ENERGY OF JATROPHA BRIQUETTE PRODUCED FROM JATROPHA OIL

PRODUCTION WASTE

Mirmanto
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram
Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia
Phone (0370)636126, (0370)6570632, Fax (0370)636126, e-mail: mirmanto12@hotmail.com

ABSTRAK
Kegiatan industri pasti menghasilkan limbah, tidak terkecuali industri biodiesel jarak pagar.
Limbah bisa menimbulkan masalah dalam kehidupan jika tidak ditangani dengan benar. Padahal
limbah biodiesel jarak termasuk biomassa yang dapat dijadikan briket sebagai bahan bakar
alternatif. Penggunaan briket biomassa tidak menimbulkan polusi, memiliki energi yang tinggi,
terbaharukan dan merupakan upaya mencegah pencemaran lingkungan. Bijih jarak yang kering
ditumbuk dan diayak sehingga diperoleh bungkil, kulit buah, daun dan campuran kulit buah-daun
dan kulit buah-daun-bungkil. Setelah itu dicampur perekat kanji lalu dipress menjadi briket dan
dikeringkan. Briket yang terbentuk diuji kadar air dan nilai kalornya. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh
bahwa briket bungkil jarak memiliki nilai kalor tertinggi yaitu 6.104,2317 kal/g, kemudian kulit
buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.944,6863 kal/g dan kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 3.858,5802
kal/g, sedangkan perekat kanji sebesar 5.344,8983 kal/g. Sedangkan briket dengan campuran
perekat kaji, nilai kalor briket bungkil jarak paling tinggi yaitu 6.068,3306 kal/g, kemudian briket
kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.782,2912 kal/g dan briket kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar
4.572,1057 kal/g. Nilai kalor briket akan berbanding terbalik dengan penambahan kuantitas
perekat apabila nilai kalor bahan dasar briket lebih tinggi dari nilai kalor perekat, dan sebaliknya.
Briket bungkil jarak memiliki prospek yang baik untuk dikembangkan menjadi briket masa depan.

Kata Kunci : Limbah jarak, Briket, Nilai kalor, Energi

ABSTRACT
Industry activities usually produce waste and biodiesel production industry does too. Waste
can bring many problems in human life if it is not managed properly. Meanwhile Jatropha
biodiesel waste is one of biomasses types, which can be made as briquettes, which are called as
alternative fuels. The use of biomass briquette does not cause environment pollution. Dry
Jatropha seeds can be extracted by pounding and sifting to be “residue”, husk fruit, leafs, mixture
of husk fruit-leaf and husk fruit-leaf-residue. After they are mixed with starch, they can be pressed
to become briquettes. The briquettes are then tested by using oven and bomb calorimeter in order
to know their water contained and energy contained (calorific value). Research result shows that
“residue” briquette has the highest calorific value than others. Its calorific value is about
6104.2317 cal/gr. Briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf-shell has calorific value about
4782.2912 (cal/gr) and briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf has calorific value 4572.1057
cal/gr. The briquette energy will be in contras value with increasing starch quantity. More starch
quantities are added, lower energy resulted from briquette, except residue briquette. Jatropha
briquette has good prospect to be developed as future alternative fuel.

Keyword : Jatropha waste, Briquette, Heating value (calorific value), Energy.

1
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
 INTRODUCTION cleaner, but also provides energy that can be
Fossil energy sources are becoming utilized for several purposes.
depleted more day and day, while the need of As known from several mass media,
them surely ongoing increases. Because of recently the scientists are in a rush time for
that condition, energy experts predict that in developing renewable energy as an
short time coming, fossil energy will be used alternative energy. One of renewable energy
up. Christ Lewis, in his book of “Biological is biodiesel, which is produced from
Fuels” depicted that natural gas, earth oil and vegetable oil. Fuels produced from
coal would disappear by the year of 2047, vegetables oil have almost the same
2080 and 2180. Christ Lewis also said that characteristics with diesel fuel. According to
Uranium would also disappear by the year of Dodi Hidayat (2005), biodiesel is fuel, which
2017, except Nuclear Breeder Technology is friendlier to the environment. One of
(Nuclear Fusion) were confidently biodiesel fuels is biodiesel produced from
developed. Wasrin Syafii (2003) said that Jatropha.
people would face difficulties on filling their Jatropha is a kind of plants that can
demands, particularly demands of fuels. grow in critical soil or limited water land. In
Therefore, the efforts on searching chemical Indonesia, there are almost 13 million
energy source and alternative energy are very hectares that are as dry and infertile land.
important. Therefore, growing Jatropha plant in
Several types of alternatives energy Indonesia is very suitable and it will bring
that can be developed are solar energy, wind some advantages for both environment and
energy, geothermal energy, OTEC (ocean filling the demand of energy. Haryadi (2005)
thermal energy conversion), biomass energy said that developing Jatropha plant in
etc. However, among those types of Indonesia had big chance in the future.
alternatives energy, biomass energy is an Jatropha biodiesel has octane number 51.
alternative energy that has to be concerned This is higher than octane number of diesel
primarily because of its benefits. If biomass fuel. Octane number of diesel fuel is bout 45.
energy is compared with other alternatives In addition, Jatropha biodiesel has pour point
energy, it is as a winner because it does not 8 degree Celsius, while diesel fuel has pour
only help people to make environment be point 10 degree Celsius (Dodi Hidayat,

2
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
 2005).
Production process on making
Jatropha oil has by product, which is called
waste. This waste evolves shell, leaf and
husk fruit. It is classified into two groups,
first is direct waste that comes out from
presser machine and the other is indirect
waste that involves leafs, fruit, branch etc.
However, whatever waste can cause negative
impact on environment such as pollutant.
Therefore, it is necessary to find the way for
converting waste to be useful things. It
actually can be used as stuff of briquette.
According to Erliza et al (2006), the residue
of Jatropha seed contains high quality of
protein. Meanwhile, the amount of energy
contained in the waste is not known yet.
Research Aim:
This research has some aims as
follows:
1. To know the amount of calorific value
(energy) contained in the waste and in the
briquette.
2. To know the influence of starch to the
energy contained of waste and briquette.
3. Researcher wants to know the Jatropha
plant potency further.
REVERENCES REVIEW AND
THEORY
Energy is a capability to do a work. It
cannot be created or be destroyed, but it can
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
be changed from one form of energy to
another form. There are several forms of
energy. They are chemical energy,
mechanical energy, potential energy, kinetic
energy, nuclear energy, combustion energy
etc. Sources of energy are such as chemical
reaction or combustion, sun, wind,
geothermal, water flows, ocean current,
wave, and many others. Energy can be used
for several purposes such as cooking,
lighting, turning machine, generating
electrical power, crops processing, running
industry and so on (Sri Kadarwati, 2001).
The amount of energy comes into the process
must equal to that of energy comes out from
the process. However, value of each energy
form in this case may be changed
(Tjokrowisastro, dkk. 1990).
Fuel is a substance that is consumed
to release some energy when it is burned
(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id). Specifically, fuel is
defined as chemical substance that contains
carbon and hydrogen. When it is reacted with
oxygen at certain pressure and temperature, it
results gas and energy (Tjokrowisastro, dkk.
1990).
Fuel, when it is viewed from its
condition and shape, can be classified as
solid, liquid and gas fuel. Otherwise, when it
is viewed from how it happens, it can be
classified as natural fuel and unnatural fuel.
2
 Natural solid fuel involves anthracite, coal,
bitumen, lignite, wood, biomasses, while
unnatural solid fuel involves cocas, semi-
cocas, ash, briquette and nuclear fuel.
Unnatural liquid fuel involves gasoline,
kerosene, diesel fuel, residue oil and solid
fuel processed to be liquid fuel. Natural gas
fuel involves natural gas, petroleum gas,
while unnatural gas fuel involves cracking
gas and produced gas
(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).
Combustion
Combustion is chemical reaction that
runs quickly and is followed by flashing light
and releasing heat. Sudden combustion is
combustion that undergoes slowly oxidizing.
In this case, heat is not released, but it is used
for increasing temperature until flashing
point. Complete combustion is defined as
combustion where all of fuel components are
burned completely and this combustion
forms CO2 gas, H2O gas/vapor and SO2 gas,
so that there is no component unburned
(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).
Jatropha
People in several area of Indonesia
have known Jatropha because Japanese
introduced it in 1942, when Japanese
colonized Indonesia. In that year, people
were forced to plant Jatropha on their yard.
Several local name that are given to Jatropha,
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
according to Hariyadi (2005), are Jarak
Gundul (in Java), Jarak Pager (in Bali),
Jarak lulu mau, Paku kase, Jarak pageh, Jarak
pager (in NTB), Kuman nema (in Alor),
Jarak kosta, Jarak wolanda, Bindalo, Bintalo
(in Sulawesi), Ai huwa kamala, Balacai,
Kadoto (in Maluku).
Figure 1. Jatropha Plant
(Source: http://www.rri-online.com)
Jatropha used in this research is
Jatropha Curcas Linnaeus. It is involved in
Euphorbiaceous Family, or it is in the same
family to cassava. Jatropha is involved as
shading tree, which has 1-7 m in height and
irregularly branches as well. Its stem releases
sap when it is scratched. Leafs of Jatropha
are corrugated single leaf, which has angles
between three and five spots and green color.
The leaf has 5-7 fingers. Jatropha flower has
green-yellow color. Male flower and female
flower are created in bowl shape. They are at
the top of branch or in armpit of leaf. Fruit of
Jatropha has elliptical (egg) shape and 2-4
cm of diameter. Fruit color is green when it
3
 is young and it becomes yellow when it is
old /ripe. In addition, the fruit is divided into
3 rooms and each room contains one seed.
The seeds have egg shapes and brown color.
They involve oil, which has 35-45% of its
composition and poison (Erliza Hambali, et
al, 2006).
a b
Figure 2. (a) Fruit, (b) Seeds
(Source: Erliza Hambali, et al, 2006)
Jatropha oil has yellow color and it
will not become turbid although it is
untreated for a long time. Residue of seed
contains 12.9% water, 10.1 % ash, 45.1 %
rough protein and 31.9 % rough fiber as well
as non-nitrogen organic stuff
(http://www.probisnis.com).
Potency of Jatropha is in the fruit that
involves seed. Seed consist of seed core and
seed shell. Seed core is a component of seed
that contains oil in big percentage. This oil
can be converted to be biodiesel fuel. Having
been pressed, seed results oil and waste that
is called as residue. Jatropha oil is stuff that
can be used for making soap, methanol,
ethanol, glycerin and biodiesel. Moreover,
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
residue can be changed to be a kind of
fertilizer, a stuff of biogas generation and fat
food, while the seed shell can be used for
substituting fuel and fertilizer.
Although residue contains high
protein, it is poisonous because it contains
poison stuff, calcium, phosphate and forbid
ester. Residue cannot be used for being
livestock food but for biogas generating and
fertilizing because it contains calcium and
phosphate (http://www.probisnis.com).
Briquette
Briquette is a thing that is made of
soft stuff that is dried and hardened first.
Stuff of briquette recommended is biomasses
because biomasses are free available,
abundantly available and renewable. The use
of briquette is flexible because briquette can
be made and shaped in varies sizes and
shapes in accordance with the user desire.
Except those above, briquette can be utilized
by using simple technology and it can release
much heat safely in a long time (Adan, I.U,
1998). Briquette is fuel that is very suitable
used by trader or entrepreneur who needs
ongoing combustion in a long time.
According to DKPKM, total briquettes used
in Indonesia reach 1.97 million ton
(http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id).
Making briquette is very simple and
easy. First, biomasses are dried under the
4
 sun, then after being dried, they are crushed
to be powder. This powder, next, is mixed
with starch or glue uniformly. This mixed
powder is put into mold that is designed in
accordance with user’s desire. through the
way of making briquette above, briquette has
characteristics as follows (Tjokrowisastro
dkk, 1990):
1. Smoke released from briquette
combustion is less than that from
biomasses.
2. Attractive, simple, flexible and it
can be made in required size and
shape.
Biomasses
Biomasses are organic stuffs from
plants such as leafs, grasses, branches,
parasite plant, agriculture waste, forestry
waste, husbandry waste etc. Biomasses are
also called as photosynthesis production
because when they are still alive, they are
grown by photosynthesis process.
photosynthesis process, chlorophyll absorbs
sun light and converts it into substance that
contains water, carbon, hydrogen
oxygen. This substance can be converted to
be other products, which can release heat
when they are burned (Wagini, dkk, 2001).
According to Tatang Sopian (2005),
biomasses are mostly called organics
materials. These materials contain 80 - 90%
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
water. However, having been dried, they
contain high percentage of hydrocarbon. As
known, that hydrocarbon is a substance that
consists of potential energy. Based on BPPS
data year of 2000, utilizing wood fuel and
charcoal contributes 219.5 barrel of total
barrel fuel needed by Indonesia country.
Eighty five percent from 219.5 barrel is
needed for supporting the household demand.
Organic wastes contain 70-80% wet organic
wastes and 20-30% dry organic wastes.
Water contained analysis
Solid fuel contains water that is
classified into: (1) Internal water. Internal
water is water bounded chemically in the
solid fuel, (2) External water. External water
is water from surrounding of solid fuel.
Water contained in the fuel decreases fuel’s
quality because it decreases fuel’s calorific
value and fuel needs much heat for
increasing temperature when fuel is burned.
In Water does not only decrease fuel’s calorific
value, but also delays combustion process
and adds volume of exhaust gas
and (www.chemeng.ui.ac.id)
Drying
Drying process is a process for
decreasing water contained in solid fuel.
Principally, drying process involves two
fundamental phenomena. (1) Heat is
transferred from heater media to substance
5
 that is being dried. In this case, heat may be
carried by air that flows over the substance
dried. (2) Water mass is removed by dryer. In
here, because of temperature increment, vapor
pressure in the substance increases gradually
and become higher than surrounding pressure,
so that vapor comes out from the substance.
To know water contained of dry solid
fuel, solid fuel can be put into electrical oven
at 105 0C, then it is analyzed by using
equation below (INFIC, 1997):
 Wet sample weight, D (g)
D= B – A (1)
 Dry sample weight, E (g)
E=C–A (2)
 Percentage of water contained, F (%)
D - E
F    x 100 (3)
 D 
 Percentage of water contained, G (%)
D - E
G    x 100 (4)
 E 
Where A is weight of empty bowel (g), B is
weight of sample + bowel (g), C is weight of
sample + bowel after heated in oven at 105
0 where water vapor resulted from perfect
C (g), and F is percentage of water
contained based on wet mass (%) as well as
G is percentage of water contained based on
dry mass (%).
Calorific value testing:
Calorific analysis of fuel is to know
the amount of energy released from fuel
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
when fuel is being burned. In combustion
process, heat is released from fuel burned to
the surrounding. The maximum amount of
heat released during perfect combustion
process per mass or per volume of fuel is
defined as calorific value (Tjokrowisastro
dkk, 1990). Muhammad el-Wakil (1992)
depicted that the calorific value was heat that
moved when perfect combustion occurred.
However, according to Wulan, calorific value
is a heat resulted from perfect combustion
per mass or per volume of fuel
(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).
Calorific value can be predicted by
using bomb calorimeter. Data resulted from
bomb calorimeter can be used for making
empirical correlation (Tjokrowisastro, dkk.
1990). There are two ways for determining
calorific value. According to Muhammad el-
Wakil (1992), they are HHV and LHV. HHV
(higher heating value) is a calorific value
where water vapor has become condensate
during combustion process, whereas LHV
(lower heating value) is a calorific value
combustion has not become condensate yet.
Thus, HHV includes latent heat of water
vapor, while LHV does not. Therefore, HHV
is always greater than LHV.
Bomb calorimeter
According to the Combustion Theory,
6
 energy contained in a substance can be
predicted from its unsure. However, this way
is very difficult because unsure of a
substance must be known first. Other way to
know the energy contained in a substance is
just using bomb calorimeter.
calorimeter is a commonly device, which is
used for determining calorific value of solid
or liquid fuel. By using this device, specimen
tested with certain mass is burned under
standardized condition. Combustion
activated by adding oxygen from container,
which has pressure, varies from 20 – 35 atm.
Water jacket is measured by
thermometer or temperature
Differences between initial temperature and
final temperature can be used for predicting
calorific value. Unit used of measurement
using bomb calorimeter is cal/gr. One calorie
is the amount of heat needed for increasing
temperature of 1-gram water from 14.5 0C to
0
15.5 C at standard pressure (INFIC, 1997).
Bomb calorimeter is mostly used for testing a
substance that contains Nitrogen
Sulphur. Therefore, combustion with excess
air or oxygen results N2O3 and S2O3. Those
oxidations form HNO3 and H2SO4 when they
meet water. HNO3 and H2SO4 are strong acid
that can add heat in the bomb calorimeter.
Therefore, calorific value determined by
using bomb calorimeter should be corrected.
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
Chemical solutions used for correcting
calorific value commonly are:
a) Standard alkali solution. This solution
is used for titrating washer water that
is used for correcting the acid. For
Bomb this purpose, usually researcher uses
0.0725 N.
b) Methyl Orange Indicator or Methyl
Red.
is
using
tester.
Figure 3. Adiabatic bomb calorimeter
Heat analysis using bomb calorimeter
should use equations below:
Wet Gross Energy (GEwet):
ΔT  T final  Tinitial  (5)
Heat of wire burned 
(6)
(10 - rested wire)x2.3 cal/cm
and Where:
∆T is difference temperature (0C)
Tinitial is temperature before combustion (0C)
T final is temperature after combustion (0C)
 2.3 cal is heat resulted from combustion
every 1 cm wire burned.
 10 is initial length of flash wire.
7
 GE  4. Oxygen vessel. 16. Ruler.
wet
2470 xT - leng of wire burned 5. Analytical balancer 17. Backed.
(7)
sample mass with accuracy 0.1 18. Scissor.
millilitre titration mg. 19. Pliers.

sample mass
6. Mortar 20. Spoon.
Sample mass is in gram, milliliter titration is
7. Stopwatch
in calorie, GE wet (wet gross energy) is in
8. Thermometer
cal/gram, and length of wire burned is in 9. Beaker glass.
calorie, number 2470 is constant in calorie 10. Flash wire.
o
that reveres to 1 C of temperature increment Briquette Making
of 1 gram water. One cm of rested wire is
Making briquette can be done as
equal to 2.3 cal. Milliliter titration (Na2CO3)
follows:
is correction for heat generated by nitrate
a. Take stuff of briquette for being dried
acid during combustion.
under the sun.
To analyze dry calorific value,
b. Dry stuff is then pounded to be
analyzer can use equation below:
powder.
100xGE wet
GE dry  (8) c. Mix starch with water in comparison
% dry sample
of 10:3 (10 gr starch and 3 gr water at
Where: GEdry (Dry gross energy) is in
80 0C) uniformly.
cal/gram (INFIC, 1997).
d. Mix part of each sample that has been
dried and crushed with starch dough
RESEARCH METHOD in comparison of 4:1, 7:1 and 10:1
Stuff used in this research was (all are in gr).
Jatropha fruit without seed, Jatropha leaf and e. Put each sample into mold then press
residue of Jatropha oil producing, wet starch. it.
Devices used are: f. Dry briquette in oven at 65 0C as long
1. Adiabatic oxygen 11. Pipette as 10 hours.
bomb calorimeter. 12. Glass steering Water contained testing
2. Mold and briquette 13. Ceramic bowel. Water contained testing can be done
presser. 14. Pincers as follows:
3. Electrical oven. 15. Desiccators 1. Clean ceramic bowel is dried in oven 105

8
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
 0
C. i) Switch on the dynamo for turning the
2. Then that bowel is cooled in desiccators. steering as long as ± 5 minutes until
3. Measure the weight of that bowel. temperature become steady.
4. Put 1.5 gram of sample into the bowel. j) Burn the sample by pressing red button
5. Dry the bowel that contains 1.5 gram of on ignition unit.
sample in the oven at 105 oC as long as 8- k) Note the maximum temperature reached.
12 hours. l) Turn off dynamo.
6. Take out the bowel and cool it in the m) Wash inside of bomb and take out the
desiccators. bowel.
7. Measure again the weight of bowel that n) Put washer water into beaker glass and
contains 1.5 gram of sample. titrate it with Na2CO3, 0.0725 N and
Briquette energy testing methyl orange as many as 3 drops until
liquid becomes orange.
Energy contained in the briquette can be
o) Release flash wire and measure its length.
tested by using bomb calorimeter. These are
the regency (Na2CO3, 0.0725 N and methyl
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
orange indicator) and the procedures for
As shown in figure 4, fruit+leaf
testing:
briquette, at any value of stuff-starch
a) Clean and dry bowel in oven at 105 0C as
comparison, has the highest percentage of
long as 1 hour.
water contained than others. However, water
b) Take 1.1 gram of sample.
contained of fruit+leaf decreases when stuff-
c) Fill bucket with 2 kg of water.
starch comparison increases. This is caused
d) Regulate the water temperature at 1.5 0C
by internal water contained of fruit+leaf
above room temperature.
briquette and the decrement of water
e) Cut flash wire as long as 10 cm and
contained in a row with increasing stuff-
install it.
starch comparison is caused by starch's water
f) Put bowel that contains 1.1 gram samples
contained. Water contained of starch is lower
into oven and regulate the flash wire in
than that of fruit+leaf, so that briquette,
order to touch the sample.
which contains much starch, has lower water
g) Put 1 ml of water into bomb.
contained percentage as well.
h) Fill bomb with oxygen from vessel that
has pressure of 35 atm.

9
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
 Figure 4. Briquette water contained
In the meantime, residue's water contained
and fruit+leaf+residue's water contained have
the same behavior with that of fruit+laef's
water contained. When more starch is added,
water contained decreases.
Water contained of residue is the
lowest one because residue, in fact, contains
very little water. According to the PPMJ-
NTB (Jatropha Oil Production Centre-NTB),
that before being processed, Jatropha seed
has maximum water contained 5 %, however,
because of the long time, the ways of saving
and the temperature where it is placed, seed's
water contained can rise until 9%.
After being pressed, Jatropha seed lose its oil
and water contained and it becomes residue.
Thus, it is convenient that residue almost
have little water, so that it has lower water
contained percentage than others.
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
Because residue briquette has lower
water contained percentage than others and
fruit + leaf briquette's water contained
percentage is the highest, so that
fruit+laef+residue briquette's water contained
percentage lies between the values of those
both percentages.
Calorific values of several stuffs and
briquettes are shown in figure 5 and 6.
Calorific value testing was done by using
bomb calorimeter. Samples tested had each
mass 1.1 gram. Using equation (5), one can
calculates temperature difference ( T ),
while the length of wire burned can be
determined by using equation (6). Calorific
value of a briquette (GEwet) can be calculated
by using equation (7), while GEdry value can
be deliberated by using equation (8).
As shown in figure 5, stuff of residue
has the highest calorific value. This highest
value is caused by oil contained, which
10
 consists of carbon and hydrogen. It is well
known that carbon and hydrogen have
calorific value because they are unsure of
fuel. Therefore, this stuff has highest value of
calorie.
Other stuffs such leaf; fruit and starch
do not have calorific value as high as residue,
because they do not consist of carbon and
hydrogen. Mixing stuffs, although it contains
residue for fruit+leaf+residue, do not have
calorific value as high as that belongs to
residue, because fruit and leaf have lower
calorific value than residue so that when they
are in compound, they do not have calorific
value as high as that of residue either.
Figure 5. Calorific value of stuffs
In figure 6, calorific value of residue
is higher than that of others. It is clear
enough, like what has been explained above
that residue contains carbon and hydrogen,
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
so that although residue is mixed with starch
to be a briquette, it still has higher calorific.
According to figure 6, that increasing
the amount of starch in compound, decreases
calorific value of residue. This phenomenon
is caused by lower calorific value of starch.
Starch has lower calorific value than residue,
so that residue briquette has calorific value
between starch calorific value and residue
calorific value.
Unlike residue briquette, others have
increment of calorific value when starch is
added more and more. It is evident that
calorific value of fruit+leaf briquette and
fruit+leaf+residue briquette increases in a
row with increasing starch added because
starch has higher calorific value than others.
11
 Figure 6. Calorific value of several briquettes
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on research data,
analyzed, and discussion, conclusion can be
revealed as follows:
1. Water contained of briquettes differs
from each other, depends on what
briquette stuffs are.
2. Water contained decreases in a raw
with increasing the amount of starch.
3. Residue briquette has
calorific value than that of others.
4. Calorific value depends on the stuffs
and the amount of starch.
5. Residue briquette can be used as
alternative fuel.
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
However, this research is not perfect
data yet and is still able to be done further.
REVERENCES
_______,2005, Jepang Sumbangkan Mesin
Pemeras Biji Jarak ke NTB,
http://www.miol@mediaindonesia.co.id/art_
perkebun/apr11-05_isr+edw.asp
_______,2006, Pemakaian Briket Batubara
Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif,
http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id/aset/briket/in
highest dex3.asp
_______,2006, Prospek dan Peluang Jarak
Pagar, http://www.probisnis.com.
Adan, I.U., 1998, Membuat Briket bioarang,
Bandung : Kanisius.
Tjokrowisastro, E. H. dan Widodo, B. U. K.,
12
 1990, Teknik Pembakaran Dasar dan Bahan
Bakar, Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas
Teknologi Industri -ITS, Surabaya.
Ghurri, A., dan Suryawan, A. A., Fakta-fakta
Penggunaan Energi Masyarakat Bali,
http://www. Denpost/artikel.
Hambali, 2006, Jarak Pagar, Tanaman
Penghasil Biodiesel, Cet.1,Penebar Swadaya,
Jakarta
Hariyadi, 2005, Budidaya Tanaman Jarak
(Jatropha Curcas) sebagai
Sumber Bahan Alternatif Biofuel,
http://www.ristek.go.id/index.php?mod=New
s&conf=v&id=968
Hidayat, D., 2005, Biodiesel Jarak, Tempo
co.id,
http://cdc.eng.ui.ac.id/index.php/article/articl
eview/3241/1/2
Imy, 2005, Biomassa Alternatif Minyak
Tanah,
http://www.republika.co.id/koran_detail.asp?
id=218347&kat_id=13
INFIC., 1997, International Feed Data Bank
System, Publication No. 3 Nebraska, USA
Kadarwati, S., 2001, Studi Pembuatan
Biogas dari Kotoran Kuda dan Sampah
Organik Skala Laboratoriu,.
http://www.litbang.esdm.go.id/litbang/biogas
.doc+nilai+kalor%2Bsampah&hl=id.
Muhammad el-Wakil., 1992, Instalasi
Pembangkit Daya Jilid 1, Erlangga, Jakarta.
Nasution, M., 2006, Minyak Jarak Lebih
Untung Dari Briket Batu Bara,
(APBI-ICMA (dari Bisnis Indonesia))
http://www.energi.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?artike
l&1135219550&1
Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/
Nurachman Z., 2005, Ubah Biomassa Jadi
Bahan Bakar,
http://www.energi.lipi.go.id
Ridwan M., 1997, Listrik Tenaga Nuklir
Tetap Alternatif Terakhir, Suara
Pembaharuan Online,
http://www.hamline.edu/apakabar/basisdata/
1997/02/19/0006.html
Sopian, T., 2005, Sampah dan Limbah
Biomassa, Potensi Alternatif Energi
di Daerah,
http://www.purwakarta.go.id/tahu.php?berita
ID=33.
Suyartono, 1996, Kebijaksanaan
Perbatubaraan Indonesia (Suatu Kerangka),
Direktorat Jendral Pertambangan Umum.
Syafii, W., 2003, Hutan Sumber Energi Masa
Depan,
http://www.kompas.com/kompas-
cetak/0304/15/ilpeng/256044.htm
Wagini, R., Karyono dan Mirino, R.R., 2001,
Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Briket
Bioarang dari Limbah Padat, Energi, No. 10
(Januari) P. 12.
Wulan, ______, Bahan Bakar dan
Pembakaran,
http://www.chemeng.ui.ac.id/
Materi/lecture%20notes/umum.PDF.
13