12

Chi-Square Test

(Chi-Square Test)


-

2 2
z z

2

() ()
1
Z =
2

( X )

Z2 0 Z2
Z2 (2)
1 N 1
Z2 Z2
Z2

2
( ) N
N

2 ( N ) = Z i2
i =1

312
(N ) =
2

( X i )
2

( X )2
2

(2) N
(S2)

2 ( N 1) =

( N 1) S 2

2
2
2
S =
N 1
2

2/N-1
S2 2
z

3
1. (The goodness of fit test)
2. (Test of Association)
3. (Test of Homogeneity)

(The goodness of fit test)

(The goodness of fit test)

PDA 100 75
Windows CE 25 Palm OS
75 X 25 N - X
Windows CE
X
75

Palm OS
N-X
25

N
100

 313

PDA
() 50 : 50

(N ) =
2

( X i )

2
(1) = Z 2 =

( X )2
2

( X )2
2

Xi = Np 2 = Npq
2
(1) = Z 2 =

2
(1) =

( X N p )2
N pq

( X N p )2
Np

( N X N q)2
Nq

O E (
) k
O1, O2 Ok
E1, E2 Ek ()
O1 PDA
Windows CE O2 PDA
Palm OS E1 () PDA
Windows CE E2 ()
PDA Palm OS
O1, O2 E1, E2
(O1 E 1) 2 (O 2 E 2 ) 2
=
+

E1
E2
2

(O E )
=
E

=
2

i =1

(Oi E i)

Ei

O E
()
E

314

()
N
50 E 2 E 5
20%
2
()
(H0) (H1) 2
(H0)
(2) 2 df

()
(H1) (H0)
12-1
39

1. 20
2. 12
3. 7

.05

H0 :
H1 :

2
=

( X N p) 2
N pq

(O E ) 2
E

p (Probability)
1
3 p = 1/3 N p = 3 (39) = 13

 315

(O)
(E)

20
12
7
13
13
13

( 20 13) 2 (12 13) 2 (7 13) 2

+
+
13
13
13
2
2
(
20

13
)
(
12

13
)
(
7

13) 2
+
+
2 =
13
13
13
49 1 36
2
+ +
= 6.59
=
13 13 13
2 =

6.59

df = k 1 (3 1 = 2) ( 393)
.05 df = 2 5.991 (6.59)
H1 H0 H1
.05

(Test of Association)

(Test of Association)
(Test of Independence)

2 x
2, 3 x 2 2 x 3

316

12-2

.01

20 12
10
8

30 20

32
18
50

H0 :
H1 :

2
=

( X N p) 2
N pq

(O E ) 2
E

2 x 2 Xi pi
Xij pij ( i = j = )

=
2

( X ij N p ) 2
ij

N p ij

(O E ) 2
E

( 11) 1 (
20/50) 1 ( 30/50) p11 =
(20/50)(30/50) = .24 N p11 = .24(50) = 12
(
)
E ij = N pij =

( RT i )(CT j )
N

 317

RT
CT
N

=
=
=

( )
(O)

20 12
10 8

30 20

(E)

32
18
50

12 4.8
6 3.2

(O E ) 2
E
(
20
12
) 2 (12 4.8) 2 (10 6) 2 (8 3.2) 2

2
+
+
+
=
12
4.8
6
3.2
2
2
2
2
(7.2)
( 4.8)
8
+4 +
2 = +
12
4. 8
6
3. 2
64 51.48 16 23.04
2
+
+ +
= 25.91
=
12
4.8
6
3.2
2 =

25.91

df = (r -1)(k 1) r = k =
df = (2 1)(2 1) = 1 (
393) .01 df = 1 6.635 (25.91)
H1 H0 H1
.01

12-3

200

318

.01

20
20
40

40
30
70

42
48
90

102
98
200

H0 :
H1 :

=
2

( X ij N p ) 2
ij

N p ij

2 x 3
)
E ij = N pij =

E11 = (102)(40)/200 = 20.4

E12 = (102)(70)/200 = 35.7
E13 = (102)(90)/200 = 45.9

(O E ) 2
E

( RT )(CT )
i
j
N

E21 = (98)(40)/200 = 19.6

E22 = (98)(70)/200 = 34.3
E23 = (98)(90)/200 = 44.1

2 =

( 20 20.4) 2 (40 35.7) 2 ( 42 45.9) 2 ( 20 19.6) 2 (30 34.3) 2 ( 48 44.1) 2

+
+
+
+
+
20.4
35.7
45.9
19.6
34.3
44.1
2
2
2
2
2
2
( .4)
(4.3)
(3.9)
(.4)
( 4.3)
(3.9)
+
+
+
+
+
2 =
20.4
35.7
45.9 19.6
34.3
44.1
.
16
18
.
49
15
.
21
.
16
18
.
49
15
.
21
2
+
+
+
+
+
= 1.746
=
20.4 35.7 45.9 19.6 34.3
44.1

1.746

 319

df = (2 - 1)(3 1) = 2 .01
df = 2 9.210 (1.746)
H0 H1 H0
.01

H1

(Contingency Coefficient : C) 2
(Pearson) (Cramers Phi)

C=

C
n

=
=

2
+n

( 1.00)
( 0)

C = 0 C

C
2 x 2 C .707 3 x 3 C .816 C

C Max =

( k 1)
k

320

CMax
k

=
=

(Phi)
(Cramers V) 2 x 2 Phi
=

N
k

=
=
=

N (k 1)

(Test of Homogeneity)

(Test of Homogeneity) (
)

2 5
2 x 5
5 2

12-4
( A)
( B) 95 2
46 49

.01

 321

A
B

17
7
14
16
31
23

18
11
29

4
8
12

46
49
95

H0 :
H1 : ()

=
2

( X ij N p ) 2
ij

N p ij

(O E ) 2
E

2 x 4 ()

E ij = N pij =

E11 = (46)(29)/95 = 14.04

E12 = (46)(31)/95 = 15.01
E13 = (46)(23)/95 = 11.13
E14 = (46)(12)/95 = 5.81

( RT )(CT )
i
j
N

E21 = (49)(29)/95 = 14.95

E22 = (49)(31)/95 = 15.98
E23 = (49)(23)/95 = 11.86
E24 = (49)(12)/95 = 6.18

2
= 1.11 + .26 + 1.53 + .23 + 1.04 + .24 + 1.44 + .53 = 6.38

6.38
df = (2 - 1)(4 1) = 3
.01 df = 3 11.345 (6.38)
H0 H1 H0
.01

322

3

1. (H0)
(O)
(E) (H1)
2. ()
E
3. (2)
4.
5.
(
) (H1) (H0)
(H0) (H1)

1. 2 x 2 ()
5
2. 2 x 2 ()
1 5 20

3. 50 (N > 50)

4. (df) 1 ( 2 x 2)
(Yatess Correction for Continuity)
2 x 2
A
B
C
D
A+C B+D

A+B
C+D
N

2
=

N ( AD BC )2
( A + B )(C + D )( A + C )( B + D )

 323

12-5

12
2
14

10
14
24

22
16
38

2
=

N ( AD BC )2
( A + B )(C + D )( A + C )( B + D )

2
=

38 (168 20) 2
832,352
=
= 7.037
(12 + 10)( 2 + 14)(12 + 2)(10 + 14) 118,272

7.037

2 x 2 10
(Yatess Correction for Continuity)
=
2

=
2

( O E .5)

E
N ( AD BC N 2)

( A + B )(C + D )( A + C )( B + D )

5.

N/100
( N ) (Available on : www.watpon.com)
12-6

5% (10%)
15% (10%)
20%

45% (40%)
35% (40%)
80%

50%
50%
100%

()

324

2 =

( 5 10 ) 2 ( 45 40 ) 2 (15 10 ) 2 (35 40 ) 2
+
+
+
10
40
10
40

2 = 2.50 + .625 + 2.50 + .625 = 6.25

250

2 = 2(

N
250
) = 6.25(
) = 15 .625
100
100

()

2 x 2 5
2 x 2
1 5 20

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

 325

8.

95%

1 - 5 > 5
146
183
51
57
104
173
79
154
203

()
()
()

9. 431

95%
()
<5
5 - 10
11 - 16
17 - 22
> 22
10.
.05

14
18
12
17
18
13
27
42
16
32
24
37
24
28
21
32
17
15
14
10

X
3
12

Y
15
16

326

11. 90

0 2 .
>2 .
20
46
8
16

.05
12.
4

3 50

A
B
C
D

35
27
18
32
18
10
47
31
21
41
30
16

4
.05