17 CHNG II NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG LNG TRONG CNG NGH HO HC T l cc yu t trong gi thnh sn phm ho cht thay i tu tng loi

i sn phm, nhng trung bnh khong: nguyn liu 60-70% (sn phm ho du > 70%), nng lng 10%, khu hao 5-10%, lao ng 4%. Nc chim t l khng ln trong gi thnh, nhng vic x l nc trc v sau qu trnh l quan trng v phc tp. A. Nguyn liu: I. Khi nim nguyn liu: 1/ Nguyn liu l g: Ngi ta thng g i tt c nhng vt liu thin nhin dng trong cng nghip sn xut ra sn phm l nguyn liu. Ngoi nhng cht u, trong cng nghip ngi ta cn dng nhiu vt liu qua ch bin cng nghip (bn sn phm) hoc ph phm ca ngnh khc dng lm nguyn liu cho cc ngnh no . V d: mt ng ru; kh than cc tng hp h c; ... 2/ Tiu chun ca nguyn liu: - T l cht c t (ph thuc tng loi nguyn liu, tiu chun cu i l tnh kinh t) v tp cht. - Kh i lng tp trung mt a im - a l: vic vn chuyn d dng t ni khai thc n ni ch bin. - iu kin khai thc: cao, su, phn tn. - Trnh k thut ch bin. II. Phn loi: 1/ Theo trng thi tp hp: rn (cht khong, than, qung); lng (nc, du m); kh (khng kh, kh thin nhin). 2/ Theo thnh phn: v c, hu c. 3/ Theo ngun gc: thin nhin, nhn to (than cc, kh cng nghip, ...) Nguyn liu thin nhin c th chia thnh nhiu loi: gc khong, gc ng vt, gc thc vt, nc v khng kh. III. Vn s dng nguyn liu trong cng nghip ho cht: 1/ Chn nguyn liu: chn trn c s kinh t l ch yu (v gi thnh ca nguyn liu chim n 60-70%) V d: c nhiu loi nguyn liu sn xut ru etylic: - Lng thc: tn 160-250 ngy cng/1 tn ru. - Thu phn g r hn khong 40% - Ph phm ca xenlluloza r hn 75% - Tng hp t du kh r hn 75% - R ng. 2/ Tm cc bin php s dng ngun nguyn liu ngho hn. 3/ Th cc nguyn liu c th dng lm thc phm bng cc nguyn liu khc. 4/ Tng hp s dng nguyn liu. V d: Qung Apatit Tuyn n i Apatit Nefelin (K,Na)2O.Al2O3.2SiO2

18 Ch bin ho hc Thch cao mu i florua Xi mng A.photphoric Nguyn t him Cc mu i photphat Ch bin ho hc B tt Xi mng X a Titan Vanadi Gali

Phn ln Nhm IV. X l s b nguyn liu: (lm giu qung) 1/ Mc ch ca vic x l: - M rng ngun nguyn liu, s dng nguyn liu ngho. - Nng cao cng thit b (tng tc qu trnh, gim th tch mt cho cc cht khng cn thit), gim nng lng tiu hao. - Nng cao cht lng sn phm. - Tit kim vn chuyn, kho tng. Qu trnh x l s b nguyn liu bao gm cc cng on nh sau: +) Phn loi theo kch thc +) Nghin +) ng bnh (v vin) v thiu kt (mc ch tng kch thc lm cho ht rn tip xc tt, ng u) +) Lm giu +) Kh nc (sy, lc, c c) +) Tch bi 2/ Cc phng php lm giu: Qu trnh ny p dng cho cc loi qung qua nghin v c thnh phn ho hc cng nh tnh cht vt l khng ng nht. C nhiu phng php lm giu: c hc, nhit, ho hc. a/ Phng php c hc: Phng php ny da trn c s tnh cht vt l v ho l ca qung tch, n c dng ch yu lm giu khong rn. C cc loi sau: * Tuyn ni: l phng php lm giu ph bin dng qui m ln, n c th tch qung thnh nhiu loi khc nhau. Qu trnh tuyn n i da vo tnh cht thm nc khc nhau ca cc loi qung. Nu ht nh v khng thm nc (k nc) th trng lng khng thng c sc cng b mt ca nc v ht ni ln. Tri li, nu ht thm nc (a nc) th s chm xung. Do vy, khi tuyn n i, qung phi c nghin mn n c ht khong 0.1 - 0.3mm. tng nhanh qu trnh trong thc t ngi ta tin hnh nh sau: 1/ Pha thm vo trong nc nhng cht lm ni: cht to bt, cht la chn, cht cn ni, cht iu chnh. Cht to bt: to thnh bt c bn cao, y l nhng cht hot ng b mt, to nn cc mng trn b mt bt: du thng, cn chng ct than a, ru, ... Cht la chn (hay cht gp): c tc dng tng k nc ca cc ht qung cn lm n i. Bng cch to trn b mt chng mt mng k nc. Chng l nhng cht c cu trc khng i xng: phn phn cc nh v phn khng phn cc ln. Khi c hp ph, nhm phn cc quay v pha ht qung, cn khng phn cc quay v nc to thnh v k nc.

19 Cht la chn ch hp ph mt s loi qung, thng s dng cc loi sau: acid oleic (C18H34O2), acid naphthoc (C11H8O2), ditiophotphat. Cht cn ni (hay cht chm): c tc dng lm t ng a nc ca nhng ht qung khng nh lm n i, thng s dng l nhng cht in li: kim, cc mu i sunphat, xianua kim loi kim. Cht iu chnh: lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh: vi, x a, acid sunphuaric. 2/ Th i khng kh qua hn hp qung nghin trong dung dch nc t di ln trn to thnh nhng bt khng kh bn. kkh Cc bt ny khi n i ln mt dung dch nc qung mn lp bt qung s ko theo cc ht qung k nc. Trn b qung tinh mt nc s to thnh mt lp bt qung. Cn cc ht khc trng thi l lng v chm dn xung y. Nu cn tch nhiu loi qung th hn hp qung sau khi tch c s x l bng cht hot ho nhm hu tc dng ca cht cn n i. Sau lp li qu trnh tuyn vi cht lm n i thch hp.

20

* Sng: p qung ra hoc khi nghin loi qung chc kh vn, cn khng chc d vn. Sng tch ring qung v tp cht.

* Tch bng trng lc: phng php ny da trn nguyn tc cc ht c trng lng ring khc nhau s c tc ri khc nhau trong dng cht lng hoc kh. Nu dng cht l ng g i l phng php t, nu dng cht kh g i l phng php kh. Qung nghin nc PHNG PHP T

Bn qung

II

III nc

I, II, III: bung lng 1. Phn nng (ht to) 2. Phn trung bnh 3. Phn nh Qung nghin c khuy u trong nc, chy thnh dng qua c b lng. B rng cc bung lng ln dn ln, do tc dng nc gim dn nn cc ht nng lng trc, cc ht nh (nh) lng sau. Trong phng php t ngi ta thng dng nc. Nu khong b ho tan hoc phn hu trong nc th dng cht lng tr hay phng php kh. Phng php kh dng khng kh hoc kh tr lm mi trng lm giu qung.

21 PHNG PHP KH Qung tn nh 1 :cnh qut 2: a quay 3: nn ngoi 4: nn trong

a i nghin sn phm THIT B LY TM BNG KHNG KH Qung nghin ri xung a quay 1 b bn ra xung quanh. Cc ht nh, nh b qut 2 ht ln vng vo thnh tr ngoi v ri xung. Cc ht to th vng vo tr trong v ri xung, cn khng kh tun hon trong thit b theo chiu mi tn. * Tch bng in t: phng php ny dng tch vt liu d b nhim t kh i loi khng b nhim t. V d: tch qung st t, cromit, rutin. 1 2 3 4 5 1. Bng ti 2. Trc quay 3. Nam chm in 4. Khong c t tnh 5. Khong khng c t tnh

* Tch bng tnh in: tng t nh tch bng in t nhng thay nam chm in bng in cc n i vi cc m ca chnh lu. Cc ht c dn in ln tch in m v b y ra xa, cn loi khng n in th ri vo thng cha di bng ti.

22

* Tch bng phng php lc: l phng php tch cht rn ra kh i mi trng kh hoc lng nh lp vt liu lc. Phn ln qu trnh lc c nh gi bi lng cht l ng cn li trong cht rn (khi ly cht rn) hoc lng cht rn cn li trong cht lng (khi ly dch lng). b/ Phng php ho hc: Phng php ny dng nhng cht c tc dng ho tan chn lc mt trong cc cht ca hn hp hoc to thnh hp cht d tch ra kh i cht khc nh tnh nng chy, bay hi, hay kt ta. V d: + Cht lng th lm tng nng cht tan bng cch bay hi dung mi hoc kt ta cu t cn gim nng . + Cht kh th tch ring bng ho l ng phn on; ho lng hn hp r i bay hi phn on; hp th; hp ph; ... B. Nc trong nghip ho cht. I. Vai tr ca nc trong cng nghip ho cht. Nc dng nhiu trong cng nghip ho cht, mt phn nc dng lm nguyn liu (sn xut hydro, oxy hoc cc kim loi him uran, vanadi, vng, bc,...). Nhng ch yu nc dng lm vt liu: mi trng cho phn ng (dung mi), cht ra tp cht, cht mang nhit. V d: - Sn xut NH3 cn ti 1500 m3H2O/T - Si nhn to cn ti 2500 m3H2O/T

23 - H2SO4 cn ti 50 m3H2O/T

II. Phn loi: 1/ Nc kh quyn: l nc ma, c t tp cht v mu i ho tan. 2/ Nc mt t: l nc ao, h, sng, nc bin. Loi ny ph thuc vo iu kin t ai, khu vc kinh t v thi gian. Loi ny cha nhiu tp cht v mu i ho tan. 3/ Nc ngm: Nc mch, ging phun. Loi ny t tp cht hu c (do qua cc tng lc ca t ). III. Cht lng ca nc Cht lng ca nc quyt nh bi cc c trng ho hc, vt l ca n nh: mu, mi, trong, nhit , tng hm lng mui, tnh oxy ho, pH v cng. 1/ Cn kh: tng hm lng mu i tnh bng s mg kt ta kh cn li khi lm bay hi 1lt nc v sy 110oC cho n khi kh i lng khng i. Lng kt ta ny l cc tp cht ca cht khong v hu c. 2/ cng: ca nc to bi mu i Canxi v Magi. cng tnh bng s mili ng lng gam ion canxi v magi c trong mt lt nc. C 3 loi cng: a/ Nht thi: (tm thi) do bicacbonat Ca v Mg. Nu un nng th lo i c cng ny: (Ca,Mg)(HCO3)2 (Ca,Mg)CO3 + H2O + CO2 b/ Vnh vin: do clorua, sunphat, nitrat Ca v Mg, un nng khng lo i c cng ny. c/ Ton phn: tng hai cng trn. cng l 1. Nu trong 1 lit nc c 1 mili ng lng gam ion Ca hay Mg (tc l 20.04 mgCa2+ hay 12.16 mgMg2+). Nu c: 0 1.5 mili ng lng gam nc rt mm. 1.5 3.0 mili ng lng gam nc mm 3 6 mili ng lng gam cng trung bnh 6 10 mili ng lng gam nc cng >10 mili ng lng gam rt cng 3/ oxy ho (do cc cht hu c): s mg KMnO4 tiu tn khi un si 1 lit nc c d KMnO4 trong 10 pht. 4/ trong: o bng chiu dy lp nc qua cn trng thy r mt hnh qui nh. 5/ pH: nu pH = 6.5 7.5 nc trung tnh. IV. Lm sch nc thin nhin. Gm cc giai on sau: lng, st trng, lm mm (phng php vt l: nhit, ct, ng lnh; phng php ho hc: vi-x a hay phtphat; phng php ho l: nha trao i ion), lm ht kh bng phng php ho hc hay vt l, chng ct. 1/ Lng trong b lng: sau lc qua lp ct. Cn kt ra keo c th dng cht keo t: Al2(SO4)3 hay FeSO4 gi l phng php nh phn: Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = 3H2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3 Kt ta v nh hnh Al(OH)3 hp ph cc cht keo, ng thi ko theo cc ht cn rn xung. Ngoi ra cng tm thi ca nc c lm h xung: Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 = 3CaSO4 + 6CO2 + 2Al(OH)3

24 2/ St trng: a/ Dng Clor hay Ca(ClO)2 (hypocloritcanxi): Ca(ClO)2 + CO2 + H2O = CaCO3 + 2HClO HClO = HCl + O Oxy nguyn t s oxy ho mnh cc cht hu c, dit khun. b/ Dng ozn (O3) trnh mi clor: O3 = 3O c/ un nng hay dng tia t ngoi 3/ Lm mm: loi ht hay mt phn ion Ca2+, Mg2+ a/ Phng php ho hc: * Phng php vi-x a: vi trc ri x a sau - Vi loi cng tm thi, loi st v CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2H2O + 2CaCO3 Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2H2O + CaCO3 + MgCO3 FeSO4 + Ca(OH)2 = Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3 - X a loi cng vnh vin MgSO4 + Na2CO3 = MgCO3 + Na2SO4 MgCl + Na2CO3 = MgCO3 + 2NaCl CaSO4 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + Na2SO4 Phng php ny r tin nhng ch t ti 0.3 ng lng mg/l * Phng php phtphat: 3Ca(HCO3)2 + Na3PO4 = 6NaHCO3 + Ca3(PO4)2 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = 6NaCl + Ca3(PO4)2 Phng php ny t n 0.03 ng lng mg/l v Ca, Mg phtphat t tan hn cacbonat nhiu. b/ Phng php ho l: dng nha trao i ion. Phng php ny t n 0.035 0.07 ng lng mg/l. 4/ Loi kh: a/ Phng php ho hc: cho tc dng vi ho cht kt ta (loi CO2 bng nc vi) b/ Phng php vt l: ngoi tri, phun hay sc kh, un chn khng. 5/ Chng ct: nu cn nc sch th chng ct. Phng php ny t tin, nu tht cn thit th dng. V. X l nc thi cng nghip: 1/ Mc ch: - Bo v ngun nc khi b nhim bn, gim nh hng n sinh thi. - Thu hi cc cht trong nc thi. - S dng li nc thi. 2/ Cc phng php lm sch nc thi: - Phng php c hc: lng, lc loi cc tp cht l lng - Phng php ha l: thong hi, hp ph - Phng php ha hc: phn hu cc tp cht, chuyn thnh cc cht khng c, cho kt ta bng ho cht. V d : +) phn hu gc CN- thng oxy ho bng Cl2 pH > 10 hoc c th dng NaClO.

25 +) Loi b Cr6+ bng cch dng cht kh NaHSO3 pH < 2.5 ( to thnh Cr khng c) - Phng php gia nhit: thng dng phn hu cc hp cht hu c. C. Nng lng trong cng nghip ho cht: I. Cc dng nng lng dng trong cng nghip ho cht: 1/ in nng: dng chy my: trn, khuy, vn chuyn, nghgin, sy, bm, ..., dng cho cc qu trnh in ho, in t, un nng, ... 2/ Nhit nng: do t nhin liu, cc cht mang nhit: kh l, nc, hi nc, ... a vo. Nhit cng c th do bn thn qu trnh to ra. Nhit nng dng thc hin cc qu trnh vt l (nu chy, chng ct, bc hi, c c, ...), un nng h thng tc dng. 3/ Quang nng: nng lng nh sng thc hin cc phn ng quang ho. II. Vn tit kim nng lng: Trung bnh nng lng chim t 10% thm ch n 25% gi thnh sn phm. Khng nhng th ngnh cng nghip ho cht s dng nhiu nng lng c th ln n 5% tng s nng lng th gii (41% tng nng lng th gii dng cho cng nghip, 42% cho i sng, 17% cho giao thng vn ti. Ring cng nghip ho cht chim 12% nng lng dng cho cng nghip). Do vy, cn phi c bin php s dng hp l v tit kim nng lng. C th s dng cc bin php nh sau: 1/ Phi dng cng ngh hin i, t tn nng lng 2/ Tng h s s dng nng lng: W - in nng: n = lt 100% Wth Wlt, Wth: lng tiu th in nng theo l thuyt v thc t cho cng mt lng sn phm. Q - Nhit nng: nh = lt 100% Qth Qlt, Qth: lng nhit tiu th theo l thuyt v thc t cho cng mt lng sn phm. nh thng t ti 70%, cn 30% mt theo sn phm v ra mi trng. Cc bin php chnh tng h s : * Gim mt mt nng lng bng cu to thit b, gim b mt to nhit ra mi trng bng cch nhit, cch in tt. * Tn dng nng lng bng nhit d do sn phm mang ra, hay do qu trnh pht ra (v d sn phm H2SO4 nhit pht ra ti 5MJ nhng hin nay ch dng 0.36MJ, chi m khong 7%) * Thu hi nng lng: phng ti sinh nhit, trao i nhit, bung cch nhit, ... * S dng ngun nng lng thin nhin: nng lng mt tri, nng lng gi, thu triu, nhit trong lng t, ...
3+