Chng 4

PHN TCH S NGUYN THNH NHN T

4.1 Nhn t ha vi phc tp l hm m
4.1.1 M u
Trong mc ny chng ta xem xt cc thut ton phn tch s t nhin n ra tha s, m
n thc hin
) (
c
n O
lnh s hc, c l hng s, 0<c<1; hoc thc hin ) log (
2 1
n n O
c c
lnh
s hc vi mt s gi tr
2 1
, c c
. Chng ta s gii hn bng cch tm kim s phn tch s
ra 2 tha s: n=ab, n b a < < 1 . Nu nh thut ton tm kim nh vy mt
)) ( ( n f O
lnh
s hc, th s phn tch hon ton n ra tha s nguyn t s c tm thy tn
) log ) ( ( n n f O
lnh s hc, bi v n bao gm tch ca khng ln hn
n
2
log
s nguyn t.
Nhng trc khi tin hnh phn tch thnh nhn t s nguyn, chng ta phi chc
chn rng s cho l hp s. tin tng iu ny, tt nht chng ta dng mt trong
cc phng php kim tra tnh nguyn t ca s bng mt s phng php trnh by
trong chng v s nguyn t, nhng thng thng ta chn phng php xc sut, v d
thut ton Miller-Rabin.
4.1.2 Phng php Fermat
Phng php nhn t ha chng ta tm hiu trong phn phng php th chia, v
cch ny tn
) (
2 / 1
n O
lnh s hc. By gi chng i tm hiu thut ton Fermat. Thut
ton ny tnh ton nhn t ln nht a ca n, m n khng ln hn
2 / 1
n . Trong thut ton
ny khng s dng lnh chia m l lnh cng, tr v nhn. Ch rng nu n=pq, vi p, q
l s nguyn t, v d n c ln nh nhau th thut ton Fermat s nhanh phn tch.
Ci ny c tnh ton khi chn modulo trong h m RSA.
Thut ton Fermat
Cho n l hp s, n=ab, y b a < 1 . t
v u b v u a + ,
, vi u, v l s t nhin,
2
,
2
a b
v
b a
u

,
2 2
v u ab n . Thut ton Fermat tm s biu din n di dng
2 2
v u n , t y nhn c s phn tch
ab v u v u n + ) )( (
.
Chng ta lm vic vi cc ln
n y x r
k k k

2 2
, k=0,1,2,
1
Gi tr ban u
[ ] ) 0 , ( ) , (
0 0
n y x
. S tng s k din ra theo quy tc sau. Nu nh
0
k
r
, th mc ch ca chng ta t c
) )( (
2 2
k k k k k k
y x y x y x n +
, v thut ton
dng. Nu nh
0 >
k
r
, th
) 1 , ( : ) , (
1 1
+
+ + k k k k
y x y x
,
Nu nh
0 <
k
r
, th
) , 1 ( : ) , (
1 1 k k k k
y x y x +
+ + ;
sau
n y x r
k k k

+ + +
2
1
2
1 1
:
Chng ta c th chng minh rng vi s bc thc hin c hn th thut ton a n
gi tr
0
k
r
.
4.1.3 Phng php (p-1) Pollaid
Thut ton p-1 ca Pollaid a ra nm 1974 l mt thut ton n gin p dng i
vi cc s nguyn ln. Thut ton ny da vo hai i s: S nguyn l n cn phn tch
v cn B.
Thut ton c miu t nh sau:
u vo: n v B.
u ra: Cc tha s ca n (nu tm thy).
Bc 1. Cho a=2
Bc 2. For j=2 to B do
) (modn a a
j

Bc 3. Tnh d=UCLN(a-1,n)
Bc 4. Nu n d < < 1 th
d l mt tha s ca n
Ngc li
Khng tm thy tha s ca n.
Chng ta xem tnh hp l ca thut ton.
Gi s p l mt c s nguyn t ca n. Gii hn B >0 tha mn iu kin sau. Vi
mi s nguyn t
) 1 ( | p q
th ta c iu kin:
B q
p v
q

) 1 (
.
T y dn n (p-1)|B! Nu nh chng ta chn s t nhin n sao cho UCLN(a,n)=1
th theo nh l nh Fermat:
) (mod 1
!
p a
B

,
2
M (p-1)|B!, nn
) (mod 1 p a
, ngha l
) 1 ( | a p
, m ta li c p|n, cho nn
p=UCLN(a-1, n).
Trong thut ton c (B-1) ly tha theo modulo, mi ly tha cn nhiu nht l
2log
2
B php nhn modulo, y chng ta c th p dng thut ton bnh phng v nhn
thc hin hiu qu php ly tha.
Vic tnh c chung ln nht c th thc hin trong thi gian O((log n)
3
) bng thut
ton Euclide. V th phc tp ca thut ton l O(B log B(log n)
2
+(log n)
3
). Nu nh B
l O((log n)
i
) vi i l mt s nguyn no th phc tp ca thut ton l phc tp
thi gian a thc.
4.1.4 Phng php

Pollaid
Phng php ny c cp kh nhiu trong cc sch v bo, nn y chng ta
ch ni kh tm tt miu t thut ton.
S thut ton
u vo: l s nguyn n, m chng ta cn phn tch n ra tha s.
Bc 1. Chn nh x
n n
Z Z f :
.
Thng thng
) (x f
l a thc c bc khng ln hn hay bng 2, v d
1 ) (
2
+ x x f
.
Bc 2. Chn ngu nhin n
Z x
0 v tnh phn t theo quy ca dy
,... , ,
2 1 0
x x x
theo quy tc
) )(mod (
1
n x f x
i i

.
Bc 3. i vi mt s j, k kim tra iu kin
n n x x UCLN
k j
< < ) , ( 1
Cho n khi no khng tm c c ca s n hoc thi gian cha kt thc.
Kt thc thut ton
Ch : S la chn j, k trong bc 3 ca thut ton thng thng thc hin mt trong
cc cch sau
1. i vi tng j chn tt c cc s k, k<j; ci ny th lu v cn nhiu b nh my
tnh.
2. Xem cp k v 2k, kim tra iu kin
n n x x UCLN
k k
< < ) , ( 1
2
3. Nu nh j trong gii hn
1
2 2
+
<
h h
j
, N h , th cho 1 2
h
k
3
y l phng php kh n gin. Nu nh chu k ca dy
) (modn x
i c th bc
l n, th chu k ca dy
) (mod p x
i i vi c nguyn t p ca s n khng vt qu
p. iu ny c ngha l k j
x x ,
c th khc nhau theo modulo n, nhng trng nhau
theo modulo p, c ngha l
) , ( | n x x UCLN p
k j

.
Phng php ny cn
) (
4 / 1
n O
lnh s hc. N rt thng dng v thng c s
dng tch c nguyn t khng ln ca s n.
4.1.5 Phng php Serman-Leman
Thut ton ny cn
) (
3 / 1
n O
lnh s hc
Thut ton
u vo: Cho n l s l, n>8.
u ra: L cc tha s ca n.
Bc 1. i vi
[ ]
3 / 1
,..., 3 , 2 n a kim tra iu kin
n a |
. Nu nh trn bc ny
chng ta khng phn tch c n ra tha s, th chuyn n bc 2.
Bc 2. Nu nh trong bc 1 c khng tm thy v n l hp s, th n=pq, y p,q
l s nguyn t v
3 / 2 3 / 1
n q p n < <
Nh th i vi tt c
[ ]
3 / 1
,..., 2 , 1 n k v tt c [ ] 1 ) 4 /( ,..., 1 , 0
6 / 1
+ k n d , kim tra
s
[ ] kn d kn 4 ) 4 (
2
+ c phi l s chnh phng hay l khng. Nu l chnh phng th
[ ] d kn A + 4
v kn A B 4
2
tha mn ng d thc
) (mod
2 2
n B A
.
Trong trng hp ny kim tra iu kin
n n B A UCLN < t < ) , ( 1
Nu iu kin ny tha mn th chng ta phn tch n ra 2 tha s v thut ton
dng.
Kt thc thut ton.
Nu thut ton khng phn tch n ra 2 tha s th n l s nguyn t.
4.1.6 Thut ton Pollaid Xtrassen
Thut ton ny phn tch n thnh 2 tha s cn
) log (
4 4 / 1
n n O
lnh s hc. Thut ton
c bn da trn nh l sau
4
nh l 4.1 Cho
2
, z y N z
. Khi i vi bt k s t nhin t, c s nh nht
ca s
) ! , ( y t UCLN
c th tm thy cn
) log log (
2 2
t z z O
lnh s hc.
Thut ton Pollard-Xtrassen
t
[ ] n t n z y n z > + , , 1
2 / 1 2 4 / 1
. Tip theo vi s gip ca nh l 2.20 chng ta
tm c nguyn t nh nht ca
) ! , ( y n UCLN
. Bi v y! chia ht cho c nguyn t nh
nht p ca n (bi v
y n p <
2 / 1
), nn thut ton a ra chnh l s p. phc tp ca
thut ton Pollard-Xtrassen l
) log ( ) log log (
4 4 / 1 2 2
n n O t z z O
.
4.1.7 Phng php nhn t ha dnh cho cc s c dng c trng
i vi s n c dng c trng th c kh nng c cc cch ring phn tch ra tha
s nguyn t, bi v c ca cc s c th c dng c trng.
nh l 4.2 Cho
1 , 1 , , >
k
b n b N k b
. Nu p l s nguyn t, v c ca n, th mt
trong hai iu khng nh sau l ng:
1.
1 |
d
b p
vi mt s gi tr ca d,
k d k d | , <
;
2.
) (mod 1 k p
.
Nu nh p>2 v k l s l, th trng hp th hai
) 2 (mod 1 k p
.
Chng minh: Theo nh l nh Fermat th
) (mod 1
1
p b
p

, cng nh
) (mod 1 p b
k

.
Gi s
) 1 , ( p k UCLN d
, khi
) (mod 1 p b
d

. Nu nh k d < , th c ngha l iu
khng nh th nht ng. Cn nu nh d=k, th k|p-1, c ngha l
) (mod 1 k p
.
4.2 Phn tch s nguyn thnh nhn t vi phc tp l hm m gi
4.2.1 M u
K hiu
[ ] c L
n
;
l hm c c im sau: [ ]

1
) log (log ) ))(log 1 ( (
;
x x o c
x
e c L ,
0 ) 1 ( o
,
khi
+ x
,
, c
l hng s.
Trong chng ny chng ta xem cc thut ton nhn t ha s t nhin n, cn
[ ] c L
n
;
lnh s hc khi
2
1

hoc
3
1

v mt s gi tr dng c, ga tr ny ph
thuc vo thut ton.
Chng ta gi s rng, n l hp s v n khng chia ht cho cc s nguyn t nh
(nhng s nguyn t nh chng ta tm bng cch la chn, hoc vi s gip ca cc
thut ton m chng ta tm hiu trong chng trc).
Thut ton c miu t nh sau, cch tm cc s t nhin x,y, sao cho
) (mod
2 2
n y x
, sau kim tra iu kin
n n y x UCLN < t < ) , ( 1
.
5
Nu nh c ca n c tm , th thut ton dng, ngc li ta i xy dng cp x,y
tip theo.
nh l 4.3 Cho n l hp s l, v gi tr ca n khng bng gi tr ca hm m ca
mt s nguyn t. Khi i vi cp ngu nhin
1 , 1 , , n y x y x
, tha mn cc biu
thc
) (mod
1 ) , ( ) , (
2 2
n y x
n y UCLN n x UCLN

Xc sut
n n y x UCLN < t < ) , ( 1
S khng nh hn 1/2.
Chng minh. Gi s 2 , ...
1
1
k p p n
k
k

. Cp s x,y tha mn iu kin ca nh l,
tng ng vi s z,
) (mod 1 , 1 1
2
n z n z
(r rng
)) (mod
1
n xy z

. Chng ta cn
chng minh rng xc sut z tha mn bt ng thc ph
n n z UCLN < t < ) , 1 ( 1
Khng nh hn 1/2. R rng rng iu kin
) (mod 1
2
n z
tng ng vi h
phng trnh sau
) (mod 1
...... .......... ..........
), (mod 1
1
1
k
k
p z
p z

t
t
T y, s lng cc gi tr c th ca z bng
k
2 , v ch i vi 2 gi tr
) (mod 1 n z t
th c chung ln nht
) , 1 ( n z UCLN t
bng 1 hay n. Bi v 2 k , nn
nh l ca chng ta r rng ng.
4.2.2 Phng php Dixon
Cho N n - l s m chng ta cn phn tch thnh nhn t,
) ) log log exp((log ) (
2 / 1
n n n L L
. Gi s a l hng s no , 1 0 < < a , gi tr ca n xc
nh di. Chng ta gi tp cc s nguyn t p, nm trong khong di l c s nhn
t
a
L p 2
.
Gi s k l s lng cc s nguyn t trong c s nguyn t,
a
k
L p p p < < < ... 2
2 1
.
Thut ton Dixon.
u vo: l s nguyn n cn kim tra
6
Bc 1. Chng ta tm cc s 1 1
,...,
+ k
m m
bng cch la chn ngu nhin, sao cho
tha mn
k i i
k i
i
p p m Q
n m
, 1 ,
... ) (
1
1

< <
) )(mod (
2
n m Q m
i i

V cc gi tr i
p
c dng l chn ln, v vi
1 ,..., 1 + k i
. K hiu
k
k i i
Z v
, 1 ,
,..., (
.
Bc 2. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
) 2 (mod 0 ... 1
1
1
1
+ + +
+
k
k
v x v x
Trong khng gian vector
k
Z
2
, chng ta tm c tp
{ } 1 , 0 ,...,
1 1

+ k
x x
, tp ny
khng bao gm cc gi tr 0 (ci ny tn ti bi v s lng phng trnh k nh hn s
n).
Bc 3. tm c
1 1
,...,
+ k
x x
, r rng ta c biu thc sau
) (mod ... ) ... (
1
1
,
1
1
1 ,
1 1
1
2
1 1
n p p m m
k
i
k i i
k
i
i i
k
x
k
x
x
k
x

+
+
+

K hiu
1 1
1 1
...
+
+

k
x
k
x
m m X ,

k
j
x
j
k
i
j i i
p Y
1
2 / ) (
1
1
,

, (s
2 /
1
1
,

,
_

k
i
j i i
x
-l s nguyn xc nh
theo i
x
), chng ta nhn c biu thc tng ng
) (mod
2 2
n Y X
.
Tip theo chng ta kim tra iu kin
n n Y X UCLN < t < ) , ( 1
Trong trng hp thnh cng chng ta phn tch n ra tha s. Trong trng hp
khng thnh cng th chng ta quay li bc 1 v tm cc gi tr khc ca i
m
Kt thc thut ton
V d. Gi s n=15770708441. C s nhn t l tp
{ } 13 , 11 , 7 , 5 , 3 , 2
. Chn
8340934156
1
m
,
4 1204494294
2
m
,
2773700011
3
m
. Xt ba ng d thc sau
) (mod 7 . 3 8340934156
2
n
) (mod 13 . 7 . 2 4 1204494294
2
n
) (mod 13 . 3 . 2 2773700011
2
n
Ly tch 3 ng d thc trn v theo v, ta c
7
) (mod ) 13 . 7 . 3 . 2 ( ) 2773700011 . 4 1204494294 . 8340934156 (
2 2
n
, rt gn cc biu thc
trong ngoc theo modulo n, ta c:
) (mod 546 9503435785
2 2
n
Ta tm
115759 ) , 546 9503435785 ( n UCLN
Ta thy 115759 l mt c ca n.
4.2.3 Thut ton sng bc hai
Trong thut ton Dixon, vn l lm th no chn cc s i
m
m cc gi tr
) (mod
2
n m
i
c th phn tch hon ton trn c s nhn t. Nm 1981 Pomerance xut
phng php xc nh cc s i
m
, c tn l sng bc hai.
phc tp ca thut ton sng bc hai tn
1
]
1

1 ;
2
1
n
L
lnh s hc.
Chng ta m t s thut ton ban u sng bc hai. Chng ta xy dng biu thc
) (mod
2 2
n Y X
v kim tra bt ng thc
n n Y X UCLN < t < ) , ( 1
lm iu ny chng ta xem a thc
[ ] ) (mod ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
n x H n n x x Q + ,
y
[ ] n x x H + ) ( . Cc gi tr
) (x Q
trong cc im nguyn, r rng chng l chnh
phng theo modulo n. Trong c s nhn t S chng ta xem
1
0
p
v tt c cc s
nguyn t
B p p
i i
,
, sao cho
1

,
_

i
p
n
. Sau vi s gip ca mt s sng, chng ta
tm gi tr i
x
, m

S p
i i
ip
p x Q A

) (
,
c ngha l
) (
i
x Q
phn tch trong c s nhn t ca chng ta. Nh vy, k hiu
) (
i i
x H B
, chng ta nhn c ng d thc
) (mod
2
n A B
i i

, chng ta tch ly s
lng ln cc biu thc nh th, chng ta thc hin loi b cc bin v xay dng biu
thc
) (mod
2 2
n Y X
Ch : iu kin
1

,
_

p
n
vi p l s nguyn t ca c s nhn t ly t ng d thc
[ ] ) (mod ) (
2
p n n x + , m ng d cn tha mn i vi mt s gi tr ca Z x .
Sng. Gi tr
Z x
i

i vi
) (
i
x Q
c xc nh nh sau.
8
1. i vi tng s nguyn t p t c s nhn t, chng ta tm nghim
) (
1
p
r v
) (
2
p
r
ca phng trnh
) (mod 0 ) ( p x Q
.
2. Sau chng ta thay i x trong khong ln
[ ] N M M M , ;
, chng ta a
n mt ma trn A, m n c nh s th t bng gi tr ca x.
3. Trong mi phn t ca ma trn vi s th t x ta t gi tr
) ( log x Q
. Ngha l
[ ] | ) ( | log x Q x A
.
4. Sau i vi tng gi tr p t c s nhn t S chng ta thc hin qu trnh
sng nh sau: T mi phn t ca ma trn A, tc l
[ ] x A
, s th t ca n nm
trong cp s cng ) (mod
) (
1
p r x
p
v ) (mod
) (
2
p r x
p
, chng ta tnh ton gi tr
ca
p log
.
y l vic tnh ton nm ch, i vi phn t x trong cp s nh vy, gi tr
ca Q(x) s chia ht cho p, nhng vic chia Q(x) cho p chng ta i thnh
p x Q log ) ( log
. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh sng trong phn t ca ma trn vi s th t
x s cha gi tr

) ( | ,
log ) ( log
x Q p S p
p x Q
.
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh sng, chng ta chn s th t x, m gi tr ca ma trn
c ln khng qu ln. i vi cc v tr x nh vy gi tr Q(x) phn tch nhanh hn
trong c s nhn t ca chng ta v chng ta phn tch s Q(x) bng c s th v lu
gi tr x,
) (
i i
x Q A
hon ton phn tch trong c s nhn t ca chng ta.
ngha ca qu trnh sng l tit kim c s lng lnh chia cc s nguyn ln.
Cng vi n l tng gi tr
[ ] M M x ;
phn tch Q(x) trong c s nhn t mt cch
nhanh chng, chng ta c lt c tp x, v thc hin tnh ton bng lnh n gin l
cng v tr. Vic tit kim ny l rt hiu qu, v n c u chung hn cc thut
ton nhn t ha trc y.
4.2.4 Phn tch ra nhn t vi s h tr ca ng cong Elliptic
Thut ton phn tch ny c Lenstra xut, v phc tp ca n l cn
n e
p p o 2 ) log log log )) 1 ( 2 ((
log
2 / 1
+
lnh s hc, p l c nguyn t nh nht ca n.
miu t thut ton Lenstra chng ta cn ng cong Elliptic khng xy dng trn
trng m l vnh n
Z
, y n l s l, v khng chia ht cho 3 hp s, n l s chng ta
9
cn phn tch thnh nhn t. Chng ta xem 3 s
3
) , , (
n
Z z y x , sao cho ial sinh bi x,y
v z trng vi vnh n
Z
. Tp hp
{ }
3 *
) , , ( , | ) , , (
n n
Z z y x Z u uz uy ux ,
gi l qy o ca phn t
3
) , , (
n
Z z y x , n c k hiu l (x:y:z). Tp tt c cc qy
o ny k hiu
) (
2
n
Z P
.
ng cong Elliptic b a
E E
,

trong vnh n
Z
cho bi phng trnh sau
b ax x y + +
3 2
,
y
* 2 3
) 27 4 ( 6 , ,
n n
Z b a Z b a +
. Chng ta k hiu tp cc im ca ng Elliptic
thng qua
{ }
3 2 3 2 2
,
| ) ( ) : : ( ) ( bz axz x z y Z P z y x Z E E
n n b a
+ +
.
Tp hp ny l mt nhm Abel hu hn, ng vi php cng. Th nhng chng ta s
s dng lnh nhm nh vy i vi trng hu hn nguyn t. Chng ta k hiu
{ } { } O Z y x y x V
Z P O
n n
n


, | ) 1 : : (
), ( ) 0 : 1 : 0 (
2
i vi n
V P
v i vi bt k s nguyn t p, l c ca n, mt im P t tp
) (
2
p
Z P
k hiu l p
P
. R rng rng p p
O P
khi v ch khi P=O.
Php cng 2 im n
V Q P ,
c tnh nh sau. Khi tnh P+Q chng ta hoc tm d l
c ca n (v mc ch ca chng ta t c) hoc tm im n
V R
m n tha mn
iu kin sau.
Nu nh
) (mod , | p a a n p
, v nu nh i vi p tm c p
Z b
sao cho,
0 ) 27 4 ( 6
2 3
+ b a trong p
Z
v khi
) ( ,
,
p
b a
p p
Z E Q P
, th p p p
Q P R +
trong
) (
,
p
b a
Z E
. Vic tnh tng ny c thc hin nh trong cch xy dng trng hu hn
bng ng cong Elliptic.
Ch : Nu nh chng ta c im
) 1 : : ( y x P
, s nguyn t p v a th
) (mod
3 2
n b ax x y + +
. T y chng ta c
) (mod
3 2
n ax x y b
. Th th xc nh c
gi tr
) (mod p b b
. Nu nh i vi tng p|n, im p
Q
nm trn ng cong
) (mod
3 2
p b ax x y + + trong trng p
Z
, th chng ta c th cng p p
Q P ,
trn ng cong
trong trng p
Z
v tnh tng P+Q trong trng n
Z
. Nu nh i vi mt s gi tr ca p
m im p
Q
khng nm trn ng ) (mod
3 2
p b ax x y + + , th tnh tng P v Q khng
c thc hin.
10
Tng cc im P v Q t tp n
V
c thc hin nh sau. Nu nh P=O, th R=Q;
Nu nh Q=O th R=P. Gi s
) 1 : : ( ), 1 : : ( , ,
2 2 1 1
y x Q y x P O Q P
. Chng ta tm
) , (
2 1
n x x UCLN d
bng thut ton Euclid. Nu nh n d < < 1 , th chng ta tm c
c ca n, v thut ton dng. Nu nh d=1 th
) (mod
2 1
n x x
v
) (mod
2 1
p x x
i vi
s nguyn t bt k p, p|n. Khi chng ta tm ) (mod ) (
1
2 1
n x x

bng thut ton m
rng Euclid. Tip theo ta t
) (mod ) )( (
1
2 1 2 1
n x x y y

,
) (mod
1 1
n x y v
,
) (mod
2
2 1 3
n x x x +
,
) (mod
3 3
n v x y
.
Khi theo nh ngha tng ca P v Q bng
) 1 : : (
3 3
y x Q P R +
.
By gi chng ta xem trng hp
n n x x UCLN d ) , (
2 1
. Lc ny
) (mod
2 1
n x x
.
Chng ta tm
) , (
2 1 1
n y y UCLN d +
. Nu nh
n d < <
1
1
th chng ta tm c c ca
n v thut ton dng. Nu nh
n d
1
,ngha l
) (mod
2 1
n y y
, th tng
O Q P R +
.
Nu nh d=1, chng ta tm
) (mod ) )( 3 (
1
2 1
2
1 1
n y y a x

+ + ,
) (mod
1 1
n x y v
,
) (mod 2
2
1 3
n x x +
,
) (mod
3 3
n v x y

v gi nh
) 1 : : (
3 3
y x Q P R +
.
Nh vy chng ta xc nh c tng ca cc im ca n
V
. By gi chng ta xc
nh tch ca im n
V P
vi s t nhin k. Kt qu php nhn ny hoc l chng ta tm
c c d ca n, 1<d<n, hoc nhn c im n
V R
, m n tha mn iu kin sau:
Nu nh p l s nguyn t, p|n,
) (mod p a a
, v nu nh i vi p tm c p
Z b
sao cho ) (mod 0 ) 27 4 ( 6
2 3
p b a + , v trong khi
) (
,
p
b a
p
Z E P
, th khi p p
kP R
trong nhm
) (
,
p
b a
Z E
, y thut ton tm p
kP
c ni n trng chng xy dng
trng hu hn bng ng cong Elliptic.
Thut ton nhn t ha vi mt ng cong Elliptic
u vo ca thut ton l s t nhin n v cc tham s
N w v ,
,ph thuc vo n.
Cng nh n
Z y x a , ,
, sao cho n
V y x P ) 1 : : (
, i vi
) (mod
3 2
n ax x y b
tha
mn iu kin
* 2 3
) 27 4 ( 6
n
Z b a +
. Thut ton tm kim c s t nhin d ca s n,
1<d<n.
i vi tng s
w r N r 2 ,
, chng ta ga s
{ } 1 2 , | max ) (
0
+ +

v v r Z m m r e
m
,
11
v sau

w r
r e
r k
2
) (
, r l s nguyn t.
Gi s n
V y x P ) 1 : : (
. Khi P nm trn ng cong Elliptic b a
E
, trong vnh n
Z
,
c xc nh bi phng trnh b aX X Y + +
3 2
. Chng ta tnh im kP. Nu nh
trong qu trnh tnh ton tm c c ca s n, 1<d<n, th chng ta phn tch c n
ra tha s v thut ton dng. Nu nh tm c kP v khng tm c d th thut
ton dng v thng bo v bt thnh cng ca th nghim nhn t ha.
Thut ton kt thc.
Ch .
Chng ta chn cc tham s v,w,a,x,y nh th no? Cc phn t n
Z y x a , ,
c chn
ngu nhin; khi
) (mod
3 2
n ax x y b
, chng ta nhn c ng cong Elliptic b a
E
,
trong vnh n
Z
v cc im trn n. Tham s w theo l thuyt bng
) 1 (
2
1
) (
o
p L w
+

, vi
t t t L log log log exp ) (
, p l c nguyn t nh nht ca n. Bi v p l cha bit, nhng
2 / 1
n p
, nn

,
_

,
_

+ n n o n L p L log log log ) 1 (

2
1
exp ) ( ) (
2 / 1
, t y chng ta nhn c
gii hn trn ca ca w
) 1 (
2
1
) (
o
n L w
+

.
Trn thc t thut ton phn tch thnh nhn t khi cho bi n,v,w thc hin nh sau.
Chn ngu nhin cc s u tin n
Z y x a , ,
v thc hin thut ton nhn t ha vi mt
ng cong. V lp li nh th cho n khi no phn tch c n ra tha s hoc thi
gian ca chng ta kt thc.
4.2.5 Thut ton sng trng s hc
Thut ton sng trng s dnh phn tch mt s nguyn dng c bit ra tha s
(SNFS). S n, m chng ta p dng SNFS c dng s r n
e
, y
Z s N r ,
, r v |s|
khng qu ln.
phc tp ca thut ton ny l
[ ] c L
n
; 3 / 1
c l hng s no . Thc t sng trng
s khng l thut ton, m l mt phng php tnh ton, n bao gm mt s tng, mt
trong cc tng n c phc v bng mt s thut ton.
S phng php SNFS i vi s n
Tng 1.La chn c s nhn t
12
C s nhn t bao gm t mt s tp hp cc phn t
0 ,
p n p
a Z a
. Tt c p
a
kh
nghch trong vnh n
Z
. K hiu
0
P
Z
tp hp vector
| |
0
P
-chiu:
{ } Z v v Z
p P p p
P


| ) (
0
0
Chng ta xem nh x
*
0
:
n
P
Z Z f (nhm kh nghch theo php nhn cc phn t trong vnh n
Z
)

0
0
) (mod ) ) ((
P p
v
p P p p
n a v f
p
.
Tng 2. Tm mi lin h
y chng ta tm vector
Kerf v
, tc l
0
) (
P p p
v v

, sao cho

0
) (mod 1
P p
v
p
n a
p
Chng ta cn tm tp hp ln
{ } Kerf v V
cc vector nh th, chnh xc hn |V|
cn phi ln hn
| |
0
P
.
Tng 3. Tm s ph thuc
y chng ta tm s ph thuc tuyn tnh khng tm thng theo modulo 2 ca cc
vector tm c V v ; s lng ca n ln hn so vi kch thc ca n, cho nn s
ph thuc nh vy l tn ti. tm s ph thuc chng ta gii h phng trnh tuyn
tnh

j
j j
v z ) 2 (mod 0
y
{ }
j
v V
. Gii h phng trnh ny chng ta tm c tp hp con khng rng
V W
, m

W v
v ) 2 (mod 0
Lc ny

W v
v w
2
1
, vi
Kerf w 2
. iu ny c ngha l khi
) )(mod ( n W f X
th chng ta c
) (mod 1 ) 2 (
2
n W f X
.
Lc ny chng ta kim tra bt ng thc sau c ng hay khng
n n X UCLN < t < ) , 1 ( 1
Nu nh bt ng thc ng th chng ta tm c c ca n, v chng ta dng,
ngc li chng ta quay v hoc tng 2 (tm lin h mi), hoc tng 1 (xy dng mt
c s nhn t mi)
13
Kt thc s
14