Department of Mathematics & Statistics This module handbook is revisedand provides guidelines about the semester pattern in respect ofM1G108776- Technical Mathematics. This is intended to help the students of levelt of our college in learning the basic concepts involved in this module. It is only a course guide to achieve the learning objectives. It is recommended that the student to use the text books and reference books that are cited in chapters to achieve the optimum level of learning the skills to apply their understanding in engineering applications. | thank my team members for their valuable suggestions and cooperation in bringing out this handbook and a grateful acknowledgement is made to all authors for using some of the relevant parts from their books and journals. MODULE TEAM Module Leader Dr. S. Ramanathan Module Tutors Mr. Ahmed Mohiuddin ‘Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 210 —-Rev:00 Semester A 2\PageTABLE OF CONTENTS PARTA SL NO TITLE Preface (by Module Leader) 1. Module Details 2. Introduction 3. Aims and Objectives 4. Syllabus 5. Learning Outcomes 6. Learning and Teaching Strategy (Lectures and Tutorials, Laboratory work details, Assignments etc) 7. Module Delivery and Assessments Weekly Teaching Schedule Assessment Strategy Assessment Procedures 8. _ Indicative Marking Threshold for Course Work 9. Appointment Slips PAGE 02 05 05 05 88 06 06 06 o7 08 09 Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 2010 -Rev:00 Semester A 3\PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE en CHAPTER TITLE 1 ALGEBRA 1 © introduction "1 @.2) Polynomials "1 (4.3) Operations on rational expressions "1 (4.4) Binomial Expansion 13 Exercise 14) 3 Exercise 12> 16 GQ.) acterization of Polynomial 16 G6 olynomial equator 7 e 18 GY Giadratc Erato 19 Exercise 1.4 24 Exercise 1.5 22 4.9 Solving linear and quadratic inequalities 23 Exercise 1.6 25 1.10 Partial Fractions 26 Exercise 1,7 29 4.11 Exponential functions 29 1412 Logarithmic functions 29 4.13 Hyperbolic functions 30 Exercise 1.1 30 414 Tutorial 1 31 1.15 Indicative Reading and References 34 Answers to Exercises 32 2 TRIGONOMETRY 34 2.4 Introduction 34 2.2 Radian Measure 34 Exercise 2.4 38 2.3 Trigonometric Equations 39 Exercise 22 43 2.4 Combining waves 43 Exercise 23 46 2.5 Sketching graphs of trigonometric functions 47 ‘Module Handbook Fechnical Mathematics _—010/20i1_—~=«wmevi00—A/B ieeeDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 2.6 Tutorial 53 2.7 Indicative Reading and References 53 Answers to Exercises 54 3 Introduction to Complex numbers 55 3.4 INTRODUCTION 55 3.2 Complex numbers 55 3.3 Conjugate complex numbers 55 Exercise 3.1 56 3.4 Geometrical representation of a complex number 56 3.5 Operations with complex numbers 87 Exercise 3.2 58 3.6 Argand diagram 58 3.7 Polar form of a complex number 59 Exercise 3,3 62 3.8 The exponential form of a complex number 62 Exercise 3.4 64 3.9 De Moivre's theorem 64 Exercise 3.5 66 3.10 Circular functions of a complex variable 66 Exercise 3.6 67 3.11 Indicative reading and references 67 3.12 Application of Complex numbers in AC circuits 68 Answers to Exercises 69 4 Matrices & Determinants 70 44° introduction 70 4.2 Operations on Matrices 71 4.3 Transpose of a Matrix 72 Exercise 4.1 72 44 Determinants 73 Exercise 4.2 73 4.5 Properties of Determinants 74 4.6 Multiplication of detorminants 76 Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010/2011 Rev00—A/B ii}PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Exercise 4.3 78 4.7 Inverse of Matrices 78 4.3 Application to the solution of simultaneous 80 equations 4.9 Cramer's rule 82 4.10 Row Reduction Technique 83 4.11 Gaussian elimination 84 Exercise 4.4 87 4.12 Eigen values 87 4.13 Tutorial 97 4.14 Indicative reading and references 98 Answers to the exercises 98 5 Vector Algebra 99 51 Introduction 99 5.2 Scalars 99 5.3 Multiplication of vector by a scalar 100 5.4 Unit vector 100 5.5 Orthogonal vectors 100 5.6 Vector addition 100 5.7 Cartesian components 101 5.8 Product of two vectors 102 5.9 Application of vectors 105 5.10 _ Indicative reading and references 105 Exercise 5.1 105 6 Differentiation 107 6.1 Introduction 107 62 Functions 107 6.3 Types of functions 107 6.4 Undefined functions or indeterminate forms 108 Exercise 6.1 109 6.5 Limits 109 6.6 Fundamental theorems on limits 110 6.7 Some important expansions /Series 110 Module Handbook Technical Mathematics —-2010/2011.—=Rev:00.—A/B ii| PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Exercise 6.2 ar 6.8 Definition of derivative 41 69 Derivative of x™ 112 6.10 Definition of sum, difference scalar product 112 6.11 Rules of differentiation 113 642 Chain rule 113 6.13 Product rule 114 6.14 Quotient rule 115 6.15 Implicit differentiation 116 6.16 Logarithmic Differentiation 116 6.17 Parametric differentiation 118 6.18 Higher derivatives 119 6.19 Derivatives as the stope of the tangent 119 a Nees 7 method for solving non-linear algebraic 44 Exercise 6.3 122 6.21 Applications of derivatives 122 Exercise 6.4 124 Exercise 6.5 128 6.22 Maximum and minimum points (Turning points) 126 Exercise 6.6 130 6.23 Partial Differentiation 131 Exercise 6.7 134 Exercise 6.8 135 6.24 Indicative reading and references 135 Answers for Exercises 136 7 Integration 138 7A Introduction 138 7.2 Methods of integration 139 7.3 Definite integrals 143 Exercise 7.1 144 7.4 Numerical integration 144 Module Handbook Technical Mathematies 2010/2011 -—=«Revi00.—«A/B wiPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Exercise 7.2 147 7.5 _ Indicative reading and references 147 Answers for exercises 148 8 Differential Equations 152 8.4 Introduction 152 8.2 Independent and dependent variables 153 8.3 Solution of differential equation 154 8.4 — Formation of a differential equations 156 8.5 — Solution by variable separable 158 Exercise 8.4 159 8.6 — Solution of linear differential equation 160 Exercise 8.2 162 8&7 — Second order differential equations 162 Exercise 8.3, 169 88 Indicative reading and references 169 Answers for exercises 170 9 Statistics 174 9.4 Introduction 171 9.2 Basic of data collection 171 9.3 Arithmetic mean 71 9.4 Standard deviation 472 9.5 Bivariate distribution 173 9.6 Correlation 4173 9.7 Regression 176 Exercise 9.1 V7 9.8 Tutorial 178 9.9 Indicative reading and references 479 10 Assignments 180 Assignment 1 181 Assignment 2 182 ~00- Module Handbook Technical Mathematics «2010/2011.=—=«Revi00.—«A/B wieRaeDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics LC CCR! el Ca oer cd This will give an overall outlay of the module with its objective of learning and its application. 3. Aims And Objectives The aim of this module is to provide grounding in a range of mathematical topics appropriate to this and other stages of the program. The module emphasises on mathematical notations and problem solving. it develops competence in algebraic manipulation and elementary calculus. The students will study the various mathematical topics which are fundamental to the applications of mathematics to engineering problems. Algebraic manipulation, partial fractions, trigonometry, complex numbers (rectangular and polar forms), matrices, vectors, power series, differentiation (implicit, parametric, partial), integral calculus are some of the topics of the module. ‘The module descriptor provided in this handbook gives the details of the topics to study in ‘this module and the detailed leaming outcomes which the students get during the course of study. 4. Syllabus ‘Aigebra:Binomial Expansion, Polynomial equations & inequalites, patil fractions, Trigonometry: Identities, inverse trigonometric functions, trigonometric equations, modeling waves using sinusoidal graphs, combining waves. Matrices Determinants: basic operations, properties of Determinants, inverses, solving simultaneous ‘equations, Gauss elimination method, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Vectors: Vector computations, scalar product vector product and applications. Introduction to Complex variables: Computations in complex numbers, Cartesian & polar form, Circular functions, alternating current in electrical networks. Differential Calculus: Derivatives, chain rule, product rule and quotient rule, tangent and normal, maxima & minima, partial differentiation, Newton ~ Raphson method of solving nonlinear algebraic equations. Integral Calculus: Indefinite integration, Integration by pats and substitution. Numerical value ofa definite integral; Trapezoidal rule & Simpson rule for integration. Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 2010 Semester A S| PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 5. Learning Sutcomes ‘On completion of this module the student will be able to: manipulate mathematical expressions which are relevant to engineering: ‘« perform operations using vectors solve simple trigonometric equations; © sketch a sinusoidal function; © mathematically model a sinusoidal graph; apply matrices to solve simultaneous equations © apply numerical techniques in solving linear simultaneous equation + apply the computational techniques and identifying the circular functions © apply the knowledge of complex numbers in analysis of AC circuits. ‘differentiate functions using the chain, product and quotient rules apply the knowledge of derivatives in finding maxima and minima ‘© understand partial derivatives of functions of several variables ‘© apply the knowledge of differential calculus to solve application problems; Integrate basic functions by using appropriate rules of integration analytically and numerically. 6. . Learning And Teaching Strategy ‘Combination of lectures and tutorials: ‘The module will be delivered in approximately 15 weeks of time. There are 6 contact hours per week divided in three sessions, the duration of each of which is 2 hours. During the lecture sessions topics as given in the module descriptor are presented. Problem solving sessions will also be conducted. Tutorial work is also given to the students at the end of ‘each topic which the students solve in the presence of the teacher. Take home exercises are also provided for practice. Module Expectations: In order to enhance the performance in maximizing the learning, students are advised to utilize the services at MLSC under the guidance of the core group of Mathematics in ‘achieving the analytical and application problem solving skills. This learning could further be ‘enhanced with the use of soft-wares like MATHEMATICA & MAPLE. Additionally MINITAB, SPSS soft-ware could also be utilized for data interpretations and statistical analysis, Student must bear in mind that It is important to achieve logical thinking and to apply the understanding of the mathematical concepts in engineering applications with a realization that Mathematics is the basic science to interrelate theory and practice. It is strongly advised to refer the indicative reading through reference books and relevant websites as mentioned at the end of each chapter in part B of this Module hand Book. ‘Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 2010 -Rev:00 Semester ADepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 7. Module Delivery and Assessments Weekly Teaching Schedule Date Week’ commencing Lecture Programme | from + | 26.09.10 _ [ntoduction to Algebra: Binomial Expansion, Polynomial Equations & In- "> _eauations 2 | 02.10.10 hatgobraic expression & Algebraic functions — partial fractions J catoto _[Tgonomety — dente verse tigonometic functions — solutions of a ations 4 | 16.10.10 _ [Trigonometry — Modeling waves using sinusoidal graphs, combining waves _| & | 23.10.10 _|introduction to Complex variables - Computations, Cartesian & polar forms, @ | 3010.10 | Complex variables — ciroular functions, alternating current in electrical jetworks.. vectors introduction ~ scalar product 06.11.10 _ [Mid Term Examination (Assessment Week) 7 | 13.11.10 _Mectors - vector product, triple products and applications 27.11.10 [Matrices ~operations, properties of determinants, Cramer rule, 9 | 04.12.10 Matrices- inverse techniques, Gauss elimination 10 | 11.12.10 _ Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Statistics 71 | 16.12.10 _ Differential Calculus - methods of diferentiation, tangents and normal, plications, maxima and minima saeaneaegecesuaegen 12 | 25.12.10 _ hitferential Calculus = Newton- Raphson method, Partial differentiation 13 | 01.01.11 integral Calculus — Indefinite and definite integrals, 14 | 08.01.11 _ }ntegration by parts, trapezoidal and Simpson rule 48 | 1501.11 Final Examinations ‘Assessment Strategy ‘Coursework 80% - Two Assignments ‘Coursework 20% - Class Test Examination Duration 2 Hrs, 50% - Unseen witten exam Assessment Precedures This module is assessed by Continuous Assessments and Diet Examination SLNo. ] Description Mode Marks Weightage 1 | Test Mid-Term Test (1.5 hours Duration) 100% 20% 2 | Course work 1 ‘Assigament 1 al enioe 40% 13 | Course work 2 ‘Assignment 2 ~ 100% 0% Total CA 100% Exam (2hours Duration) 100% Total {CA + DIET} 100% in Continuous Assessment, 35% in final DIET examination and 40% overall ‘Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 2010 Rev: Semester A 7 [PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 8. Indicative Marking Threshold for Course Work Indicative Grade | _ Indicative Mark Commentary 70% and above A (EXCELLENT PASS) Boslent Standard '* Exceptionally clear, wel structured and theoretical informed. ‘© Standard of English excetent, ‘* Exceptionally good powers of analysis and interpretation, ‘© Adequate References ‘Solutions to problems ‘» all steps in a meticulously structured ‘+ use of relevant units and interpretations, ‘+ _use of inteligent and innovative methods 60-69% (VERY GOOD PASS) Figh Standard Displaying a thorough understanding of the topic Focusing clearly on the question ‘Demonstrate extensive reading to support analysis, ‘Soundness of judgment ‘Coherent reasoned statement with empirical evidence. ‘Shows room for improvement ‘= Proper referencing to sources ‘Solutions to probloms ‘¢ allsteps in a structured manner with efovant units. ‘+ answers to show accurate results ( may miss simple stops) terpretations of Solution (may be incomplete) 50-50% c {GOOD Pass) ‘Generaly good standard ‘solid pioess of work which answer the question, ‘+ show evidence of fait with avalable txts; ‘+ a ear conclusion ina general focused and well writen manner, ‘+ use of cations, quotations and references ‘+ room for improvement in breach of reading, dpth of anaisis ‘+ References included ‘Solutions to problems ‘+ contin necessaryimpotant slaps wth relevant unis. ‘+ more or less accurate results, (may miss some steps which are not very cial o problem sohing) + lack of proper interpretation of results 40-49% D (PASS) ‘Adequate standard ‘© substantial room for improvement, (€ in terms ofthe standard of writen English, the sharpness of focus onthe question} '* _ lack of sophistication of the analysis: ‘= References included, bu nol adequate ‘Solutons to probiems ‘+ steps for solving problem based on theory and principles (may lack some stops towards the ral answers) ‘+ no substantial inierpretation of he fal result 30-39% (FAIL) “Slandard below average degtee standard ‘+ Display some potential of degree standard (fas down in atleast one of the categories indicated above) ‘Solutions to problems ‘+ not contzning important steps for solving the problem ++ intial steps corect but mistakes towards fina result Below 30% (BAD Fall) ‘Weak and weil short of degree standard failure to focus on question sel, idenily the issues accurately, understand and use core concepts, distinguish between important and unimportant facts and ‘theories, understand or interpret the main arguments in the Mteratue, cite ‘Sources; provide proper references +a poor standard of sentence construction, ramma & speting, + commit major mistakes in choosing the dataflacks important and crtical steps towards obtaining fnal_resul ‘Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 2010 -Rev:00 Semester A 8[PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Appointment Slips j Bepariment ‘of Mathematics and s Statis Level: o jepartment of Mathematics and TW eee UG) faecal Progcode: Level: | :—_Prog.Code: Time: Date: 120 a Time: Date: Signature: Signature: Seeking an appointment wth he tuts. Fl inthe apport sips and gel them ied by your to. Cul the appointment sips along the dotted ines and leave them with the M&S department assistant. ‘Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics 2010 -Rev:00— Semester A o[PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Appointment Slips (conn [gybepatinent ot of Mathematics and Ce) { | Studentno: —_-Prog.Code: Level: 5 1 ‘Tutor Appointment Slip ( 5 ae Gere Prog.Code: Level: 1 Name: DMBS Appt { yay. 3 : Lae { Day: Time: Date: J 120 ynature: DM&S Appt i) ‘Department of Mathematics and Date: ew sti Time: ' Day: 1 Tutor Appointment Siip Tutor: | | (O} :——«Prog.Code: Level; | Student no: Prog.Code: Level: { Name: t | Day: Day: Time: Please read iy Seeking an appointment wth thers. Flin the appointment sips and gel them signed by your tor Cut the appointment slips along the dotted lines and leave them with the M&S department assistant. ‘Module Handbook Engineering Mathematics, 2010 Rev:00 Semester A wolPageDeparment of Mathematics & Statistics ‘CHAPTER 1- ALGEBRA 1.1. Introduction Algebra is a study of patterns inclusive of quantities, operations, interrelations, combinations and abstractions, which uses symbols to represent numbers and in making generalisations between their relafions. The objective is to develop skills relating to computations, ‘manipulations and formulations of truth by deduction from axioms and definitions 1.2. Polynomials ‘A polynomial is an algebraic expression. That is a sum of much number of terms Example: 2x7+3x—-5, 3x-7, x°-20 Degree of a Polynomial The degree of a polynomials the highest power of x foundin the expression. Expression Degree Name ax+b 1 Linear ax torte 2 Quadratic ax? + bx +ex¢d 3 Cubic ax! +be text dete 4 Biquadratic Examples: x5 —+ Linear expression [degree = 1} x+3x-4 + Quadratic expression [degree = 2], +3x"-7 + Cubic expression [degree = 3}, polynomial exp ression A polynomial expression Mis also called a rational expression 3t+1 aa yl Peeed eal) y+2y43 ‘An algebraic fraction has the form: Examples: 1.3. Operations on rational expressions. 4.3.1. Addition and Subtraction: ‘The method of adding and subtracting algebraic fractions is identical to that for numerical fractions. Each fraction is written in its simplest form. The denominators of the fractions are examined and the lowest common multiple (LCM) is found. All fractions are then written in an equivalent form with the LCM as the denominator and the numerators are addedisubtracted. Example 1. Simplify 0 Solution: T ‘Module Handbook Technicat Mathematics 1 2010 Revo ASB nipDepartmen of Mathematis & Stasis Solution PaSee6 ax (ee 2)le43) a(el) a? Baer Qe-l) “Gerl)e+2) _ (+3) 2(z+1) ‘Solution BHBrAT eT 24 8etT P4? 6x 6x x47 (e4t)(e47) Peel) (xtt)x(ett) x(t)? wx-6) (e+?) (x6) (e=8) Exercise 14 1. Express as a single fraction 4 42e ae xtl eee 1.4. Binomial Expansion {A Binomial expression is an algebraic expression consisting of two terms. For example x + ¥, 2x + By, 2x~ 3, 3x + 4y are binomial expressions in x and y. ‘The binomial theorem allows us to expand powers of such expressions, Let (x +a) be a binomial expression Then , finding various powers of (x +a), we get (x+ayeat (ras xa (crap 2 ote 2a + a (crap = 204 3xa + 3xat +a? (salt = eae a4 Ox ats bat sat beta) = 85 Sx! art0s2 at + 108 als Sx al eat “The coefficients of the binomial expansion (x + a)" can be arranged in the following way. Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 -Rew00«A/B Bipent of Mathematics & Staistes Remark 1 1m the binomial expansion(x+a)" , there willbe (n +1) terms Example () (x-5)’ will have 7+ 1 =8terms (iy(x+4)" withhave 106111 terms Remark 2 Any general term inthe expansion of binomial expression (x-+a)" is given by Jee where dente teem 1 Example 4. (i) Find the 3" term in the expansion of the (x— 2)" Solution 25,123 and a=-2 3) aay 2-(3 (2y Se x4=1040 = 4002 rer) (i) Find the 5” term in the expansion of (2x+1)" n=T, 202, 105 1 -(Djex a 35x Bx* = 2802" (i) Expand (2-4) x Solution Using the binomial expansion theorem of (x-+ a)" 1 Substitute x=2 and a=—a=2; this gives (a) {@) Using Binomial expansion find the value of (2.95)* to 4 significant figures, Solution Write 2.95 » 3 ~0.05 then we need to find (3 ~ 0.05 fusing he expansion for (x +a (3-0.05)* = 3* + 4(3)° (-0.05) + 6(3)°(-0.05)" + 4(3)(-0.05)? + (-0.05)* ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 -Rev0o IB. 151PageDepartment of Mathematics & isis yx(2e41) +5(2x41) =(2e41)(2e+5) (iy Factorise x? -9 Solution #-9=(2+3)(2-3) (ii). Factorise 4y*—9y+2 Solution Ay? By 42=4y?—By— yo =4y(y~2)-1(y-2) =(4y-1)(9-2) (iv) Factorise 62? +11r-10 Solution 6x +11x~10 = 62 +15x—4x—10 3x(2x45)-2(2x+5) =(3x-2)(2x+5) () Factorise 8ix*—y* soliton sixt-y'=(92')' O°) = (08 +¥)(92-9") = (92494) x4 y)(x-9) 1.6. Polynomial Equations. The polynomial equation has the form Pla) = 24x" + ayy HP! + app X"F—m- + ap x? + aX + ay =O Where nis a positive number py Any Anz yrs-re , Br ap are called the Coefficients of the polynomial 1.6.1. Solving a polynomial Equation Roots of an equation are the values of x in a polynomial equation P(x)= 0, which satisly that equation. Method of getting such values of x is called solving the equation. Let us look at the following examples. Examples. x x,x_18 (Sove *+24% @ att 374 24 Solution 6x+4x43x 2 Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 210 ReeooA/B. wIPaag Department of Mathematics & Statics — 17. Quadratic Equations ‘A quadratic equation in x is a second degree polynomial that can be written in the standard form ax +br+. az0 where a, b, ¢ are real numbers. ‘There are three methods of solving a quadratic equations, namely, () Factorization method (i) Using a formuta (Gi) Completing the square _-- 1.7.1. Solving a quadratic equation by factorization Example 6. ‘Solve by the method of factorization: 4. P-10x+ Sol: (x-1)(x-9 (x-1)=0 or (x~9)=0 orx=9 2 2 +9044 Sol: (2x+1)(z+4)=0 (2x+1)=0 or (x+4)=0 x05 or x=-4 1.7.2, Solving a quadratic equation by completing the square ‘To complete the square for the expression x +bx=c (i) Ensure the coefficient of x*is 1 (nd (2) os star te non (i) Complete the square using either (x +m Fror(x—n)F (iv). Take the square root of both sides (). Solve for x Example 6. Solve by completing the square 1 P-6x45=0 $302 ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2 2010 Revi00 AJB 191PaSolve the following quadratic equation by factorization: 1. FP +10x425= 2 ax? = 192433 3. 6x7 46524490 4 st4dx- 2120 8 Pax-56=0 6 737 +23x+6=0 Solve the following equations by completing the square 7 xP -2et1=0 8 S44x-x7 =0 9. 4x? -4x-99=0 10. x? 44x-32=0 WP 4x-12=0 12. x? 48x~20= Use the quadratic formula to solve the following 13. 2x7 4x-1=0 14. Pade bade 0 18. 3xex7-120 16. 8x7 +11=20x 17. 92° +24x416=0 18. 5x°+4x-12=0 18. Equati 18: Theory of Equations Finding equations whose roots are a and It B andazare the roots of the quadratic equation (x- a) (x- 6) =0 X-(B + a\x+ Ba=0 Example 8 1. Find the equation whose roots are -4 and -7. x? - (sum of the roots)x + (product of the roots) = 0 E44 naar) <0 x2 (-11)x + 28=0 x8 411x4 28=0 Sol: 2, Hf @and B are the roots of x*+2x~3=0, find a + B* Sok: (+ By = as Ps 20 8 (a+ B= (at py -2a 8 arpet (a+ P)= (a+ fy -2a8 2.263) +6 0 3. Hf crand ff are the roots of x°+3x- 10-0, find a? + fP Sol: (a+) = a s3a" B+3a f+ f > +B s3a Blas p) @ +P = (a+ 3a Ba+B) ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathem: a 7010 -Rev.00— AJB IP xDepartment of Mathematics & Staisios Exercise: 1.5 ft axand f are the roots of 2x7 -4x+ 2. Mt @and f are the roots of 3x7 -2x— aps ag the equation whose roots are a. ~7.6 and -2.4 b Aad 4 © ~3Sand 35 d. 27 and -16 4. Solve: Vx = (x-2) fe 5. Hf @and B are the roots of x7-5Sx+3=0, find —>+— and —~+—— B SE Rap 6. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x7—6x+4=0, Find the value of ab eee (Se8)uo( ets Solving linear and quadratic Inequalities in one variable: 1 Linear Inequalities are similar to linear equations, except that the equally sign = in the equations is replaced by one of the four inequality signs >, <, = and > is greater than is less than {s less than or equal to 2 —— is greater than or equal to Solutions fora variable in an in-equation will be a range of values rather than a single value Rules of manipulation: The rules for manipulating linear inequalities are the same as those used for manipulating finear equations with one major exception: a x>y implies xte>yze > x>y implies me> my it mis postive e. x>y implies £>2 mis postive Major Exception: oe 1 we ry to multiply or divide both sides ofan inequaly hen the inequality gets reversed a x>y implies mxy implies <2 if mis negative Examples. Solve the inequaltes: 1) x-B< 2x45 Sol x<2e+8 x<8 x8 Allvaluos of x grealor than —8 salisly x-3 < 2x +5 "Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 3. 2010 Rev:00 ASB BiPageDepartment of Mathematics & Staisios 2.The inequality >0 is valid for x > 3orx<-1. 2.Sove 273 <1 2 2043 tH 243 —s This is of the form A so Case (i) Oand B <0 tet20 te2 0 14150 14250 ts 2 +The inequality *2 <1 satisfies fort> -2andt < +. 3. Solve x > 4 Sok xP >4 x2 >0 (&-2iix42)>0 This is of the form of > 0. Case ()) «> 0 and B> 0 (-2)>0 (K42)>0 x>2 x>-2 Both the inequality is tue when x > 2 Case (i) a<0 and B <0 (e-2)<0 x4+2<0 x<2 xe? Both the inequality is true when x <-2. :. The inequality is valid when x> 2 oF x <-2. 1, 3. Get 216 * 3x2" aed 5 ta 6 tax<6 ax 8 x'46x+850 9, mis? ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 Rew00 AB 2s IPageDepartment of Maternatcs Az=4 and B=2 6x48 4.2 2 43R+2 42)" HD ‘Type 2: Repeated linear factors Example 12. Bet 4. Express —2**! a5 a partial fraction cea (1x42) ee seeeraeAnr sera 42) =D Gd) 3x4 T=A(K 10+ 2) + BO 2) + Cx pat 3z+1 D°+2) 91) 3-H 9+ 2) Ss = a8 a partial fraction, Paes Pm 2. Express ee eda Cee" OD) 2k +50 Ae+ 1) +B B=3, An? Theretore Sees unease Fetes Ger Gay ‘Type 3: Irreducible quadratic factors Example 13, Sx AMET partial traction, 1. Express Pres Cm aya 6x13) (Br+c) GP +6x+13) Ba? $11 +14 = A? +6413) + (Bx + CYX-4) Sol: A=2, B=1 and C=3 Bat +114 2 x43 4) 6x13) G4) OP 6x4 13) ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 Rev00—«A/S WiPage‘Department of Mathematics & Slates, Exerci 7 Express the following as partial fractions. aK 2act @ x3) 1 Omir er © aD eo tet (c+ DQ~2) DG 18x? 52447 it =2 @+9G-DEF5, GHDE=2) 2x) 42x? 2x1 4x-11 1, tebe xe De H15x47 @aeG-4) 1.11. Exponential functions: Functions of the type f(x) = a” where ais a positive number and xis the variable are called ‘exponential function. 1.11.1. The properties of the standard expone! function are b Ae’ where A= ce = (e)'= atwherea =e 4 Graph of exponential function e” 1.12. Logarithmic Function Functions of the type f(x) = log, x. x> 0 where ais any positive number, are called the logarithmic functions. 1.12.1. Properties of logarithmic function 1 Tog, (515) log. 5 + 108, 5 2. tp, (2) «toes 2 tog, x =n Wo x 4 tog, a= 4 5 day 6. log, x = 28% Whereb 2a log, @ “Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 210 Revo AI. 291Paze1.14, Tutorial 4. SoWeforx: x? +7x-3 0 using the method of completing the square: 2. e@and Bare roots of 3x? +6x-5=Othen find the value of a? +A, a +B Gx -6) -DE-3F 3. Express as partial fractions 4. Solveforx: 107? =5.478 5. Find ne 9 tr inthe expansion of (222) “witout atl expansion 6. Write 3Cosh2x—SSinh2xin terms of e** and &? 1.45. Indi eading and references ‘Anthony Croft, Robert Davison (1989), Mathematics for Engineers, Addison Wesiey John Bird , Engineering Mathematics, Elsevier Rediin, Watson, Precalculus, (5° edition) ISE. htiputwwrw. Wikipedia.orgiwiifalgebra ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 Rev:00 ASB 31IPDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Exercise: 1.5 15,4 2114, +1.33 Ba x410r418.24 20 bo x -BxH16=0 7-12.25 =0 d. P-11x-4.32 = a4 5. 2.963,055 6. 11 Exercise: 1.6 1 xolorx<0 2 x>067 or x<—4 3. x>l6orxel 4 x<0 or x25 5 x>orxBorx<25 8. x24 and x<-2 9. ms v2 and m2—V2 Exercise: 1.7 = ee Beek x47 xed axel Exercise: 1.8 1. a, 4.2485 b. 0.6931, 1.0986 c. -0.9809 d. 0.3473, 0.4924 10.2917 g.-1.102 fh. 1.1094 i. 1.5404 4, 1.7329 2. cosh2x+7sinh2x 3. Heoshx-+sinh x 4. 35e"—0.5e" 5. 1250 +175 6 dee 7 a re8 Bb) x ~-000-- ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 zo Revo A/8 331Pag.Department of Mathematics & Statistics CHAPTER 2 - TRIGONOMETRY 2.1, Introduction ‘Trigonometry is concerned with angles and vatious ratios, known as sine, cosine, and tangent. Aim is to deveiop skills in solving equations and in modeling a sinusoidal graphs. Fundamental to work in trigonometry is the measurement of angie. The two main units to measure angle are degree and radian. 2.2. Radian Measure: Angles are usually measured in degrees. But there is another way of measuring angles. In this method, the unit is called the radian. Instead of 360° making a complete revolution in the degree system, in the radian system 2aTradians makes a complete revolution. 2.2. Relation between Radians and Degrees Radians = 180° => 1 Radian = 2 degrees ‘To convert from degrees to radians mrad = 180° To convert from radians to degrees trad = 82 degrees = @ rad = xo z Example 1. Convert 270 into Radians Solution 270% = 270x tad 180 = aad 2 ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010=«Revi00—A/B 341PageDepartment of Mathematics & Sttsios sin B=Vi-—cos’ B {ey + B) 713 sin(A+ B)=sin Acos B+cos Asin B 56 2. if tan =2/3,tanB =6/7,Find tan(A+B),tan(A-B),sin(A-B) - Solution: tan(A+B) tan(A—B) = AT an ¥tn AtnB sec A= 1+tan?A secA=vi+tan A sin A= Vi-cos*A 9 jee Bis 2010 Rev:00A/B ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 361PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics =l+cot? A =cosectA 6. Prove that 4sin2Atan A=1-cos"A Solution: sintAtan A =beasin Acos Ax S84 cos A 7. Prove that tan BcosecB =secB Solution: tan Boos ecB eae i : ‘sec B cosB sinB cosB 8, Prove that tan A(1+.cos2A)=sin2A . Solution: tan A(+-c0824) = 84 (14 2008" A-1) cos A sin cos A 2sin Acos A sin2A x2c0s" A 9. Prove that (sec? —1)cos*¢= sin? Solution: (ec? 11) cos? ¢ = sec” rxcos" t—cos" cos? sin? Exercise2.1 1. sinA=2, cosB=$ tind sin(A—B) and tana 2) 2 If cosa. 2 1g lind sina, tan, cosecA, sec and cot A. by using identities. 3. If sin@=0.7431, Find sin20, cos20 and tand. 4. Prove that 2A =tnd T+cos2A Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1.2010 Rev00 As BBIPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Here,0< 4 < 6.2832 The valid @ are 0.3774, 2.7642 ‘The solution is @=0.3774,2.7642 (2) The general solution for cos = 0 =2na cos” k,n=0,41,42... Note: Is given by cos” k should be in radians . Example 1. Solve cos@ = 0.5592 . Solution: ‘The general solution is: @=Inz cos" k, 6 = 2nw + cos" 0.5592, 0 =2nx+0.9774, n= 2. Solve cos@ =0.4813,050< 24 Solution : ‘The general solution is: £2. 1 cos 0.AB13,n = OEY AD cee 1 +1.06866,n = 0, 41,42. 1,2,-2, 0% +1.06866 = 1.066866,~ 1.066866 n=1=9 8 = 2x1 1.06866 = 7.35196,5.2144 0 = 2x-1x# 41.0686 = ~5.2144,-7.35196 n= 2=> 6 = 2x2xm £1.06866 = 11.4976,13.635 Here 0<@<2a ‘The valid @ are 1.06866, 5.2145. The solution is 6 = 1.06866,5.2145 (3) The general solution for tan@ =k is @=nn+ tan" 1,22. Note: tan“ k should be in radians Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 Rev: 00 ale 401P ayeDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics o- rtE 041,42. The valid @ are 0.9388, 1.986, 3.0332, 4.0804, 5.1276, and 6.1748. 5. Solve 3sin® x+2sinx-1=0 Solution: Gsinx-1)(sin x41) =0 1 sinx=1 or sinx= 3 cae, ince! x= nts (-D" sin" (1/3), n= 0.41.82. x= nm +(—1)°0.3398,n =0,41,42.. Case 2. sin x=. xenn+(-l)' sin 1),n=0,31,42 BE net (CI (ALSION, 2=O,AN 2. x= n+ (-1)"0.3398 & nat+(-1)"(-1.5707), m= 0,41,42. 6, Solve sin2x=cos x,0 Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 —-2010—=—«ReviOD—A/B ealPaDepartment of Mathematics & Statsics Using De Movers theorem (VBA) fost. 6012) + jsin2.6012 t= (V4) 0s 4(2.6012)+ jin 42.6012)1 =1156(cos 10.4+ jsin 10.4) L1S-0.557 + j-0:8305)) 643.9 - 960.07 Example 3. Use De Moivre's theorem to show that £0830 = 40s? @—3c0s@ and sin 30 =3sin—4sin? @ Solution: (cos@+ jsin8)’ = cos30+ jsin3@ Expanding the LHS we find cos* 843 eos" Bsin8+3/" cossin® 0+ /? sin” @ = 00830 jsin30 cos? 0-+3 cos" @sind ~3cos@sin® 8 jsin? 9 =cos30+ jsin 30 Equating real paris give cos? 8—3cossin® 8 = cos30 £08 @~3c058(1—cos? 8) = 00530 £08" 8+ 3008" 8300 =c0s38 _ 400s @~3e080 = 0838 Equating imaginary parts cos? Asin 8 — 3-sin? @)sind—sin* 3sin@—3sin"@—sin’@ -3sin@ ~4sin? @ Note: MW z=cosO+ jsine (6036 + jin)" =c0s0— jsin@ (using De Moivie's theorem) and z= 2jsing z and ee Example 4 Show that cos? = (cos20++1) 1 Solution 2e0s6= 244 Squaring on both sides Peos'o=(ze4) =ee244 oe ; = 2eos20+2 Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 —2010—=«Rewi00—«A/B 65 iPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 3.10.1. Relation between Circular functions and hyperbolic functions, 1. sinjx=jsinkx ii, cosjx =coshx ii. tanjx = j tanhx and i. sinhjx = jsinx ii coshjx=cosx it. tanhjx = j tanx 3.10.2, Formulae of Hyperbolic functions a. cosh®x ~ sinh?x = 1 b, sech?x = 1—tanh?x ©. coseh?x = 1+ coth?x d. sinb(x 4 y) = sihxcoshy +coshxsinhy e. cosh(x + y) = coshxcoshy + sinhxsinhy = tanbetony tanks oe f. tanh by) = fammeetenty—g, tama = HEME, sinhdx = 2sinhxcoshx i. coshax = cosh?x + sinh®x = 2cosh?x = 14 2sinh?x j. sinhx + sinhy = 2sinh (2) cosh (2) k.coshx + coshy = 2 cosh (52) cosh (? A 1 cosh = coshy = ink (22) cnn Exercise 3.6 1. Separate into real and imaginary parts: a. sink(x + iy) b. cosh(x + jy) ©. tanh(x + jy) 2. i sin(a +p) = x + jy then prove that ec 8 coset Se F 3. Ifcosh(a + jf) = x + fy then prove that ye i oy worhta * Gintta > cost sin? ~ 3.11. Application of complex numbers in AC circuits An alternating current electrical circuit consists of resistors, capacitors and inductors and can be analyzed using a formula V = Z/ where V is the voltage, Z is the impedance and I is the current. All V, Z and I are complex quantities. 3.11.1. The notations and symbols . Resistance: R with units ohms 0 Ww a. b. Capacitance: C with unitsfaradsF 9: =| — c. Inductance: L with units henrys Ho: pn d. Ohm's law: V=IR e. The voltage across a capacitor with reactance X, is Ve f. The voltage across an inductor with reactance X, is V, = 1X, g. The impedance of a circuit is the effective resistance in total to the flow of current The symbol is Z with units % Module Handbook Technical Mathemac 5 1 2010 Rev:00A/BDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Answers to the Exercises Exercise 3.1 4. arty bees 2oact+8j 65-3) Exercise 3.2 We @27-11y = <3, 85° 85 26" 26 Exercise 33 1 yO eons 96+ jxin5.96) 202040 jx) extent jain) 1Meon1 96+ sit 96) 2. a Vid,2a2, JRJo7 6179/36, 0911203 Batts bVB+ji ev3-7 Exercise 3.4 Vas 362 oa, £ ne 3 2 225,433 605,085 6-110 4-20. 5. The 6, 0.66" (2 3.278) 4 Vie, Exercise 35 8, cin’ 1, a.cor96+ jsin9e, cos2 + jsin® 98+ jsin9®, cos + jsin’ 2. a.cosI0+ jsin7@ —b,cos108+ jsin100 c.cos80- jsin89. 3a. 140) 107+ j(0.213) +5) 4 a 13640365j — B.2-j AHF 000. Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 Rev: 00)Department of Mathematics & Statistics ‘CHAPTER 4 - MATRICES &. DETERMINANTS 4.1. Introduction: Matrices provide a means of storing large quantities of information in such a way that each piece can be easily identified and manipulated. They permit the solution of large systems of linear equations to be carried out in a logical and formal way so that computer implementation follows naturally. Applications of matrices extend over many areas of engineering including electrical network analysis and robotics. ‘An example of an extremely large electrical network is the national grid in Britain. The ‘equations governing this network are expressed in matrix form for analysis by computer because solutions are required at regular intervals throughout the day and night in order to make decisions such as whether or not a power station should be connected 10, or removed from, the grid. To obtain the trajectory of a robot it is necessary to perforin matrix calculations to find the speed at which various motors within the robot shouid operate. This is a complicated problem as itis necessary to ensure that a robot reaches its required destination and does not collide with another object during its movement. 4.1.1, Definition: ‘The system of numbers arranged in a rectangular array in rows and columns and bounded by the brackets is called a matrix. In general, a set of ma numbers (real or complex) arranged in a rectangular array of m rows and n columns, fe en te ee Aalen oa ey is called a matrix of order mxn or type mxn The numbers ay.0)34)5¢--- yg AN@ called the elements of the mati. The vertical lines are called columns of column vectors, and the horizontal lines are called rows or row vectors of the matrix. From the above it's obvious thal the given matrix consists of m rows and n columns; such a matrix is called an (mxm) matrix (read *m by m matrix’). The matrix will be denoted by capital bold faced letters A, B, C, X, Y....etc. The elements of the matrix are denoted by a, this refers to the element located in the ah row and jh column. 4.1.2. Types of Matrices: (1) Rectanguar Matrix. A matrix in which the number of rows and the number of columns are not same (i, different) is called a rectangular matrix. IA is a matrix of order mxn then Ais rectangular matrix f and only if m #n (2) Square Matrix. A matrix in which the qumber of rows and the number of columns are equal is called a square matrix. If Ais a matrix of order mxm then A is square matrix it and only itm (3) Null Matrix or Zero Matrix. Any matrix in which all the elements are zeros is called a 2er0 matrix of a null matrix. (4) Diagonal Matrix. A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all of its non-diagonal elements are zero and principal diagonal elements are non zero. Module Handbook Technical Mathematics i -2010=«*Revz00.—‘Semester AJ 70| PaceDegartmentof Mathematics & Stasis 1 2 0 0 -3) Example. fA=|4 2 7/and8=|2 8 7 | showthat AB BA 39 6 59 Solution. 1-12) (0 0 -3 ABe|4 2 7[x{2 8 7 39 oJ lsat 0-210 O-8418 3-742) (8 10 =] 044435 0+16+63 -1241447| =|39 79 9 0+18+30 0+72+54 -9+63+6) (48 126 60 00 -3) (1 -1 2) (-9 -27 -18 Ba=|2 8 7[|x|4 2 7/=[55 77 102 59 1) (3 9 6) lw 2 9 AB #BA Note. Multiplication of a matrix with unit matrix, results in the orignal matrix, le, AXI=IXA=A 4.3. Transpose of a Matrix: ‘The transpose of a matrix A is witten as A’ or A". Itis found by interchanging the rows of a matrix with its coressponding columns, ie, row 1 becomes column 1 and row 2 becomes column 2, and so on. 4.3.1. Transpose of a product ‘The transpose of a product of any two matrices is related to the product of individual transpose of the matrices in reverse order. ie, (AB) =BTAT Exercise 4. Bb be) 3 0 41 2. WAS and B -| find 2A , 3B , 20428 and 2A-38, 21 3 2, 2. Evakate the folowing a1) (aa (3 (3) 21) fo of }G) © ator ; ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematies 1 2010 Revi00 Semester A/S RipaneDepartmen of Mathomats & Sttstce 4.5. Properties of Determinants ‘The following are the properties of the determinants: Interchanging two rows of A just changes the sign of dot). Interchanging two columns of A just changes the sign of dt(A). IW Ahras a complete row, oF column, of zeroes thon det(A) = 0. ot (A) = dat (4°), “To any row of Awe can add any muliple of any other row without changing det(A). Toany column of Awe can add any multiple of any other column witnout changing det (4) ‘A common factor ofall the elements of a row of A can be ‘taken outside the determinant, in the following sense: Ay yay | [ya [Py Py Pyl=P- {Oy Ol ay yay | fay ty a 8. The same applies to columns. 3, all the eloments of A below (or above) the dagonal are zero then the determinant is equal to the product of the diagonal elements. in paricular, the determinant ofa diagonal matrix is {equal fo the produc ofthe diagonal elements. For example SoSn couse oun 10. The determinant of a product isthe product ofthe detorminants, In symbols, ‘det(AB} = det(A) det(6). These give us ways to manipulate a determinant into a more manageable form for calculation. Let me do one or two examples to give you the idea. | will not be very systematic about it at this stage Example 2.3 1 oO 1 R12, stowttar |, 9 lt pa 2 Solution; ‘Try to make as many zeros as possible in a row / a column and, ideally 1o produce a matrix in which all the elements below (or above) the diagonal are howd aria 4 B21 2 ea Module HandbookTechnieal Mathematics «2010~=«Revi00. Semester A/S PageDepartront of Matenatis & Statistics ‘Atte terms in the second row now have common factor (y -# and all the terms inthe third row have ‘common factor (2~ 2). So use the rules to pul these out: ae - det(A) = (y-2)(z-x)}0 1 yt lo 1 zee Nex! we subtract row 2 from row 3 and gat a matrix in which all the terms below the diagonal ae zac0 siaie Fi det (A) = (y-x)(z-x)l0 1 yee] lo 0 2-9 det(A)= (y~2)(2—2)(2-y) aet(A)= (x—y)(y-2)(2-2) 48. Multiptication of Determinants The product of two determinants ofthe same orders Hse a determinant of hat order, The folowing isthe rule forthe producto wo determinant: Ja & al lh m nl lalthmean ahtimtam abthm ton, J abt m mi=loahthmten, ahthm tom ab +bm, +n, ls ol Ih m ml lahtymtan ah tim tem ab +bym rey la?+A* ab+cA ca-b, Ac =! Example25 Evaluate jab—cA b’ +2? be+ad\xi-c A a jca+bA be-ad c*t+A| |b -a A Solution. Using the rule of multiplication of determinants we get, fer Kee kal Ast, hea kal Hy Bay el Where by =(@7 +A )AL (ab + cA)e+(ca—bAY-b) = Aa? +? 072) ky = (a + Ac) +(ab+cA)A + (ca—bAya=0 y= 0; ky 20: kgs A@ eR HHAD: hy by 20; ky 0; hy Ata? 4B 4072?) Aca +b 0 +A?) 0 0 Therefore 0 AG +8442) 0 0 o Ala? +b +c +2?) DaD a+b ++ RY Example 2.6 Express as a single determinant and show that ts value is ~398¢ 4 -J|3 47 -2 if2 5 4| 3 sf fh 6] ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2 -2010=«Revi00.— Semester AJ T61Pa8eDeparimont of Matheratis & States Exercise 43 2 3 ay ft 3 1. Express 3 2 -2|x|2 1 3 | asassingle determinant whose value is 2625. a a al ba 2 2 3 atbte at+biter 2. Showthat | atbte aebtec? at tbi+c|=0 lat +b? +e? ar +b ted at tbtsct pi+c? ab ac | JO BI 3. Showthat} ba c#ta® —_be_|= |e 0 al = 4a%b2c? ca cha +b*l Ib a l 9 9 12 4, Evaluate |1 3. ~4| using properties of determinants [Answer : 576) a 9 22 b-c ema abl 5. Showthat|e—a a—-b b—cl=0 la~b b-c cma px-1 x47 x44 6. Solvethe equation} x 6 = 2 J=0 1 xtl 3 Rte ox ox 7. Using the properties of determinants show that! x x44 x x ox x4al INVERSE OF MATRICES 7A. ieverse of a 2x2 Matrix W Als a square matrix of order 2x2 for which |A|0then we can find another matric A which is called the inverse of the matrix A such that AA™' = AA =J “The procedure to find the inverse is as follows: Lotas ( A be a 2x2 matrixtor which [4] #0 The inverse of this matric is obtained from the following 4 eae enanee ad=be\-< a }"lal The inverse of a matrix is always a matrix. ‘The solution should always be checked by proving AA” Exercise Find the inverse of the following matrices: ) {i 3) ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 210 -Reve00 Semester A/B. 7B1eaDepartment of Mathomatis & Stasis Example. Find the inverse of the matrix 1-20 An{3 15 “12 3 Solution. Calculating cofactors of each element of the given matrix A, replacing each ‘eloment by its cofactor we get the cofactor matrix as, a 47 Cotactormatix=| 6 3 0 “10-5 7 = 6 -10 adj(Ay=|-14 3-5 TOT Determinant, [4|=13-10)~(-2)(9+5) +06+1) JA}= 1-1) +2014) +007) = 21 Now Inverse, A” 2aitA) 4] 1 6 -10 “43 5 707 This solution si fies the relation AA“ = A 4.8. APPLICATION TO THE SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS ‘The matrix techniques that are developed allow the solution of simultaneous equations to be found in a systematic way. To find a solution by this method there should be either 2 independenet equations and 2 unknowns or 3 independent equations and 3 unknowns. The system of equations is expressed in the matrix form as AX =B Where A is the matrix formed with the coetficients of unknowns X is the column matrix formed with the unknowns. column matrix formed with the right hand side values of the equations. It AX = B then the matric form can be written as, X= AB provided A exists, 4.8.1. Solution to linear equations with two unknowns, Example. Solve the simultaneous equations using a matrix method: 2xt4y=14 x-3y=-8 Solution. The system of equations can be written in matrix form as follows: AX Module HandbookTechnical Mathematics --2010~=«#Rev 00 Semester A/S B01 P%Department of Maemates & Statsics eee HM A Lio 1-8 oe Final ho solution Xie given by ¥ won 3)(4) (3 xe]y}-a'8=2 fio -1 -8])i0 |= Zz, = SM HTSLS 1 =3y=-2and 2=1. Note: For any square matrix A it [4 . then no inverse exists since the quantity a 's undefined. Such a matrix is said to be a singular matrix. 49. Cramer's rule ‘A.usetul application of determinants is to the solution of simultaneous equations. Consider the case of three simultaneous equations in three unkowns. 4,84 OY +O,2=B, My XO nY#MyE=D,R GX GAY +A =b, Cramer's rule states that x, yand z are given by the following ratios: fal il where A,, A,, 4, and |4| are defined by the following determinants: Co Jar & a, 42 ay) jan al a aa lan ba a, 4 la, a a m4 Vl=lan 2m a a | I a a Note: If the determinant value of the coefficient matrix A is zero ie. |4|=0, Cramer's ‘method wil clearly tal Example. Solve the following simultaneous equations by Cramer's rule: Bxt2y—2=4, 2x-yt2z—=10, x-3y—4z=5 Me 4, AL Solution. Since x=. ral’ a and Tal B 2 -] We}. 1 2|- 55, h -3 Bs 4-1 2 10 2) =-110, a, ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 Rew 00 Semester A/G B2ipageparent of Mathematics & Statsis Example ‘The augmented matrix Lool2 A-lo 10 |3 oo1|4 in reduced row-echelon form, corresponds tothe system * Which is already fully solved! The augmented matrix 10-3 [-5 Azjo1 2] 4 oo ofo Ago in reduced row-echelon form, corresponds to the system 5 -3y eS +24 = 4 o=0 Loting x5 =1, we find that x, =—21+ 4nd x, =31—5. Thus, the system has infinitely many solutions, parametrized forall as x] [3-5 x ]o|24 sll Fall, the augmented matrix 10 0 |3 aslo 1 0 [2 oo oft again in reduced row-echelon form, corresponds to the system 5 3 x 2 o 21 which already has no solution. The system is inconsistent 4.10.2. Important Points to Note + fa matrix is carried to row-echelon form by means of elementary row operations, the number of leading 1's in the resulting matrix is called the rank ofthe original matrix. ‘+ Suppose that a system of linear equations in 1 variables has a solution. Then the set of solutions has n—r parameters, where ‘isthe rank of the augmented matrix. + Suppose that A is an nxn unverible matrix. Then the system Ax=bhas a unique solution given by x 1b. That is, the reduced row-echelon augmented matrix wil be ofthe form [i] a9) 411, aunsinEtinatin ine ma stent ower, en sop 2. Oem, Ie heft col fo he Wi 2 won zo erty andove the Sreang at ry oh opr otal wated en 2. Mrpyibatovoy WVatocesec an Module Handbook Techoleal Mathematics -2010==«Revr00 Semester A/ Bal PageDepartment of Matemais 8 Stasis aes RR +R, o3 1] 2 0 0 -32 |-64 : 13243 RotR o a1f2 2 o o1|2 We have brought the matrix to cow-echeion form. The corresponding system can be writen inthe form Any t2g=3 ‘The solution is obtained as % 3x + 222 3yH0 )-042)= 3-9, “Thus, the soluion ofthe ginal ystomis = -, =O, 4 =2 Example 22. Solve the system of lnear equations using row reduction technique ho ht Su 6 Bat BR a + 34, 42x, Solution. The augmented matics 1-5 |-6 3 3-2 {10 Heese as ‘The Row Reduction technique proceeds as folows Ri R-3R, Ca ee oe 0 6 -16 | 28 fees o 4 -3 [un 1a s|-6 R,93R,-2R, 0 6 -16 | 28 0 0 2 {2 ROR +R, 6 0 4 |-8 cca 0 6 -16 | 28 bg oo 1 fa ° RR MR, a ee ee ee 0 6 oj} 2 fae Cleee al ea RolR ro ofn : o 1 o]2 reduced row ectelon form Rolk a ER oo8 “Module Handbook Technical Mathematics —=2010~=~=«*RewO~—“Semester A/B 86 |PeeeDepartment of Mathematics & Stati where 4 is some unknown constant. Clearly these equations have the trivial solution x20, y=0. The equations may be written in matrix form as 2 1x)_ fx 4 3 4)“, or using the usual notation, AX =2X . We now seek values of 2 so thal the system has non-trivial solutions, these values of 2 are called Eigen values for the given matrix. 4.12.2 Eigen vectors For a square matrix of order 3x3 there exist three eigenvalues. Associated with each eigen value, there exists a nom-trivial solution or non-zero column vector X of the system AX = 4X of (A~ANX =0.This solution or non-zero column vector is called the eigen vector corresponding to the particular eigen value. Hence for a 3x3. square matrix there are three elgen values and three eigen vectors. Values of the scalar 4 for which non-trivial solutions exist are called Eigen values and the corresponding solutions x%Oare called the Eigen vectors. 4.12.3 Properties of Eigen values 1. The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix A is defined by 2 The product of the Eigen values of a matrix A is defined by A 3. The Eigen values of the inverse matrix A" , provided it exists, are defined by let A (Determinant of the matrix A) (pee ddim 2. aa 4, The Eigen values of the transpose matrix A’ are ‘Ay Ay and 2, a8 forthe matric A 5. 1 isa scalar then Eigen values of eA’ are defined by kA, kA, and kA, 6. It kis the scalar and | the 3x3identity matic then the Eigen values of AKY are respectively Atk, Atk and Atk 7. ICk is a positive integer then the Eigen values of A‘ are AN, AS and A 4.12.4 Properties of Elgen vectors 1. 11°%is an Eigen vector of ‘A’ then ‘i's algo an Eigen vector, where kis a scalar. 2. 1X, and Xe are two Eigen vectors ofa then X+4Xeis also an Eigen vector Example 1 ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics I 2010 Rew 00 Semester A/ 8 BB lp ageDepart of Mathematics & Stats (2-aX-3-A)-2=0 6420434427 -220 A 45a44=0 A+ya+ay=0 a Hence the Eigen values of the matrix A are—1 and 4, Vand —4 To find the Eigen vectors we use the relation AX =AX (A-ADx =0 (aH We have two unknowns and only one independent equation. Hence we will choose one variable as x, Therefore x, 2 2k 2 Hence the Eigen vector for A=-Lis X,=) 5 |= 1 thon X,=| 1 Wf A=—+ then (CF 36 IEF Cr aLS Ht) 2x, 42x, =0 xn =0 We have two unknowns and only one independent equation. Hence we will choose one variable as x, =k. Therefore x, =-k - t Hence the Eigen vectorfor 2=~4is X,=| | |,ifk= then X=] ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 ReviGO Semester A/B 90] rasDeparment of Matherates& Stalsies HHI =0, 244550, TH 2x 4x20 The three equations are not independent; hence we choose x, =K/0 get the following solution: x 2-2k, x, =k and x=4k 2k 2 ‘The Eigen vectors coresponding to 2=1is X,=| & |ifket then X,=| 1 4k 4 Eigen vector corresponding to A=3 To find the Eigen vectors of the matrix we use the relation AX =AX, (A~AI)X =0 Hf A=3 then 2 2 0) (3 0 o\x) [o 2 1 110 3 ofijx|=jo -1 2 3} lo 0 ajfix} lo. -x,$2x,=0; 2x,-2x, + =0; —7x,42x,-6,=0 ‘The three equations are not independent; hence we choose x,=k10 get the following solution: ¥ =2k, xy =k and x =—2k 2k 2 ‘The Eigen vectors corresponding to A=3is X,=| ke firket then xX, =] 1 —2k 2 Eigen vector corresponding to A=—4 ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics ‘2010 ~—=RewG— Semester A/@ 92) PageDeparment ol Mathematics & Stasis (2 Ay[d-Ay-1-a)-3] 4+ 2[-1-Ay-1]+3[3-0- a =0 -B 4247 454-620 By inspection we found that (4—1)is a factor of this cubic equation. Hence dividing the ‘equation by this factor we get the other quadratic factor. (A-1"4? -A-6)=0 (AMMA 344 2)=0 A=-2,1and 3 Therefore -2, 1 and 3 are the Eigen values of the given matrix A 2 ‘To find the Eigen vectors of the matrix wo use the relation AX =AX ; (A-alyx =0 Eigen vector corresponding to WA=-2 then 4-2 3]fx] [0 13 1}a|-/o 13 ts) Lo 4x24, 43520; 4 t3R, 4420; 443, 44,=0 There are three unknowns and two independent equations, hence we choose x, the following solution: to get Vk, x, = and x, =-14k ik u The Eigen vectors corresponding to A=~2is X,=| & [if kat then X, “14k 14 Elgen vector corresponding to To find the Eigen vectors of the mattix we use the relation AX = AX | (A-ADX =0 if 2=1 then Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 —«2010=«Rev 00. Semerter A/S 9a [PaneDepertnent of Mathemats& Statshes |A-Al|=Oimplies (3~ 4)[(5-a)(-A)+6]+3[4-2]+2[-3+(5-a)]=0 2 +84 -202416=0 By inspection we found that (4-2) is a factor of this cuble equation. Hence dividing the ‘equation by this factor we get the other quadratic factor. (A-2)(0? -62+8)=0 A-2A-21A-4)=0 A=2, Dand 4 ‘Therefore 2, 2 and 4 are the Eigen values of the given matrix A, hence the matrix has one root repeated twice, Eigen vector corresponding to A= 4 To find the Eigen vectors of the matrix we use the relation AK =AX ; (A-ADX WA=4 then -3,-3x,42x,20; 5 44-25=0; 4 434-4x=0 ‘There are three unknowns and two independent equations; hence we choose x, = kto get the following solution: x =k, =k and % k 1 ‘The Eigen veotors corresponding to A=4is X, =| ~k lif ket then X, -k Eigen vector corresponding to = 2 To find the Eigen vectors of the matrix we use the relation AX =AX; (A-aNX then 1 3 2Yx] fo -1 3 2])x]-}0 -1 3 -a\ly] |o 2473 #24 $05 4, 13x, 2 = | -m43x,-2, =0 ‘There are three unknowns and only one independent equation, hence we choose x, =k and {0 got the following solution: =3k-21, x, =k and x, ‘3k—20 The Eigen vector corresponding 1o A=2isX=| & |, this vector can be writen in the ! following form to get two linearly independent Eigen vectors for the repeated Eigen value 2. ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 —«2010~=«ReviOO—‘Semester A/B 96 [rageDepartment of Mathematics & Sats 4.14. indicative reading and references Anthony Croft, Robert Davison (1899), Mathematics for Engineers, Addison Wesiey John Bird , Engineering Mathematics, Elsevier Redilin, Watson, Precalculus, (5" edition), ISE. http:/ww. Wikipedia orgiwik/Matrices, Answers to Exereses xercise 4.1 3 38 8 2 20 | a fis 24 a0 m4 36 60 Exercise 42 rr ae re) Exerc 44 La e128 dt aa 02,04 40,00 a betel aaes oo Module Handbook Technical Mathematics «2010 Revi00 Semester A/B 98 [PaneDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics CHAPTER 5 - VECTOR ALGEBRA 5.1, Introduction Jn geometry and physics and its engineering applications we use two kinds of quantiios, scalars and vectors. The physical quantities that are fully described by a single number: for ‘example, the mass of a stone, the speed of a car. Such quantities are called scalars. On the other hand, some quantities are not fully described until a direction is specified in addition to the number. For example, a velocity of 30 metres per second due east is diferent from a velocity of 30 metres per second due north. These quantities are called vectors and it is important to distinguish them from scalars. ‘There are many engineering applications in which vactor and scalar quantities play important roles. For example, speed, potential, work and energy are scalar quantities, while velocity, electric and magnetic forces, the position of a robot and the state-space representation of a system can all be described by vectors. A variety of mathematical techniques have been developed to enable useful calculations to be carriad out using vectors. 5.2. Sealars Ascalar is a quantity that is determined by its magnitude, its number of units measured on a suitable scale. For instance, length, temperature, mass, volume, density and voltage are scalars. 5.21, Vectors: A vector is a quantity that is determined by both its magnitude and its direction; thus it arrow or directed line segment, For instance, a force is a vector, and so is a velocity, giving the speed and direction of motion, also acceleration and momentum are vectors. 5.22. Magnitude of a vector The ine segment AB can represent a vector in the direction shown by the arrow on AB, This vector is denoted by AB. Note that AB + BA. The vector AB is directed from Ato B, but BA Is ditected from Bo A. A vector (arrow) has a tail, called its initial point, and a tip, Called its terminal point. The length of the line segment represents the magnitude, or ‘modulus, of the vector and we use the notation i wee, 5.2.3. Zero or Null vectors ‘The zero or the null vector is a vector whose modulus is zero, and whose direction is indeterminate. The null vector is represented by the symbol 0. In null vector, the initial and the terminal point coincide. AA, BB, PP ate null vectors. 5.24, Negative vector ‘The vector ~a is a vector in the opposite direction to, but with the same magnitude as, the vector a is called the negative of a. Geometrically it will be BA. Thus —ais the same as BA 5.2.5. Equal vectors Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and direction. This is a useful property of vectors: a vector can be translated, maintaining its length and direction “Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 -2010—==«Revz00.—«A/ 9 1P seeDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 57, Cartesian Components Consider the x-y plane as shown in figure, The general point P has coordinates (x,y). We ‘can join the origin (0,0) to Pby a vector OP , which is called the position vector of P, which = rand is the longth of OP. itis possible to we offen denote by 7. The modulus of 7 is |r express in terms of the numbers of x and y. I we denote a unit vector along the x axis by 4, and a unit vector along the y axis by J (we usually omit ~ here), then itis clear from the definition of scalar muttiplcation that OM = xi, and MP = yj. I follows from the triangle law of addition that OM = xi and MP = yj Po OP OM + MP = xi+ yj i OP =sxi+ yj r Clearly the vectors i and j are orthogonal. The magoitude of OP is the length of ne OP Oe iMiniae r= |op|= Psy We said earier that a vector ean be translated, maintaining its length and direction without changing the vector itself. While this is tue generally, position vectors form an important exception, Position vectors are constrained to thelr specie position and must always remain tied tothe origin 5.74. Position Vectors a9) Let P(x, y) and Q(a, b) be general points In AOPG , by triangle faw of addition OP +PQ=00 Qa, b) PQ=0Q-OP ol Joining the points P and Qo the origin O gives the position vectors OP and OQ of Pand Qrrespostively which are defined as folows: OP = xis yj and 00=ai+bj PQ-00-0P = (aie bj )Cxt+ yj) (axis (b-Wi In general it GA is position vector of A and OB is the position vector of Bthen, AB -OB- OA 5.7.2. Cartesian Components in 3-dimensions Cartesian components in 2-dimensions can be readily generalized to the 3-dimensional case. Taking Cartesian axes x, y and z, any point in 3-dimensional space can be Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010 Rev 00 A/B. Ol {PaneDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics : 2.b= ab,+06,+ 4,0, anda.a=a7sa,+ a; Example. if = 31-7] and b= 27+4] thd ab Solution, ab = (31-7j).2i+4j)=-22 5.8.3. The Vector product or Cross product Wt @ and & are any two vectors then the vector product of @ and & is a vector of length f rection of this vector is such that itis perpendicular to @ and & , and so itis perpendicular Fjsine, where @is the angle between the vectors @ and B.Itis written as ax® and the tothe plane containing 4 and b . The result of a vector product isa vector. There are, however, two possible directions for this vector, but it is conventional to choose the one associated with the application of the right-handed screw rule. Imagine turning a right-handed sorew in the sense from a towards & janet where cis the unit vector required to define the appropriate direction, that is ¢ is a unit axba| vector perpendicuiar to a and to b in a sense defined by the right-handed screw rule. We notice immediately that @ xb # b xa since their directions are diferent. From the definition of the vector product, itis possible to show that the following rules hold: axb 3 5.8.4, Properties 1. ax be bxa and ax 6 =-(B xa) thus vector product is not commutative. 2. kis any scalarthen, k(ax B) = (kax B) =(axk6) 3. Distributive law over addition axlb + c)=(ax B)+ (ax e) Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010 RevO0.—«A/B 103 [PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 5.9, Applications of vectors 1 “The work done by a force f to move an object through a displacement of 5 is given by the scalar product 7.3. Work done = 7.5 Waforce 7 passes through a point P, whose position vector is OP = 7 then, the moment of the force about the point O is given by the vector product + x '. Moment, Mf = 7x7 5.10. Indicative reading and references ‘Anthony Croft, Robert Davison (1999), Mathematics for Engineers, Addison Wesley John Bird , Engineering Mathematics, Elsevier Redi tp lin, Watson, Precalculus, (S* edition), ISE. Iveww. Wikipedia orgiwikivectors Exercise 5.1. 1 Wan Tsj and d= 2iv2j+k and c= j+k, find arb-2e, b-aee, a,b andc. 2) WOPaTsa}-78, do=572}+47 Fired PO andthe unt vector inthe direction of FO. 3) Find the angle between the folowing vector using dot product yan 214254 and b= 37-6} s2% wee (ind = 67-J.ab andb=-iaja2k (oy 3 237s 7-E na baats Jerk a= Ties] +2b and B=27-Jok odie tndbcokTediealntionsieai ain Rare AF TappaDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics CHAPTER 6 - DIFFERENTIATION 6.1 Introduction The technique for analyzing the rate al which a function is changing is known as ditterentiaion. Thus, the derivatives are used 10 represent and interpret tho rates at which things change in the world around us. Generally we think of change in terms of dependence of ime, such as position, velocity and acceleration of a moving object, but the change can also be there with respec! fo varlables other than time. For example, a physician may want to know how small changes in dosage can affect the body's response to a drug. An economist may want 10 study how investment changes with respect to variations in interest rates. The alm of teaching this chapter is to make sure that the students learn the methods of differentiation and its applications so that they may be able to apply the knowledge to study their engineering modules. ther examples of derivative are as follows: 4. The rate at which the temperature of an industrial chemical is rising in a tank, 2. Therate at which the speed of a car is increasing or decreasing, 3. The rate at which the charge on a capacitor is changing 6.2. Functions Let R be the set of all real numbers. Let X and ¥ be any two non-emply subsets of 2. Then the rule f which associates to each element x of X a unique real number f(x) € ¥'is called function from X to ¥ andis denoted by f: X + ¥. f(x) is called the image of x X and ¥ are respectively called Domain and Codornain of the function f. In general one can notice that the range of a function f isa subset of the codomain of f. The following definitions follows immediately: i if range of f = codomain of f then f:X + is an onto function otherwise it isan into function. it. If two or more elements of X have same image ,f:X + ¥ is amany —one function. iil, If dif ferent elements of X has different images, then f is one —one function. iv, If a function is one ~ one and onto then itis called one to one correspondence. Note: Domatn of areal function (s an interval Closedinterval:: fa, b] = {a,b €R axx0. then show thall. fog 10. Show that 7G) = Inge + VTF33} fs an odd function 85. Limits Consider /(<) = as x1 read as x tends ¢o 1} ee eee Note the values of f(<)nearer to 1 i.e.in the interval (0.515) f(0.9)=19 fay=2a #(0.99)=1.99 F001) = 201, 7(0.999)=1.998 (1.008) f(0.9999)=1.9999 (1.0001) = 2.0001 Hereas x1, f(x) 32 lim ah™ f@) =tmeans as x4, f(x) 1 6.5.1. Working rule for finding ,"" 4) + First Rule: substitute x =a in f(x). if f(a)has a definite value then Bau F() = f(a) Example: 4 Gt 43e—3)=1 + Second rule: {f f(x) is a rational function andit itis an indeterminate, cancel the common factors and subsitute x = a Example: lm, @temeen tim (2:2 x9 Laer) x 4 LAS ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010=Rev:00—A/BDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Exercise 6.2. lim 7 Lim (ease) x0 e-P+3) 2 an et lin sine 4 0 tine 5, lim EE 6, lim eae xa2 te x40 im toca 8 ao 10. lim sinax + 9 ‘ys Gee sae ims ne tim ic x 0 xscosex) ae 70 15.4 G+) 16 In, Soe 6.8 Definition of a derivative soe be ‘As x varies from x to x+8x then y(x) varies from y(x) to y(x+5x), Change = Final value ~ Initial value Average rate of change in y = Leatse in» Change in x _ Y+59)— yoo) (x+Bx)—x yx + 8x) ~ yx) & Now as 6x90, x+5x—+x hence x and x+ax coincide at x. ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 3 -2010~=«Revr00.—A/. a IP aDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Examples: Find the derivatives of the following functions: 4 x’ @ ae Sow d And —(C1Ix*: (o) aC x (©) ox? oo () 4x842x? (e) 6sinx+3x* an, 4 () ets cosx et + Lcosx=e* -sinx 0 cos Het + Zoos =e" -sin @ 3inxex th) x3 a 3et 4 3sinx x 6.11. Rules of Differentiation ‘Thore are three rules which enable us to differentiate more complicated functions, they are as follows: 1. Chain Rule (function of a function for) 2. Product ule 3. Quotient Rule 6.12. Chain rule ‘This rule helps us to differentiate complicated functions by substitution ‘Suppose y = y(z) and z= z(x), then y may be considered as the function of x. then 2-H He dc de de Examples @ ye vier Sol: Letz = 14x", & de rey then, y= 22, & Raed Using chain rule, Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 -2010—=«Rev:00.—A/® 3131 PageDeparment o Mathematics & Statistics Hoge, ® 2 asinat a & Using the product rule =e (2cosat + Bsin3t) 6.14, Quotient rule ‘This rule allows differentiating a quotient of functions: Sol: Let u=sinx and v =x au a a ox “1 using quotient rule & (3) a ¥ ¢ al dy 2). Find, it y = ). Find ity Sol: Let u =f and. atet du at ay at using quotient rule & _ Gan) de r+? Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 -2010—=«Rev00A/BDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics and hence in such cases both sides are differentiated after taking logarithm. The process is called logarithmic differentiation. Example a yn. tye 2 My =x fing Sol: {Here power is variable] Taking logarithm on both sides, we get logy =x log x Now diferentating both sides wx, we got Aes Alls) py Al) yao eae a yar Be ypsing, qo lth] Be ensinn) 2). Find 2 i a Sol: Taking logarithm on both sides we get, (we can solve this problem directly also using quotient rule) west Iny=in co) as wo 22) 2"\i-x 1 obit +9 a Now diferentaing both sides, we get 3). Find 2 ity = Vite sin? x Sok: Take In on both sides we get Iny = in( Vise sin? x) invivx? + Insin?x Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12030 Rev:00A/B. aiPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 6.18 Higher derivatives dy The derivative $*, ofa function yas) is called the first dervatve of y wrt x The derivative £2, of a function yo) i calle he second derivative of y wrt x Examples 2 4 1). Wy 3e + 8x+9 find 2 and nity + 9 find sot: 2 sex+8 a 2). Hye 2sinde, tind & and £2. ae % sot: % «2 cosax. iil cos3x . 3 = 6 cos (sian 3 18sindx ee ay dy @y 3. tyne cea, ting BLY Ly ee oe sot: ® 220" 3-2 eae = 66-2 dy be" 3-2 = 188-2 = She 6.19 Derivative as the slope of the tangent Geometric meaning: The rate of change of a function at a point A on the curve = the gradient (slope) of the tangent to the curve at the point A, The slope of the tangent to the curve y = (x) at (x.y) is given by Ba Gay Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 sRev00.—A/@. 1191PageDepartnent of Mathernatics & Statistics 6.20. Newton's method for solving non-linear algebraic equations. ‘The Newton — Raphson method is used to obtain an approximate value ot roct of non-linear equations. It involves the use of differentiation Tangent at B cuts x-axis at C To find the solution of fx) = 0. Roots of y = {(x) are the points where the curve cuts x — axis. One such root is labeled as & Let xs be an approximate solution but x: is a better approximation to than x, Now we find ein fers of the known value x, using th following relation SG) Sere) x, is improved approximate root of f(x) = 0. Examples 1). Given that x, = 7.5 is an approximate root of e*- 6° =0, use the Newion— Raphson technique to find an improved value. Sol: x).7.5 fo) =e" 6x", (x) =-723 Fae eF18x, f'() = 796 £6) 7) 23 796 A> x, Note: The Newton ~ Raphson technique can be used repeatedly to get the required root Each application of the method is called an iteration. 2). Aroot of Ssinx = xis near to x = 2.5. Use two iterations of Newton — Raphson technique to find more accurate approximation, Sol: x, =25, (0) =Bsine—x, (44) = -0.0705 Se Geo8K—1, f(x) «3.403 lule Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 -2010=«Rev:00.—A/B raitPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Examples. 1), A body moves a distance S meters int seconds, so that S = 21° -91" +12¢+6 find (i) Its velocity after 3 seconds. {i ts acceleration after 3 seconds. (i) Hs velocity at t=. Sol: S= 27-97 +1246 ds ve 5 DN oe = 6 18412 when t=3, V = 6(9) ~18(9) +2 = amis Aiter 3 seconds its velocity is 2r/s dy iy A= & ® A= 121-18 2(3) ~ 18 = 18mis* whent=3, A ‘After 3 seconds its acceleration is 1@m/s* (i) When t= 0 V = 6(0) ~ 18(0) + 12 = 12mis Initial velocity is 12m/s 2). Abody moves a distance $ meters in t seconds, so that So P3348 find () then velocity = 0 (i) twhen acceleration = 0 Sot: () S =P 37-348 ve & a = 37-613 when V=0, 3-6-3 =0 =1tv2 ‘As {cannot be negative, therefore = 1+ 72 (i) Similarly, we can calculate t when we put acceleration equal to zero. ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1.2010 Rev:00.A/BSe ae ene LL Me SIRT sarc 6 1 Ftv vat So talon i a ew pn @). x84 P= ay at (1.1) dy 2), Find the value of on the curve x2 Say + 2y°—2x= 4 at (1-1) 4 8), Find the vale of y at x1 on he curve + y+ y=. Hance find 2 at x= 1. a). xy=6atx=2 Dix P27 atx=8, 8). (= 2)*4 ty -3)*= (4.8) d). D4 y> -Batx=8 : a cy 8). Given y= 1-7, show that & 4 6). Find & in the folowing cases ). Find 0 b). ycosx—x siny = 10 ©). sin? xcos? y= 1 9), Inx = cosy x+2 2-2 1. y= tne? + 2x42) a yen(2 » vn() i). y= In(cos{2x)) i). ya k). y= (sing) * D. y=(1 =x)" G42) 4) m), 1. Find & and £2 in tons of to given parameter a). Ket? yu 2t b). x=(8 -sin@), y=(1-cos@) 5 xa ty= 9). x= 2c0s0, y=3sing e). X= C0878, yDeparment of Mathematics & Statistics To distinguish between maximum and minimum points we can study the sign of £2 on either side ofthe poin. At maximum points such as A, y is increasing immediately to the let Of ne point, and decreasing immediately tothe right, That ic, 2 is postive immediatly to tm and Ee sone mad he SA iim pss sich By decrening neat el pn ard neta redalyoa Ta i, © te ragive neds t and % spose ined gh Ta so-called first-derivative test enables us to distinguish maxima from minima. This test can be used even when the derivative does not exist al the point in question. Example 1: Determine the position and nature of all maximum and minimum points of the following functions: (a) ©) © (a) Solution: (a) Recall that at maximum and minimum points either ) — 2005 not exist, or a (20, we must check both of ese condtons. ‘The function 2x exists for all values of x, and so we move to examine any points where 2-0, $0, we have fd a =0 ‘The equation 2x-0 has one solution, x = 0. We conclude that a turning point exists at x= 0. Furthermore, from the given function y =x", we see that when x =0 the value of y is also 0, so a turning point exists at the point with coordinates (0, 0). To determine whether this point is a maximum or minimum Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 Res. A/S. iPagement of Mathematics & Statistics 20. Because the derivative is not defined at de bther wining Toth tot 0, <0: te dit > canta this point requires =0is ‘a minimum point. Example 2: Use the second derivative test to find all maximum and minimum points of the following functions: (@) Solution: (a) Given y=x* then y'=2x and y We locate the position of maximum and ‘minimum points by solving y'=0 and so such a point exists at x=0. Evaluating y" at this point we see that y"(0) =2. which is positive. Using the second-derivative test we conclude that the point is a minimum. (0) Given y=-i+041 then y'=-2r+Land y"=—2. Solving y Evaluating y" at this point we find y"(4)=—2 which is negative. Using the second-derivative test we conclude that we find « 5 isa maximum point. (©) Gon y=4 2x1 then yim xt tx-2and y7=2e41, Solving y'= 0 at x=1 and 15-2. AL r=1, y"=3 which is positive and so the point is a minimum, At x= 2, y’ Which is negative and so the point is a maximum point 3 1 10 yay Hee O undefined a Since y'(0) is undefined, we use the first-derivative test, Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 -2010=«#Revr00.A/B 2291PageDepantment of Mathematics & Stat 2. Find the two positive numbers such that their sum is 8 and sum of their squares is a minimum, 3. The combined resistance R of two resistors isgivenby- — — if then show that Ris maximum when 4, Prove that the height of the right circular cytinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a right circular cone of height is- 5. Prove that the right ciccular cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in sphere of radius has a height- 6.23, Partial differentiation It zbe a quantity which has one definite value for every pair of values of x and y, then zis called a function of the two variables x and y. This area would be called the domain of x and y. 6.23.1. Partial derivatives 1 Faye td ot in expect fog cosas 2 ade derivative of with expect 107 with constant is 2, These derivatives ae called pari! derivatives of z with respect ox andy respectively 6.23.2. Notations st order partial derivatives are ‘Second order partial derivatives are 6.23.3. important relations 1. ‘Differential coefficient of asum. if z(x,y) x, y)+ (x, 9) then, 2 ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 Rev00.«A/B ian IPaseExample.2 Solution. Example.3 Solution. Example.4 Solution. Example.5 Solution. Example.6 Solution. and or Therefore, Example? Solution. Deparrnent of Mathematics & Statistics it 2=2Iny find the fist order partial derivatives 2 and 2% ax ay ing with respect to x while Keeping y fixed, we find that a 4 Cee 5 =Sx*Iny and =— ax yy 2 ang 2 = reese find 2% ang 2% ose ne 8 Ditterenti and Bd ez a find 2 ang 22 me or ay If zis implicitly defined as a function of x and y by x* + y 2 ays 2 ax ay By implicit differentiation with respect to x, we get 2x-22( 3) =0, hence ble Ox. oz By implicit diferentaton with respect to y, we get oz aly 2y-22{ %)=0, hence % a (5) az show at +y3ay ay a Because 2=}In(x" + y*), we have zat? +"), = We=infe ey a 2 rot 2)r0H ° Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 Rew0O A/S 1aiPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics Example.10- Verify Euler's theorem for the function, z= y* +3*y-y" Solution. _zis a homogeneous function of degree 3, so we must show that Consider, Also, Therefore, y ae, de \tmen show that <2 + y 2 sin? 2) aay +y? ae, de 2. tt zetog| +2" nen show that x22 + 2 = 2 ef 2) ay eee eee 3 tea then show that x% 4% :) ay 12 4. Verity Euler's formula fr the following a) zextaayty? — db) z= ax'+ Dany ty? a as Pay 6.24. Indicative reading and references Anthony Croft, Robert Davison (1999), Mathernatics for Engineers, Addison Wesley John Bird , Engineering Mathematics, Elsevier Redilin, Watson, Precalculus, (5" edition), ISE. hitpsiwww. Wikipedia orgiwikiDitlerential Calculus ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 12010 =O Rev 00 A/B. 1351PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics f. Maximum valve is zig at x = 2; Exercise 6.7 1 @) Bayes ying; te) Baars 2hys © Ba ancos yy consi % ox 2 3 4 eee ox Exercise 6.8 1 xy Fe =sin2s can bo shown by a a, a 2 kha atsince2=x fyls ay fos) 3. yak since =x" f(y/x) a ae Cs 4 xh y%ar ry ye, (@) xSerZe2e @) xSers oni ‘Module Hanabook Technical Mathematice 12010 —~—«wevion AJ araDepaentof Matherats & Sates (CHAPTER 7 - INTEGRATION 7.4. Introduction Integration is the reverse of diferentiation. in other words, itis the process of finding the function from its derivative. Thais, a function Fis an antiderivatve of a function f(a) F(x) = f(2) for Alin the domain off. The set of al antervatves of isthe Indetinte integral of # ity respect ox, denoted by {(a\dr The symbol { is an integral sign. The function fis the integrand of the integral and zis th variable of integration. (Once we have found one antiderivative F of a function f, the other antiderivatives of fF differ from Fy a constant, ie., ff@ar=Fa+e ‘The constant Gis the constant of integration or arbitrary constant. For example, Joxar=.2 +C —s The arbitrary constant ‘Anvantiderivative of 2x ‘The aim of teaching this chapter is to make the students learn the methods ot integration, double integration and its applications so that they will be able to apply this to study their engineering modules. Examples: Evaluate the folowing integrals: 1 fe sede Sol: fle 4e"bar = fet ots for at nee 3. fee+ayrar Sol: fr+2)*dr = f(r? +4e+4yae = fede 0 4fede +4 far PH ase 2 aed Poe fsa ymec 3 Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 1 2010 sRev:00A/B. 138 [PaneDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 7.2.2. Imegration using substitution 3x41 Press) Sol: Putt= Pex+2 1. Evaluate dx stat ain (Pex+ 240 2, Evaluato fer" see ade Sol Puttan = sec? xdx=dt forsee ten fet wesc oe a int Sol: Putin t= x 9. Evaluate f = inx+C=in(ln} eC 7.2.3. Integration using pat fractions: Whenever Denominator of the integrand can be broken into factors, we Use this, method of integration. 1 ian a 1” G=)@4) a ear G&D" OD Mx+ 1) + BK 1) Sol: Consider 1 Put (x+1) =0,we get B =- 1/2 ‘And again put (x ~ 1) =0, we got A= Ye Therefore, i coke fea S acyteen Module Handbook Technical Mathematies1 2010 Revi00. AJB. 140 | PaneDepartment ol Mathematics & Statistios jae pee 1 P+ ee ma lea cinvetin(?etie3 wer 46 7.2.4. Integration by parts This is the integral equivalent of product rule in differentiation. Ifthe integral is the product of two function u and v, then ud = ws fod 1. Evahiate frsin ade Sol: Letu =x, du = dx dv = sinx av = sin xox v= 08 Using Judy =~ fod frsinaar = 008+ sine + 2. Evaate frinxde Sol: :Letu-Inx,du= & 2 fev = faa ax 2 Using Judy 5. Ss sinx+ 0.1313, 6 x ~ cosx + 22.33 7. logy—log(y+1)=—logx+log(x—1) +C Exercise 8.2 Lay Exercise 8.3, 1. a. y= Ae + Be * ¢. (A+ Bx)e™ d. e@ e. y=Acos3x+Bsin3x f. A+ Be™ Qa y=de4Be'-2 bb. yaAet+Be%42 odes Be tS a4 : 7 d. y= Ae + Be“ Ar 2 @. y= Acos3r+ Bsin3x++ et ya Ae + Be 4. yeae+net+dsindy-teosxx 5: aaa Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010 © Rev:00A/B 1701?CHAPTER 9 - STATISTICS 9.1, Introduction This chapter is intended to give the basic knowledge of data collection, classification, tabulation, interpretation and analysis. In addition to this students are also expected to learn the relationship between the variables using correlation and regression techniques. 9.2, Basics of data collection Data is collected in the form of a raw data or ungrouped data. It can be classified into a discrete or a continuous frequency distribution. 9.3.The Arithmetic Mean The arithmetic mean is a single value that is typical, or representative, of a set of data. tt indicates where the center of a set of numbers lies. Since such typical values tend to lie centrally within a set of data arranged according to magnitude, mean is also called measure of central tendency. It is useful to make comparisons. ‘The arithmetic mean, or briefly the mean, of a set of 'n’ numbers X;, Kz, Xs, .....Xais denoted by X and is defined as: (ungrouped data) ee . ‘i Example: The arithmetic mean of the numbers 8, 3, 5, 12 and 10 is 84345412410 38 9.3.1. Grouped data: ‘When data are presented in a frequency distribution, all values falling within a given class interval are considered to be coincident with the class mark, or midpoint of the interval. If x;, X2, %, ....kfepresents the midpoints of the class intervals and f,, fz, fs, ......ffepresents the corresponding class frequencies then the arithmetic mean is defined as: pe PM th th tot ft ef ton +8, Example: Calculate the mean for the following frequency distribution’ eee oe eee ee aE eeay lessees saree Oaeaee fase eee OG: Solution: ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010 Rev:00-A/B an}pageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics 23 = 4.87 Example: Obtain the standard deviation for the following discrete frequency distribution Pa eee asec e Aver oR ee@e ete OL te. fer 0d ie 20 igst Sigs Solution Calculations are carried out in the following table: x f is &-%) (eee )eee eet 1 |e 8-436 | 19.6096 152.0768 | 2 10 20 | -3.36 | 11.2806 | 112.8960 | est gett [eit | sts SS 6 | 5.5696 |" 061.2656} ‘acne 64 1.8496 029.5936 5 | 20 100 0.1296 002.5920 _ | gy 35 150 0.4096 010.2400 75 35 2.6896 013.4480 Lana 3 72 6.9696 | 062.7264 | 9 6 54 13,2496 079.4976 | N=100 536, 524.3360 6 = 5.24336 6 =2.289 9.5. Bivariate Distribution A data when each item may assume the values of two variables is called a bivariate distribution. Example: 1. The data showing heights and weights of students of a class is a bivariate data 2. The data showing the income and expenditure of the individuals or a group of persons is a bivariate data. 9.6. Correlation Ina bivariate distribution we may be interested to find out whether there is any relationship between the two variables under study. If any change in one variable causes a corresponding change in the other, the two variables are said to be correlated. Correlation is the linear relationship between two and more variables. W3tPageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics The values are n=8, x= 56, Dy =40, Sxy=364, Dx? = 524, Py? =256 (2912) (2240) (4192) -(3136) (2048) —(4600) ___67 ~Yi0s6/448 r=0.977 Hence we conclude that there is a very high degree of positive correlation between x and y. Example: Calculate the coefficient of correlation for the following data: x 65 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 72 Setar ee ener nee oe eer EE Solution: The data may be arranged in the following tabular form to calculate the coeffi correlation, =») | &-n0-») 3 2 a x" | o-y a 1 | | 1 ! { { nrlalo de T | | } | } 1 ° ‘The values are n=8, (x-x)' =36, D(y-y) = 44, De wy-y) = 24 The coefficient of correlation is defined by, G-DO-/)_ Vee roy 24 i644 saaaiee 39.799 r= 0.603 Hence we conclude that there is moderate degree of positive correlation between x and y. ‘Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010 Rev:00,A/B 175 [PageDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics ale (ay (Sx88)- (15x25) (5x55)—(15)° (440) - (375) (275) (225) a=4(Dy-bdx) 4(25-(1.3x15)) 4(25-19.5)=1.1 The line of regression of y on x is as follows: yoatbr 1+1.3x ‘The estimate of y when x = 5.5is, 1+13x yall+(1.3%5.5) 14715 y=8.25 Exercise @.1 1. Find the meanand standard deviation for the following sets: 8, 11, 4, 3, 2, 5, 10, 6, 4, 1, 10, 8 12, 6, 5, 7 2. Find the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for the data in the following table. 2480 498 816 634 952 670 _— 516 634 552 570 688 606 ‘624 3. The following table shows a frequency distribution of grades on a final examination in college algebra, Find the arithmetic mean and standard deviation ‘Number of Grades Smee 90-100 9 80-89, 32 70-78 3 60-69 24 50-59 11 40-49 3 Eisen gO 9 trent eee doen Module Handbook Technical Mathematics —*2010~=~C«Rews00~—~A/B 17 | PageDepartment of Mathematios & Statistics 5 6 4 2 33 24 9.8.2.Correlation Karl Pearson Coefficient of Correlation Ele-3Mp-9) 3 Ie 3a lz : Tea Ga it, limits: -ifre1 28) [Es?-Ey)*) a itis aperfect positive correlation itts aperfect negative correlation i rao. there (smo correlation ose Q3 Calculate the coefficient of correlation for the following data: ax 14 2 30 4 #5 6 7 8 9 poet: Be csaae Yatees ( seeaagh bain due agus seen ea) db x 65 66 67 67 68 69 7 72 y 67 68 6 68 72 72 68 71 9.8.3.Regression The regression line of y on x is + bx where Q4, Find the equation of the regression line of y on x for the following data Seca dea ieee Seea andes y aoe sree Beas Also find the estimate value of y when x = 5.5 ee iS AQ 200 ot aos 25th og 27. y 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 2 22 9.9. Indicative reading and references Anthony Croft, Robert Davison (1999), Mathematics for Engineers, Addison Wesley John Bird , Engineering Mathematics, Elsevier Redilin, Watson, Precalculus, (5 edition), ISE, hitp:iwww. Wikipedia. org/wiki/Statistics vvvy --000~ “Module Handbook Technical Mathematics 2010 -Rev:00 | A/ 179 {PageDeparment of Mathematics & Statistics ASSIGNMENTS Aim of Assignments Assignment 1: The aim of tis assignments to tes the knowledge and understanding ofthe Assignment 2:The'an ofthis assignments to tst ho prob sohng skis and krowedge of applications of the subject, ‘Objectives ‘The objective of the assignments is to make sure that the students achieve the learning ‘outcomes expected from them in studying the module. Knowledge and Understanding 1. Demonstrate the knowledge and understanding in the concept of the subject 2. Demonstrate the analytical and numerical skills in solving the problems 3. Demonstrate the knowledge and skills in solving application problems, Personal and Transferable skills Develop knowledge ofthe subject by reading and comprehension ofthe topics Enhance analytical and numerical skis. Develop the habit of self learning by referring the indicative readings and websites. 4, Improve independent working and exercising, ‘Coursework Marking Schedule and Feedback Sy bax Mode Wax, Wanks | Marks | Weighiage | Marke No. Awarded Scored 1. [Course Work | Assignment | 100 Course Work 2 | Assignmert2 | 100 sedback / Remarks: ‘Student name: Module Code & Title: Lecturer / Date: Module Handbook Technical Mathematics! -2030—=«Revi00 ASDepartment of Matiematics & Statistics Assignment -1 2. Solve the inequalities: x? -x-620 3. Solve x’ -10x~75=0 by the method of completing the square. G4. Solve the following equation fora, 0< O24: sin20=-0.7659 05. Write the expression 3sin3r—4cos3 in the form Reos(ar-$); 20 W and =- and S tind sin(A-+ 8) using the trigonometric ca A=; and cos B= find sin(A-+ B) using the vigonome identies. @-43) a7, express EA) in the torm aj Tess G3 7 8, Find the JBFISzin the form x+y 9. Express the complex number Z = yi in polar form, Q10. Write 3cosh x +Ssinh xin terms of e* and e QI. Solve: i.e? =8.346 a Jao =25 Qx+1) Resove oe ee +3 into partia fractions, (x= 13. Resolve - 2 into partial fractions celts Geran Module Handbook Techical Mathematics? 2010s ReviOO«A/B afieaae