nh l: Nu hm w = f(z) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y) c o hm ti z, th phn thc u(x, y) v phn o v(x, y) ca n c o hm ring ti (x, y) v cc o hm ring tho mn h thc:

u v u v = ; = x y y x

(5)

(5) l iu kin Cauchy - Riemann. y l iu kin cn. Ngc li nu cc hm s u(x, y) v v(x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc, tho mn iu kin C - R th hm w = f(z) c o hm ti z = x + jy v c tnh theo cng thc: f (z ) = ux + jv x y l iu kin . Ta chng minh iu kin cn: Gi s f(z) tn ti, ngha l gii hn ca t s: w u ( x + x , y + y) + jv( x + x , y + y) u ( x , y) v( x , y) = z x + jy [u ( x + x, y + y) u (x, y)] + j[v(x + x, y + y) v(x, y)] = u + jv = x + jy x + jy bng f(z) khi z 0 theo mi cch. c bit khi z = x th: w x u v = +j x z x x Trong u = xu l s gia ring ca u i vi x. Cho x 0, theo gi thit th v tri dn ti f(z). Do v phi cng c gii hn l f(z). T suy ra: u xu c gii hn l x x v xv c gii hn l x x u v (6) +j v: f (z) = x x Tng t, khi z = y th: u w y u + j y v y v = = j y z y jy y v u (7) Cho z 0 ta c: f (z) = j y y So snh (6) v (7) ta c: u v v u +j j x x y y T y ta rt ra iu kin C - R: u v v u = ; = x y x y
15

Tip theo ta chng minh iu kin : Gi s cc hm u(x, y) v v(x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc ti (x, y) v cc o hm tho mn iu kin C - R. Ta cn w chng minh c gii hn duy nht khi z 0 theo mi cch. z w u + jv = Ta vit: (8) z x + jy T gi thit ta suy ra u(x, y) v v(x, y) kh vi, ngha l: u u u = x + y + 1x + 2 y x y v v v = x + y + 1x + 2 y x y Trong 1, 2, 1, 2 0 khi x 0, y 0(tc l z 0). Thay vo (8) cc kt qu ny ta c: v u u v x + y + 1x + 2 y + j x + y + 1x + 2 y y x y w x = z x + jy v v u u x + y + j x + j y ( + j1 )x + ( 2 + j 2 )y x y x y + 1 = x + jy x + jy Do iu kin C - R, ta c th ly x + jy lm tha s chung trong t s ca s hng th nht bn v phi: u u u v v u u u x + y + j x + j y = x + y j x + j y y x x y x y x y

= (x + jy ) Vy:

u (1 + j1 )x + ( 2 + j 2 )y w u = j + (9) y x + jy z x Ch l khi x 0, y 0 th s hng th 2 bn v phi dn ti 0. Tht vy: x x x = = 1 x + jy x + jy x 2 + y 2

u u u u + (x + jy ) j = (x + jy ) j x y y x

(1 + j1 )

x 1 + j1 x + jy
x 0 x + jy

Khi x 0, y 0 th 1 0 v 1 0, Vy (1 + j1 ) Tng t ta chng minh c rng ( 2 + j 2 )

y 0 x + jy
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Cho nn nu cho z 0 theo mi cch th v phi ca (9) s c gii hn l u u j . x y Vy v tri cng dn ti gii hn , ngha l ta chng minh rng tn ti u u f (z) = j . x y Do iu kin C - R nn ta c th tnh o hm bng nhiu biu thc khc nhau: u u u v v u v v f (z) = +j = j = j = +j x x x y y x y y x x V d 1: Tm o hm ca hm s w = e cosy + je siny. Hm c o hm ti mi im v iu kin C - R lun lun tho mn. Tht vy: u = excosy, v = exsiny x u x = e cos y = v y

uy = e x sin y = v x
dw = e x cos y + je x sin y = w dz
V d 2: Tm o hm ca hm w = x + 2y + j(2x + y) u = x + 2y v = 2x + y ux = 1 = v y , uy = 2 v x = 2 V d 3: Xt s kh vi ca hm w = z2 = (x2 - y2) + 2jxy. v u v u V ti mi im hu hn. w = z2 kh vi ti mi im = 2x = ; = 2 y = x x y y z v z = 2z. V d 4: Xt s kh vi ca hm w = z.Rez = x2 + jxy. Do h phng trnh: u v = 2x = x = x y u v = 0 = y = y x ch tho mn ti im (0, 0) nn w ch kh vi ti z = 0 4. Cc quy tc tnh o hm: V nh ngha o hm ca hm bin phc ging nh o hm ca hm bin thc, nn cc php tnh o hm ca tng, tch, thng hm hp hon ton tng t nh i vi hm thc. Gi s cc hm f(z) v g(z) c o hm ti z. Khi : [ f(z) + g(z) ] = f(z) + g(z)
17

[ f(z).g(z) ] = f(z).g(z) + g(z).f(z) f (z) f ' (z).g(z) f (z).g' (z) g (z) = g 2 (z) Nu w = f(z) , z = () u l cc hm c o hm, th o hm ca hm hp w = f[()] l: dw dw dz = . d dz d Nu f(z) l hm n dip c hm ngc l h(w), th: 1 f ' (z) = , h' (w ) 0 h' (w )
5. ngha hnh hc ca o hm: Gi thit hm w = f(z) c o hm ti mi im trong ln cn im zo v f(zo) 0. a. ngha hnh hc ca Arg f(zo): Php bin hnh w = f(z) bin im zo thnh im wo = f(zo). Gi Mo l to v ca zo v Po l to v ca wo. Cho mt ng cong bt k i qua Mo v c phng trnh l z(t) = x(t) + jy(t). Gi s: z(to) = x(to) + jy(to) 0 ngha l ha s x(to) v y(to) khng ng thi trit tiu khi t = to. Vy ng cong L c tip tuyn ti Mo m ta gi l MoT. L y v

M T Mo O x O Po

Gi l nh ca ng cong L qua php bin hnh. Hin nhin ng cong i qua im Po v c phng trnh w = w(t) = f[z(t)]. Theo cng thc o hm hm hp ta c w(to) = f(zo).z(to). Theo gi thit th f(zo) 0, z(to) 0 nn w(to) 0. Nh vy ti P0, ng cong c tip tuyn Po. By gi ta ly z l im khc thuc L. N c nh l w . Theo nh ngha o hm: w w0 = f (z o ) lim (12) zzo z z 0

w wo [Arg(w w o ) Arg(z z o )] Argf (z o ) = lim Arg = zlim z z o z o z z o Gi M, P ln lt l to v ca z v w th ng thc trn c vit l:

Vy
18

Argf (z o ) = lim Ou, Po P lim Ox, M o M

PPo P MMo PL

V khi P Po, ct tuyn PoP dn ti tip tuyn Po vi ; khi M Mo, ct tuyn MoM dn ti tip tuyn MoT vi L nn: Argf (zo ) = Ou, Po Ox, MoT (13) hay: o o o T suy ra Argf(zo) l gc m ta cn quay tip tuyn MoT vi ng cong L ti Mo c hng ca tip tuyn Po vi ng cong ti Po. By gi ta xt hai ng cong bt k L v L i qua Mo, ln lt c tip tuyn ti Mo l MoT v MoT. Gi v l nh ca L v Lqua php bin hnh w = f(z). v ln lt c tip tuyn ti Po l Po v Po. Theo kt qu trn: Argf ( z o ) = Ou , Po Ox , M o T Do (13) c thit lp vi L v bt k nn: Argf (z o ) = Ou, Po ' Ox, M o T' T suy ra: Ou, Po Ou, Po = Ox, MoT + Ox, Mo T Vy gc gia hai ng cong L v L bng gc gia hai nh v c v ln v hng. Ta ni php bin hnh w = f(z) bo ton gc gia hai ng cong hay php bin hnh w = f(z) l bo gic. b. ngha ca | f(zo) |: Do (12) ta c: lim Po P w wo w wo PPo = lim = f (z 0 ) = lim z z o z z z z o z z lim M o M o o

) ( ) (Ou, P ) = Argf (z ) + (Ox, M T)

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

M M o

Vi z = z - zo kh nh th w cng kh nh v ta c: PP f (z 0 ) o MoM hay: Po P f (z 0 ) .M o M (15) Nu f (z o ) > 1 th PoP > MoM v ta c mt php bin hnh dn. Nu f (z o ) < 1 th PoP < MoM v ta c mt php bin hnh co. Cng thc (15) ng vi mi cp M v P nn ta ni f (z o ) l h s co dn ca php bin hnh ti zo. Trn y ta gi thit f(zo) 0. Nu f(zo) = 0 th kt qu trn khng ng na. V d: Xt hm w = z2. Qua php bin hnh ny, na trc dng Ox (argz = 0), c nh l na trc dng Ou(argw = 0). Na trc Oy dng arg z = c nh l na trc Ou m (argw = ). 2

19

Nh vy gc gia hai tia Ox v Oy khng c bo ton qua php bin hnh. S d nh vy v w(0) = 0.
6. Hm gii tch: a. nh ngha 1: Gi s G l mt min m. Nu hm w = f(z) c o hm f(z) ti mi im thuc G th n c gi l gii tch trong min G. Hm s w = f(z) c gi l gii tch ti im z nu n gii tch trong mt min ln cn no ca z. Trn kia ta ch nh ngha hm s gii tch trong mt min m. Gi s min G gii hn bi ng cong kn L. Nu hm w = f(z) gii tch trong mt min m cha G , th cho gn ta ni n gii tch trong min kn G . b. nh ngha 2: Nhng im ti w = f(z) khng gii tch, c gi l cc im bt thng ca hm s . V d:- Hm w = z2 gii tch trong ton C - Hm w = excosy + j exsiny gii tch trong ton C - Hm w = z khng gii tch z C 1 - w = gii tch trong ton C tr z = 0. im z = 0 l im bt thng duy z nht ca hm - Hm w = zRez ch tho mn iu kin C - R ti z = 0. Vy n khng gii tch trong ton C. c. Tnh cht ca hm gii tch: - Tng, tch ca hai hm gii tch l mt hm gii tch - Thng ca hai hm gii tch l mt hm gii tch tr im lm cho mu s trit tiu. - Hp ca hai hm gii tch l mt hm gii tch. - Hm ngc ca mt hm gii tch n dip c o hm khc khng l mt hm gii tch n dip. V d: - w = z2 + z l mt hm gii tch trong ton C v n l tng ca hai hm gii tch trong C

- w=

z gii tch ti mi im tr z = j z +1
2

7. Quan h gia hm gii tch v hm iu ho: Cho hm w = f (z) = u ( x, y) + jv( x, y) gii tch trong min n lin G. Phn thc u(x, y) v phn o v(x, y) l nhng hm iu ho trong G, ngha l chng tho mn phng trnh Laplace: 2u 2u 2v 2v u = 2 + 2 = 0 v = 2 + 2 = 0 ( x , y) G x y x y Tht vy, theo gi thit, iu kin C - R tho mn, tc l: u x = vy u y = vx

Ly o hm hai v ca ng thc th nht theo x v o hm hai v ng thc th hai theo y ta c:

20

 = vyx u xx

= vxy u y

2u 2u Cng hai ng thc ta c: u = 2 + 2 = 0 x y 2v 2v Tng t ta chng minh c: v = 2 + 2 = 0 x y Ngc li, cho trc hai hm iu ho bt k u(x, y) v v(x, y) th ni chung, hm w = u(x, y )+ jv(x, y) khng gii tch. Mun w = u + jv gii tch th u v v phi l hai hm iu ho lin hp, ngha l tho mn iu kin C - R. V cho trc mt hm iu ho, ta c th tm c hm iu ho lin hp vi n nn cho trc phn thc hay phn o ca mt hm gii tch ta tm c hm gii tch . Phng php tm hm v(x, y) iu ho lin hp vi u(x, y) cho trc trong mt min n lin G nh sau: Do iu kin C - R ta bit c cc o hm ring ca v(x, y) l: vx = u y vy = u x Vy bi ton c a v tm hm v(x, y) bit rng trong min n lin G n c vi phn : dv = vx dx + vy dy = u y dx + u x dy y Bi ton ny c ngha v v phi l vi phn ton phn. Tht vy, nu t P = uy v Q = u x th M(x,y) A Q P + u yy = 0 c tho iu kin = u xx x y yo Mo mn. Theo kt qu gii tch th:

v( x , y) =

( x ,y )

( x o , yo )

uy dx + ux dy + C

(16)

x0

Trong tch phn (khng ph thuc ng i) c ly dc theo ng bt k nm trong G, i t im (xo, yo) n im (x, y), cn C l mt hng s tu . Nu tch phn c tnh dc theo ng gp khc MoAM th: v( x , y) = u y ( x , y)dx + u x ( x , y)dy + C
xo x y yo

V d 1: Cho hm u = x - y +2x. Tm v(x,y) v f(z) y l mt hm iu ho trong ton mt phng v u = 0 (x,y). Theo (16) ta chn xo = yo = 0

v( x , y) = 2 ydx + 2dy + C = 2 xy + 2 y + C Vy: f(z) = u + jv = x - y2 +2x + j(2xy + 2y + C) = (x2 + 2jxy - y2) + (2x + 2jy) + jC = (x + jy)2 + 2(x + jy) = jC = z2 + 2z + jC f(z) l mt hm gii tch trong ton C. 1 V d 2: Cho hm u ( x , y) = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) . Tm f(z) 2
21
0

y l mt hm iu ho trong ton b min G tr im gc to . Dng (16) ta xc nh c hm iu ho lin hp: v(x,y) = Arg(x + jy) + C V Argz xc nh sai khc 2k, nn v(x, y) l mt hm a tr.

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