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GII THIU GIAO THC ARP

Mi thit b trong h thng mng ca chng ta c t nht hai a ch. Mt a ch l Media Access Control ( MAC ) v mt a ch Internet Protocol ( IP ). a ch MAC l a ch ca card mng gn vo bn trong thit b, n l duy nht v khng h thay i. a ch IP c th thay i theo ngi s dng ty vo mi trng mng. ARP l mt trong nhng giao thc ca IP, chc nng ca n dng nh v mt host trong mt segment mng bng cch phn gii a ch IP ra a ch MAC. ARP thc hin iu thng qua mt tin trnh broadcast gi tin n tt c cc host trong mng, gi tin cha a ch IP ca host cn giao tip. Cc host trong mng u nhn c gi tin v ch duy nht host no c a ch IP trng vi a ch IP trong gi tin mi tr li li, cn li s t ng drop gi tin. ARP l mt giao thc ht sc n gin, n n thun c 4 loi message c bn sau: * An ARP Request: my tnh A s hi ton mng : " ai c a ch IP ny? " * An ARP Reply: my tnh B tr li my tnh A : "ti c IP , a ch MAC ca ti l..." * An Reverse ARP Request: my tnh A s hi ton mng : " ai c a ch MAC ny? " * An Reverse ARP Reply: my tnh B tr li my tnh A: " ti c MAC , a ch IP ca ti l..." Host A gi mt ARP Request v nhn c mt ARP Reply t mt host B c thc trong mng. sau khi tin trnh ny hon tt, host Ahost B s c MAC nh th no. Tip theo, host A s lu li s hiu bit ln b nh ca mnh gi l ARP table. ARP table gip host A khng phi thc hin ARP Request n host B mt ln na. bit c IP ca

M T QU TRNH ARP REQUEST V ARP REPLY

* Trong mng LAN hin nay c 4 host: host A, host B, host C, host D. * Host A mun giao tip vi host C, u tin s broadcast gi tin ARP Requset. * Host C nhn thy ng IP ca mnh lin tr li MAC ca mnh thng qua gi tin ARP Reply, cc host cn li s drop gi ARP Request.

* Host A nhn c a ch MAC ca host C v ghi nh vo ARP table.

C bn DHCP
Khi s lng cc mng TCP/IP ngy cng tng, kh nng gn t ng cc thng s cu hnh IP cho my client dng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh( cn gi l thi gian rnh ), lm cho cng vic qun l a ch IP nh nhng hn rt nhiu. Cc nh qun tr mng hin gi c th t ng ha v kim sot vic phn phi thng s cu hnh a ch IP t mt trung tm , bng cch s dng dch v Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP).

Chng ti s trnh by bi vit di dng hi v p , vi hy vng iu ny s hu ch hn. Nhng kin thc v vn ny trc tin s lin quan ti cc DHCP server thng dng , mc d c th ni nhng thng tin cung cp trong bi ny cng bao qut cho bt c DHCP server no . y l tt c nhng thng tin hay nht m chng ti thu thp c , cp nht ti thi im ca bi vit ny v chng ti s b sung thng xuyn cho bi vit hoc bt k khi no c thng tin mi. Tuy nhin, mc ch ca bi hi v p ny ch l bn hng dn v chng ti khuyn co ngi s dng my tnh tip thu cc thng tin ny c th quyt nh c kh nng ng dng DHCP p ng nhu cu ring ca mnh . (Ni mt cch khc, chng ti khng chu trch nhim v ni dung ca bi vit ny [trong nhng quyt nh c nhn ca cc bn ] ) Bn y cc cu hi v tr li c chia lm hai phn. Phn mt: nhng thng tin chung v t mang tnh k thut. Phn hai c lin quan nhiu hn ti cc vn k thut. Vicomsoft tch ly c mt lng kin thc rng v cch s dng v trin khai cc DHCP server. Chng ti cng khuyn khch vic s dng DHCP trong mi mi trng. DHCP c nhiu u im hn so vi bt k mt phng php xc nh thng s cu hnh no khc. Thi gian v nhng li thng mc phi khi thit lp thng s cu hnh cho my client cng gim ng k. Phn I 1. DHCP l g? DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) l mt giao thc cho php cc nh qun tr mng c th t mt trung tm qun l v t ng ha qu trnh gn cc thng s cu hnh IP cho mt

mng my tnh. Khi s dng giao thc ca Internet (TCP/IP), mt my tnh mun trao i vi mt my tnh khc, n phi c mt a ch IP duy nht. Khi khng c DHCP, cc nh qun tr mng ti tng my tnh phi t tay mnh gn ( g trn bn phm )a ch IP( cho cc my client ).Vi DHCP, cc nh qun tr mng c th theo di v phn phi cc a ch IP t mt trung tm. Mc ch ca DHCP l cung cp thng s cu hnh IP mt cch t ng cho cc my client s dng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (cn gi l thi gian rnh ) v khi phi lm cng vic bt buc khi qun l mt mng my tnh ln. 2 .Ai to lp DHCP? DHCP do nhm Dynamic Host Configuration Working Group ca Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF: mt t chc tnh nguyn tng xc lp cc giao thc s dng trn Internet) .??? 3. Ti sao DHCP li quan trng n vy? Khi kt ni vo mng my tnh, mi mt my tnh u phi c gn mt i ch duy nht. Tuy nhin, khi ni thm mt thit b mi vo mng my tnh, cng vic ng nhp , cu hnh cc a ch IP i hi s can thip ca con ngi. Ngi s dng my client phi yu cu mt a ch ng k, qun tr vin s phi thit lp cc thng s kt ni cho my tnh mt cch th cng. i vi nhng ngi cha c kinh nghim, kh trnh khi mt s li trong qu trnh ny, nhng li gy ra khng nhng gy kh khn cho chnh qun tr vin mc li m cn cho c nhng ngi s dng khc trong mng. Hn na, i vi nhng ngi s dng my tnh lu ng khi di chuyn ia dim , v h s phi thc hin li qu trnh ny ti mi a im m h ti khi

mun kt ni ti mng my tnh. n gin ha qu trnh ni mt my tnh v gn a ch IP cho my tnh mt cch th cng nh trn cn phi t ng ha cng vic ny. S ra i ca DHCP cng loi b c nhng li hay mc phi khi gn cc a ch IP mt cch th cng. Cc nh qun tr mng nhanh chng cng nhn tm quan trng, s linh ng v d s dng m DHCP em li. 4 DHCP hot ng nh th no? Khi mt my client mun bt u mt kt ni TCP/IP, n pht i mt yu cu xin cc thng tin v a ch . My ch DHCP nhn c yu cu ny , s gn cho my client ny mt a ch mi n c th s dng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (gi l thi gian rnh ), ri gi a ch ti my client ni trn cng vi cc thng s cu hnh khc. Thng tin ny c my client xc nhn v s dng thit lp thng s cu hnh kt ni ca mnh. Trong khong thi gian ny (leased period- thi gian rnh ) my ch DHCP s khng phnphi li a ch IP v s c gng gn li a ch ny cho ring my client mi khi my client yu cu kt ni.( nu c th c ). My client c th ko di thi gian c cp ia ch IP bng cch gi ccyu cu tip theo , hoc trc khi ht thi gian rnh ni trn , my gi mt yu cu timy ch, thng bo rng n khng cn cn dng a ch ny na, v v vy a ch ny c tr li v c th c gn cho mt my khch khc trong mng my tnh. 5 Dng DHCP c li g hn so vi phng php thit lp cu hnh th cng thng thng? Vic s dng DHCP rt c khuyn khch v vi mt s l do r rng m bn nn ng dng DHCP. Nh ni trn, bn c

hai cch thit lp thng s cu hnh cc a ch my khch trong mt mng my tnh, hoc l t ng hoc th cng. Vic nh dng th cng i hi vic nhp chnh xc a ch IP nht nh, mt n mng, a ch router mc nh v ia ch DNS. Trong mt th gii l tng, vic gn th cng cc a ch IP tng i d thc hin v ch c li lm g c th xy ra. Nhng khng may l chng ta khng sng trong mt th gii l tng, cc my tnh thng xuyn c di chuyn , cc my mi c kt ni thm.vo mng . Cng nh vy, nu nh mt ngun ti nguyn chnh ca mng , v d nh mt router (thit b dng nh tuyn da ch IP) thay i a chi ,s dn n phi thay i cu hnh ca mi h thng trong mng i vi mt nh qun tr, cng vic ny chc chn s mt nhiu thi gian, nhm chn v rt d xy ra nhm ln. Phin phc cng c th xy ra khi bn thit lp thng s cu hnh cho cc my khch mt cch th cng. V vy nu bn c la chn t ng ho qu trnh ny th hy chn n, v n s tit kim nhiu thi gian v lm bn khi au u nhc c. DHCP c nhiu u im hn so vi cc phng php phn phi a ch IP th cng . Mi my tnh s c gn a ch IP mt cch t ng , s dng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (thi gian rnh ) , t mt ngn hng cc a ch cn di , nh vy ng ngha vi vic s khng c s lng ph cc a ch. Khi mt my tnh dng xong a ch ca mnh, n s tr li a ch ny c th c phn phi cho mt my tnh khc. Cc thng tin v cu hnh c th c qun l t mt trung tm duy nht . Khi mt ti nguyn chnh ca mng thay i (v d nh a ch ca router thay i) th ch cn cp nht trn my ch DHCP, ch khng cn phi cp nht trn mi h thng ca mng .

6. DHCP h tr cho ngi dng lu ng nh th no? Tin ch ca vic phn b a ch ng c bit c ngha trong mi trng ngi s dng lu ng thng xuyn thay i a im kt ni vo mng. Ngi s dng lu ng ch cn n gin ni my tnh xch tay ca mnh vo mng v nhn cc thng s kt ni mt cch t ng. Khi di chuyn n mt mng khc c s dng DHCP, cc thng s cu hnh ca mng s c my ch DHCP ca mng my tnh cung cp. Qu trnh ny khng cn bt k s can thip th cng no. 7. My ch DHCP c d dng thit lp v qun l khng? My ch DHCP cho php vic qun l trung tm ton b thng s cu hnh TCP/IP ca my khch bao gm c a ch IP, gateway v DNS. My ch DHCP c th d dng qun l v thit lp trong vi pht. Cc a ch cho my khch c th c t ng gn, khng ging nh vic gn cc a ch IP tnh i hi vic nhp a ch my khch mt cch th cng, mt cng vic rt mt thi gian v mt mi. 8. S dng DHCP c hn ch g khng m ta cn lu ? Mt vi thit b trong mng ca bn cn phi c a ch tnh, v d nh my ch v router. My ch DHCP m bn chn phi c kh nng cung cp a ch IP ng cho cc tmy tnh c yu cu .. My dc chn lm my ch chy dch v DHCP phi m bo c th chy lin tc lin tc png nhu cu phn phi a ch IP ca cc my khch ti bt k thi im no. trnh vic xung khc gia cc a ch IP c gn t ng v gn th cng, khng nn ngi dng t ti thit lp cu hnh kt ni hoc tt hn l ngn lun kh nng h lm vic ny .

Mt vi h iu hnh c khng h tr DHCP. Nu bn trong trng hp nh vy, nn nng cp h diu hnh Nu khng nng cp c, c th HH s h tr giao thc BOOTP c, v c th chn 1 loi DHCP server no p dng c trong trng hp ny. khi bn tm, bn nn cn nhc xem ci g l quan trng hn vi bn, loi DHCP server no m bn c sn ph hp vi yu cu c th ca bn nht v hy lun tham kho kin ca mt ngi khc. 9. Th cui cng l th no? kin ca Vicomsoft ra sao? R rng vic gn cc a ch mt cch t ng l cch d dng nht trong hai la chn. thit lp mt h thng m cc my khch c th t ng tip nhn cc thng tin v a ch, tt c nhng g bn cn lm l t ch t ng nhn yu cu cho bng iu khin TCP/IP. DHCP server sau s t ng gn a ch cho cc my khch. Tuy nhin, nu bn c nh thit lp thng s cu hnh cho cc my khch mt cch th cng, bn phi bit chc rng a ch IP s c gn cho my phi trong cng 1 dy(range ) vi a ch mc nh ca router ca bn, v m bo da ch IP ni trn l duy nht trong mng. Tuy nhin, chng ti ht sc khuyn bn rng, nu bn c mt mng my tnh v cquyn la chn vic gn thng s cu hnh TCP/IP theo cch t ng, hychn n. Mt c ch phn phi IP t ng ho s tit kim thi gian thit lp cc thng s tng my con v gim thiu cc nguy c xy ra li.

1.

Hot ng ca DHCP Server

Hot ng ca DHCP Server

Giao thc DHCP lm vic theo m hnh client/server. Theo , qu trnh tng tc gia DHCP client v server din ra theo cc bc sau: - Khi my client khi ng, my s gi broadcast gi tin DHCPDISCOVER, yu cu mt server phc v mnh. Gi tin ny cng cha a ch MAC ca my client.

- Cc my Server trn mng khi nhn c gi tin yu cu , nu cn kh nng cung cp a ch IP, u gi li cho my Client gi tin DHCPOFFER, ngh cho thu mt a ch IP trong mt khon thi gian nht nh, km theo l mt subnet mask v a ch ca Server. Server s khng cp pht a ch IP va ngh cho nhng Client khc trong sut qu trnh thng thuyt. - My Client s la chn mt trong nhng li ngh (DHCPOFFER) v gi broadcast li gi tin DHCPREQUEST chp nhn li ngh . iu ny cho php cc li ngh khng c chp nhn s c cc Server rt li v dng cp pht cho Client khc. - My Server c Client chp nhn s gi ngc li mt gi tin DHCPACK nh l mt li xc nhn, cho bit l a ch IP , subnet mask v thi hn cho s dng s chnh thc c p dng. Ngoi ra Server cn gi km theo nhng thng tin cu hnh b sung nh a ch ca gateway mc nh, a ch DNS Server, 1. Ci t dch v DHCP

Ci t dch v DHCP

Thc hin theo cc bc sau: Chn menu Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Trong ca s Control Panel, nhp i chut vo mc Add/Remove Programs. Trong hp thoi Add/Remove Programs, nhp chn mc Add/Remove Windows Components. Trong hp thoi Windows Components Wizard , t sng Networking Services v nhn nt Details.

Trong hp thoi Networking Services, nhn chn mc Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) v nhn nt OK.

Tr li hp thoi Windows Components Wizard, nhn chn Next. Windows 2003 s cu hnh cc thnh phn v ci t dch v DHCP.

Cui cng, trong hp thoi Completing the Windows Components Wizard , nhn chn Finish kt thc