H THNG HA KIN THC - Ha hc lp 8 CHNG I: CHT, NGUYN T, PHN T

1/ Vt th : Vat the do mot hay nhieu chat tao nen, chia thanh hai dang: - Vat the t nhien la nhng vat the co s n trong t nhien, v du: khong kh, nc, cay ma, - Vat the nhan tao do con ngi tao ra, v du: quyen v, quyen SGK, cai am, cai xe ap 2/ Chat la mot dang cua vat the, chat tao nen vat the. au co vat the la o co chat. Moi chat co nhng tnh chat nhat nh, gom: a) Tnh chat vat l : Trang thai, mau sac, mui v, tnh tan trong nc, nhiet o soi, nhiet o nong chay, tnh dan ien, dan nhiet, khoi lng rieng b) Tnh chat hoa hoc: Chnh la kha nang bien oi t chat nay thanh chat khac: v du kha nang b phan huy, tnh chay c e biet c tnh chat cua chat ta phai : Quan sat, dung dung cu o, lam th nghiem Viec nam tnh chat cua chat giup chung ta: - Phan biet chat nay vi chat khac (nhan biet cac chat). - Biet cach s dung chat. - Biet ng dung chat thch hp trong i song va san xuat ; + Chat nguyen chat = Chat tinh khiet la chat khong lan cac chat khac, co tnh chat vat l va hoa hoc nhat nh. + Hon hp g m hai hay nhiu chat trn vao nhau, co tnh chat thay oi ( phu thuoc vao thanh phan cua hon hp). - e tach rieng mot chat ra khoi hon hp, ta co the da vao s khac nhau ve tnh chat vat l cua chung; - Tach 1 chat ra khoi hon hp = pp vat ly thong thng : loc, un, chiet, nam cham 3/ Nguyen t: - Nguyen t la hat vo cung nho trung hoa ve ien, ai dien cho nguyen to hoa hoc va khong b chia nho hn trong phan ng hoa hoc. - Nguyen t gom 1 hat nhan mang ien tch dng va vo tao bi 1 hay nhieu electron mang ien tch am. - Hat electron k hieu: e. ien tch: -1. Khoi lng vo cung nho: 9,1095 .10 -28gam. Cau tao cua hat nhan: gom hat c ban proton va ntron. * Hat proton: k hieu: p. mang ien tch dng: +1. Khoi lng: 1,6726.10 -24g. * Hat ntron: k hieu: n. Khong mang ien co khoi lng:1,6748.10 -24g. * Cac nguyen t co cung so proton trong hat nhan goi la cac nguyen t cung loai. * V nguyen t luon trung hoa ve ien nen: so proton = so electron. * V khoi lng cua e nho hn rat nhieu so vi khoi lng cua n va p v vay khoi lng cua hat nhan c coi la khoi lng nguyen t. m nguyen t mhat nhan. 4/ Nguyen to hoa hoc : - Nguyen to hoa hoc la tap hp cac nguyen t cung loai co cung so hat proton trong hat nhan. So proton trong hat nhan la ac trng cua nguyen to. - K hieu hoa hoc la cach bieu dien ngan gon nguyen to hoa hoc bang 1 hoac 2 ch cai (ch cai au viet hoa); V du: Ten n. K Ten K Nguye Nguye St to Ten hieu St nguyen Ten hieu n t n t t ( tieng La-tin hoa t to La-tin h. khoi khoi Viet) hoc (t.Viet) hoc 1 Hiro H 1 8 Canxi Ca 40 2 Heli He 4 9 ong Cupru Cu 64 m 3 Thuy 201 10 Crom Cr 52 Hydrargyrum Hg ngan 4 Nit N 14 11 Coban Co 59 5 Natri Na 23 12 Clo Cl 35,5 6 Niken Ni 59 13 Sat Ferru Fe 56 m 7 Cacbon C 12 14 Flo F 19

St t 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9

Ten n. to ( tieng Viet) Kem Agon Bac Nhom Asen

Ten La-tin Zink Argon Argentium Aluminum

K hieu hoa hoc Zn Ar Ag Al As

Nguye n t khoi 65 40 108 27 75

St t 20 21 22 23 24

Ten nguyen to (t.Viet) Thiec Ch Vang Lu huynh Silic

Ten La-tin

Sfannu m Plumbum Pb Autrum Sulfur

K hieu h. hoc Sn

Nguye n t khoi 119 207 197 32 28

Au S Si

- Co hn 100 nguyen to trong vo trai at (118 nguyen to) trong o 4 nguyen to nhieu nhat lan lt la: oxi, silic, nhom va sat. Nguyen t khoi la khoi lng cua nguyen t tnh bang n v cacbon. Mot n v cacbon = 1/12 khoi lng cua nguyen t Cacbon ; Khoi lng cua nguyen t Cacbon = 12 n v cacbon ( vC )= 1,9926.10 - 23 g Mot n v cacbon = 1,9926.10- 23 : 12 = 0,166.10 -23 g . Ap dung : 1/ Khi viet Na co y ngha hoac cho ta biet hoac ch : - KHHH ca nguyn t natri; - Mt nguyn t natri; - co NTK = 23 vC Cl co y ngha hoac cho ta biet hoac ch : - KHHH ca nguyn t clo; - Mt nguyn t clo; - co NTK = 35,5 vC 5C ch 5 nguyen t 3O ch 3 nguyen t Oxi; 8 Ag ch 8 nguyen t Cacbon; Zn ch 1 nguyen t kem; Bac; 2H ch 2 nguyen t Hiro; 6 Na ch 6 nguyen t Natri 2/ Tnh khoi lng = gam cua nguyen t : nhom, canxi, hidro - Khoi lng tnh = gam cua nguyen t nhom : 27 x 0,166.10 -23 = -23 4,482.10 - Khoi lng tnh = gam cua nguyen t canxi : 40 x 0,166.10 -23 = 6,64.10 -23 - Khoi lng tnh = gam cua nguyen t hidro : 1 x 0,166.10 -23 = 0,166.10 -23 3/ Hay so sanh xem nguyen t canxi nang hay nhe hn, bang bao nhieu lan so vi : a) Nguyen t kem; b) Nguyen t cacbon; Ta co: a)

NTKCa 40 8 = = NTKZn 65 13

Vay nguyen t Ca nang = 8/13 nguyen t Zn

b)

PTKkhOxi 2 x16 32 = = = 32 PTKkhhidro 2 x1 2

Vay nguyen t Ca nang = 10/3 nguyen t C

5/ n chat va hp chat Phan t: - n chat la nhng chat tao nen t mot nguyen to hoa hoc. + n chat kim loai cac nguyen t sap xep kht nhau va theo mot trat t nhat nh (H1.9; 1.10) + n chat phi kim cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau theo tng nhom xac nh thng la 2 nguyen t. (H 1.11; ) - Hp chat la nhng chat c tao nen t 2 nguyen to hoa hoc tr len. Trong hp chat cac nguyen t cua cac nguyen to lien ket vi nhau theo mot t le nhat nh khong oi. (H 1.12; 1.13) - Phan t la hat ai dien cho chat, gom 1 so nguyen t lien ket vi nhau va the hien ay u tnh chat hoa hoc cua chat. - Phan t khoi la khoi lng cua phan t tnh bang n v cacbon, = tong nguyen t khoi cua cac nguyen t trong phan t.

- Tuy theo ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat ma vat chat co ba trang thai ton tai: ran, long va kh. Ap dung: 1/ Theo mo hnh ta co: Kh hidro co hat hp thanh gom 2 H lien ket vi nhau nen co PTK = 2.1 = 2(vC); Kh oxi co hat hp thanh gom 2 O lien ket vi nhau nen co PTK = 2.16 = 32(vC); Nc co hat hp thanh gom 2 H lien ket vi 1O nen co PTK = 2x1 + 16 =18 (vC) Muoi an co hat hp thanh gom 1 Na lien ket vi 1Cl nen co PTK = 23 + 35,5 = 58,5 (vC) 2/ Hay so sanh phan t kh oxi nang hay nhe hn, bang bao nhieu lan so vi phan t kh hidro; Ta co

hidro 6/ Cong thc hoa hoc : Cng thc ha hc dng biu din cht, gm mt hay nhiu KHHH v ch s chn mi KHHH. Cng thc ha hc ca n cht: Tng qut: Ax. Vi A l KHHH ca nguyn t. X l ch s, cho bit 1 phn t ca cht gm my nguyn t A. *Vi kim loi x = 1 ( khng ghi ) v d: Cu, Zn, Fe, Al, Mg, *Vi phi kim; thng thng x = 2. ( tr C, P, S c x = 1 ) - V d: Stt Tn cht CTHH Stt Tn cht CTHH 1 Kh hidro H2 5 Kh flo F2 2 Kh oxi O2 6 Brom Br2 3 Kh nit N2 7 Iot I2 4 Kh clo Cl2 8 Kh ozon O3 Cng thc ha hc ca hp cht: Tng qut: AxByCz Vi A, B, C l KHHH ca cc nguyn t. x, y, z l s nguyn cho bit s nguyn t ca A, B, C - v d: Stt Tn cht CTHH Stt Tn cht CTHH 1 Nc H2O 6 Kmclorua ZnCl2 2 Mui n (Natriclorua) NaCl 7 Kh Metan CH4 3 Canxicacbonat ( vi) CaCO3 8 Canxioxit (vi sng) CaO 4 Axit sunpuric H2SO4 9 ng sunpat CuSO4 5 Amoniac NH3 10 Kh cacbonic CO2 ngha ca cng thc ha hc: CTHH cho bit: 1. Nguyn t no to nn cht. 2. S nguyn t mi nguyn t c trong mt phn t cht. 3. PTK ca cht. *Ch : 2H2O: 2 phn t nc. H2O: c 3 ngha : - Do nguyn t H & O to nn. - C 2 H & 1O trong mt phn t nc(c 2H lin kt vi 1O)- nu ni trong phn t H 2O c phn t hidro l sai - PTK = 2x1 + 16 = 18 (vC) *Mt hp cht ch c mt CTHH. - p dng : 1/ Khi viet NaCl co y ngha hoac cho ta H2SO4 co y ngha hoac cho ta biet hoac biet hoac ch : - do nguyn t Na v Cl to ch : nn; - do nguyn t H, S, O to nn; - c 2H, 1S, 4O - C 1Na; 1Cl - PTK = 2x1 + 32 + 4x16 = 98 vC - PTK = 23 + 35,5 = 58,5 vC 2/ Lu : Vit Cl2 ch 1 phn t kh clo c 2 nguyn t Cl (2Cl)lin kt vi nhau 2Cl (2 n.t Cl t do) Vit H2 ch 1 phn t kh hidro c 2 H lin kt vi nhau 2H (2 n.t H t do) Mun ch 3 phn t kh hidro th phi vit 3H2; 5 phn t kh oxi th phi vit 5O2; s ng trc CTHH l h s 2 phn t nc th phi vit 2H2O; Khi vit CO2 th l 1 p.t CO2 c 1C lin kt vi 2O ch khng phi l 1C lin kt vi p. t oxi

PTKkhOxi 2 x16 32 = = = 32 Vay phan t kh oxi nang = 32 lan phan t kh PTKkhhidro 2 x1 2

7/ Ha tr: 7.1/ Ha tr ca ng.t ( hay nhm nguyn t ) l con s biu th kh nng lin kt ca nguyn t ny vi nguyn t khc, c xc nh theo ha tr ca H c chn lm n v v ha tr ca O l 2 n v. V d: Trong hp cht HCl: H ( I ) v Cl ( I ) H2O => O ( II ) NH3 => N ( III ) H2SO4 => SO4 ( II ) Trong CTHH, tch ca ch s v ha tr ca nguyn t ny bng tch ca ha tri v ch s ca nguyn t kia. Tng qut: AxaByb <=> x.a = y.b 7.2/.Vn dng: a/.Tnh ha tr ca nguyn t: V d : Tnh ha tr ca nguyn t N trong N2O5? Gii: gi a l ha tr ca nguyn t N trong N2O5: a II N2O5 Theo quy tc v ha tr ta c : 2a = 5.II = 10 a= V b/. Lp CTHHH khi bit ha tr ca hai nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t. Tng qut: AxaByb Theo qui tc ha tr: x.a=y.b Lp CTHH. Ly x = b hay b/ , y = a hay a/. (Nu a/, b/ l nhng s nguyn n gin hn so vi a & b.) Vd 1: Lp CTHH cu hp cht gm S (IV) & O (II) Gii: IV II CTHH c dng: SxOy Theo qui tc ha tr: x.IV = y. II

x b b' = = y a a'

x II 1 = = y IV 2
Do CTHH cu hp cht l SO2 Vd 2: Lp CTHH cu hp cht gm Na (I) & SO4 (II) Gii: I II CTHH c dng: Nax(SO4)y Theo qui tc ha tr: x.I = y.II

x= 1; y = 2

x II 2 = = y I 1
Do CTHH cu hp cht l Na2SO4 Luyn tp : Lp cng thc ha hc ca II II Cax O y III II Fe xOy III I

x=2&y=1

x II 1 = = =1 y II 1 x II 2 = = y III 3 x I 1 = = y III 3

x = 1 ; y = 1 CaO ; (vy khi a = b th x = y = 1)

x = 2 ; y = 3 Fe2O3 ; (khi CLN(a,b) =1 th x = b; y = a) x= 1 ; y = 3 Al (NO3)3 ; (khi a Mb th x = 1; y = a:b)

Alx(NO3)y

CHNG II: PHN NG HA HC 1/ S bin i cht: 1.1/ Hin tng vt l: L hin tng xy ra khi cht bin i m vn gi nguyn l cht ban u. VD 1.2/ Hin tng ha hc l hin tng cht bin i c to ra cht khc. V d 2/ Phn ng ha hc : l qu trnh lm bin i cht ny thnh cht khc. * Cht ban u ( cht tham gia) l cht b bin i trong phn ng. * Cht mi c to ra l sn phm. * Phn ng ha hc c biu din bng phng trnh ch nh sau: Tn cc cht phn ng Tn cc sn phm t0 t0

Vd: Lu hunh + St St Sunfua ; ng Nc + than 3/ nh lut bo ton khi lng : Trong mt PHH, tng khi lng ca cc cht sn phm bng tng khi lng ca cc ch tham gia phn ng. p dng: Gi s c phn ng: A + B ==> C + D; Cng thc v khi lng: (theo LBTKL)

mA +mB =mC +mD

4/. Phng trnh ha hc: 4.1/ Phng trnh ha hc : * Phng trnh ch : Kh Hidro + kh Oxi Nc. * S P: H 2 + O2 ---> H2O * Chn h s s nguyn t mi nguyn t 2 v bng nhau. Vit thnh PTHH: 2H2 + O2 2H2O 4.2/.Cc bc lp PTHH: (SGK) 4.3/.Luyn tp: a. Vit PTHH ca cc P: Al + O2 - - > Al2O3 (theo s nguyn t ca oxi 2 v; BCNN (2,3) = 6; 6:2=3; 6:3=2) Vy 4Al + 3O2 2 Al2O3 Na2CO3 + Ca (OH)2 -- > NaOH + CaCO3 ; Na2CO3 + Ca (OH)2 2 NaOH + CaCO3 ; b. Vit PTHH cho cc s sau: N2 + O2 - -> N2O5 (theo s NT ca O 2 v; BCNN (2,5) = 10; 10:2=5; 10: 2 = 5) 2N2 + 5O2 2 N2O5 P2O5 + H2O - -> H3PO4 (theo s NT ca P) P2O5 + 3H2O 2 H3PO4 4.4/ ngha ca PTHH: PTHH cho bit t l v s nguyn t, phn t gia cc cht cng nh tng cp cht trong PHH. Vd 1: 2H2 + O2 2H2O S p.t H2 : s p.t O2 : s p.t H2O = 2 : 1 : 2 Ngha l c 2 phn t H2 chy vi 1 phn t O2 to ra 2 phn t H2O Hay 2 phn t H2 chy vi 1 phn t O2; hay 2 phn t H2 to ra 2 phn t H2O . Mg + O2 - - > MgO 2MgO a/. PTHH: 2Mg + O2 b/. S n.t Mg : s p.t O2 : s p.t MgO = 2 : 1 : 2 * Bi 6/58 SGK: a. PTHH: 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 b/. S n.t P : s p.t O2 = 4 : 5 S n.t P : s p.t P2O5 = 4 : 2 CHNG III: MOL V TNH TON HA HC 1/ Mol: 1.1/. Mol l lng cht gm N nguyn t, hay N phn t cht . N c gi l s Avgaro. N = 6 . 1023 nguyn t, hay phn t. V d: + 1 mol nguyn t st gm c N hay 6 . 1023 nguyn t st. + 1 mol phn t H2O gm c N hay 6 . 1023 phn t H2O. 1.2/. Khi lng mol (M) l kh lng tnh bng gam ca N nguyn t, hay N phn t mt cht c cng s tr vi NTK hay PTK ca cht . V d: + Khi lng mol nguyn t Hidro: H = 1 vc => MH = 1g + Khi lng mol phn t Hidro: H2 = 2 vc => M H2 =2g 1.3/ Th tch mol ca cht kh l th tch chim bi N phn t ca cht kh . cng iu kin nhit v p sut, 1mol ca bt k cht kh no cng c th tch bng nhau. Nu nhit 00C & p sut l 1atm (ktc) th th tch l 22,4 lt (dm3) nhit thng l 200C & p sut l 1atm th th tch l 24 lt. 2/ Chuyn i gia khi lng, th tch v lng cht: 2.1/. Cng thc chuyn i gia lng cht (n) & khi lng cht (m): n=m:M Vi M l khi lng mol ca cht. 2.2/. p dng: a/. Tnh s mol c trong 32g Cu? Ta c : mCu = 32g.

Cu = 64 vc => Mcu = 64g. Gii : a/ nCu = mCu : MCu = 32 : 64 = 0,5 (mol) b/. Tnh khi lng mol ca hp cht A, bit rng 0,125 mol cht ny c khi lng l 12,25g? MA = mA : nA = 12,25 : 0,25 = 98(g) 2.3/.Chuyn i gia lng cht & th tch ca cht kh (V) (ktc): a) Cng thc:

n=

V mol 22,4

b).p dng: * Tnh th tch ktc ca: 0,175 mol CO2; 1,25 mol H2; 3 mol N2. - Gii: * VCO2 = n CO2 x 22,4 = 0,175 x 22,4 = 3,92(l) * VH2 = n H2 x 22,4 = 1,25 x 22,4 = 28(l) * VN2 = n N2 x 22,4 = 3 x 22,4 = 67,2(l) * Nu hai cht kh khc nhau m c th tch bng nhau (o cng nhit v p sut) th chng c cng s mol cht & c cng s phn t. * Th tch mol cht kh ph thuc vo nhit & p sut ca cht kh. 3/ T khi ca cht kh: 3.1/. Cng thc tnh t khi ca kh A i vi kh B bit c kh A nng hn hay nh hn kh B

d A/B =
d A / KK =

MA MB

3.2/. So snh khi lng mol ca A & khng kh bit kh A nng hn hay nh khng kh.

MA M = A M KK 29

4/ Tnh theo cng thc ha hc: 4.1/ .Bit CTHH ca hp cht, xc nh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca cc nguyn t ha hc to nn cht. - Gm 3 bc: 1, Tm khi lng mol ca hp cht: 2, Tm s mol nguyn t ca mi nguyn t c trong hp cht. 3, Tm thnh phn phn trm v khi lng mi nguyn t trong hp cht. V d : Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng mi nguyn t trong hp cht Fe 2O3 (St (III) oxit)? Gii:

M Fe2O3 = 56 . 2 + 16 . 3 = 160 (g)

C 2 mol Fe & 3 mol O trong 1 mol Fe2O3 Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng mi nguyn t trong hp cht Fe2O3 l: % Fe =

m Fe 2.56 .100% = 70% . 100% = M Fe2O3 160

%O=

mO 3.16 .100%= .100%=30% hoc %O = 100% - %Fe= 100%- 70% = 30% M Fe2O3 160

4.2/.Bit thnh phn cc nguyn t, xc nh CTHH ca hp cht: V d: Mt hp cht c thnh phn % v khi lng mi nguyn t l:% Cu = 40; % S = 40 & % O = 20 Hy xc nh CTHH ca hp cht, bit khi lng mol l 160g. Gii: + Khi lng mi nguyn t trong hp cht l:

40 .160 = 64(g) 100 20 mS = .160=32(g) 100 m Cu =

mO = 160 - (64+32) = 64(g) + S mol nguyn t mi nguyn t trong hp cht l: nCu = 64: 64 = 1(mol) nS = 32: 32 = 1(mol) nCu = 64: 16 = 4(mol) +Mt phn t hp cht c 1 nguyn t Cu, 1 nguyn t S & 4 nguyn t O.CTHH ca cht: CuSO4 5/ Tnh theo phng trnh ha hc:

Tm tt : CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Gii : S mol CaCO3 c trong 50 g l

m CaCO3 =50g m CaO =?g

Hng dn HS: Mun tm m CaCO3 = ? p dng CT : m CaCO3 = n. Nhng Ta phi i tm
M CaCO
3

n CaCO3 =

m CaCO3 M CaCO3

50 =o,5(mol) 100

=?

nCaO = nCaCO3 (PTHH)

Vit phng trnh ha hc CaCO3 CaO + CO2 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 0,5 mol 0,5 mol 0,5 mol Khi lng CaO thu c l : mCaO = nCaO . MCaO = 0,5 . 56 = 2,8(g)

n CaCO3 =

m CaCO3 M CaCO3

50 =o,5(mol) 100

CHNG IV: OXI, KHNG KH 1/ Tnh cht ca oxi: 1.1/. Tnh cht vt l ca Oxi: Kh Oxi l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nng hn khngkh; ha lng -183 0C, Oxi lng c mu xanh nht. 1.2/. Tnh cht ha hc ca Oxi: a)Tc dng vi phi kim: + Vi lu hunh: Lu hunh chy trong khng kh hoc trong Oxi vi ngn la nh, c mu xanh nht, to ra kh Lu hunhioxit (SO2) & rt t Lu hunh trioxit (SO3). PTHH: S + O2 (r) (k) (k) + Vi Photpho: Phtpho chy mnh trong khng kh vi ngn la sng chi, to ra bt khi trng tan c trong nc. Bt trng l iphtphopentaoxit P2O5 PTHH: 4P + 5O2 (r) (k) (r) b)Tc dng vi kim loi: St chy trong khng kh hoc trong Oxi sng chi, khng c ngn la, khng c khi, to ra cc ht nh nng chy, mu nu l st(II, III) oxit Fe 4O4 (st t oxit) c) Tc dng vi hp cht: Kh Metan chy trong khng kh hoc trong Oxi ta nhiu nhit: PTHH: Kh Oxi l mt n cht phi kim rt hot ng, c bit l nhit cao, n d dng tham gia P vi nhiu kim loi, phi kim v hp cht. Trong cc hp cht, nguyn t Oxi lun c ha tr II. 2/. Oxit l mt hp cht to bi hai nguyn t, trong c mt nguyn t l Oxi. V d : ng (II) oxit CuO ; Cacbonioxit CO2 a II M x Oy x.a = y.II a). Cng thc ha hc: b) Phn loi oxit : Oxit axit Oxit baz Thng l oxit ca phi kim v tng ng l L mt oxit kim loi v tng ng l mt baz nh ngha mt axit. SO2 tng ng vi axitsunfur H2SO3 Na2O: tng ng l Natrihiroxit NaOH. N2O5 tng ng vi axitnitric HNO3 CaO: tng ng l Canxihiroxit Ca(OH)2 . V d CO2 tng ng vi axitcacbonic H2CO3 CuO: tng ng l ng(II)hiroxitCu(OH)2 P2O5 tng ng vi axitphotphoric H3PO4 MgO: ---------------Magiehidro Mg(OH) 2 Tn oxit = Tn nguyn t+oxit Cch gi tn Oxit axit Oxit baz *Nu phi kim c nhiu ha tr: *Nu kim loi c nhiu ha tr th: Tn oxit axit =Tn phi kim + Tn oxit baz = Tn k.lai + (ha tr) + oxit (c tin t ch s nt Pk)(c tin t ch s nt O) + oxit Vd: FeO: St (II) oxit. Cch gi tn Vd: CO: Cacbon mono oxxit Fe2 O3 : St (III) oxit SO2: Lu hunh ioxit HgO: Thy ngn oxit. SO3: Lu hunh trioxit P2O5: i phtpho pentaoxit CH4 (k) + 2O2 (k) t CO2 (k) + 2H2O + Q
0

SO2

2P2O5

PTHH: 3Fe (r) + 2O2 (k) t Fe3O4 (r)

CHNG V: HI RO, NC 1/ Hiro: 1.1/.Tnh cht vt l: Hiro l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, nh nht trong cc cht kh, tan rt t trong nc. 1.2/.Tnh cht ha hc: t0 + Tc dng vi Oxi: PTHH: 2H2 + O2 2H2O + Tc dng vi ng (II) oxit: PTHH: H2 + CuO *Kh H2 chim nguyn t oxi trong hp cht CuO. H2 c tnh kh (kh Oxi). 2/ Phn ng oxi ha kh: 2.1/. S kh v s oxi ha: + S kh l s tch Oxi khi hp cht : PHH H2 + CuO (1) xy ra qu trnh tch nguyn t Oxi ra khi hp cht CuO: S kh. + S oxi ha l s tc dng ca Oxi vi cht khc. (1): S oxi ha H2 to ra H2O. 2.2/. Cht kh v cht oxi ha: * Cht kh l cht chim Oxi ca cht khc . * Cht oxi ha l cht nhng Oxi cho cht khc. + Trong P ca O2 vi cht khc, bn thn O2 l cht oxi ha. 2.3/. Phn ng oxi ha - kh: S oxi ha H2 to ra H2O. S kh CuO thnh Cu. H2 + CuO
400 C
0

400 C

Cu + H2O

400 C

Cu + H2O (1)

Cu + H2O

Cht kh Cht oxi ha + S kh v s oxi ha l hai qu trnh tuy tri ngc nhau nhng xy ra ng thi trong mt PHH. + Phn ng oxi ha - kh l PHH trong xy ra ng thi s kh v s oxi ha. 3/ Mt s loi phn ng ha hc: Tn phn ng nh ngha V d 0 L phn ng ha hc trong ch 4P + 5O2 t 2P2O5 Phn ng ha hp c mt cht mi c sinh ra t hai hay nhiu cht ban u. l phn ng c sinh nhit trong qu CH (k)+2O (k) t 0 4 2 Phn ng ta nhit CO2 (k)+2H2O (h)+ Q trnh phn ng L phn ng ha hc trong t t0 Phn ng phn hy CaO + CO2 mt cht sinh ra hai hay nhiu cht CaCO3 mi. L PHH gia n cht & hp Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + Cu Phn ng th cht, trong nguyn t ca n cht thay th nguyn t ca mt Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2 nguyn t trong hp cht. l PHH trong xy ra ng thi 4000 C H2 + CuO Phn ng oxi ha Cu + H2O s kh v s oxi ha. kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha 4/ Nc : 4.1/ Tnh cht vt l: - L cht lng khng mu, khng mi , khng v, si 1000C (p=1atm hay 760 mmHg), ha rn 00C, khi lng ring 40C l 1g/ml hay 1kg/ lt - Nc c th ha tan c nhiu cht : rn, lng, kh. 4.2/ Tnh cht ha hc: a, Tc dng vi kim loi: Nc c th ha tan mt s kim loi nh: K, Na, Ba, Ca nhit thng to ra baz (hiroxit) v kh H2. PTHH: 2Na (r)+ 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(dd) + H2(k) Natri hiroxit b, Tc dng vi oxit baz: Nc c th tc dng vi mt s oxit baz nh: K2O, Na2O, BaO, CaO nhit thng to ra baz (hiroxit). PTHH: Na2O (r) + H2O (l) 2NaOH(dd) Natri hiroxit CaO (r) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (dd) Canxi hiroxit c/, Tc dng vi oxit axit: Nc c th tc dng vi cc oxit axit to ra axit tng ng. PTHH: H2O(l) + SO3 (k) H2SO4 (dd) Axit Sunfuric H2O (l) + N2O5 (k) 2HNO3 (dd)

nh ngha Cng thc ha hc

Phn loi

Axit Nitric Axit Baz Phn t axit gm c mt hay Phn t baz gm c mt nhiu nguyn t H lin kt vi nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi gc axit, cc nguyn t H c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxit (th thay th bng cc nguyn t OH) kim loi. Hx X : Vi X l gc axit. M(OH)m : vi M l kim loi x c s tr bng ha tr m c s tr bng ha ca gc axit. tr ca kim loi a, Axit khng c oxi: a/ Ba z tan c trong nc v d : HCl, HF, H2S gi l kim. b, Axit c oxi: V d: NaOH; KOH; v d: H2SO4 ; HNO3 ; H3PO4 Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2 b/ Baz khng tan trong nc. V d Fe(OH)2; Al(OH)3 ; Cu(OH)2 ...

Mui Phn t mui gm c mt hay nhiu nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi mt hay nhiu gc axit. MxXm : vi M l kim loi X l gc axit a, Mui trung ha: L mui m trong gc axit khng c H c th thay th bng nguyn t kim loi. V d: Mg3(PO4)2; ZnSO4. b, Mui axit: L mui m trong gc axit cn c H cha c thay th bng nguyn t kim loi. *Ha tr ca gc axit bng s nguyn t H c thay th bng nguyn t kim loi. Vd: NaHCO3: ==> - HCO3 CaHPO4: ==> = HPO4 Tn mui = Tn kim loi + (ha tr) + tn gc axit - Gc axit Cl c tn (clorua NaCl : Natri clorua; MgCl2: Magie clorua; FeCl2 : St (II) clorua; - Gc SO4 c tn sunphat Fe2(SO4)3 : St (III) sunphat Na2SO4 : Natri sunphat - Gc SO3 c tn (sunpit Fe2(SO3)3 : St (III) sunpit Na2SO3 : Natri sunpit Tn mui axit Thm tin t ch s nguyn t H trc gc axit. Mg(H2PO4)2: Magie ihiro photphat

Tn gi

a, Axit khng c oxi: Tn axit = Axit + tn phi kim + hiric V d : HCl: Axit Clohiric HF : Axit Flohiric H2S : Axit Sunfuhiric b, Axit c oxi: Tn axit = Axit + tn phi kim + (r)ic V d: H2SO4 : Axit Sunfu ric HNO3 : Axit Nit ric H2SO3 : Axit Sunfu r H3PO4 : Axit Photpho ric H2CO3 : Axit Cacbonic

Tn baz = Tn kim loi + (ha tr) + hiroxit V d: NaOH: Natri hiroxit Fe(OH)2: St (II) hiroxit Fe(OH)3: St (III) hiroxit Al(OH)3: Nhm hiroxit Cu(OH)2: ng hiroxit

CHNG VI: DUNG DCH 1/ Dung dch: - Dung mi l cht c kh nng ha tan cht khc to thnh dung dch. - Cht tan l cht b ha tan trong dung mi. - Dung dch l hn hp ng nht ca dung mi & cht tan. V d : cho 1 tha ng ha tan trong nc to thnh nc ng. Ta c : ng l cht tan; Nc l dung mi ; Nc ng l dung dch - Dung dch cha bo ha l dung dch c th ha tan thm cht tan. - Dung dch bo ha l dung dch khng th ha tan thm cht tan. 2/ tan ca mt cht trong nc : 2.1/. Cht tan & cht khng tan: C cht khng tan trong nc. V d: ct, bt go, , du n, ... C cht tan trong nc. Nh mui n, ng, ru, C cht tan nhiu trong nc. Nh ru, ng, C cht tan t trong nc. Nh khng kh, mui n, 2.2/, Tnh tan trong nc ca mt s axit, baz, mui: * Axit: hu ht axit tan c trong nc, tr H 2SiO3 (Axit silixic)

* Baz: ch c KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2 tan trong nc, Ca(OH)2 t tan; cc ba z cn li khng tan. * Mui: a, Cc mui ca Na, K u tan. b,Cc mui Nitrat u tan. c, Mui clorua: ch c bc clorua (AgCl) khng tan; d/ Mui sunfat phn ln tan c c BaSO4; PbSO4 khng tan (Xem bng tnh tan trang 156-H8) 2.3/. tan ca mt cht trong nc: tan ca mt cht trong nc l s gam cht tan tan c trong 100g nc to thnh dung dch bo ha mt nhit xc nh. Vd: 250C tan ca ng l 204g, ngha l 25 o C, 100g nc ha tan ti a 204g ng to ra dung dch bo ha. Nhng yu t nh hng n tan: a, tan ca cht rn tng khi nhit tng. b, tan ca cht kh s tng nu gim nhit & tng p sut. 3/ Nng dung dch: 3.1/ Nng phn trm (C%) ca mt dung dch cho ta bit s gam cht tan c trong 100g dung dch. Cng thc:

C%=

m ct .100% m dd

Trong : mct l khi lng cht tan. mdd l khi lng dung dch. mdd = mct + mnc p dng: 1, Ha tan 15g NaCl vo 45g H2O. Tnh C% ca dung dch? Gii:

m dd =m NaCl +m H 2O
= 15 + 45 = 50(g)

C% NaCl =

15 .100%=25% 50

2,Tnh khi lng H2SO4 c trong 150g dung dch H2SO4 14%? Gii: Khi lng H2SO4 c trong 150g dung dch H2SO4 14%:

m H2SO4 =

m dd xC% 14x150 = =21(g) 100% 100

3, Tnh C% ca dung dch bo ha mui n 200C bit SNaCl =36g? Gii: 200C, 36g NaCl tan trong 100g nc to ra 136g dung dch bo ha. Hay: => 136g DDBH c 36g NaCl. 100g DDBH c x g NaCl. Vy:

C%=

36 .100%=26,47% 136

3.2/ Nng mol (CM) ca dung dch l s mol cht tan c trong mt lt dung dch. Cng thc:

CM =

n (mol/lit) V

Trong : n l s mol cht tan. V l th tch dung dch (lt) p dng: 1, Trong 200ml dd CuSO4 c ha tan 16g CuSO4. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch? Gii: 200 ml = 0,2 lt

n CuSO4 =
CM =

16 =0,1(mol) 160

0,1 = 0,5 (mol/lt) hay (M) 0, 2

2, Trn 2l dd ng 0,5 M vi 3l dd ng 1 M. Tnh CM ca dd ng thu c? Gii: V1 = 2 lt; C1 = 0,5 M ; V2 = 3 lt ; C2 = 1M. Tnh

n1 = CM . V = 0,5 . 2 = 1(mol) n2 = CM . V = 1 . 3 = 3(mol)

CM =

n1 +n 2 1+3 4 = = =0,8(M) V1 +V2 2+3 5

3, Tnh s gam cht tan cn dng pha ch 2,5l dung dch NaCl 0,9M? Gii: Vdd = 2,5 l; CM = 0,9 M. Tnh mct = ? nNaCl = 2,5 . 0,9 = 2,25 (mol) mNaCl = 2,25 . 58,5 = 131,625(g) Vy, cn 131,625g NaCl pha ch thnh 2,5l dung dch NaCl 0,9M.