Trn Th

Khai quc i thn nh Trn

1. Gii thiu chung

Trn Th sinh nm Gip Dn (1194) ti lng Lu X, ph Ng Thin (nay l x Canh Tn, huyn Hng H, tnh Thi Bnh), mt nm Gip T (1264), hng th 70 tui. Thi trai tr, Trn Th kim sng bng ngh chi li. ng ln ln ng vo lc c ca h L nt ngy mt nhanh chng. Ni chin xy ra trin min, vua L khng cn kh nng iu khin t nc, thm ch, khng cn c kh nng iu khin hot ng ca triu nh.

2. S nghip
Trn Th tuy khng phi l vua, nhng, chnh ng l ngi bit trit li dng s tn t khng cch g c th cu vn ni ca triu L ri khn kho chun b c v d lun v t chc, a h Trn ln nm gi v i chnh tr k t nm 1226. ng l ngi c cng khai sinh ra triu Trn, c cng cng c a v v quyn lc ca triu Trn, c cng trong s nghip gi nc nhng, du cn trng su tm tt c nhng ghi chp tn mn ca s c, chng ta cng ch c th c c nhng dng rt vn tt v l lch cuc i ca ng m thi.

Sch i Vit s k ton th cho hay, Trn Th l ch h ca vua Trn Thi Tng. Trn Thi Tng l con ca Trn Tha. Trn Tha l con Trn L. V, Trn L l con ca Trn Hp. Sch trn cng cho hay, v sau, Trn Th ly con gi ca Trn L l Trn Th Dung, li ni Trn Th Dung vn l chi h ca Trn Th , nh vy cng c th suy ra rng, Trn Th l con mt ngi em no ca Trn L v l chu ni ca Trn Hp. Ni khc hn, tuy ch hn vua Trn Thi Tng 24 tui nhng Trn Th l vai ng ch ch khng phi ch l vai ch ca vua Trn Thi Tng.

Ni chin xy ra trin min, vua L khng cn kh nng iu khin t nc, thm ch, khng cn c kh nng iu khin hot ng ca triu nh. Hong tc hoang mang. Thi T ca nh L lc by gi l L Ho Sm phi b c hong thnh m chy trn. Nm K T (1209), L Ho Sm chy n thn Lu Gia Hi p (nay l x Lu X, huyn Hng H, tnh Thi Bnh ).

Hong Thi T (L Ho Sm) chy n thn Lu Gia Hi p, nghe ting con gi ca Trn L (l Trn Th Dung NKT) c nhan sc p, bn ly lm v1.

Nm y, L Ho Sm mi 15 tui. Bi cuc hn nhn ny, h Trn giu c Hi p bt u tham gia chnh s. Trn l c phong lm Minh T Cng, cn em v ca Trn L l T Trung T c phong lm in Tin Ch Huy S. Thng 3 nm Canh Ng (1210), khi Trn L b cht trong lon lc con ca Trn L l Trn T Khnh c phong lm Thun Lu B v ch hn mt nm sau th c phong lm Chng Thnh Hu2. Vo thng chp nm Bnh T (1216), n lt anh trai ca Trn T Khnh l Trn Tha3 c phong lm Ni Th Phn Th. Khi Trn T Khnh mt, Trn Tha c phong lm Ph Quc Thi y, c php vo chu vua L m khng phi xng tn.

Hin ti, chng ta cha bit Trn Th thc s ra lm quan k t lc no, nhng, xt din bin chung ca cc s kin k t khi L Ho Sm chy v Hi p, th c th c on rng Trn Th nhn chc tc ca triu L gn nh ng thi vi Trn Tha (tc l khong nm 1216). Nm 1224, Trn Th l quan in Tin Ch Huy S, cm u tt c qun Cm V ca triu nh. Xt v trt t th bc, cha phi l chc quan c hm tc thuc hng cao nht, nhng trong thc t ca thi lon lc lc by gi, li chnh l chc c nhiu quyn uy mnh m hn c. Da vo qun i, Trn Th tng bc nng cao v tr ca mnh v khn kho loi dn cc th lc i nghch. T nm Tn T (1221) tr i, khi m L Ho Sm (tc vua L Hu Tng (1211 1224) bt u nhum bnh in, Trn Th l ngi khuynh lot c triu nh. Nu cc nhn vt khc ca h Trn nh Trn L, Trn T Khnh, Trn Tha v.v ng lng hp sc, a h Trn ln v tr ca mt dng h c th lc mnh trong triu nh nh L, th Trn Th l ngi t nn tng chc chn cho vic a h Trn ln thay h L tr v thin h. Trong hng lot nhng vic lm khc nhau ca Trn Th , chng ta thy c my vic ni bt sau y:

- m thm tc ng mt cch mnh m v lin tc, khin vua L Hu Tng nhng ngi cho th n l Chiu Thnh Cng Cha4 vo thng 10 nm Gip Thn (1224). Chiu Thnh Cng Cha ln ngi lc mi c su tui. l vua L Chiu Hong (1224 1225).

- Sau khi Chiu Thnh Cng Cha c tn ln ngi vua, lp tc Trn Th t a ngi ca h Trn vo chim gi cc chc v thn cn nht. S c chp rng:

Quan in Tin Ch Huy S l Trn Th coi gi tt c cc vic qun c trong ngoi. Chu gi Trn Th bng ch l Trn Bt Cp c lm Cn Th Th Lc Cc Chi Hu, Trn Thim lm Chi ng Cc, Trn Cnh (ngi v sau lm vua, miu hiu l Trn Thi Tng) lm Chnh Th5.

- Cng ngay sau khi Chiu Thnh Cng Cha c tn ln ngi vua, Trn Th gp rt thc hin k hoch li dng hn nhn ginh ngi ca h L. Trc , con trai trng ca Trn Tha l Trn Liu c Trn Th b tr kt hn vi Trng Cng Cha ca vua L Hu Tng l Thun Thin6. l cuc to hn th nht gia hai h L-Trn. Cui nm Gip Thn (1224), mt ln na, Trn Th li khn kho b tr con th ca Trn Tha l Trn Cnh kt hn vi Chiu Thnh Cng Cha (by gi l vua: vua L Chiu Hong). l cuc to hn ln th hai gia hai h L-Trn, v chnh cuc to hn ln th hai ny gp phn rt quan trng vo vic lm thay i hon ton ngi vua ca i Vit. Cc s gia xa m t i lc v cuc to hn ny nh sau:

(Trn) Cnh by gi mi c tm tui, lo ng ngoi ca cung chu hu nh vua. Mt hm (Trn Cnh) phi bng nc cho vua ra, nhn mi c vo trong. (Vua L) Chiu Hong va trng thy ly lm a, cho nn, mi khi do chi vo ban m, vn cho gi (Trn) Cnh n i cng. Thy (Trn) Cnh ch ti th thn n n a, hoc nm tc, hoc ng chn ln bng.

Mt hm, (Trn) Cnh bng chu nc ng hu (vua L) Chiu Hong ra mt. Vua ly tay vc nc, tt t ht c mt ca (Trn) Cnh ri ci v chc gho. Khi (Trn) Cnh bng khn lau th ly khn nm cho (Trn) Cnh. (Trn) Cnh khng dm ni g c, ch v ngm tha vi (Trn) Th . (Trn) Th ni rng:

- Nu thc nh th th h ta s thnh hong tc hay l s b dit ht y?

Li c hm, (vua L) Chiu Hong ly khn nm cho (Trn) Cnh. (Trn) Cnh ly v tha rng:

- B h c tha ti cho thn khng? C th thn mi xin vng mnh.

(L) Chiu Hong va ci va ni:

- Tha ti cho ngi ? Th ra nay nh ngi bit ni khn ri y.

(Trn) Cnh v tha li vi (Trn) Th . (Trn) Th s vic ny m tit l ra th c h s b git ht, bi vy, em gia quyn vo trong cung cm. (Trn) Th sai ng cht ht cc ca thnh v ca cung, canh gi cn mt, khng cho cc quan vo chu hu. (Trn) Th li loan bo:

- B h nay c chng ri.

Cc quan ai ny u vng li, xin chn ngy vo chu. Thng y (thng mi, nm 1224 NKT), ngy 21, cc quan u vo ly mng. (Nh vua) xung chiu rng:

- Nc Nam Vit ta, t xa c vng tr v. Triu L ta vng chu mnh tri, c c bn bin, cc bc tin thnh ni nhau gi ngi hn hai trm nm. Nay, Thng Hong (ch vua L Hu Tng NKT) c bnh, khng c con trai ni di, khin cho th nc nghing nga nguy nan. Trm nhn minh chiu, c gng ln ngi, thc l vic t xa cha tng c. Khn thay, trm l n hong, ti c u thiu, khng ai gip , trong khi th gic cp ni ln nh ong, khng sao gi ni ngi bu nng n c. Trm tng dy sm thc khuya, nhng lo khng cng ng ni nn vn tm ngi hin lng qun t cng iu khin chnh s, khn khon n mc tn cng. Kinh Thi c cu: Qun t tm bn, tm mi chng ra, thc ng trn tr, lu thay lu thay. Nay trm mt mnh suy i tnh li, thy duy ch c Trn Cnh l ngi vn cht v, thc ng l hin nhn qun t, uy nghi rt ng hong, vn v gm ti nh thn nh thnh, d l Hn Cao T hay ng Thi Tng (hai v vua sng nghip ca nh Hn v nh ng Trung Quc NKT) cng khng th hn c. Trm t lu ngh k, xt vic nn nhng ngi bu tha lng tri, cng l tha lng ring ca trm,

mong sao (c ngi) ng tm hip lc, cng lo vic nc v hng phc thi bnh. Vy, b co khp thin h mi ngi cng bit.

Ngy Mu Dn l ngy 11 thng chp (nm Gip Thn, 1224 NKT) vua (L) Chiu Hong m hi ln in Thin An, ng trn sp bu, cc quan mc triu phc vo chu, cng ly di sn. Vua L Chiu Hong bn trt b o ng, mi Trn Cnh ln ngi Hong , i nin hiu l Kin Trung nm th nht, i x thin h, xng l Thin Hong (tc l v Hong c nhng ngi NKT) sau li i l Vn Hong. By ti dng tn hiu l Khi Thin Lp Cc Ch Nhn Chng Hiu Hong . Trn Th c phong lm Quc Thng Ph, nm gi mi vic cai tr trong nc7.

- Ngay sau khi Trn Cnh c tn ln ngi vua, Trn Th nhanh chng tin hnh mt lot cc bin php nhm cng c a v ca h Trn trn v i chnh tr. Thn ph ca Trn Cnh l Trn Tha c giao trng trch iu khin cc vic trong triu cn Trn Th th ch thn em qun i n p cc th lc chng i.

By gi, tng on Thng chim c mn Hng Chu. on Thng xng vng v ngang nhin chng li triu L t nm 1212. n y, on Thng vn tip tc chim c Hng Chu v i ch vi h Trn.

Nm 1219, n lt Nguyn Nn (mt c s ngi Bc Ninh tnh H Bc ngy nay) ni ln chng triu L. Cng tng t nh on Thng, v sau, khi triu Trn c dng ln. Nguyn Nn quyt khng chu thn phc.

Ngoi hai th lc ni trn, h Trn cn vp phi s chng i mnh m ca nhiu th lc khc, c bit l s chng i ca qu tc h L di nhiu dng thc v mc khc nhau.

- Cng ngay sau khi Trn Cnh c tn ln ngi vua, Trn Th p dng nhiu bin php rt kin quyt, nhm nng quyn lc ca h Trn, trit chm dt mi mm mng ca ha lon v nhanh chng n nh tnh hnh chnh tr ca nc nh. c c s thc hin nhng cng vic phc tp ny, u nm Bnh Ng (1226), Trn Th t phong cho mnh hm

Thi S.

Ngay sau khi nhn hm Thi S, Trn Th buc L Hu Tng (lc ny i tu) phi ra hn trong cha Chn Gio8. Thng 8 nm 1226, Trn Th bc t L Hu Tng, ng thi, trut ngi Hong Hu ca b Trn Th Dung, ging b lm Thin Cc Cng Cha v Trn Th ly b Trn Th Dung (cng l ch h ca ng) lm v.

Thng 10 nm 1226, Trn Th t l, tn Trn Tha lm Thng Hong v b chnh tht ca Trn Tha (ngi h L, hin cha r tn ) lm Quc Thnh Hong.

Phn ln cc qu tc h L c chng li h Trn u ln lt b Trn Th tm cch th tiu. t th tiu ln nht l ma ng nm Nhm Thn (1232) ti thn Thi ng, x Hoa Lm. X ny nay thuc Bc Ninh, H Bc9.

Nm inh Du (1237), Trn Th p Trn Liu phi nhng v l Thun Thin Cng Cha ca nh L c cho em, cng chnh l vua Trn, du lc ny Thun Thin Cng Cha c thai vi Trn Liu c ba thng10. Chiu Thnh Cng Cha t khi nhng ngi cho Trn Cnh, c Trn Cnh lp lm Hong Hu, nay b ging lm Cng Cha. Ngi Hong Hu t thuc v Thun Thin Cng Cha.

Trn Th l ngi ch trng cho con em trong h Trn ly nhau. Xt v xut pht im, y l ch trng nhm phng ngi khc h li dng hn nhn cp ngi. mt chng mc no , s cn trng gi ngi l cn thit, ch tic l Trn Th cng nhng ngi ng thi khng thy ht nhng tc hi to ln v lu di ca ch trng ny.

Ngoi ra, Trn Th cn t chc l th n ng C rt trng th. L ny vn c t thi L, c t chc ln u tin di thi Trn vo thng 4 nm inh Hi (1227) v c duy tr thng xuyn trong mt thi gian kh di. Trn Th mun thng qua l th c kt nhn tm m trc ht l trong i ng nhng ngi cm quyn.

- Vi t cch l Thi S, Trn Th va nh dp cc th lc chng i, va chm lo n nh tnh hnh chnh tr ca nc nh, li va gp rt xy dng gung my nh nc, sc iu khin vn mnh quc gia. Qu trnh ln ny c bt u t triu nh v kt thc cp hnh chnh c s. Lch s trn trng ghi nhn s cng minh v kin quyt ca Trn Th trong hot ng ht sc kh khn ny:

C ln, (Trn) Th i duyt nh h khu. Quc Mu (ch v ng l b Trn Th Dung NKT) xin ring cho mt ngi c lm chc Cu ng (tn mt chc dch trong x, chuyn lo vic kin tng, bt v gii ngi ln quan trn NKT). ng gt u ri ghi ngay h tn, qu qun ca ngi . Lc xt n x y, (Trn Th ) hi l tn kia u? Hn mng r chy n, (Trn) Th bo hn:

- Ngi v c Cng Cha (cng ch b Trn Th Dung NKT) xin cho mi c lm Cu ng, cho nn khng th v vi (chc Cu ng) ca k khc c. Vy, ta phi cht mt ngn chn ca ngi phn bit vi h.

Ngi ku than, van xin mi mi c (Trn Th ) tha cho. T y, khng mt ai dm n thm (Trn Th ) v vic ring c na.

C ln, vua (Trn) Thi Tng mun cho ngi anh ca (Trn) Th l An Quc lm T Tng, (Trn) Th tu:

- An Quc l anh thn, nu cho l (An Quc) gii hn thn th thn xin tr s, nu cho thn gii hn An Quc th khng th trao cho An Quc chc y. Cn nh nu c hai anh em cng lm T Tng th cng vic ca triu nh ri s ra sao.

Nh vua nghe vy bn thi1.

- Cng lao xy dng b lut thnh vn cho triu Trn l ca nhng ngi thuc th h sau ca Trn Th , nhng sinh thi, Trn Th c ng gp khng nh cho vic ban hnh nhng quy nh mang tnh php lut v ng l ngi nu cao tm gng

tun th nhng quy nh mang tnh php lut . S c trn trng chp vi mu chuyn rt cm ng v s ng x trong khun kh php nc ca ng:

Vua (Trn) Thi Tng ly c thin h, tt c u nh mu mo v sc lc ca ng, v th, ng c nh nc tin cy, quyn t c vua. By gi, c k mun n hc ng, bn vo gp vua (Trn) Thi Tng, va khc va tu rng:

- B h th cn th u m (Trn) Th th quyn t c vua, x tc ri s ra sao?

Vua (Trn) Thi Tng lp tc ra lnh, ly xe ng n dinh ca (Trn) Th , bt c ngi n hc kia i theo, ni li nhng li ngi y ni vi vua cho (Trn) Th nghe. (Trn) Th tr li:

- Qu ng nh li hn ni.

(Ni xong), ly ngay tin la thng cho ngi y.

Linh T Quc Mu (ch v ca Trn Th l b Trn Th Dung NKT) c ln ngi kiu i qua thm cm, b ngi qun hiu ngn li. B v dinh, va khc va ni vi (Trn) Th rng:

- M ny l v ng m bn qun hiu dm khinh nhn n th hay sao?

(Trn) Th tc gin, sai ngi i bt (tn qun hiu kia). Ngi qun hiu ngh l mnh t phi cht, cho nn khi n ni, b (Trn) Th vn hi trc mt (Linh T Quc Mu), hn c tnh thc m tr li. (Trn) Th nghe xong lin ni:

- Ngi chc thp m gi c php nc, ta cn trch vo u c na?

Ni xong, ly vng v la thng cho (ngi qun hiu y) ri th cho v2

mt chng mc nht nh no , chng ta cng c th ni rng, Trn Th chnh l ngi c cng khai sinh ra triu Trn, c cng to ra bc tin mi cho i Vit. Nm ng ngoi su chc tui, t nc gp ha xm lng v trong th thch quyt lit ny, ng vn l ch da tin cy ca triu nh, ca qun dn c nc. Ting ni dy dn kinh nghim ca lo tng Trn Th l ting ni kt tinh kh phch qut cng ca dn tc.

Trn Th mt vo thng ging nm Gip T (1264), th 70 tui. bui u ca triu Trn, ng l ngi duy nht c chnh vua Trn lp n th ngay khi ang cn sng. Khi mt ng c triu nh truy tng hm Thng Ph Thi S, tc Trung V i Vng.

Nh trn ni, to lp ngi v v bo v quyn lc ca h Trn, sinh thi, Trn Th thng tay trng tr mi th lc chng i, nht l th lc h L. Tuy nhin, nu t trong c mt bnh din rng ln ca lch s, phn ln nhng vic m Trn Th lm, khng c g kh hiu. Ri cng vi mc ch ny, Trn Th to ra mi quan h hn nhn rt xa l v do rt kh chp nhn.

iu khng ai c th ni khc, l Trn Th thnh cng. Xa cng nh nay, c ngi ch Trn Th hc vn thp. chnh l iu cha cng bng. Thi y, i khoa tuy nhiu nhng nng lc v ch lm c nhng vic ln nh Trn Th lm, no c my ai.