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Aerodynamics Class 2
Aerodynamics Class 2
REFERENCES
FM 1-203, Fundamentals of flight Student Handout - Fundamentals of fixed and rotary wing aerodynamics Student Handout - Applied Aerodynamics TC 1-212, Aircrew Training Manual UH-60 IPC Daily Class Lesson Plan Outline
Learning Objectives
Applied and simplified understanding of helicopter aerodynamic characteristics Correlate relationships between these characteristics Demonstrate ability to teach in a classroom environment during IPC
Dissymetry of lift
Blade Flapping Blade lead and lag Retreating Blade Stall
Relative Wind
L= CL S 1/2 V
D= CD S 1/2 V
Lift/Drag/TAF
IGE
Differences IGE/OGE
Translating Tendency
Translating Tendency
Compensated for by the mechanical mixing unit (Collective to Roll) and cyclic feathering. Amount of feathering (left cyclic) increases as gross weight increases and decreases as weight decreases.
Dissymmetry of lift
Blade flapping Blade lead and lag Cyclic Feathering Retreating Blade Stall Compressibility
Dissymmetry of lift.
Defined as unequal lift between the advancing and retreating halves of the rotor disk. In forward flight:
Advancing blade,
Relative wind = Forward speed + Rotational speed
Retreating blade,
Relative wind = Forward speed - Rotational speed
Dissymmetry of lift.
For controlled flight, the lift on the two sides of the disk must be equal. The difference in velocity is compensated for by changes in the angle of attack either by blade flapping or by forward longitudinal cyclic pitch. This may be done by the pilot or automatically in more advanced aircraft.
Dissymmetry of lift.
As airspeed increases, there is only one section of the retreating blade that is able to produce positive lift. The entire advancing blade is producing lift.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Negative stall. The rotor speed in this area is fast enough to overcome the forward speed of the helicopter, but the air is striking the blade above the critical angle of attack and on the upper chamber above the chord.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Negative lift. The air is striking this section of the blade at a lower angle of attack, but it is above the chord again, creating a negative lift. This section of the blade is deflected downward.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Positive lift. The air strikes this section of the blade below the chord line and below the critical angle of attack. This is the only area of the retreating blade that is actually producing upward lift. It must create enough lift to overcome the entire advancing blade, as well as the negative lift from the retreating blade.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Positive stall. The air strikes this portion of the blade below the chord line, but above the critical angle of attack. This is the area where Retreating Blade Stall occurs.
Dissymmetry of lift.
What it looks like:
Dissymmetry of lift.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Dissymmetry of lift.
Another view:
The retreating blade of a helicopter tends to stall in forward flight in the following conditions:
High gross weight. Low rotor RPM. High density altitude. High G maneuvers. Turbulence.
Retreating blade stall limits the high-speed potential of a helicopter. As the forward speed of the helicopter increases, the retreating blade loses airspeed while the airspeed of the advancing blade is increasing. To compensate for this difference, the retreating blade must have a higher angle of attack or it would not produce equal lift.
As airspeed increases, the angle of attack on the retreating blade must also increase. The fastest area of the blade, the tip, will eventually stall.
Compressibility
Subsonic airflow is incompressible (It acts the same as hydraulic fluid) Transonic and Supersonic flows become compressible
Drag increases & Lift decreases Vibrations become more severe Shock wave formation Center of Pressure varies
Compressibility
Conditions conducive to compressibility
High Airspeed High rotor RPM High Gross Weight High Density altitude Low temperature Turbulent air
Compressibility
Corrective action
Slow down the aircraft Decrease pitch angle (decrease collective) Minimize G loading Decrease RPM
Compressibility
Corrective actions:
Dynamic Rollover
With a rolling moment and a pivot point if the helicopter exceeds a critical angle it will roll over. Factors that affect the critical angle
Lateral CG Cross winds Gross weight Asymetrical loading Human error
Summary
Aerodynamic Factors Lift and Drag Total Aerodynamic Force Air Flow during Hovering Translating Tendency Dissymmetry of lift
Summary
Settling with power Off Set Hinges Dynamic Rollover