Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling

MSIY
Jose R. Villa
2007
Geostatiscal reservoir modeling
(GSLIB, SGeMS, SReM)
Reservoir simulation + IPM
(ECLIPSE100, PRiSMa)
Well location, type and trajectory optimization
(PRiSMa-O)
Uncertainty assessment
(EED)
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling
7. Porosity and permeability modeling
Contents

Introduction

Statistical concepts

Spatial continuity

Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling

Porosity and permeability modeling

Workflow for Reservoir Modeling
Caers, J., Introduction to Geostatistics for Reservoir Characterization, Stanford University, 2006 (modified)
Data for Reservoir Modeling
Deutsch, C., Geostatiscal Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 2002
Geostatistics

Branch of applied statistics that places emphasis on

The geological context of the data
The spatial relationship of the data
Integration of data with different support volume and scales

Indispensable part of reservoir management since

reservoir models are required for planning,
economics and decision making process

Provides a numerical description of reservoir

heterogeneity for:
Estimation of reserves
Field management and optimization
Uncertainty assessment
Reservoir Modeling (1)
Reservoir Modeling (2.1)
Reservoir Modeling (2.2)
Modeling Scale
Caers, J., Petroluem Geostatistics, Society of Petoroluem Engineers, 2005
Model Building
Caers, J., Petroluem Geostatistics, Society of Petoroluem Engineers, 2005
Uncertainty
Caers, J., Petroluem Geostatistics, Society of Petoroluem Engineers, 2005
Role of Geostatistics

Tool for building a reservoir model using all

available reservoir and well data allowing a
realistic representation of geology

Links the static and dynamic reservoir model

Framework for uncertainty assessment

Application of Geostatistics

Data integration

Well and seismic data

Co-variable (porosity and permeability)

Tendencies

High-resolution reservoir models for flow

simulation

Uncertainty assessment

Volumetrics

Recoverable reserves
Further Readings
Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling
Clayton Deutsch
Oxford University Press
GSLIB: A Geostatistical Software Library
Clayton Deutsch and Andre Journel
Oxford University Press
Introduction to Applied Geostatistics
Ed Isaaks and Mohan Srivastava
Oxford University Press
Petroleum Geostatistics
Jef Caers
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Contents

Introduction

Statistical concepts

Spatial continuity

Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling
7. Porosity and permeability modeling
Exploratory Data Analysis

Definitions

Population

Sample

Data preparation and quality check

Decision of stationarity
Probability Distributions

Variable: a measure (, k, i) which can assume any of

the prescribed set of values
Continuous (z): , k
Categorical (i
k
=0,1; k=category): facies

Random variable Z: a random variable whose

outcome (z) is unknown but its frequency of outcome
is quantified by a random function

Random function: describes/models the variability or

uncertainty of unknown true values (outcomes),
either as cumulative (CDF) or density (PDF)
distribution model
RF is location and information dependent
Probability Distributions cdf
( ) ( ) Prob{ }
Z
F z F z Z z s
e
+
e s s
e
( ) [0,1]
( ) 0, ( ) 1
Prob{ ( , )} Prob{ } Prob{ }
Prob{ ( , )} ( ) ( )
F z
F F
Z a b Z b Z a
Z a b F b F a
Probability Distributions pdf

+

0
( ) ( )
( ) '( ) lim
dz
F z dz F z
f z F z
dz

>
s

l
l
( ) 0
( ) ( ) Prob{ }
( ) 1
z
f z
f x dx F z Z z
f z dz
Expected Value and Variance
( )
2 2
2
2
} { } } { { } var{
) ( } {
m Z E Z E Z E Z
dz z zf m Z E
= = =
= =

Expected value: the actual mean of a population

Variance: measure of spread of a random variable

from the expected value
Mean and variance (1)

Sample

Population
( )

=
=
=
=
n
i
i
n
i
i
z z
n
s
z
n
z
1
2
2
1
1
1
( ) } {
} {
2
2
m Z E
Z E m
=
=

Mean and variance (2)

Distributions

Parametric

Uniform

Exponential

Normal standard

Normal

Lognormal

Non-parametric

Experimental, inferred by data (histograms)

Uniform Distribution

'

s e
'

>

l
1
z [a,b]
( )
0 z [a,b]
0 z a
( ) Prob{ } ( ) z [a,b]
1 z
z
f z
b a
z a
F z Z z f z dz
b a
b
( )
( )
o
+

+ +

l
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
{ }
2
1 1
{ }
3
=Var{ } { }
12
b
a
a b
m E Z
E Z z dz a ab b
b a
b a
Z E Z m
Exponential Distribution

1

1
]
l l
0 0
0
1
( ) z>0
1 1
( ) ( ) 1 z>0
z
a
z
z z x x z
a a a
f z e
a
F z f x dx e dx ae e
a a
o
+ +




l l
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
{ }
1
{ } 2 2
=Var{ } { } 2
z z
a a
m E Z a
E Z z e dz ze dz a
a
Z E Z m a a a
Normal Standard Distribution
r
r

e +
e +
l l
2
2
0 0
1
( ) z ( , )
2
1
( ) ( ) z ( , )
2
z
a
z z x
a
f z e
F z f x dx e dx
o

2
{ } 0
=Var{ } 1
m E Z
Z

'

0
1
Z N
Normal Distribution
( )
( )
o
o
o r
o r

e +
e +
l l
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
( ) z ( , )
2
1
( ) ( ) z ( , )
2
z m
x m
z
f z e
F z f z dz e dx
o o

2 2
{ }
=Var{ }
m E Z m
Z
o
o

'

'

2
0
1
m
Z N
Z m
Y N
Lognormal Distribution
( )
|
o
|
o
+


2
2
2
2 2
{ }
=Var{ } 1
m E Z e
Z m e
( )
o
o
|

>
'

'

2
2
0 log
m
Z N
Y Ln Z N
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o
o
o r
o r

>
>
l l
2
2
2
2
- ln z
2
- ln x
z
2
0 0
1
( ) e z 0
2
1 e
( ) ( ) z 0
2
m
m
z
f z
z
F z f x dx dx
x
Histograms
Quantiles and Probability Intervals (1)

Quantile: is a z-value that corresponds to a

fixed cumulative frequency. For example, the
0.5 quantile (median or q(0.5)) is the z-value
that separates the data into two equally
halves.

Lower quantile: q(0.25)

Upper quantile: q(0.75)

Interquantile range: IQR = q(0.75) - q(0.25)

Quantiles and Probability Intervals (2)

s e
( )
( ( )) Prob{ ( )} [0,1]
q p z
F q p Z q p p
p=
q(p)
Q-Q Plots (1)

Tool for comparing two different distributions

Plot of matching p-quantile values q
1
(p) vs.
q
2
(p) from the two different distributions
Q-Q Plots (2)
Q-Q Plots (3)
data 1
d
a
t
a

2
data 1
d
a
t
a

2
data 1
d
a
t
a

2
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1
pdf pdf
m m
o o
>
>

Monte Carlo Simulation

Generate a set of uniform random numbers p (random number generator)
Retrieve for each such number p, the quantile q of the cdf
The set of values qp are called samples drawn from the distribution F
The histogram of these qp values match the cdf F
z
p
Data Transformation (1)

Transform distribution of a dataset into

another distribution

Applications

Well-log porosity to core porosity if the latter is

deemed more reliable

Simulation results into a specific target distribution

Transformation into known analytical models

(Gaussian or normal score transform)
Data Transformation (2)
Deutsch, C., Geostatiscal Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 2002
Data Transformation (3)
o
o r
_

2
1
2
1
( )
2
z m
f z e
Deutsch, C., Geostatiscal Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 2002
Contents

Introduction

Statistical concepts

Spatial continuity

Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling

Porosity and permeability modeling

Spatial Correlation
Distancia (ft) Permeabilidad (md)
50 11.75
100 4.09
150 3.05
. .
. .
. .
6400 12.02
Contents

Introduction

Statistical concepts

Spatial continuity

Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling

Porosity and permeability modeling

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling

Porosity and permeability modeling

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling

Porosity and permeability modeling

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
Kriging
5. Simulation
Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
Fluvial modeling
7. Porosity and permeability modeling