Aplicatii liniare

Def: T:
n
R
->
n
R
cu prop:1)T(x+y)=T(x)+T(y)
n
R y x ,
2) T(
) x
= ) , ( ), (
n
R x R x T
Se numeste aplicatie liniara.
T=(
1
T
2
T .
n
T
)
i
T
=
n
R
->R,i=
m , 1
-componente scalare ale aplic T.
i
T
-aplic liniara reala
a) i
T
(x+y)= i
T
(x)+ i
T
(y)
b)
i
T
(
) x
=
i
T
(x),
n
R y x , , R
Reprezentarea matriceala a aplic liniare
T-aplic liniara ij
t
= i
T
( j
l
), i=
m , 1
, j=
n , 1

'

>
) .... (
:
1 m
m n
T T T
R R T
[T]=
) (
... ,
... ..........
... ,
....
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 , 11
R M
t t t
t t t
t t t
mn
mn m m
n
n

,
_

Calculul matricial
x=(x1,x2xn)
n
R
y=(y1,y2.ym)
m
R
Notam

,
_

xn
x
x
t
x
.
.
2
1
n
M
la fel face si la y
t
Are loc echivalenta:
T(x)=y[T]
t t
y x
dem:
T(x)=y( m m
y y x T x T ...... ( )) ( )..... (
1 1

)
; ) ( , 1 , ) (
1
y x T m i y x T
j
n
j
j i i i
<>

<=>Ti=aplicatie lin
; ) (
1
y T x
j
n
i
i i

<=>T
) (
j i

t t
n
j
ij j
y x T m i y t x <>

] [ , 1 ;
1
Proprietati ale aplicatiilor Liniare
Notatie: L(de mana) (R } . | : { ) , liniare aplic T R R T R
n n m n
>
1)L(R ) ,
m n
R -are o str de spatiu vectorial peste
Corpul R in raport cu adunarea aplic liniare si
Inmultirea cu scalari.
T,U ) , (
m n
R R L
(T+U)(x)=T(x)+U(x),
n
R x
T+U:R
m n
R >
Avem a)T+U ) ( , ) , (
m n m n
R R L U T R R L
b)[T+U]=[T]+[U]
T ) (
m n
R R L , R
Atunci:

'

] [ ] [
) , (
T T
R R L T

2)Compunerea aplic liniare

-are loc urm prop:
Daca T ) , ( ) , (
p n m n
R R L iarU R R L
Atunci a)UoT ) , (
p n
R R L
b)[UoT]=[U]o[T]
Dem a) U ) , (
m n
R R L ,v ) , (
p m
R R L
Atunci UoT: R
p n
R
Arata UoT-liniara
1)(UoT)(x+y)=U(T(x+y))=U(T(x)+T(y))=
=U(T(x))+U(T(y))=(UoT)(x)+(UoT)(y)
2)(UoT)( x )=U(T( x ))=U(
) (x T
)=
) )( ( x UoT
n
R x R ,
In concluzie UoT ) , (
p n
R R L
3)Continuitatea aplic liniare
T > ) ( ) , ( On T R R L
m n
Om;
Prop:
i a M . , 0
||T(x)||
n
R x x M ||, ||
(||x||=<x,x>=

n
i
i x
1
2
)
Dem: M=
j i
j i
t
,
2
,
unde [T]=(t j i, )i=1,m;j=1,n;
Fie x=(x1,..xn)
n
R
||T(x)||=||T
1
(x),T ) (
2
x T
|| ) (x
m
Def:

+ +
m
i
m
i
n in i i i
x t x t x t x T
1 1
2
2 2 1 1
2
) .... ( ) (
=