.32)
trong :
q = { q1
q2
q3
T e = 2l12 { aTr
q4
aTz
q5
bTr
q6 }
bTz }
(7.33)
T
(7.34)
vi
a=
2r1 + r2
r + 2r2
; b= 1
6
6
l12 =
( r2 r1 )
+ ( z 2 z1 )
(7.35)
2
Ch trong tch phn (7.32), r = N1r1 + N2r2. Khi cnh 1-2 song song vi trc z,
th a = b = 0,5r1 v r1 = r2
3.3. ng sut
Sau khi tnh c th nng ton phn, iu kin bin s c p dng trong qu
trnh cc tiu ho th nng, cui cng ta c thu c h phng trnh dng quen
thuc sau:
KQ=F
(7.36)
trong : K l ma trn cng chung; Q l vct chuyn v nt chung; F l vct lc
nt chung.
T (7.36) ta s gii c cc chuyn v nt Q, sau nh bng nh v phn t s suy
ra chuyn v qi ca tng phn t.
Tip tc p dng biu thc quan h ng sut-bin dng v bin dng-chuyn v, ta s
tnh c
=D Bq
(7.37)
Ch : l mt ng sut chnh, hai ng sut chnh khc l 1 v 2 s c xc nh
qua r, z v rz nh vng trn Mohr ng sut.
67
3.4. V d
Cho mt ng tr di c ng knh trong bng 80mm, ng knh ngoi bng
120mm. ng c ghp cng xung quanh ng sinh vi mt vt cng khc v chu
p lc t bn trong p = 2 mPa. Bng m hnh hai phn t hu hn trn chiu di
10mm, hy xc nh cc chuyn v, ng sut ca im bn trong thnh ng, bit E =
200 gPa, = 0,3.
Li gii
M hnh 2 phn t trn chiu di 10mm theo phng z c minh ho nh trn
Hnh 7.4.
Vi ng chu lin kt nh trn, chuyn v pha ngoi ng khng c; coi lin kt
ti nt 3 v 4 l c nh. Tng t, chuyn v dc trc cng khng c; lin kt ti nt 1
v 2 l c nh theo phng dc trc z.
z
2mPa
F1
1
F2
10mm
2
3
40mm
60mm
80mm
120mm
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
7
7
8
8
r
40
40
60
60
z
10
0
0
10
68
1,15 10 5
D=
5
1,15 10
1,15 10 5
2,69 10 5
0
1,15 10 5
1,15 10 5
1,15 10 5
0
5
2,69 10
0
0
0,77 10 5
0
= 2514 ( N )
Xt phn t 1
1
( 40 + 40 + 60) = 46,67 ( mm )
3
r1 =
0,05
0
B1 =
0,1
0,0071
0
0,1
0,05
0
0
0
0,1
0,0071
0
0,1
0
0
0,05
0
0
0,0071
0
0
0,05
Xt phn t 2
r2 =
0,05
0
B2 =
0,1
0,00625
1
( 40 + 60 + 60) = 53,33 ( mm )
3
0
0
0,05
0
0,05
0
0,1
0,00625
0
0,1
0,05
0
0
0
0,1
0,00625
0
0,1
8,45
k 1 =10 7
DX
0
2,05
0,645
k 2 =10 7
DX
2,34
1,45
1,932
1,37
2,30
7,89
0,24
7,89
1,93
0,16
1,93
2,25
2,22
1,69
1,29
5,11
0,645
3,46
9,66
1,13
0,565
1,13
0
0
0,565
0,085 1,69
1,29
0
2,42
2,17
1,05
9,01
2,62
0,241
9,01
69
=
2,34 4,35 Q3 2514
q 2 = { 0,0133 0 0 0 0 0} 10 2
T
( mm)
( mm )
Xc nh ng sut
Da vo phng trnh quan h ng sut - bin dng (7.37) ; ta nhn c cc kt qu
sau:
EMBED Equation.3 1 = { 166 58,2 54 28,4} T 10 2 ( mPa )
EMBED Equation.3 2 = { 169 ,3 66 ,9 0 54} T 10 2 ( mPa )
70
BI TP CHNG 7
1. Mt ng dy hnh tr chu p sut trong p
nh trn hnh v C7.1, tm chuyn v v ng sut
trong ng. y l dng bi ton vt i xng trc
chu ti i xng trc. Hy s dng cc phn t
phng tuyn tnh (tam gic hoc t gic) gii cho
mt lt mng (bi ton bin dng phng).
ri = 15; re = 30 mm; h = 10 mm ;
E = 70000N/mm2; = 0,3 ;
re
ri
p = 120 N/mm2.
Hnh C7.1. Vng dt chu p lc
So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu tm c
bng phng php gii tch nh sau:
2
2
ri pr
re
(1 ) + (1 + ) 2
ur =
2
2
r
E re ri
2
2
2
ri p re
ri p
r = 2 2 1 2 ; = 2 2
re ri r
re ri
re 2
1 + 2
r
pR 4
64 D
Eh 3
12(1 2 )
p
h
R
Hnh C7.2. a trn chu lc phn b u
71
200 mm
1 mPa
100 mm
16 mm
Hnh C7.3. ng thp h, chu p lc trong lng ng
Khun
ai thp
hp kim
p3
3
190
320
300
100
p1
p2
220
320
p2
420
(a)
(b)
72
Chng 8
PHN T T GIC
1. M U
Trong chng 6 v 7 chng ta lm quen vi phn t tam gic 3 nt c bin
dng l hng s. Trong chng ny, chng ta s kho st phn t t gic 4 nt, mi nt
c 2 bc t do. Cc phn t t gic c ng dng nhiu trong k thut gii cc bi
ton hai v ba chiu.
PHN T T GIC
5.1.
q2 q8 }
q8
4
y
q2
1
q1
q6
q7
(0,0)
M(x,y)
q5
(1,1)
3
(-1,1)
4
q4
2
q3
1
(-1,-1)
2
(1,-1)
5.2.
HM DNG
Ging nh cc chng trc, trong chng ny, phn t qui chiu t gic c dng
hnh vung c xc nh trong h to (, ) (Hnh 8.1). Cc hm dng Ni (i = 1, 2,
3, 4) c tnh cht: Ni = 1 ti nt i v bng khng ti cc nt khc. Chng hn: N1 bng
1 ti nt 1; bng 0 ti cc nt cn li (2, 3, 4). Yu cu N1 = 0 ti nt 2, 3, 4 c ngha
l N1 = 0 dc theo cnh =1 v =1. V vy, N1 phi c dng: N1 = c(1- )(1- ) ;
trong c l hng s cn xc nh.
1
4
(8.1)
1
(1 + i )(1 + i )
4
(8.2)
trong (i , i) l to ca nt i.
By gi ta m t trng chuyn v ca phn t theo chuyn v nt ca n. Ta thy:
u = N1q1 + N2q3 + N3q5 + N4q7
v = N1q2 + N2q4 + N3q6 + N4q8
(8.3)
Hoc di dng ma trn
u = Nq
(8.4)
Trong
N
N = 1
0
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
N3
N4
0
0
N 4
(8.5)
x
f
f
=
x
Hoc:
x
f y
+
y
x
f y
+
y
f
f
f = J f
x
Trong J l ma trn Jacbin : J = x
(8.7)
(8.8)
y
(8.9)
T (8.1) v (8.6), ta c:
74
1 ( 1 ) ( x2 x1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( x3 x4 )
J=
4 ( 1 ) ( x4 x1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( x3 x2 )
( 1 ) ( y2 y1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( y3 y4 ) J11
=
( 1 ) ( y4 y1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( y3 y2 ) J 21
J12
J 22
(8.10)
x
1
f = J f
(8.11)
Hoc
f
1
x
f =
det J
J 22
J
21
f
J 12
J 11
(8.12)
1
T dV
2 V
(8.13)
hoc
U = t e
e
1 T
dA
2
(8.14)
x x
v
= y =
y
xy u v
+
y x
(8.15)
1
x
u =
det J
J 22
J
21
u
J 12
J 11
(8.16)
J 22
J
21
v
J 12
J 11
(8.17)
Tng t,
v
1
x
v =
det J
75
u
u
= A
v
v
(8.18)
Trong A c xc nh bi
J 22
1
A=
0
det J
J 21
J 12
0
J 11
0
J 21
J 22
0
J 11
J 12
(8.19)
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
(8.20)
1 +
0
1 +
0
0
1 +
0
1 +
1
1
0
0
0
0
(8.21)
Cui cng ta c:
= Bq
(8.22)
Trong :
B = AG
v ng sut c xc nh bi
= DBq
(8.23)
(8.24)
1
1
U = q T t e B T DB det J d d q = q T k e q
e 2
e 2
1 1
(8.25)
1 1
Trong :
k e = t e B T DB det J d d
(8.26)
1 1
76
5.4.
QUI I LC V NT
5.5. Lc th tch
tch phn:
f dV
(8.27)
vi: u = Nq v gi thit rng cc thnh phn lc khi f = [fx, fy]T phn b l hng s
trong mi phn t, ta s c:
f dV = q T f
(8.28)
1 1 T
f x
f = t e N det J d d
1 1
f y
e
Trong :
(8.29)
N2 =
1
;
2
N3 =
1 +
2
t e l 23
{0
2
0 Tx
Ty
Tx
Ty
0}
(8.30)
Ch : Trong cng thc ma trn cng (8.26) v cng thc qui i lc th tch
(8.29), cc i lng B v detJ u l cc hm s ca v . Ta cn phi s ho cc
tch phn trn. Di y chng ta nhc li mt vi khi nim v tch phn s.
5.7.
TCH PHN S
f ( ) d
(8.31)
f ( ) d = w1 f ( 1 ) + w2 f ( 2 ) + K
+ wn f ( n )
(8.32)
Khi n = 1:
I=
f ( ) d = w1 f ( 1 )
(8.33)
= ( a0 + a1 ) d w1 f ( 1 ) = 0
(8.34a)
= 2a0 w1 ( a0 + a11 ) = 0
(8.34b)
= a0 ( 2 w1 ) w1a11 = 0
(8.34c)
hoc
w1 = 2
1 = 0
(8.35)
Vi hm f tng qut v tu , ta c:
1
I = f ( ) d = 2 f ( 0 )
(8.36)
f()
)
f(0)
-1
Khi n = 2
1
I = f ( ) d = w1 f ( 1 ) + w2 f ( 2 )
(8.37)
78
= ( a0 + a1 + a 2 2 + a3 3 ) d [ w1 f ( 1 ) + w2 f ( 2 ) ] = 0
(8.38)
w1 + w2 = 2
w + w = 0
1 1 2 2
2
2
2
w
+
w
=
2 2
11
3
3
w1 1 + w2 2 3 = 0
(8.39)
w1 = w2 = 1
=
1 2 3 = 0,57735
(8.40)
wi
0,577350269
2
0,774596669
2
0
0,861136311
6
0,339981043
6
0,347854845
1
0,652145154
9
0,555555555
6
0, 888888889
6
i
0,906179845
9
0,538469310
1
0
wi
0,2369268851
0,932469514
2
0,661209386
5
0,238619186
1
0,1713244924
0,4786286705
0,5688888889
0,3607615730
0,4679139346
79
1 1
I = f (,) dd
(8.41)
1 1
Ta c
1
I wi f (i , ) d w j wi f (i , j ) wi w j f (i , j )
n
1 1
i =1 j =1
(8.42)
6.3. Tch phn ma trn cng
T cng thc (8.26):
1 1
k e = t e B T DB det J d d
1 1
( ,) = t e B T DB det J
(8.43)
ij
(8.44)
Trong :
w1 = w2 = 1
1 = 1 = 0,57735; 2 = 2 = 0,57735
Cc im Gauss theo cng thc tch phn 2- im trn c m t trn Hnh 8.3.
Nu gi cc im Gauss ln lt l 1, 2, 3, 4 th kij trong (8.44) c vit di dng:
4
k i j = Wk K
(8.45)
K =1
80
1
3
1
=
3
1
1
1
=
3
3
5.8.
TNH NG SUT
Khng ging nh phn t tam gic c bin dng hng s; vi phn t t gic, ng
sut = DBq khng phi l hng s trong phm vi mt phn t, m chng thay i
theo v . Trong thc t, ng sut c tnh ti cc im Gauss, y cng l nhng
im c s dng trong khi tnh ma trn cng ke. Nh vy, vi phn t t gic, ta
s c 4 gi tr ng sut. trnh sinh ra nhiu s liu, ta ch cn tnh ng sut ti mt
im cho mi phn t, chng hn im ( = 0, = 0).
5.9.
V D
q8
q6
q7
4
(0,1)
q5
3
(2,1)
q4
q3
q2
q1
1 (0,0)
2 (2,0)
Bi gii
Theo cng thc (8.10), ta c:
1 2(1 ) + 2(1 + )
J=
4 2(1 + ) + 2(1 + )
(1 ) (1 + ) 1
=
(1 + ) + (1 + ) 0
0
1
2
81
1 2
A=
0
12
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
4 0
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
B= 0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
4
2 4 2 4 2
4
Ma trn D c xc nh bi (6.8)
1
206 103
D=
0,3
1 0,09
0
0
0,35
0,3
1
0
( MPa )
82
BI TP CHNG 8
1. Xc nh chuyn v ti hai im A v B, v phn b ca ng sut trong tm.
Vt liu ca tm l thp c mun n hi E=210 gPa v h s Poisson = 0,22. Hy
chia tm ra thnh hai phn t ch nht theo hai cch c m t trong cc hnh: Hnh
C8.1a,b. So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v so snh vi kt qu tm c
bng cc phn t tam gic nh trong bi ton 1 chng 6. Bit: a = 0,2 m; b = 0,3 m;
t = 5mm v q = 8 kN/m.
3A
3A
2
b
1
1
2 B
2 B
a = 50mm;
b = 75mm;
c = 500mm
P = 8kN.
2b
a
2b
2b
a
2
1
1
5
4
8
3
7
2
10
3
6
3
7
Hnh C8.3. S li phn t
9
4
8
83
Chng 9
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V KHUNG
1. GII THIU
Dm v khung c ng dng rng ri trong k thut. Trong chng ny chng ta
s p dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh dm sau m rng cho kt cu
khung hai chiu.
Ta ch xt dm c mt ct ngang i xng so vi mt phng ti trng. S ho
dm chu un v bin dng ( vng) ca trc dm c minh ho nh Hnh 9.1 di
y.
p
Pkp
Mkm
kp
km
(a)
v
(b)
Hnh 9.1. (a) S ho dm chu un; (b). Bin dng ca trc dm
M
y
J
(9.1)
(9.2)
(9.3)
TH NNG
1
dAdx
2 A
(9.4)
du =
1
1M2
dAdx
=
2 A
2 EJ 2
1 M2
2
y
dA
dx
=
dx
2
A
2
EJ
(9.5)
T (9.5) ta tnh c nng lng bin dng ton phn trong dm:
U =
d 2v
1
EJ
dx 2
dx
2
(9.6)
Th nng ca dm c xc nh bi:
2
L
L
d 2v
1
= EJ
dx
Pkp v kp M kmkm
2
0 pvdx
20
kp
km
dx
(9.7)
5.11.
Q3
Q2
Q5
Q6
Q4
Q6
Q9
Q8
q1
Q10
q2
1
v1
q3
q4
e
v2
v2
v1 (b)
(a)
Hnh 9.2. Ri rc dm bng phn t hu hn
(9.9)
H1
0
0
H2
0
0
H2
1
0
H3
0
1
H3
0
0
H4
0
0
H4
0
1
85
(9.10)
5.12.
Trc ht, ta s dng cc hm dng Hermite trn xy dng biu thc chuyn v
v():
v() = H1v1 + H2 (dv/d)1 + H3v2 + H4 (dv/d)2
(9.11)
Mt khc:
x +x
x x
1
1+
x1 +
x2 = 1 2 + 2 1
(9.12)
2
2
2
2
l
dv
dv dx
V (x2 - x1 = le) l di phn t, do : dx = e d ; v d = dx d , nn ta c quan h
2
x=
o hm sau:
dv le dv
=
d 2 dx
(9.13)
le
l
H 2 q 2 + H 3 q3 + e H 4 q 4
2
2
(9.14)
86
(9.15)
H = H1
le
H2
2
le
H4
2
H3
(9.16)
Ue =
d 2v
1
EJ
dx 2
dx
2
Thay v = Hq, ta c:
2
d 2v
16 d 2 H
2 = q T 4
le d 2
dx
d 2 H 3
1 + 3
=
2
2
d 2
Ch : dx =
d 2H
2
d
le
2
3
2
1 + 3 le
2 2
(9.17)
le
d , biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t c vit di
2
dng:
9 2
4
+1
1 T 8EJ
Ue = q
2
le3 1
3
( 1 + 3 ) le
8
2
1 + 3 2
le
4
DX
9
2
4
3
( 1 + 3 ) le
8
9 2
(1 + 3 ) le
8
1 + 9 2 2
le
16
d q
3
(1 + 3 ) le
8
2
1 + 3 2
le
4
(9.18)
cui cng ta thu c:
Ue =
1 T e
q k q
2
(9.19)
2le
6le
12
6le
12
6le
6le
2le
6le
4le
(9.20)
87
QUY I LC NT
5.13.
(a)
P0
(b)
M0
x0
x0
x
l
x
l
(c)
(d)
Hnh 9.4. Cc dng ti trng gy un trn phn t dm
H d q
(9.21)
pvdx = f
eT
(9.22)
Trong :
fe=
pl e
[ 6 le
12
6 le ]
(9.23)
pvdx =
e
pl
p0 x
vdx = 0 e
le
4
H (1 + )d q
(9.24)
Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.24), sau ly tch phn ta s nhn
c:
fe=
p0 le
[9 2le
60
21 3l e ]
(9.25)
=0
(9.26)
Tng t nh trn, ta c:
88
f = P0 H 1 ( 0 )
le
H 2 (0 )
2
H 3 (0 )
le
H 4 (0 )
2
(9.27)
trong :
0 =
2 x0
1
le
(9.28)
6 x0 ( x0 le )
(9.29)
Ch : vct lc nt fe cng c th c biu din theo bin 0, bng cch thay
x0 =
le
( x0 1) vo biu thc (9.29).
2
d 2v
dM
; Q=
, trong : v = Hq
2
dx
dx
Suy ra
M =
EJ
[ 6 q1 + ( 3 1) le q2 6 q3 + ( 3 + 1) le q4 ]
2
le
Q=
5.15.
6 EJ
( 2q1 + le q2 2q3 + le q4 )
3
le
(9.30)
(9.31)
KHUNG PHNG
89
q5
q5
x
q4
q4
q6 (q6)
y
q2
q2
q1
y
x
q1
q3 (q3)
Hnh 9.5. Phn t khung phng
0
L =
0
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
l
m
0
0
0
m
l
0
0
0
0
0
(9.33)
(9.34)
(9.35)
90
EA
0
l
e
12 EJ
0
l 3e
6 EJ
0
l 2e
e
k' =
EA
0
l
e
12 EJ
0
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
0
6 EJ
l 2e
4 EJ
le
0
6 EJ
l 2e
2 EA
le
EA
le
0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
0
0
EA
le
0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e
0
0
6 EJ
l 2e
2 EA
le
(9.36)
6 EJ
l 2e
4 EA
le
1 T e
1
1
q ' k ' q ' = q T LT k 'e Lq = q T k e q
2
2
2
(9.37)
trong :
ke = LT k'e L
(9.38)
l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung (x, y).
Trong cc chng trnh phn t hu hn, trc ht ta xc nh ma trn ke, sau
tin hnh nhn cc ma trn trn theo (9.38) c ke.
Ple
x
Pl 2 e
2
12
p
Ple
2
Pl 2 e
12
f ' = 0
Ple
2
Pl 2 e
12
Ple
2
Pl 2 e
12
(9.39)
(9.40)
91
5.16.
8.1. V d 1
Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 9.7. Bit E = 200 gPa, J = 4106 mm4, = 1000
mm, p = 12 kN/m. Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v vng ti im gia on BC.
p
A
l
Q3
Q1
Q2
1
Q5
Q6
Q4
Li gii
Chia dm ra 2 phn t; mi phn t c 2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t do (Hnh 9.7).
Cc chuyn v Q1 = Q2= Q3= Q5= 0; cn tm Q4 v Q6.
Ta c:
EJ ( 200 10 9 )( 4 10 6 )
=
= 8 10 5 N / m
3
3
1
le
12
6
k 1 = k 2 = 8 10 5
12
6
4
6
2
12
6
12
6
6
2
k 144 + k 2 22 k 2 24
5 8 2
K=
=
8
10
2
2
k
k
24
44
2 4
92
v h phng trnh
8 2 Q4 1000
8 10 5
=
2 4 Q6 1000
le
l
H 2 Q4 + 0 + e H 4 Q6 = 8.93 10 5 (m) = 0.0893(mm)
2
2
8.2. V d 2
Xc nh chuyn v ti im B ca khung chu lc nh hnh di. Bit A =
0,006m2; J = 0,0002m4; E = 200 gPa.
Li gii
1. Bng nh v cc phn t
Kt cu c chia ra 2 phn t nh Hnh 9.8; s nt chung l 1, 2 v 3.
Bc t.do
1
7
2
8
3
9
7
4
8
5
9
6
J(m4)
EJ/l3
A(m2)
0,000
2
0,000
2
78,12
5
78,12
5
0,006
0,006
PT
1
2
2. Cc thng s lin quan
PT
( )
sin
1
2
22,0
2
0
0.37
5
0
E(N/m2 l(m
)
)
0,927 200.109 8
1
200.109 8
cos
93
p=4 kN/m
P=50kN
5m
3
3m
1
Q8
Q9
Q3
3m
8m
Q5
Q6
Q7
3
Q2
Q4
1
Q1
129
1
6
k =10
7
150
k 2 =10 6
51,82
21,90
1,406
3,477
20
129
51,82
1,406
129
DX
8
51,82
21,9
3,477
51,82
21,9
0
0,9375
0
3,75
20
150
0
0
150
0
0,9375
3,75
0
0,9375
DX
9
1,406
3,477
10
1,406
3,477
20
6
0
3,75
10
0
3,75
20
4. Xc nh vct lc nt ca cc phn t:
- Trn phn t 1, lc tp trung P khng t ng nt, nn c th s dng cc cng thc
(9.10), (9.27) v (9.28), ta c:
12,82
31,68
58,59
1
3
f =10
(N ) ;
5
,
932
15,66
35,15
0
16
21,33
3
=10
(N )
0
16
21,33
Ghp hai ma trn cng trn ta s c ma trn cng chung K; ghp hai vct lc
nt phn t trn ta c vct lc nt chung F. p dng iu kin bin (Q1 = Q2=
Q3= Q4= Q5= Q6 =0); cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
51,82
1,406 Q7
279
5,932
56,48
1,406 0,2735
40
Q9
Q8 = 0,01631 (mm)
Q 0,001412 ( Rad )
9
95
BI TP CHNG 9
1-6. Trong cc bi ton v dm, biu din trn cc hnh v t 9.10.1-9.10.6.
Bit: EJ = 3E6 Nm2; L = 4 m; xC = 0,4L; q = 15kN/m; m = 10kN.m. Hy xc nh: Ma
trn cng tng th v vct lc tng th ; cc chuyn v tng th v mmen un ti
im C trn dm. Ch : S dng s lng phn t cn thit ti thiu trong mi bi.
q
x
L
Hnh C9.2
Hnh C9.1
q
x
2L
4J1
2J1
J1
Hnh C9.3
m
m
Hnh C9.4
q
x
L
Hnh C9.5
P
x
x
L
Hnh C9.6
y max
5qL4
3qL2 (1 + )
=
+
16 Ebc 3
5 Ebc
q
x
L
2c
b
y
Hnh C9.7. Dm lin kt ta bn l chu un
96
3qL2
;
4bc 2
ymax =
5qL4
3qL2 (1 + )
+
16 Ebc 3
5Ebc
q
2c
x
L
y
9-10. Trong cc bi ton v khung biu din trn cc hnh v t Hnh 9.10.9 9.10.10. Hy xc nh: Ma trn cng tng th; vct lc nt tng th; cc chuyn v
nt v cc phn lc ti cc lin kt. Cho Q = 15 kN ; P= 10 kN; L = 3m; E = 200 gPa;
ng knh D = 0,1m.
L
L
P
P
L
Hnh C9.9
Hnh C9.10
97
Chng 10
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT
1. GII THIU
Trong k thut, vic xc nh ng sut nhit trong qu trnh hn, ng sut nhit do
cc ng c nhit hot ng gy ra v xc nh cc bin dng nhit do nh sng mt
tri gy ra trn cc kt cu v.v, c ngha rt quan trng. gii quyt vn trn, ta
cn thit phi bit s phn b nhit trong vt.
Di y, ta xt bi ton dn nhit mt chiu v hai chiu trong mi trng dng
nh phng php phn t hu hn.
2. BI TON DN NHIT MT CHIU
2.1. M t bi ton
Bi ton dn nhit mt chiu cn c gi l bi ton thanh nhit, Hnh 10.1.
Vt dn
nhit
QAdx
dq
q + dx A
dx
qA
dng
nhit
dx
2
1
3
2
dT
dx
(10.1)
(10.2)
do :
Qi =
kA
(T j Ti );
le
Qj =
kA
(Ti T j )
le
(10.3)
; u T;
l
l
f Q
Tin hnh ghp cc phn t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (1D). Cui cng ta cng
thu c h phng trnh PTHH di dng tng qut:
KT = R
(10.4)
2.3. V d
Kho st s phn b nhit qua vch phng c ghp t 3 lp vt liu nh Hnh
10.3; vi h s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu l: k1=8010-3W/mm 0C; k2=1103
W/mm 0C; k3=8010-3 W/mm 0C.
T1=2000C
1
1
k1
2
k2
3
k3
10
10
x
T4=200C
Li gii
99
1
2
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
80 10 3
10
1
1
1
1
= 8 10 3
1
1
1
1
(w /
1
1
= 0,2 10 3
1
1
1
1
(w /
1
1
= 8 10 3
1
1
1
1
(w /
8
8,2
0,2
0
0
0,2
8,2
8
0
0
10 3
8
(w / C )
0
0
8 8 T4 R4
0
100
qy
qy+ dy
y
qx
y
dy
A-A
dx
qy
q
qx+ xdx
x
x
(b)
(a)
q x dy t + q y dx t + Qdxdy t = q x + x dx dy t +
qy +
dy
dx t
x
y
(10.5)
T (10.5), suy ra:
q x q y
+
Q = 0
x
y
thay
q x = k T x ;
q y = k T y
(10.6)
T T
k
k
+
+Q = 0
x x y
y
(10.7)
Sq: qn = q0
Hnh 10.5. Cc iu kin bin ca bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
Phn bn trong vt k hiu l A. Bin tng cng l S = (ST + Sq + Sc). Ngoi ra, vct
mt nhit qn vung gc vi bin dn. y ta qui c: q0 >0 nu nhit i ra ngoi
vt v q0 <0 nu nhit i vo trong vt.
3.3. Phn t tam gic
Di y, chng ta s s dng phn t tam gic gii bi ton dn nhit (Hnh
10.6). Vic m rng cho phn t t gic ng tham s cng c thc hin tng t
nh Chng 8.
y
T3
=1 3
2
T(x,y)
T1
1
2
T2
x
=1
Hnh 10.6. Phn t tam gic bc nht trong bi ton dn nhit hai chiu
(10.8)
102
N = [1 ] l cc hm dng v T e = [T1
T2
T3 ]
tng ng l
nhit ti cc nt v l cc n s cn tm.
Tng t nh Chng 6, vi phn t tam gic ng tham s ta c:
x = N1 x1 + N2 x2+ N3 x3
y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3
Suy ra
T
T x T y
=
+
x y
T x
(10.9)
T y
v = x + y
(10.10)
Hay
T
T
T = J T
(10.11)
y 21
y 31
det J =2 Ae ,
T
T
1
x
1
T = J T =
det J
y31
x
31
y 21 1 1 0 e
T
x21 1 0 1
(10.12)
Hay:
T
e
T = BT T
(10.13)
Trong
BT =
1
det J
y 21 y31
x x
21
31
y31
x31
y 21
1
=
x21 det J
y 23
x
32
y31
x13
y12
x21
(10.14)
Kt qu l:
2
T
T T
=
+
x y
x
T
T
x
T
eT
e
T = T BT BT T
(10.15)
103
T
1 T
1
2
k
+
k
2QT tdA + q 0TtdS + h(T T ) tdS
2 A x
y
2
Sq
Sc
(10.16)
sao cho T = T0 trn ST.
Th (10.15) vo hai s hng u trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca , ta s c:
2
T
1 T
k
+k
y
2 A
tdA
T
1
T
= kT e BT BT T e tdA
2
e
e
(10.17)
1 T
1 T
1 T
T
= T e ktAe BT BT T e = T e k T T e = T e K T T e
2
e 2
e 2
kT = ktAe BT BT
(10.18)
v ma trn dn nhit ca c h:
K T = kT
(10.19)
Q NtdA T
QTtdA =
(10.20)
rQ =
Qe tAe
[1 1 1]T
3
(10.21)
(10.22)
Th (10.22) vo QTtdA , s c:
A
rQ =
tAe
[ 2Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Q1 + 2Q2 + Q3 Q1 + Q2 + 2Q3 ] T
12
(10.23)
104
QTtdA = tQ T
0
= tQ0 N (0 ,0 )T e = rQ T e
T
(10.24)
T
Trong : rQ = tQ0 N (0 ,0 )
Hay
T
rQ = tQ0 [1 0 0 0 0 ]
(10.25)
Sq
q0 NtdS q
TtdS =
e e
e
T
(10.26)
q = q0
x
1
=0
=0
=1
=0
Hnh 10.7. iu kin bin dn trn cnh 2-3 ca phn t tam gic
q0 NtdS q T e =
q
l
0 23 [ 0
1 ]d tT e =
T e (10.27)
Trong :
rQ =
q0 tl 23
[ 0 1 1]T
2
(10.28)
q0 tl12
[1 1 0]T
2
(10.29)
q0 tl13
[1 0 1]T
2
(10.30)
105
1
1
1
2
2
h(T T ) tdS =
hT 2 tdS hTTtdS +
hT tdS
2S
2S
2
S
S
=
=
T
T e hN T NtdS c T e
1
2
1
2
eT
hT T e
hT NtdS c
e e
1
T
2
r T e +
hT t dS c
2
e
e
e
T +
2 hT t dS
2
(10.31)
Nu cnh 2-3 l cnh to nhit i lu ca phn t, khi y N = [ 0 1 ] v
dS = l 23 d , nn ta c:
hT =
0
htl 23
0
6
r =
htTl 23
[ 0 1 1]T
2
0
2
1
0
1
(10.32)
(10.33)
1
2
0
0
0
(10.34)
htTl12
[1 1 0]T
2
r =
(10.35)
0
0
1
0
(10.36)
htTl13
[1 0 1]T
2
r =
2 hT
t dS c
e
(10.37)
(10.38)
K = kT + hT
(10.39)
R = ( rQ rq + r )
(10.40)
Trong
e
106
Vic cc tiu ho phim hm phi c thc hin sao cho tho mn iu kin T =
T0 tt c cc nt trn ST.
3.5. V d
Mt vt th di, tit din ngang ch nht, c h s dn nhit l 1,5W/m 0C chu
iu kin bin nh Hnh 10.8. Hai mt i din trn v di c gi nhit
1800C; mt tri cch nhit; mt phi chu s trao i nhit i lu vi T = 250C; h =
50 W/m2 0C. Xc nh s phn b nhit trong vt th.
Li gii
Do mt ct ngang i xng nn ta ch xt mt na chiu cao mt ct ngang. Phn
mt ct kho st c chia ra 3 phn t vi 5 nt nh Hnh 10.8.
T=1800
T=1800
0,6m
k=1,5W/m0C
4
3
h, T
h, T
1
T=1800
0,4m
2
q=0
1
2
3
1
5
5
2
1
3
3
3
4
Phn t
1
det J
y 23
x
32
y31
x13
y12
x 21
Ta tnh c
B1 =
1 0,15
0,06
0
0,15
0,4
B2 =
1 0,15
0,12
0,4
0,15
0,4
0
0,4
0,3
0
107
B3 =
0,15
0,4
1 0,15
0,06
0
0
0,4
0,2813 0,2813 0
= 0,2813 2,2813 2
0
2
2
1,14
2
kT =
0,86
0,2813
kT
0,86
1,14
0,2813
0,2813
0,5625
0,2813
0,2813
=
0,2813
0,2813
2,2813
2
0
2
Tip theo, cn tnh ma trn hT cho phn t c cnh i lu. V hai phn t 1 v 3
cng c cnh 2-3 (nt a phng) i lu, p dng biu thc (10.32) ta c:
0
htl 23
hT =
0
6
0
2
1
0
1
thay s vo ta c:
1
hT = hT
0
=
0
0
2,5
1,25
0
1,25
2,5
1,4213
K =
0,2813
0,2813
0,75
0,2813
0,75
9,563
ta c:
1
r = r =
htTl 23
[ 0 1 1]T
2
50 25 0,15
[0 1 1]T
2
Vy
R = 93,75 [ 0 1 2 ]T
Gii h phng trnh: (KT = R) ta c:
T = {T1
T2
T3
T4
T5 } = {124,5 34
T
BI TP CHNG 10
1. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit ca mt kt cu,
ngi ta cho bit rng nhit ti cc nt ca phn t
tam gic s (5) l: T6 = 488,66 0K; T7 = 425,16 0K; T8
= 496,08 0K, nh trn Hnh C10.1. Xc nh graien
nhit trong phn t. Xc nh xem ng ng
nhit 4910K ct bin ca phn t ti u?
Hnh C10.1
y
10
6
Hnh C10.2
30 cm
h=40W/m2 oC
T = -15oC
28oC
k=0.7W/moC
Hnh C10.3
Lp cch nhit
Phn t pht nhit
Thp trng
k =16.6W/moC
2cm
h =5W/m2.0C
T =20oC
Hnh C10.4
109
Chng 11
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN
1. GII THIU
Tm v v l cc dng kt cu c s dng nhiu trong k thut v chng thng
chu bin dng chu un. Cc phng trnh PTHH i vi cc kt cu tm-v thng
phc tp hn nhiu so vi cc dng kt cu khc. Chng 11 s gii thiu v hai l
thuyt tm c s dng ph bin trong cc bi ton kt cu tm-v: l thuyt tm
kinh in ca Kirchoff (gi tt l tm Kirchoff) v l thuyt tm bc nht ca Mindlin
(gi tt l tm Mindlin).
Cc thut ton PTHH i vi tm chu un tng ng vi hai l thuyt trn
c thit lp chi tit.
Phn t v c xem l t hp ca phn t tm chu un v phn t tm chu trng
thi ng sut phng.
2. L THUYT TM KIRCHOFF
Gi thit c bn ca l thuyt un tm Kirchoff l: on thng vung gc vi mt
trung bnh (mt phng chia i chiu cao tm) vn thng v vung gc vi mt trung
bnh sau khi bin dng. H qu ca gi thit ny l ta b qua cc thnh phn bin
dng ct ngang ( yz = xz = 0 ). Do , cc thnh phn chuyn v trong mt phng: u, v
v w c biu din nh sau:
w
x
w
v ( x, y , z ) = z
y
0
w( x, y, z ) = w ( x, y )
u ( x, y , z ) = z
(11.1)
{ } T = { x
xy } = z{ x
xy }
(11.2)
Trong :
{} T = { x
2 w
xy } = 2
x
2 w
y 2
2 w
xy
(11.3)
{} = z[ D ]{}
Trong :
{ } = { x
(11.4)
y xy } T
1
E
1
[ D] =
1 2
0 0
0
0
1v
Qx
Mx
Mxy
Qy
M xy +
My
dx
Mxy
M xy +
Mx +
M Q
x
x +
dx
M xy
x
M xy
y
dy
dx
My +
Qy +
M y
Qy y
y
dy
dy
Q x
dx
x
dy
Hnh 11.1. Ni lc trn phn t tm chu un
{ M } = { }z dz
(11.5)
Trong : { M } = {M x
My
{ M}
= D { }
(11.6)
Trong :
h
[D] = 12
[ D]
3
(11.7)
111
M x M xy
+
Qx = 0
x
y
M xy M y
+
Q y = 0
x
y
Qx Q y
+
+ p=0
x
y
(11.8)
(11.9)
T hp cc biu thc (11.3), (11.6) v (11.9), qua mt s php bin i n gin cui
cng ta nhn c phng trnh vi phn cn bng i vi tm chu un nh sau:
4 w
4 w
4 w
p
+2 2 2 + 4 =
4
Dr
x
x y
y
(11.10)
Trong :
Dr =
Eh 3
12(1 2 )
y
3
(x3,y3)
(x2,y2)
x
Hnh 11.3. Phn t t gic Kirchoff
112
d i = wi
x i
(11.11)
q = d1T
d 2T
d 3T
d 4T
(11.12)
d = w0
x y }
(11.13)
w = H 1 w10 + H 2
+ ... + H 10 w40 + H 11
+ H3
+ H 12
x 1
x 4
y 1
(11.14)
=
x x
=
y
y
i =1
i =1
3i 2
w
w
wi + H 3i 1
+ H 3i
y
x i
(11.15)
3i 2
w
w
wi + H 3i 1
+ H 3i
y
x i
(11.16)
Khi , quan h gia vct chuyn v c ni suy qua vct chuyn v nt phn t
nh sau:
d = B q.
(11.17)
Trong : B l ma trn ni suy, c biu din nh sau:
H
1
B =
H1
x
y H 1
H2
H2
x
H2
y
H3
H3
x
H3
y
H 10
H 10
x
H 10
y
H 11
H 11
x
H 11
y
H 12
H 12
x
H 12
y
(11.18)
Thay vo biu thc (11.3) ta c th biu din cc thnh phn bin dng qua vct
chuyn v di dng:
{} = [ L]{d } ;
(11.19)
vi L l ma trn ton t o hm, c xc nh nh sau:
113
L = 0
x
0
(11.20)
(11.21)
1
tdV
2V
(11.22)
1
2
h
2
z{}
( z[ D ]{} ) dSdz
h Se
2
1
2
h
2
2
T
{
}
{
}
[
D
]
dS
z dz
h S
e
2
h
{} T [ D ]{}dS = q T h B T [ D ] BdS q
24 Se
24 S e
1 t e
qk q
2
(11.23)
h3
B T [ D ] BdS
24 Se
(11.24)
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H1
1
0
0
0
H1
0
0
0
0
H1
0
0
0
0
,
-1,-1
H4
0
H4
0
H4
0
Nt 1
H2 H2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nt 2
H5 H5
0
0
H2
0
0
0
0
H3
0
0
0
0
H3
0
0
0
0
H3
1
0
0
0
H5
0
H6
0
H6
0
H6
0
114
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H7
0
0
1
0
H7
0
0
0
0
H7
0
0
0
0
,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1
H10
0
0
0
1
H10
0
0
0
0
H10
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Nt 3
H8 H8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Nt 4
H11 H11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
H8
0
0
0
0
H9
0
0
0
0
H9
0
0
0
0
H9
0
0
1
0
H11
0
0
0
0
H12
0
0
0
0
H12
0
0
0
0
H12
0
0
0
1
1
(1 )(1 ) ( 2 2 2 )
8
H2 =
1
(1 )(1 ) (1 2 ) ; H 3 = 1 (1 )(1 ) (1 2 )
8
8
H4 =
1
(1 + )(1 ) ( 2 + 2 2 )
8
H5 =
H7 =
(11.25a)
(11.25b)
1
(1 + )(1 ) (1 2 ) ; H 6 = 1 (1 + )(1 ) 1 2
8
8
1
(1 + )(1 + ) ( 2 + + 2 2 )
8
H8 =
(11.25c)
1
(1 + )(1 + ) (1 2 ) ; H 9 = 1 (1 + )(1 + ) (1 2 )
8
8
H 10 =
1
(1 )(1 + ) ( 2 + 2 2 )
8
H 11 =
1
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2 ; H 12 = 1 (1 )(1 + ) (1 2 )
8
8
(11.25d)
115
2( y y C )
2( x xC )
=
;
a
b
x = a + x ; y = b + y
C
2 C
2
(11.26)
= x
x
= [ J ]
y
(11.27a)
v:
*
J 11
x
1
=[J ] = *
J 21
y
J 12
*
J 22
(11.27b)
a
Vy ta c:
[J]
v:
J *
= 11*
J 21
1
J 12* a
=
*
J 22
0
x
a
= 1 ;
y
b
0
1
2 1
x 2 a 2
2 =
2 1
y b 2
(11.28)
2
2
2
2
(11.29)
L = 0
2
a
0
2
b
2
b
2
a
(11.30)
4 2 H1
2
2
a 2
4 H1
B= 2
b 2
2
8 H1
ab
4 2H2
a 2 2
4 2H2
b 2 2
8 2H2
ab
4 2H3
4 2 H 10
a 2 2
a 2 2
4 2H3
4 2 H 10
b 2 2
b 2 2
8 2H3
8 2 H 10
ab
ab
4 2 H 11
a 2 2
4 2 H 11
b 2 2
8 2 H 11
ab
4 2 H 12
a 2 2
4 2 H 12
b 2 2
8 2 H 12
ab
(11.31)
Trong :
2 H1 3
= (1 ) ;
2
4
2 H1 3
= (1 ) .
2
4
(11.32a)
2 H 2 1
= (1 )( 3 1) ;
2
4
2 H 2
=0.
2
(11.32b)
2 H 3
= 0;
2
2 H 3 1
= (1 )( 3 1)
2
4
2
2
H4 3
H4
3
= (1 ) ;
= (1 + )
2
4
4
2
2
2
H5 1
H5
= (1 )( 3 + 1) ;
=0
2
4
2
(11.32d)
2 H 6
=0;
2
(11.32f)
2 H 7
3
= (1 + ) ;
2
2H6 1
= (1 + )( 3 1)
2
4
2 H 7
3
= (1 + ) .
2
(11.32c)
(11.32e)
(11.32g)
2H8 1
2 H 8
(
)(
)
=
1
+
+
1
= 0,
;
2
4
2
(11.32h)
2 H 9
=0;
2
(11.32i)
2H9 1
= (1 + )( 3 + 1)
2
4
2 H 10 3
2 H 10
3
(
)
=
1
+
= (1 )
;
2
2
4
2 H 11 1
2 H11
(
)(
)
=
1
+
1
=0
;
2
4
2
2 H 12
=0;
2
2 H 12 1
= (1 )( 3 + 1)
2
4
(11.32k)
(11.32m)
(11.32n)
117
Ue =
trong :
1
{ b } T { b } dV + 1 { s } T { s } dV
2 V
2V
{ b } = { x
y xy } T
{ b } = { x
(11.33)
(11.34)
xy } T
(11.35)
{ s } = { xz
yz } T
(11.36)
{ s } = { xz
yz } T
(11.37)
5
. Khi , nng lng bin dng
6
1
{ b } T [ Db ]{ b } dV + 5 { s } T [ Ds ]{ s } dV
2V
12 V
(11.38)
trong :
1
E
1
[ Db ] =
1 2
0 0
0
0
1v
(11.39)
[ Ds ] =
G
0
0
G
(11.40)
u ( x, y, z ) = z x ( x, y )
v( x, y, z ) = z y ( x, y )
w( x, y, z ) = w0 ( x, y )
(11.41)
xz
x
w
y = yz
x =
(11.42)
118
i =1
x = N i ( , )( x ) i
i =1
y = N i ( , ) ( y ) i
i =1
w = N i ( , ) wi
(11.43)
{ b } = z[ B p ]{ d e }
{ s } = z[ Bs ] { d e }
(11.44)
trong :
N1
x
Bp = 0
N
1
y
[ ]
0
N1
y
N1
x
N 2
x
N 2
y
0
N 2
y
N 2
x
N 3
x
N 3
y
0
N 3
y
N 3
x
N 4
x
N 4
y
N 4
0
N 4
0
x
(11.45)
0
N1
N2
N3
N4
N
0
N
0
N
0
N
0
1
2
3
4
x
x
x
x
[ Bs ] =
0 N N1 0 N N 2 0 N N 3 0 N N 4
1
2
3
4
y
y
y
y
(11.46)
{d } = {
e
x1
y1
w1 x 2
y2
w2
x3 y3
w3
x4 y4
w4 }
(11.47)
119
Ue =
5
{ } { B } [ D ]{ } dz dA{d } + 12
{d } { B } [ D ]{ B }dz dA{d }
1 e
d
2
e T
A z
V z
(11.48)
Cui cng, ta thu c ma trn cng ca phn t tm t gic bc nht chu un
di dng:
ke =
h3
12
5
{ B } [ D ]{ } dA + 6 h { B } [ D ]{ B } dA
T
Ae
(11.49)
120
[ K b ]
0
0 { d b } { Fb }
=
[ K m ] { d m } { Fm }
(11.50)
x
y
v
y
x
u
Hnh 11. 3. Phn t v l t hp ca 2 phn t
0
0
0
[ Km ]
0
0 { db } { Fb }
0 { d m } = { Fm }
0 z 0
zk
w
k
x
Z
zj
i
zi
Y
X
Hnh 11. 4
(11.51)
{d } = [T ]{d }
l
(11.52)
121
[Td ]
0
0
0
0
[Td ]
0
0
0
0
[Td ]
(11.54)
[ K ] = [T ] [ K ][T ]
[ F ] = [T ] [ F ]
g
(11.55)
(11.57)
122
BI TP CHNG 11
1. Mt kt cu tm bng hp kim nhm, c mun n hi E = 75gPa v h s
Poisson = 0,3. Tm c kch thc 500100mm v chiu dy h = 5mm; chu lin kt
ta bn l trn 2 cnh i din v chu ti trng phn b u, cng p= 0,5 N/mm
trn sut chiu rng v nm gia chiu di ca n nh trn Hnh C11.1. Xc nh
vng cc i ca kt cu bng phng php phn t hu hn. So snh vi kt qu gii
tch theo l thuyt dm: vng ca dm chu un (c k n c nh hng ca lc
ct):
hL3
hL
w=
+
48EJ 4GS *
5
6
y
b=100mm
h=5mm
x
L =500mm
123
124