Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

CHNG 4: TN HIU
4.1 TN HIU TNG T Tn hiu c th c dng tng t (analog) hay s (digital). Thut ng d liu tng t cho bit thng tin l lin tc, cn d liu s th cho bit thng tin c cc trng thi ri rc. D liu tng t c cc gi tr lin tc hay c v hn gi tr trong tm hot ng. D liu s c cc gi tr ri rc, hay ch c mt s hu hn cc gi tr. Trong truyn s liu, ta thng dng cc tn hiu tng t c chu k v cc tn hiu s khng c chu k.

Hnh 4.1

So snh gia tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s.

Phn loi: Tn hiu tng t c chu k v khng c chu k. 4.1.1 Tn hiu tng t c chu k C th c chia thnh tn hiu n (iu ho) v tn hiu hn hp(tng hp nhiu tn hiu iu ho). Xt mt tn hiu tng t c chu k n gin, th d sng sin; ta thy rng khng th phn tch tn hiu ny thnh cc thnh phn n gin hn c. Tn hiu tng t c chu k l tn hiu hn hp khi l t hp ca nhiu sng sin n gin. Th d, hnh 4.2 v sng sin :

Hnh 4.2 Th d 1:

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Ngun in khu vc c biu din bng mt sng sin c bin nh t 155 n 170 V. Tuy nhin, ngun ny ti M l t 110 V n 120 V. Khc bit ny ty thuc vo gi tr hiu dng RMS. Trong , tr nh -nh l 2 2 tr RMS. Hnh 4.3 v hai tn hiu c cng tn s nhng tr nh khc nhau.

Hnh 4.3 Th d 2: Ngun p t pin l khng i, th d, tr nh ca mt pin AA thng l 1,5 V. Tn s v chu k Tn s v chu k l nghch o ca nhau:
f = 1 T
1 ; khi f c th nguyn l Hz th T c th nguyn l giy f

v T =

Bng 1: n v ca chu k v tn s.

Th d 3:

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Ngun in khu vc c tn s l 60 Hz. Chu k ca sng sin c xc nh nh sau:

T = 1 1 = = 0,0166 x10 3 ms =16,6ms f 60

Th d 4: Vit gi tr chu k 100 ms sang n v s. 100 ms = 100 x103s = 105 s Th d 5: Chu k ca tn hiu l 100 ms. Tnh tn s tn hiu theo KHz.
f = 1 1 1000 = = = 10 Hz = 10 x10 3 KHz = 10 2 KHz 3 T 100 x10 100

Pha: Pha m t v tr tng i ca tn hiu so vi tr 0.

Hnh 4.4

M t cc tn hiu c cng tn s, bin , nhng khc pha.

Th d 6: Mt sng sin lch 1/6 chu k theo gc thi gian. Tnh gc pha theo v theo radian. Gii: Mt chu k l 3600, vy 1/6 chu k l: (1/6)x3600=600= 60x(2/360)rad=(/3) rad = 1,046 rad

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Hnh 4.5

V quan h gia di sng v chu k.

Hnh 4.6

V cch biu din tn hiu trong min thi gian v min tn s.

Ch : Mt sng hon ton sin c biu din bng mt gai n trong min tn s. Th d 7: Cch biu din trong min tn s th hu hiu hn kh dng vi nhiu sng sin. Th d trong hnh 4.8 minh ha 3 dng sng sin, c biu din ch bng 3 gai nhn trong min tn s.

Ghi ch: Tn hiu sng sin ch dng mt tn s th khng hu dng trong thng tin s do ta cn gi i cc tn hiu hn hp, nn cn to ra tn hiu gm nhiu tn s sng sin.

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Theo dng phn tch Fourier, th c th khai trin tn hiu hn hp thnh nhiu tn hiu sng sin c tn s, bin v pha khc nhau. Nu tn hiu hn hp l tun hon, th phn tch cho chui cc tn hiu c tn s ri rc, cn nu tn hiu khng c chu k, th phn tch cho t hp cc sng sin c tn s lin tc. Th d 8: Hnh 9 v sng hn hp c chu k f. Dng tn hiu ny tuy khng tiu biu trong k thut truyn s liu. Xt 3 tn hiu cnh bo, c cc tn s khc nhau. Vic phn tch cc tn hiu ny, gip ta hiu r hn v phng thc khai trin cc tn hiu hn hp.

Hnh 4.7

Mt tn hiu hn hp tun hon.

Hnh 4.8

Khai trin tn hiu hn hp c tun hon, trong min thi gian v min tn s.

4.1.2 Tn hiu tng t khng tun hon: Th d 9: Hnh 11 v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon. c th l dng tn hiu ra r mt micr hay t in thoi khi pht n t two. Trong trng hp ny th tn hiu hn hp khng th l tun hon c, do ta khng th pht m nhiu ln t ny vi cng m sc nh nhau.

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Hnh 4.9 Ghi ch:

Biu din tn hiu khng tun hon trong min thi gian v min tn s.

Bng thng (bng thng) ca tn hiu hn hp l sai bit gia tn s cao nht v thp nht c trong tn hiu ny.

Hnh 4.10 Th d 10:

Bng thngca tn hiu hn hp tun hon v khng tun hon.

Nu phn tch tn hiu tun hon thnh 5 sng hi sin c tn s ln lt l 100, 300, 500, 700 v 900 Hz. Cho bit bng thng ca tn hiu? V ph vi gi s l tt c sng hi u c gi tr ln nht l 10V. Gii: Gi fh l tn s cao nht, fl l thp nht, v B l kh sng, th

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu B = fh - fl = 900 100 = 800 Hz

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Ph ch gm 5 gai nhn xut hin ti cc tn s 100, 300, 500, 700 v 900 Hz nh v hnh 13.

Hnh 4.11

Kh snng dng trong th d 10.

Th d 11: Tn hiu tun hon c bng thng l 20 Hz. Tn s cao nht l 60 Hz, tm tn s thp nht? V ph ca tn hiu sng hi cha c bin ging nhau. Gii: Gi fh l tn s cao nht, fl l thp nht, v B l bng thng, th B = fh - fl 20 = 60 fl fl =60 20 = 40 Hz Ph cha tt c cc tn s c gi tr nguyn, nh v trong hnh 11.

Hnh 4.12

Bng thngca th d 11.

Th d 12: Mt tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon c bng thng l 200 kHz, c tn s trung tm l 140 kHz, v bin nh l 20 V. Hai gi tr bin ti hai tn s cc tr l 0. V tn hiu trong min tn s. Gii: Tn s thp nht phi l 40 kHz v tn s cao nht l 240 kHz. Hnh 15 v tn hiu trong min tn s v Bng thng. Th d 13: Bng thng t th d 12.

Hnh 4.13

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Th d 14: Mt th d v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon l tn hiu lan truyn sng AM. Ti M, sng AM c bng thng l 10 KHz. Bng thng chung dng cho pht sng AM t 530 KHz n 1700 KHz. Th d 15: Mt th d v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon trong sng FM. Ti M, sng FM c bng thng l 200 KHz. bng thng chung dng cho pht sng FM l t 88 n 108 MHz. Th d 16: Mt th d khc l tn hiu hn hp dng trong tuyn tn hiu truyn hnh en trng. Mn hnh TV c to nn t nhiu im nh (pixel). Gi s phn gii l 525 x 700, ta c 367.500 pixel trong mi mn hnh. Nu qut 30 dng trong mt giy, ta c 367.500 x 30 = 11.025.000 pixel mi giy. Tnh hung xu nht l cc tn hiu lin tip en ri trng. Ta c th gi 2 pixel cho mi chu k. Nh th, th cn c 11.025.000/2 = 5.521.500 chu k mi giy (Hz). Vy, bng thng cn thit l 5,5125 MHz. 4.2 TN HIU S

Thay v dng tn hiu tng t, ta c c th dng tn hiu s biu din thng tin. Th d, c th dng mc in p dng m ha 1 v dng in p khng cho 0. Mt tn hiu s cn c th c nhiu hn hai mc, iu ny cho php gi i nhiu hn mt bit cho mi mc.

Hnh 4.14 mc?

Hai dng tn hiu s: mt dng hai mc v mt dng bn mc.

Th d 17: Mt tn hiu s c 8 mc. Cho bit c th truyn bao nhiu bit cho mi Gii: Ta tnh s bit theo cng thc sau: S bit trong mt mc = log2 8 = 3. Nh th mi mc tn hiu c th truyn c c 3 bit. Th d 18: Mt tn hiu s c 9 mc. Cho bit c th truyn bao nhiu bit cho mi mc?

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu Gii: Tnh s bit theo cng thc va trnh by th d 17:

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Mi mc tn hiu truyn i c log2 9= 3,17 bit. R rng l kt qu ny l khng hin thc. S bit cn truyn i cn l s nguyn l tng ng vi s m 2. Trong trng hp ny th nn dng 4 bit cho mi mc tn hiu truyn. Th d 19: Gi s ta cn ti mt ti liu vn bn vi tc 100 trang mi giy, mt trang trung bnh c 24 dng v mt dng c 80 k t, mt k t c 8 bit. Tm s bit cn truyn trong 1s? Gii: Mt trang trung bnh c 24 dng v 80 k t trong tng dng, nu gi s cn 8 bit biu din mt k t th, tc bit (bit rate) l: 100 x 24 x 80 x 8 = 1.636.000 bps = 1,636 Mbps. Th d 20: Mt knh thoi c ri rc ha, c cu to t mt tn hiu tng t c bng thng tn hiu thoi l 4 KHz. ta cn ly mu tn hiu vi hai ln tn s cao nht. Vi gi s mi mu cn 8 bit, hi tc bit (bit rate) l bao nhiu? Gii: Tc bit c tnh theo: 2 x 4.000 x 8 = 64.000 bps = 64 Kbps. Th d 21: Cho bit tc bit (bit rate) ca truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV)? Gii: HDTV dng tn hiu s truyn tn hiu hnh cht lng cao. Mn hnh ca HDTV thung c t l 16:9. Nh th th c 1.920 x 1080 pixel cho mi mn hnh, vi tc qut dng l 30 ln trong mi giy. Mi pixel mu th cn c biu din bng 24 bit. 1.920 x 1.080 x 30 x 24 = 1.492.992.000 hay 1,5 bps Cc i pht hnh dng phng php nn tn hiu xung cn t 20 n 40 Mbps/ Ghi ch: Tn hiu s l dng tn hiu hn hp tng t c bng thng l v cng.

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu Hnh 4.15

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Tn hiu s tun hon v khng tun hon c biu din trong min thi gian v min tn s.

Hnh 4.16

Truyn dn trong di tn c s (Baseband transmission).

Hnh 4.17

Bng thng ca hai knh thng tn s thp.

Hnh 4.18 Ghi ch:

Truyn dn trn di tn c s dEng mi trng chuyn dng.

Truyn dn tn hiu s trn di tn s s th c th duy tr c dng tn hiu s nu ta dng knh truyn thng tn s thp c bng thng rt ln hay bng thng v hn. Th d 22: Mt th d v knh chuyn dng trong ton bng thng ca mi trng ch dng truyn mt knh l mng LAN. Hu ht cc mng LAN dng dy dn hin nay u dng knh chuyn dng cho hai trm thng tin ln nhau. Trong cu hnh mng dng bus vi dng kt ni nhiu im, th ti mt thi im, ch c hai trm c th thng tin vi nhau (chia s thi gian: timesharing), cc trm khc th phi i. Trong cu hn mng LAN hnh sao, th ton mng v hub c dng thng tin gia hai i tng. Phn ny c trnh by chi tit trong chung mng LAN. Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 39

Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Hnh 4.19

Xp x th tn hiu s ch dng mt sng hai (trong trnghp xu nht: (worst case).

Hnh 4.20 Ghi ch:

M phng tn hiu s dng sng hi bc ba.

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Khi truyn dn trn di tn c s th bng thng cn thit l t l vi tc bit (bit rate); nu ta mun truyn bit nhanh hn, th cn phi c bng thng rng hn. Bng 2: Bng thngcn c.

Th d 23: Tm bng thng cn c ca knh truyn thng tn s thp nu cn gi vi tc 1 Mbps dng phng php truyn trn di tn c s. Gii: Li gii cn ty theo mc chnh xc cn c: a. Bng thng ti thiu, l B = (tc bit)/2, tc l 500 KHz b. Tt hn th dng hi bc mt v bc ba, tc l B = 3 x 500KHz = 1,5 MHz c. Tt hn na l hi bc mt, bc ba v bc nm, B = 5 x 500 KHz = 2,5 MHz Th d 24: Ta dng hai knh thng tn s thp c bng thng l 100 KHz, cho bit tc truyn bit ti a l bao nhiu? Gii: Tc truyn bit ti a c th t c nu ta dng sng hi bc mt. Tc bit l 2 x (bng thng hin c), tc l 200 Kbps.

Hnh 4.21

Bng thngca knh di thng.

Ghi ch: Nu knh ang truyn l knh thng di, ta khng th truyn tn hiu s qua knh trc tip c, m cn chuyn i sang tn hiu tng t trc khi truyn.

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Bi ging: Truyn s liu

Chng 4: Tn hiu

Hnh 4.22

iu ch tn hiu s truyn dn trong knh truyn thng di.

Th d 25: Mt th d v truyn dn bng rng dng phng php iu ch l trng hp gi tn hiu t my tn qua dy thu bao in thoi, l ng ni t my thu bao n tng i. Cc dy ny c thit k dng cho truyn thoi vi bng thngrt hn ch. Knh truyn c xem l knh truyn thng di. Ta cn chuyn i tn hiu s t my tnh thnh tn hiu tng t, v gi nh tn hiu m tn. Ta cn thit lp hai b chuyn i chuyn tn hiu s sang tng t khi gi i v ngc li ti u thu. B chuyn i ny c gi l modem v s nghin cu k trong chng modem Th d 26: Th d th hai l h thng n thoi s di ng (digital cellular telephone). nhn c tt, in thoi di ng s chuyn tn hiu thoi tng t thnh tn hiu s. Mc d bng thngc qui hoch cho in thoi di ng l rt rng, ta vn khng th gi trc tip tn hiu s ny m khng chuyn i. L do l knh truyn gia ngi gi v ngi c gi li c dng knh thng di, nn nht thit phi chuyn i tn hiu thoi dng s sang tn hiu tng t dng hn hp trc khi gi i.

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