CHNG 1: HM GII TCH

1. S PHC V CC PHP TNH 1. Dng i s ca s phc: Ta gi s phc l mt biu thc dng (x + jy) trong x v y l cc s thc v j l n v o. Cc s x v y l phn thc v phn o ca s phc. Ta thng k hiu: z = x + jy x = Rez = Re(x + jy) y = Imz = Im(x + jy) Tp hp cc s phc c k hiu l C. Vy: C = { z = x + jy | x R , y R} trong R l tp hp cc s thc. Nu y = 0 ta c z = x, ngha l s thc l trng hp ring ca s phc vi phn o bng 0. Nu x = 0 ta z = jy v l mt s thun o. S phc z = x jy c gi l s phc lin hp ca z = x + jy. Vy Re(z) = Re(z) ,

Im(z ) = Im(z) , z = z . S phc -z = -x - jy l s phc i ca z = x + jy. Hai s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2 gi l bng nhau nu x1 = x2 v y1 = y2.
2. Cc php tnh v s phc: a. Php cng: Cho hai s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Ta gi s phc z = (x1 + x2 ) + j(y1 + jy2 ) l tng ca hai s phc z1 v z2. Php cng c cc tnh cht sau: (giao hon) z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 (kt hp) z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3 b. Php tr: Cho 2 s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Ta gi s phc z = (x1 - x2 ) + j(y1 - jy2 ) l hiu ca hai s phc z1 v z2. c. Php nhn: Cho 2 s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Ta gi s phc z = z1.z2 = (x1x2-y1y2) + j(x1y2 + x2y1) l tch ca hai s phc z1 v z2. Php nhn c cc tnh cht sau: (tnh giao hon) z1,z2 = z2.z1 (z1.z2).z3 = z1.(z2.z3) (tnh kt hp) z1(z2 + z3) = z1.z2 + z2.z3 (tnh phn b) (-1.z) = -z z.0 = 0. z = 0 j.j = -1 d. Php chia: Cho 2 s phc z1 = x1 + jy1 v z2 = x2 + jy2. Nu z2 0 th tn ti mt s phc z = x + jy sao cho z.z2 = z1. S phc:
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z=

y x 2 y 2 x1 z1 x1x 2 + y 1 y 2 = +j 1 2 2 2 z2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 2

c gi l thng ca hai s phc z1 v z2. e. Php nng ln lu tha: Ta gi tch ca n s phc z l lu tha bc n ca z v k hiu: z n = z.z L z t w = zn =(x + jy)n th theo nh ngha php nhn ta tnh c Rew v Imw theo x v y. Nu zn = w th ngc li ta ni z l cn bc n ca w v ta vit: z=n w f. Cc v d: V d 1: j2 = -1 j3 = j2.j = -1.j = -j V d 2: (2+j3) + (3-5j) = 5-2j
1 = j j

2 + 5 j (2 + 5 j)(1 + j) 3 + 7 j 3 7 = = = + j 2 1 j 1 j 2 2 2 z + z = ( x + jy) + ( x jy) = 2x = 2 Re z V d 3: V d 4: Tm cc s thc tho mn phng trnh: (3x - j)(2 + j)+ (x - jy)(1 + 2j) = 5 + 6j Cn bng phn thc v phn o ta c: 20 36 x= y= 17 17 V d 5: Gii h phng trnh: z + j = 1 2 z + = 1 + j Ta gii bng cch dng phng php Cramer v c kt qu: 1 j

z=

1+ j 1 2 j (2 j)(1 + 2 j) 4 + 3 j = = = 1 j 1 2j 5 5 2 1

1 j 2 1+ j j 1 ( j 1)(1 + 2 j) 3 j = = = = 1 j 1 2j 5 5 2 1 V d 6: Chng minh rng nu a thc P(z) l mt a thc ca bin s phc z vi cc h s thc:
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P(z) = a0zn + a1zn-1 + + an th P (z ) = P ( z ) Tht vy ta thy l s phc lin hp ca tng bng tng cc s phc lin hp ca tng s hng, s phc lin hp ca mt tch bng tch cc s phc lin hp ca tng tha s. Do vy: a k z n k = a k .z n k Do :

P( z ) = a k z n k = a k z n k = a k z n k = P( z )
k =0 k =0 k =0

T kt qu ny suy ra nu a thc P(z) c cc h s thc v nu l mt nghim phc ca n tc P() = 0 th cng l nghim ca n, tc P( ) = 0.

3. Biu din hnh hc: Cho s phc z = x + jy. Trong mt phng xOy ta xc nh im M(x,y) gi l to v ca s phc z. Ngc li cho im M trong mt phng, ta bit to (x,y) v lp c s phc z = x + jy. Do ta gi xOy l mt phng phc. Ta cng c th biu din s phc bng mt vec t t do c to l (x,y). 4. Moun v argumen ca s phc z: S phc z c to v l M. Ta gi di r ca vec t OM l moun ca z v k hiu l z . Gc xc nh sai khc 2k c gi l argumen ca z v k hiu l Argz: M r = z = OM y r Argz = Ox, OM = + 2 k c bit, tr s ca Argz nm gia - v gi l gi x O tr chnh ca Argz v k hiu l argz. Trng hp z = 0 th Argz khng xc nh. Gia phn thc, phn o, moun v argumen c lin h: x = rcos y = rsin r = x 2 + y2 y tg = x

y acrtg x y arg z = + acrtg x y + acrtg x

khi x > 0 khi x < 0, y 0 khi x < 0, y < 0

Vi x = 0 t nh ngha ta c:
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 arg z = 2 2

khi y > 0 khi y < 0

Hai s phc bng nhau c moun v argumen bng nhau. z = z

z.z = z T cch biu din s phc bng vec t ta thy s phc (z1 - z2) biu din khong cch t im M1 l to v ca z1 n im M2 l to v ca z2. T suy ra | z | = r biu th ng trn tm O, bn knh r. Tng t | z - z1 | = r biu th ng trn tm z1, bn knh r; | z - z1 | > r l phn mt phc ngoi ng trn v | z - z1 | < r l phn trong ng trn . Hn na ta c cc bt ng thc tam gic: | z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 | ; | z1 - z2 | || z1 | - | z2 || T nh ngha php nhn ta c: z1.z2 = r1.r2 [(cos1cos2 - sin1sin2) - j(sin1cos2 + sin2cos2)] = r1.r2 [cos(1 + 2) + jsin(1 + 2)] Vy: | z1.z2 | = | z1 |.| z2 | Arg(z1.z2 ) = Argz1 + Argz2 + 2k Tng t, nu z2 0 th: z1 r1 = [cos(1 - 2) + jsin(1 - 2)] z 2 r2
z z1 = 1 z2 z2 z1 Arg z = Argz1 + Argz2 + 2k 2
5. Cc v d: V d 1: 3 + 2 j = 32 + 2 2 = 13 V d 2: Vit phng trnh ng trn A(x2 + y2) + 2Bx + 2Cy + D = 0 vi cc h s A, B, C, D l cc s thc trong mt phng phc. Ta t z = x + jy nn z = x jy . x 2 + y 2 =| z |2 = z.z Mt khc 2x = z + z zz 2y = = j(z z ) j Thay vo phng trnh ta c: Azz + B(z + z ) Cj(z z ) = 0
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hay Az z + Ez + Ez + D = 0 6. Dng lng gic ca s phc: Nu biu din s phc z theo r v ta c: z = x + jy = r(cos + jsin) y l dng lng gic s phc z. V d: z = -2 = 2(cos + jsin ) Cc php nhn chia dng s phc di dng lng gic rt tin li. Ta c: z1 = r1 (cos + j sin )
z 2 = r2 (cos + j sin ) z= z = z1.z 2 = r1r2 [cos( + ) + j sin ( + )] z1 r1 = [cos( ) + j sin ( )] z 2 r2 p dng cng thc trn tnh tch n tha s z, tc l zn. ta c: [r(cos + jsin)]n = rn(cosn + jsinn) c bit khi r = 1 ta c cng thc Moivre: (cos + jsin)n = (cosn + jsinn) Thay bng - ta c: (cos - jsin)n = (cosn - jsinn) V d: Tnh cc tng: s = cos + cos2 + + cosn t = sin + sin2 + + sinn Ta c jt = jsin + jsin2 + + jsinn t z = cos + jsin v theo cng thc Moivre ta c: s + jt = z + z2 + + zn V phi l mt cp s nhn gm n s, s hng u tin l z v cng bi l z. Do ta c:
z n 1 z n+1 z cos( n + 1) + j sin( n + 1) cos j sin = = s + jt = z z 1 z 1 cos + j sin 1 [cos( n + 1) cos ] + j[sin(n + 1) sin ] = (cos 1) + j sin [cos( n + 1) cos ] + j[sin(n + 1) sin ] (cos 1) j sin = . (cos 1) + j sin (cos 1) j sin

Nh vy:
cos(n + 1). cos cos 2 cos(n + 1) + cos + sin(n + 1). sin sin 2 s = Re(s + jt ) = (cos 1) 2 + sin 2 cos(n + 1). cos + sin(n + 1). sin cos(n + 1) + cos 1 = 2 2 cos cos cos(n + 1) + cos n 1 = 2(1 cos )
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Tng t ta tnh c t = Im(s+jt) Khi biu din s phc di dng lng gic ta cng d tnh c cn bc n ca n. Cho s phc z = r(cos + jsin) ta cn tm cn bc n ca z, ngha l tm s phc sao cho: n = z trong n l s nguyn dng cho trc. Ta t = (cos + jsin) th vn l phi tm v sao cho: n(cosn + jsinn) = r(cos + jsin) Ngha l n = r v n = + 2 k Kt qu l: = n r ; = n C th, cn bc n ca z l s phc: o = n r cos + j sin n n + 2 + 2 1 = n r cos + j sin n n . . . . . . + 2(n 1) + 2(n 1) n 1 = n r cos + j sin n n vi k l s nguyn v ch cn ly n s nguyn lin tip (k = 0, 1, 2,...,n-1) v nu k ly hai s nguyn hn km nhau n th ta c cng mt s phc.
7. To v ca s phc tng, hiu, tch v thng hai s phc: a. To v ca tng v hiu: To v ca tng hai s phc l tng hay hiu 2 vec t biu din s phc . b. To v ca tch hai s phc: Ta c th tm to v ca tch hai s phc bng phng php dng hnh. Cho hai s phc z1 v z2 nh hnh v. Ta dng trn cnh Oz1 tam gic Oz1z ng dng vi tam gic O1z2. Nh vy Oz l tch ca hai s phc z1 v z2. Tht vy, do tam gic Oz1z ng dng vi tam gic O1z2 nn ta c:
z z2 = hay z = z1.z2 z1 1

z2z1=z z2 1

z1

c. To v ca thng hai s phc: Vic tm thng hai s phc a v tm tch 1 1 z1. . V vy ta ch cn tm w = . Trc ht ta gi thit | z | < 1(hnh a) z2 z Ta tm w theo cc bc sau: - v ng trn n v v z
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- dng ti z ng vung vi Oz v ct ng trn n v ti s - v tip tuyn vi ng trn ti s v ct Oz ti t. 1 - do Ozs & Ost ng dng nn ta c | t |= |z| - ly w i xng vi t. Trng hp | z | > 1 ta v nh hnh b: - v ng trn n v v z - t z v tip tuyn vi ng trn ti s - dng ti s ng vung vi Oz ct Oz ti t 1 - do Ozs v Ost ng dng nn ta c | t | = |z| - ly w i xng vi t.

s z O

z s t w w

8. Dng m ca s phc: Nh cng thc Euler e j = cos + j sin ta c th biu din s phc di dng s m: z = rej = | z |ejArgz

V d z = 1 j = 2e Biu din s phc di dng m rt tin li khi cn nhn hay chia cc s phc:
z1 = r1e j z 2 = r2 e j

3 4

z1z 2 = r1r2 e j( + ) z1 r1 j( ) = e z 2 r2
9. Mt cu Rieman: Ta xt mt mt cu S tm (0, 0, 0.5), bn knh 0.5 (tip xc vi mt phng xOy ti O). Mt phng xOy l mt phng phc z vi Ox l trc thc v Oy l trc o. on thng ni im z = x + jy c to v l N ca mt phng phc vi im P(0, 0, 1) ca mt cu ct mt cu ti im M(a, b, c). Ta gi M l hnh chiu
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ni ca im z ln mt cu S vi cc P. Php nh x ny lp nn mt tng ng mt mt gia tt c cc im ca mt phng z v ca mt cu S thng ti P. V cc im P, M, v N cng nm trn mt ng thng nn ta c: OT a b PM 1 c = = = = P ON x y PN 1 a b 1 c hay = = c x y 1 M a b a + jb hay: x= ;y = ;z = 1 c 1 c 1 c 2 2 (a + b ) 2 O y b T : z = a 2 (1 c) T 2 2 2 x v do : a +b +c -c=0 N c 2 suy ra: z = 1 c 2 z x y c= ;a= ;b= hay: 2 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 1+ z Hnh chiu ni c tnh cht ng lu sau: mi ng trn ca mt phng z(ng thng cng c coi l ng trn c bn knh ) chuyn thnh mt ng trn trn z+z z+z mt cu v ngc li. Tht vy x = ta thy mi ng trn ca ;y = 2 2j mt phng z tho mn mt phng trnh dng: 1 j Azz + B( z + z ) C( z z ) + D = 0 2 2 Trong A, B, C, D l cc s thc tha mn A 0, B2 + C2 > 4AD, c bit i vsi ng thng A = 0. p dng cc gi tr ca z, x, y ta c: (A - D)c +Ba +Cb + D = 0 y l mt ng trn trn mt cu S.
2. HM MT BIN PHC 1. Khi nim v min v bin ca min: a. im trong ca mt tp: Gi s E l tp hp im trong mt phng phc z v zo l mt im thuc E. Nu tn ti mt s ln cn ca zo nm hon ton trong E th zo c gi l im trong ca tp E. b. Bin ca mt tp: im thuc E hay khng thuc E c gi l im bin ca tp E nu mi hnh trn tm u cha c nhng im thuc E v khng thuc E. Tp hp cc im bin ca tp E c gi l bin ca tp E. Nu im khng thuc E v tn ti hnh trn tm khng cha im no ca E th c gi l im ngoi ca tp E.
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V d: Xt tp E l hnh trn | z | < 1. Mi im ca E u l im trong. Bin ca E l ng trn | z | = 1. Mi im | | > 1 l im ngoi ca E. c. Min: Ta gi min trn mt phng phc l tp hp G c cc tnh cht sau: - G l tp m, ngha l ch c cc im trong. - G l tp lin thng, ngha l qua hai im tu thuc G, bao gi cng c th ni chng bng mt ng cong lin tc nm gn trong G. Tp G, thm nhng im bin gi l tp kn v k hiu l G . Min G gi l b chn nu tn ti mt hnh trong bn knh R cha G bn trong.

Trn hnh a l min n lin, hnh b l min nh lin v hnh c l min tam lin. Hng dng trn bin L ca min l hng m khi i trn L theo hng th phn ca min G k vi ngi lun nm bn tri. V d 1: V min < arg z < 6 3 Ta v tia Ou 1 sao cho ( Ox, Ou 1 ) = . Sau v tia Ou 2 sao cho ( Ox , Ou 2 ) = . 6 3 Mi im z nm trong u1Ou 2 u c argumen tho mn iu kin bi ton. Ngc li cc im c argumen nm gia v u trong gc u 1Ou 2 6 3 Vy min < arg z < l phn mt phng gii hn bi hai cnh Ou1 v Ou2 6 3 y y u2 u1 O x -1 O x

V d 2: V min Rez > -1 Mi im nm bn phi ng thng x = -1 u tho mn Rez > -1. Ngc li mi im z c phn thc ln hn -1 u nm bn phi ng thng x = -1. Vy min Rez > -1 l na mt phng phc gch cho trn hnh v.
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2. nh ngha hm bin phc: a. nh ngha: Gi s E l mt tp hp im trn mt phng phc. Nu c mt quy lut cho ng vi mi s phc zE mt s phc xc nh w th ta ni rng w l mt hm s n tr ca bin phc z xc nh trn E v k hiu: w = f(z), zE (1) Tp E c gi l min xc nh ca hm s. Nu ng vi mt gi tr zE ta c nhiu gi tr ca w th ta ni w l mt hm a tr. Sau ny khi ni n hm s m khng ni g thm th l mt hm n tr. 1 V d: Hm w = xc nh trong ton b mt phng phc tr im z = 0 z z Hm w = 2 xc nh trong ton b mt phng phc tr im z = j v z2+1 z +1 = 0 khi z = j Hm w = z + z + 1 xc nh trong ton b mt phng phc. y l mt hm a tr. Chng hn, vi z = 0 ta c w = 1 . V 1 = cos0 + j sin0 nn w c hai gi tr: 0 0 w 1 = cos + j sin = 1 2 2 0 + 2 0 + 2 + j sin w 2 = cos = cos + j sin = 1 2 2 nn ng vi z = 0 ta c hai gi tr w1 = 1 v w1 = -1 b. Phn thc v phn o ca hm phc: Cho hm w = f(z) ngha l cho phn thc u v phn o v ca n. Ni khc i u v v cng l hai hm ca z. Nu z= x+jy th c th thy u v v l hai hm thc ca cc bin thc c lp x v y. Tm li. cho hm phc w = f(z) tng ng vi vic cho hai hm bin thc u = u(x, y) v v = v(x, y) v c th vit w = f(z) di dng: w = u(x, y) + jv(x, y) (2) Ta c th chuyn v dng (2) hm phc cho di dng (1). 1 V d 1: Tch phn thc v phn o ca hm phc w = z Ta c: 1 1 x jy x jy x jy = w= = = = 2 z x + jy ( x + jy)( x jy) x + y 2 x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 Vy: x y u= 2 v= 2 2 x +y x + y2 V d 2: Tch phn thc v phn o ca hm w = z3 Ta c: w = z 3 = ( x + jy) 3 = x 3 + 3 jx 2 y + 3 j2 xy 2 + j3 y 3 = ( x 3 3xy 2 ) + j(3x 2 y y 3 ) Vy: u = x 3 3xy 2 v = 3x 2 y y 3

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V d 3: Cho hm w = x 2 y + j( x + y 2 ) . Hy biu din w theo z = x + jy v z = x jy zz z+z nn: v y = V x= 2 2j 2 z + z z z 2 j z+ z w = + (z z ) + j 2 2 2 2 Rt gn ta c: 1 1 w = (1 j)(z 2 + z 2 ) + (1 + j) zz + jz 4 2

V d 4: Cho w = x2 - y2 + 2jxy. Hy biu din w theo z 2 2 z+z z + z z z 2 z z Ta c: w = +j + 2 j 2j 2 2 2
2 z z2 z + z z z z + z z + z z z Hay: w = 2 = + = z2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3. Php bin hnh thc hin bi hm bin phc: biu din hnh hc mt hm bin s thc ta v th ca hm s . m t hnh hc mt hm bin s phc ta khng th dng phng php th na m phi lm nh sau: Cho hm bin phc w = f(z), zE. Ly hai mt phng phc xOy (mt phng z) v uOv (mt phng w). V mi im z0E ta c mt im w0 = f(z0) trong mt phng w. Cho nn v mt hnh hc, hm w = f(z0 xc nh mt php bin hnh t mt phng z sang mt phng w. im w0 c gi l nh ca z0 v z0 l nghch nh ca w0. Cho ng cong L c phng trnh tham s x = x(t), y = y(t). nh ca L qua php bin hnh w = f(z) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y) l tp hp cc im trong mt phng w c to : u = u[x(t), y(t)] (3) v = v[x(t), y(t)] Thng thng th nh ca ng cong L l ng cong c phng trnh tham s (3) Mun c phng trnh quan h trc tip gia u v v ta kh t trong (3). Mun tm nh ca mt min G ta coi n c qut bi h ng cong L.Ta tm nh ca L. Khi L qut nn min G th qut nn min l nh ca G. 4. Cc hm bin phc thng gp: a. V d 1: Hm w = kz (k > 0) t z = rej , w = ej = krej . Ta c = kr, = + 2k . Vy y l mt php co dn hay php ng dng vi h s k

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y z x

v w k u

b. V d 2: w = zej ( R) t z = rej , w = ej = rejej = rej(+). Ta c = r, = + + 2k. Nh vy y l php quay mt phng z mt gc .

y z x v w

c. V d 3: w = z + b vi b = b1 + jb2 t z = x + jy w = u + jv, ta c: u = x + b1 ; v = y + b 2 Vy y l mt php tnh tin

y z b x

d. V d 4: w = az + b vi a = kej l php bin hnh tuyn tnh nguyn. N l hp ca ba php bin hnh: - php co dn s = kz - php quay t = sj - php tnh tin w = t + b e. V d 5: w = z2 t z = rej , w = ej ta c: = r2 ; = 2 + 2k. Mi tia z = o bin thnh tia argw = 2o, mi ng trn | z | = ro bin thnh ng trn | w | = ro2 . Nu D = {z: 0 < < 2 } th f(D) = {-w: 0 < < 2 } ngha l na mt phng phc c Imz > 0 bin thnh ton b mt phng phc w.
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f. V d 6: w = | z |. z t z = rej , w = ej ta c: = r2 ; = + 2k. Min D = {z: 0 < < } c bin n dip ln chnh n, ngha l na mt phng phc Imz > 0 c bin thnh na mt phng phc Imw > 0. g. V d 7: w = 3 z Vi z 0 th w c 3 gi tr khc nhau. t z = rej , w = ej ta c: = 3 r ; 2k k = + . Min D = {z: 0 < < } c nh l ba min: B1 = w : 0 < < ; 3 3 3 2 2 << B2 = w : < < ; B3 = w : 3 3 3 3. O HM CA HM PHC 1. Gii hn ca hm bin phc: nh ngha gii hn v lin tc ca hm bin phc cng tng t nh hm bin thc. a. nh ngha 1: Gi s f(z) l hm xc nh trong ln cn ca zo(c th tr zo). Ta ni s phc A l gii hn ca f(z) khi z dn ti zo nu khi | z - zo | 0 th | f(z)-A0. Ni khc i, vi mi > 0 cho trc, lun lun tn ti > 0 khi | z - zo | < th |f(z)-A| < . Ta k hiu: lim f( z) = A
z z o

D dng thy rng nu f(z) = u(x,y) +jv( x,y) ; zo = xo + jyo; A = + j th:

zzo

lim f( z) = A lim u( x , y) =
x xo y yo

xxo y yo

lim v( x , y) =

Trong mt phng phc, khi z dn ti zo n c th tin theo nhiu ng khc nhau. iu khc vi trong hm bin thc, khi x dn ti xo, n tin theo trc Ox. b. nh ngha 2: Ta ni s phc A l gii hn ca hm w = f(z) khi z dn ra v cng, nu khi | z | + th | f(z) - A | 0. Ni khc i, vi mi > 0 cho trc, lun lun tn ti R > 0 khi | z | > R th | f(z) - A | < . Ta k hiu: lim f( z) = A
z

c. nh ngha 3: Ta ni hm w = f(z) dn ra v cng khi z dn ti zo, nu khi | z - zo | 0 th | f(z) | +. Ni khc i, vi mi M > 0 cho trc ln tu , lun lun tn ti > 0 khi | z - zo | < th | f(z) | > M. Ta k hiu: lim f( z) =
zzo

d. nh ngha 4: Ta ni hm w = f(z) dn ra v cng khi z dn ra v cng, nu khi | z | + th | f(z) | +. Ni khc i, vi mi M > 0 cho trc ln tu , lun lun tn ti R > 0 khi | z | > R th | f(z) | > M. Ta k hiu: lim f( z) =
z

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2. Hm lin tc: Ta nh ngha hm lin tc nh sau: nh ngha: Gi s w = f(z) l mt hm s xc nh trong mt min cha im zo. Hm c gi l lin tc ti zo nu lim f( z) = f( z o )
z zo

D thy rng nu f(z ) = u(x, y) + jv(x, y) lin tc ti zo = xo + jyo th u(x, y) v v(x, y) l nhng hm thc hai bin, lin tc ti (xo, yo) v ngc li. Hm w = f(z) lin tc ti mi im trong min G th c gi l lin tc trong min G. V d: Hm w = z2 lin tc trong ton b mt phng phc v phn thc u = x2 - y2 v phn o v = 2xy lun lun lin tc.
3. nh ngha o hm: Cho hm w = f(z) xc nh trong mt min cha im z = x + jy. Cho z mt s gia z = x + jy. Gi w l s gia tng ng ca hm: w = f(z + z) - f(z) w dn ti mt gii hn xc nh th gii hn c gi l Nu khi z 0 t s z dw . Ta c: o hm ca hm w ti z v k hiu l f(z) hay w( z ) hay dz w f ( z + z ) f ( z ) (4) f ' ( z) = lim = lim z 0 z z 0 z V mt hnh thc, nh ngha ny ging nh ngha o hm ca hm bin s thc. w phi c cng gii hn khi z 0 theo mi cch. Tuy nhin y i hi z V d 1: Tnh o hm ca w = z2 ti z. Ta c : w = (z + z)2 - z2 = 2z.z + z2 w = 2z + z z w Khi z 0 th 2z. Do vy o hm ca hm l 2z. z V d 2: Hm w = z = x jy c o hm ti z khng Cho z mt s gia z = x + jy. S gia tng ng ca w l: w = z + z z = z + z z = z = x j y w w w =1 Nu y = 0 th z = x khi w = x ; = = 1 nn lim y0 x z x x 0

x = 0 th z = -jy khi w = -jy ;

w w w = 1 = = 1 nn lim y0 x z jy x 0
w c nhng gii hn khc z

Nh vy khi cho z 0 theo hai ng khc nhau t s

nhau. Vy hm cho khng c o hm ti mi z. 3. iu kin kh vi: Nh th ta phi tm iu kin hm c o hm ti z. Ta c nh l sau:

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