( ) 34

106 79
. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

GREEK MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

34, Panepistimiou (leftheriou Venizelou) Street
GR. 106 79 - Athens - HELLAS
Tel. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

29
" "
3 2012

1
( < < ),
c(O, R) ( O R ). c1 ( , ) (
)
c(O, R) .
.

(1 )

c(O, R) ( 1)

, ,
=
=
.
(1)

2


,

c ( , ) ,
1

=
= = 1 + 2 .

2
2

1
(1) (2)

(2)

= 1 + 2 ,

(3)
2
2
=
,

1
2
.

2
( c ) ,
( c1 ) ,
=
=
.

(3)
1
c ( O, R )

, ,
= .

(4)
(3) (4),
=
=

(5)
1

=

=
.
(6)

2
1
=

, : 1 =
1
, :
+ =
+
= =

1
1

(7)
1 = = .
(6) (7) :
=
.

(8)
1
2
=
c ( O, R )
,
2

, ,
=
=
=
.

2
2

(9)
=
=
,
(7), (8) (9)
1
2
.

2
a ,
x 4 2 x + 8 = ax + 4 .

x 4 ,
:
. x 4 . x 4 = x 4 :

x 4 2 x + 8 = ax + 4 ( x 4 ) = ax + 4 x 4 = ax + 4

x 4 = ax + 4 (1 a ) x = 8,
:
a = 1 : 0 x = 8 .

a 1 x =

8
,
1 a

8
2
1+ a
4
1
0 ( a + 1)( a 1) 0, a 1 1 a < 1 .
1 a
1 a
1 a
a < 1 a 1 4.
. x < 4 . x 4 = x + 4 :

x + 4 2 x + 8 = ax + 4 3 ( x 4 ) = ax + 4 3 ( x 4 ) = ax + 4
3x + 12 = ax + 4 ( a + 3) x = 8,
:
a = 3 : 0 x = 8 .
8
,
a 3 x =
a+3
8
2
a 1
<4
<1
<0
a+3
a+3
a+3
( a + 3)( a + 1) > 0, a 3 a < 3 a > 1.
3 < a 1 4.
, :

a < 3 , x =

3 a < 1 , .

a = 1 , x =

8
.
a+3

8
.
1 a
8
8
1 < a < 1 , x =
x =
.
1 a
a+3
8
a 1 , x =
.
a+3

3
m, n , m > n ,
{m, n} + {m, n} = m + n .

(*)

() n m .
() m n = 10 , ( m, n )
(*).

() {m, n} = d . a, b :
m = ad , n = bd {a, b} = 1.

mn adbd
=
= abd (*) :
d
d
abd + d = ad + bd d ( ab + 1 a b ) = 0 ,

{m, n} =

, d 1 , :

4
ab + 1 a b = 0 ( a 1)( b 1) = 0 a = 1 b = 1.

a = 1, m = d n = bd d = m, .
b = 1 , n = d m = ad , n m .

() (), n = d m = ad , a > 1,
m > n,
m n = 10 ad d = 10 ( a 1) d = 10 .

a 1, d ,
( a 1, d ) {(1,10) , ( 2,5) , ( 5, 2) , (10,1)} ( a, d ) {( 2,10) , ( 3,5) , ( 6, 2) , (11,1)} ,

( m, n ) = ( 20,10 ) (15,5) (12, 2 ) (11,1) .
4

1 , 2 , .
3 , 4 . ,
3 4 ,

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 :
() 3 , 4
,
() 3 , 4 .

3 4 .

,
4
4!
=
= 4 . ,
3 3!1!

4. , () (),
3 4 ,
1 , 2 , 3 4 .
1 2
. 1 2
, 1 2 .
,

1 , 2 , 3 4 .
() 3 , 4 .
1 2
:

3 4
1 2
. 1 2 3 1 2 4 .
4
c ( 1 , 13 ) ,

13 = 1 4 , 2 3 = 2 4 (

), 13 4 2 3 4 ,
2.

2
. 3 4
,
, 1 , 2 ,
c ( 1 , 1 2 ) , 1 2 = 13 = 1 4

1 4 = 13 , 2 4 = 2 3 ,
3 4 , 3.

3
() 3 , 4 .
:
3 1 2
4
1 2 13 , .
1 , 2 , 3 4 .

4
4 3
1 2 3 , 4.

3 4 1 2 3 4
,
1 2 = 1 4 = 2 3 1 2 1 4 , 1 2 2 3 , 5,

1 2 = 1 4 = 2 3 = 2 4 , 6.
4

c ( 1 , 1 2 ) 1 2 = 1 4



.

3 4
.

() 3
, : 13 = 12 13 12 , 1 2 3

, 7. 4
3 .
7,
4 .

.

8

( ) 34
106 79
. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

GREEK MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

34, Panepistimiou (leftheriou Venizelou) Street
GR. 106 79 - Athens - HELLAS
Tel. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

29
" "

3 2012

1
p, q

p + q 2 = ( n 2 + 1) p 2 + q ,

n .

( p, q ) .

q ( q 1) = p ( n 2 + 1) p 1 .

(1)

{ p, q} = 1 , (1) p q 1, q ( n 2 + 1) p 1

2
q 1 ( n + 1) p 1
=
= k,
p
q
k . (2)
k +1
.
q = kp + 1 p = 2
n +1 k 2
p , (3) :
0 < n2 + 1 k 2 k + 1 k 2 < n2 + 1 k 2 + k + 1

(2)

(3)

k 2 1 < n 2 k 2 + k k 2 n 2 k 2 + k < ( k + 1) ,
2

k = n . (3) :
n +1
p= 2
= n + 1 q = n ( n + 1) + 1 = n 2 + n + 1 .
2
n +1 n
( p, q ) = ( n + 1, n 2 + n + 1)
: { p, q} = 1 . , { p, q} = d ,
d (q np ) = 1 , d = 1 .
2

P ( x ) Q ( x )
, ,

P ( x 2 ) + Q ( x ) = P ( x ) + x5Q ( x ) , x

P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x ) , x

(1)

: 1, , 2 , 3 , 4 , = cos

2
2
+ i sin
, :
5
5

5 = 1 6 = , 8 = 3 .
(1)

P ( ) = P ( 2 ) , P ( 2 ) = P ( 4 ) , P ( 3 ) = P ( 6 ) = P ( ) , P ( 4 ) = P ( 8 ) = P ( 3 ) ,

P ( ) = P ( 2 ) = P ( 3 ) = P ( 4 ) .

( ) ( )

( )

b P ( ) , P 2 , P 3 P 4 ,

P ( x ) b , 2 , 3 , 4 , :

P ( x ) b = ( x ) ( x 2 )( x 3 )( x 4 ) R ( x )
P ( x ) = ( x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1) R ( x ) + b.

P ( x )
R ( x ) b

. , P ( x )

, R ( x )
. R ( x ) = 0 , ,

(1) x5 1 Q ( x ) = 0 , ,

[ x]

, Q ( x ) = 0 ,
. R ( x ) ,
, R ( x ) = a 0 .

P ( x ) = a ( x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1) + b = a ( x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x ) + c,

a * , c = a + b .
, (1)

P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x )

a ( x8 + x 6 + x 4 + x 2 ) a ( x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x )
a ( x8 x 3 + x 6 x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x )
a ( x 3 + x )( x5 1) = ( x5 1) Q ( x )
( x 5 1) a ( x 3 + x ) Q ( x ) = 0.

: Q ( x ) = a x 3 + x , a

2
(1) 5,
,

10
min deg Q ( x ) = 1 min deg P ( x ) = 3.
P ( x ) = a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 , a0 , a1 , a2 , a3

, a3 0,

P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x )

(1)

( x 5 1) P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = a3 x 6 + a2 x 4 + a1 x 2 + a0 a3 x3 a2 x 2 a1 x a0
( x 5 1) a3 ( x 6 x3 ) + a2 x 4 + a1 x 2 a2 x 2 a1 x
( x 5 1) a3 x ( x5 1) + ( x x3 ) + a2 x 4 + a1 x 2 a2 x 2 a1 x
( x 5 1) a3 x ( x5 1) + a2 x 4 a3 x3 + ( a1 a2 ) x 2 + ( a3 a1 ) x.

a2 x 4 a3 x3 + ( a1 a2 ) x 2 + ( a3 a1 ) x = 0 ,
a2 = a3 = 0, a1 a2 = 0, a1 a3 = 0 a1 = a2 = a3 = 0 , .

P ( x ) ,

. P ( x ) = a4 x 4 + a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 ,

a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 , a4

. , , :

P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x )

(1)

( x 5 1) P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = a4 x8 + a3 x 6 + a2 x 4 + a1 x 2 + a0 a4 x 4 a3 x3 a2 x 2 a1 x a0
( x 5 1) a4 ( x 5 1) x 3 + x 3 + a3 ( x5 1) x + x + a2 x 4 + a1 x 2 a4 x 4 a3 x3 a2 x 2 a1 x
( x 5 1) ( x 5 1)( a4 x 3 + a3 x ) + ( a2 a4 ) x 4 + ( a4 a3 ) x 3 + ( a1 a2 ) x 2 + ( a3 a1 ) x

( a2 a4 ) x 4 + ( a4 a3 ) x3 + ( a1 a2 ) x 2 + ( a3 a1 ) x = 0 a1 = a2 = a3 = a4

P ( x ) = a4 x 4 + a3 x 3 + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = a4 ( x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x ) + a0 , a4

, a0 .

(1) :

P ( x 2 ) P ( x ) = ( x5 1)( a4 x3 + a4 x ) = ( x5 1) Q ( x ) Q ( x ) = a4 ( x3 + x ) , a4

3
( < < ),
c(O, R) ( O R ).
c(O, R) . c1 (O1 , R1 ) (
, ),
. , N ,
, , ( ), , ,
( S ) TS .

c1 , c c1
. c c1

11
(
).

1
c
c1 1 , = 1 .
:
, / / .
, / / . .
, .
S ,
, , S .
1 ,
: 1 / / (
), 1 .
c1 (1 , R1 ) .
:

=
=.
1 = 2 =
1
2
2

( 1 , 2 )
S , :

S = T = .
2
TS
TS ( ).
4

1. 1 3
1 1 . 1

12

( ).

( )
,
, , , , 3 .

1 , 2 , 3 ,, .
1 , 2 , 3 , , 1 .
1 , 2 , 3 ,, 2 .

1 , 2 , 3 , , 3 .
()
(
). , 1
1 .

1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = = = 1 ,
(
).
,
,
( ). :
1 = 1 + 2 ,
2 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 + a2 + 2 + 3
= 1 + 2 2 + 3 = 2(1 + 2 + 3 ) (1 + 3 ),
3 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 1 + 2a2 + 3 + 3 + 4
= 1 + 2(a2 + 3 ) + 4 = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) (1 + 4 ),

13

k = 2(1 + 2 + 3 +
k = 1, 2,3, , ( 1) .
:

+ k +1 ) (1 + k +1 ) = 2(k + 1) 2 = 2k , ,

= 1 = 2( 1) .

.
i = 2( 1 + 2 + 3 + + i +1 ) ( 1 + i +1 ) =
= 2(2 + 4 + + 2(i + 1)) (2 + 2i + 2) =
= 4(1 + 2 + + (i + 1)) (4 + 2i ) =
= 2(i + 1)(i + 2) 2(i + 2) =
= 2i (i + 2),
i = 1, 2,3, , ( 2) .
:
= 2 = 2 ( 2) .
,
m = 2( 1 + 2 + 3 + + m +1 ) ( 1 + m +1 ) =
= 4 (1 3 + 2 4 +

+ (m + 1)(m + 3) ) 2 (1 3 + (m + 1)( m + 3) ) =
S

(m + 1)(m + 2)(2m + 9)
=4
2 (1 3 + (m + 1)(m + 3) ) = ..
6
2
= m(2m 2 + 12m + 19),
m = 1, 2,3, , ( 3). .
3

:
2
3
: = 22 .

= 3 = ( 3)(2 2 + 1) .

: S = 1 3 + 2 4 + + (m + 1)(m + 3) .
x( x + 2) = x 2 + 2 x x = 1, x = 2., x = m , :

24 = 2 + 22
m(m + 1)(2m + 1)
m(m + 1) m(m + 1)(2m + 7)

.
+2
=
3 5 = 32 + 2 3 S1 =
6
2
6

m(m + 2) = m 2 + 2m
(m + 1)(m + 2)(2m + 9)
m m + 1 S =
.
6
1 3 = 12 + 2 1
2