Gio trnh

V k thut

MC LC

mc

Trang

Li ta ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

MC LC .......................................................................................................... 1
GII THIU V MN HC ............................................................................... 4
CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH CA MN HC ..................................... 6
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH MN HC ....................................... 6
BI 1. NHNG TIU CHUN V CCH TRNH BY BN V ........................ 8
1.1. KH GIY, KHUNG BN V, KHUNG TN .............................................. 8
1.1.1. Kh giy ................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2. Khung bn v - khung tn ....................................................................... 9
1.2. T L ......................................................................................................... 10
1.3. CH V S ............................................................................................. 11
1.3.1. Kh ch ................................................................................................. 11
1.3.2. Kiu ch ................................................................................................ 11
1.4. NG NT ........................................................................................... 13
1.4.1. Chiu rng cc nt v ............................................................................ 13
1.4.2. Qui tc v cc nt .................................................................................. 13
1.5. GHI KCH THC ................................................................................... 14
1.5.1. Qui nh chung ...................................................................................... 15
1.5.2. Cc thnh phn ca mt kch thc ..................................................... 15
1.5.2.1. ng kch thc .............................................................................. 15
1.6. CU HI V BI TP .............................................................................. 19
BI 2. V HNH HC ...................................................................................... 22
2.1. CHIA U AN THNG, NG TRN ............................................ 22
2.1.1 Chia u on thng .............................................................................. 22
2.1.2. Chia u ng trn ............................................................................. 23
2.2. V DC V CN ........................................................................ 25
2.2.1. V dc............................................................................................... 25
2.2.2. V cn............................................................................................... 25
2.3. V NI TIP............................................................................................. 26
2.3.1. V tip tuyn vi ng trn ................................................................. 26
2.3.2. V cung ni tip 2 ng thng ............................................................ 28
2.3.3. V cung ni tip 1 ng trn vi 1 ng thng ................................ 29
2.3.4. V cung ni tip 2 ng trn ............................................................... 30
2.4. V MT S NG CONG HNH HC ................................................ 33
2.4.1. ng elip ............................................................................................. 33
2.4.2. Parabol .................................................................................................. 35
2.4.3. ng xoy c Acsimet ........................................................................ 35
2.4.4. ng thn khai ca ng trn .......................................................... 36
2.5. CU HI V BI TP .............................................................................. 36
BI 3. HNH CHIU VUNG GC ................................................................. 39
3.1. KHI NIM V CC PHP CHIU .......................................................... 39
3.1.1. Cc php chiu ...................................................................................... 39

3.1.2. Phng php v cc hnh chiu vung gc .......................................... 40

3.2. HNH CHIU VUNG GC CA CC YU T HNH HC ................... 41
3.2.1. Hnh chiu ca im .............................................................................. 41
3.2.2. Hnh chiu ca mt ng thng .......................................................... 43
3.3. HNH CHIU CA CC KHI HNH HC ............................................... 46
3.3.1. Khi a din ........................................................................................... 46
3.3.2. Khi trn ................................................................................................ 49
3.4. CU HI V BI TP .............................................................................. 51
BI 4. GIAO TUYN ........................................................................................ 56
4.1.GIAO TUYN CA MT PHNG VI KHI HNH HC ......................... 56
4.1.1. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din .......................................... 56
4.1.2. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi trn ................................................ 57
4.1.2.1. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh tr .............................................. 57
4.2. GIAO TUYN CA CC KHI HNH HC .............................................. 60
4.2.1 Giao tuyn ca hai khi a din ............................................................. 61
4.2.2. Giao tuyn ca hai khi trn .................................................................. 61
4.2.2.1. Giao tuyn ca hai hnh tr c trc vung gc ................................... 62
4.2.2.2. Giao tuyn ca hai khi trn c cng trc quay ................................. 62
4.2.2.3. Giao tuyn ca khi a din vi khi trn .......................................... 63
4.3. CU HI BI TP .................................................................................... 64
BI 5. HNH CHIU TRC O ....................................................................... 67
5.1. KHI NIM V HNH CHIU TRC O .................................................. 67
5.1.1. Ni dung ca phng php hnh chiu trc o ..................................... 67
5.1.2.H s bin dng theo trc o ................................................................. 68
5.1.3. Phn loi hnh chiu trc o .................................................................. 68
5.2. HNH CHIU TRC O VUNG GC U ........................................... 68
5.3. HNH CHIU TRC O XIN CN ......................................................... 70
5.4. V HNH CHIU TRC O ..................................................................... 71
5.4.1. Chn loi hnh chiu trc o .................................................................. 71
5.4.2. Dng hnh chiu trc o ........................................................................ 71
5.5. CU HI V BI TP .............................................................................. 74
Bi 6. BIU DIN VT TH ............................................................................ 77
6.1. CC LOI HNH CHIU ........................................................................... 77
6.1.1. Hnh chiu c bn ................................................................................. 77
6.1.2.Hnh chiu ph ....................................................................................... 79
6.1.3. Hnh chiu ring phn ........................................................................... 80
6.2. HNH CT ................................................................................................. 80
6.2.1. Khi nim v hnh ct v mt ct .......................................................... 80
6.2.2. Phn loi hnh ct .................................................................................. 81
6.2.2.1.Theo v tr mt phng ct ..................................................................... 81
6.2.3. K hiu v quy c v hnh ct ............................................................. 85
6.3. MT CT .................................................................................................. 87
6.3.1. Phn loi mt ct ................................................................................... 87
6.3.2. K hiu v quy c ca mt ct ............................................................ 88
6.4. HNH TRCH ............................................................................................. 89
6.5. CCH V HNH CHIU CA VT TH ................................................... 90

6.6. CCH GHI KCH THC CA VT TH ............................................... 92

6.6.1. Kch thc nh hnh ............................................................................. 93
6.6.2. Kch thc nh v ................................................................................. 93
6.6.3. Kch thc xc nh ba chiu chung cho vt th .................................. 93
6.7. C BN V V V HNH CHIU TH 3 .............................................. 94
6.8. CU HI V BI TP .............................................................................. 95
BI 7. V QUI C CC MI GHP .......................................................... 103
7.1. REN ........................................................................................................ 103
7.1.1.S hnh thnh ren ................................................................................. 103
7.1.2. Cc yu t ca ren .............................................................................. 104
7.1.3. Cc loi ren tiu chun thng dng .................................................. 105
7.1.4. Cch v quy c ren ........................................................................... 106
7.1.5. K hiu ren........................................................................................... 107
7.2. GHP BNG REN .................................................................................. 108
7.2.1. Cc chi tit ghp c ren ....................................................................... 108
7.2.2. Mi ghp ren ........................................................................................ 109
7.3. GHP BNG THEN - THEN HOA - CHT ............................................ 111
7.3.1. Ghp bng then ................................................................................... 111
7.3.2. Then hoa.............................................................................................. 113
7.3.3. Cht ..................................................................................................... 114
7.4. GHP BNG INH TN ........................................................................ 115
7.4.1. Cc loi inh tn .................................................................................. 115
7.4.2. Cch v qui c inh tn .................................................................... 115
7.5. GHP BNG HN .................................................................................. 117
7.5.1. Phn loi mi hn ................................................................................ 117
7.5.2. Biu din qui c cc mi hn ............................................................ 118
7.5.3. K hiu ca mi hn ............................................................................. 119
7.6. CU HI V BI TP ............................................................................ 123
BI TP NNG CAO ..................................................................................... 126
TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP ........................................................... 128
CC THUT NG CHUYN MN ............................................................... 153
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................. 155

GII THIU V MN HC
V tr, ngha, vai tr mn hc
-

Bn v k thut l ti liu k thut dng trong thit k, ch to v s

dng. N l phng tin thng tin k thut dng trong mi lnh vc k
thut. C th ni bn v k thut l " ngn ng " ca k thut. Mun
lp v c c bn v k thut, hc vin phi nm vng nhng kin
thc c bn ca mn v k thut.

Mn hc v k thut c ging dy trong tt c cc trng k thut,

cc trng dy ngh t CNKT, THCN n Cao ng v i hc.

V k thut l mn hc k thut c s c ging dy ngay t u

kho hc, gip cho hc vin tip thu cc mn hc k thut c s khc

v cc mn k thut chuyn mn.

Mc tiu ca mn hc
Hc xong mn hc ny, hc vin cn phi:
- Nm c quy cch trnh by bn v.
- Nm vng l lun c bn v phng php cc hnh chiu vung gc.
- V v c c bn v ca cc chi tit my c phc tp trung
bnh.
- Pht trin tr tng tng khng gian v t duy k thut, ng thi rn
luyn tnh ch ng,sng to, tc phong lm vic khoa hc, chnh xc,
cn thn v tnh k lut cho hc vin.
Mc tiu thc hin ca mn hc
Hc xong mn hc ny hc vin c kh nng:
Lp c bn v.
c c bn v.
Vn dng c cc tiu chun nh nc hin hnh c lin quan n
bn v.
Ni dung chnh ca mn hc
-

Bi 1: Nhng tiu chun v cch trnh by bn v.

Bi 2: V hnh hc.
Bi 3: Hnh chiu vung gc.
Bi 4: Giao tuyn.
Bi 5: Hnh chiu trc o.
Bi 6: Biu din vt th.
Bi 7: V quy c cc mi ghp.

S quan h theo trnh t hc ngh

An ton
lao ng

Ha
v c

Ha
hu c

Mn chung

Chng ct ch bin
du

Qu trnh
x l

Php
lut

GDTC

Ha
phn tch

V k
thut

KT
in t

KT in

K thut
mi trng

Mn c bn

Kin thc
c s nhm
ngh

Chnh
tr

GDQP

Ha
l

nh hng
gin
tip

Qu trnh
Cracking

Thit b ch bin
du kh

S cng ngh
nh my lc du

Th nghim
chuyn
ngnh

Ngoi
ng

Qu trnh
reforming

Thc hnh
trn thit b
m phng

Chuyn
d phng

Cng
ngh ch
bin kh

Bo dng
thit b

Thc tp tt
nghip

Ha hc
du m &
kh

Sn phm
du m

Tn tr v
vn chuyn
xng du

Dng c
o

nh
hng
gin
tip

QT
doanh
nghip

Sc bn
vt liu
Ton
cao cp
ng hc
xc tc

Kin thc
c s
ngh

Tin hc

Vt l
i cng

Thp cc
cu t cho
xng

Qu trnh
thit b

Thc tp
qu trnh
thit b

n mn
kim loi

K thut
phng
th nghim

Ghi ch:
V k thut l m un c s ca ngnh ha du. Mi hc vin phi hc v t kt qu chp nhn c i vi cc bi kim tra nh gi v thi
kt thc nh t ra trong chng trnh o to.
Nhng hc vin qua kim tra v thi m khng t phi thu xp cho hc li nhng phn cha t ngay v phi t im chun mi c php
hc tip cc m un/ mn hc tip theo. Hc vin, khi chuyn trng, chuyn ngnh, nu hc mt c s o to khc ri th phi xut
trnh giy chng nhn; Trong mt s trng hp c th vn phi qua st hch li.

CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH CA MN HC

1. Hc trn lp nhng kin thc v: cc tiu chun trnh by bn v k thut,
phng php v hnh chiu vung gc, hnh chiu trc o, hnh ct - mt
ct, v qui c cc mi ghp.
2. Hc vin t nghin cu ti liu lin quan n mn hc do gio vin hng
dn.
3. Xem trnh din v cch s dng dng c v v thc hnh trn bn v.
4. Hng dn cho hc vin cc bc lp v c bn v.
5. Luyn tp cho hc vin kh nng hnh dung khng gian, k nng lp v
c bn v thng qua cc bi tp.

YU CU V NH GI HON THNH MN HC
V kin thc
-

Nm c ni dung mn hc.

Vn dng c cc kin thc c bn ca mn hc vo vic lp v c

bn v.
V k nng
-

- c bn v.
- Lp bn v.
- S dng thun thc cc dng c v.
V thi
- Nghim tc trong hc tp, tham gia cc tit hc theo quy nh.
- Lun ch ng trong vic tm ti hc hi, nghin cu ti liu.
- Lm cc bi tp.
- Tch cc h tr bn b trong hc tp.
Phng php kim tra
C th chn mt trong cc hnh thc sau:
- Thi vn p.
- Thi trc nghim.
- Thi vit.
Ni dung kim tra
-

Cc tiu chun v bn v k thut bao gm cc tiu chun v trnh

by bn v, v cc hnh biu din, cc k hiu v qui c... lp bn
v k thut.
6

V hnh chiu trc o ca vt th.

V ba hnh chiu ca vt th trong c hnh ct.

V hnh chiu th ba t hai hnh chiu vung gc cho trc.

BI 1. NHNG TIU CHUN V CCH TRNH BY BN V

M bi: VKT 1
Gii thiu
Bn v k thut l ti liu k thut lin quan n sn phm trong bun
bn, chuyn giao cng ngh, trao i hng ho hay dch v v thng tin. Do
, bn v k thut phi c lp theo cc tiu chun thng nht ca Tiu
chun Vit Nam v Tiu chun Quc t v bn v k thut.
Hin nay, cc Tiu chun Vit Nam, trong c cc tiu chun v bn v
k thut l nhng vn bn k thut do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh ban hnh.
Nc ta l thnh vin caTchc Tiu chun ho Quc t (International
Organization for Standardization - ISO) t nm 1977.
Vic p dng cc Tiu chun Quc gia cng nh Quc t nhm mc ch
nng cao nng sut lao ng, ci tin cht lng sn phm, thc y tin b
k thut...Ngoi ra, n cn c ngha v vic gio dc t tng, l li lm vic
ca mt nn sn xut ln.
Tiu chun Vit Nam v Tiu chun Quc t v bn v k thut bao gm
cc tiu chun v: trnh by bn v, cc hnh biu din, cc k hiu vqui
c... cn thit cho vic lp bn v.
Sau y l mt s tiu chun v trnh by bn v k thut:
Mc tiu thc hin
- Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
- Xc nh c cc kh giy.
- Ghi c ch v s theo mu.
- V c cc loi ng nt.
- Ghi c kch thc trn bn v ng theo qui nh.
Ni dung chnh
1.1. KH GIY, KHUNG BN V, KHUNG TN
1.1.1. Kh giy
Kh giy c xc nh bng cc kch thc mp ngoi ca bn v.
Cc kh giy c hai loi: cc kh giy chnh v cc kh giy ph.
Kh chnh gm c kh c kch thc 1189x841 vi din tch 1m2 v cc
kh khc c chia t kh giy ny.
Cc kh giy chnh ca TCVN 2-74 (hnh 1.1) tng ng vi cc kh
giy dy ISO-A ca Tiu chun Quc t ISO 5457-1999. Kh giy v cc phn
t ca t giy v.
8

K hiu ca mi kh chnh gm hai ch s, trong ch s th nht l

thng ca kch thc ca mt cnh ca kh giy (tnh bng mm) chia cho
297, ch s th hai l thng ca kch thc cnh cn li ca kh giy chia
cho 210.
Tch ca hai ch s k hiu l s lng kh 11 cha trong kh giy .
V d kh 22 gm c 2x2=4 kh 11 nm trong .
K hiu v kch thc ca cc kh giy chnh nh bng 1.1 sau:

A1
(24)

A4
(11)

A3
(12)

A4
(11)

420

A0(44)

210

Kho giay

841

A2
(22)

297
594
1189

Hnh 1.1 Cc kh giy chnh

Bng 1.1. Kch thc v k hiu cc loi kh giy
K hiu kh giy
44
24
22
12

11

Kch thc cc cnh

kh giy (mm)

1189x841

594x841

594x420

297x420

297x210

K hiu tng ng

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

1.1.2. Khung bn v - khung tn

Khung ban ve

5
Khung ten

Hnh1.2 Khung bn v - Khung tn

Ni dung khung bn v v khung tn ca bn v dng trong sn xut

c qui nh trong tiu chun TCVN 3821-83.
-

Khung bn v: c v bng nt lin m v cch u mp kh giy

5mm. Khi cn ng thnh tp th cnh tri khung bn v c v cch

mp kh giy 25mm.
Khung tn:c t gc phi phi di ca bn v. Khung tn c
th t theo cnh ngn hay cnh di ca khung bn v (hnh 1.2).
Kch thc v ni dung khung tn ca bn v dng trong hc tp nh
hnh mu sau (hnh 1.3):

Hnh 1.3 Khung tn mu

1.2. T L
Trn cc bn v k thut, ty theo ln v mc phc tp ca vt th
m ta chn t l thch hp.
T l ca bn v l t s gia kch thc o c trn hnh biu din vi
kch thc tng ng o c trn vt th.
Tr s kch thc ghi trn hnh biu din khng ph thuc vo t l cu
hnh biu din . Tr s kch thc l kch thc thc ca ca vt th.
Tiu chun TCVN 3-74 tng ng vi Tiu chun Quc t ISO 54551979. T l qui nh cc hnh biu din trn cc bn v c kh phi chn t l
trong cc dy sau (Bng 1.2):
Bng 1.2. Bng t l theo tiu chun TCVN 3-74
T l thu nh

1: 2 1: 2.5

T l nguyn hnh
T l phng to

1: 4 1: 5 1: 10

1: 15

1:20

1: 40

1: 50

40: 1

50: 1

100: 1

1: 1
2: 1 2.5: 1

4: 1 5: 1 10: 1

20: 1

10

K hiu t l l ch TL, vd: TL 1:1; TL 2:1. Nu t l ghi dnh ring

trong khung tn th khng cn ghi k hiu.
1.3. CH V S
Trn bn v k thut ngoi hnh v, cn c nhng con s kch thc,
nhng k hiu bng ch, nhng ghi ch...Ch v ch s phi c vit r
rng, thng nht, d c v khng gy lm ln.
TCVN 6-85 Ch vit trn bn v, qui nh ch vit gm ch, s v du
dng trn bn v v cc ti liu k thut.Tiu chun ny ph hp vi Tiu
chun Quc t ISO 3098 -1: 2000.
1.3.1. Kh ch
Kh ch (h) l gi tr c xc nh bng chiu cao ca ch hoa tnh
bng mm, c cc kh ch sau: 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40.
Chiu rng ca nt ch (d) ph thuc vo kiu ch v chiu cao ca ch.
1.3.2. Kiu ch
C cc kiu ch sau:
- Kiu A ng v kiu A nghing 75 vi d = 1/14 h
- Kiu B ng v kiu B nghing 75 vi d = 1/10 h.
Cc thng s ca ch c qui nh nh sau (Bng 1.3).

Bng 1.3. Bng qui inh cc thng s ch vit

Kch thc tng i
Thng s ca ch vit
K hiu
Kiu A
Kiu B

11

Chiu cao ch hoa

Chiu cao ch thng
Khong cch gia cc ch

h
c
a

14/14h
10/14h
2/14h

10/10h
7/10h
2/10h

Bc nh nht gia cc dng

Khong cch gia cc t

b
e

22/14h
6/14h

17/10h
6/10h

Chiu rng nt ch

1/14h

1/10h

C th gim mt na khong cch a gia cc ch v ch s c nt k

nhau, khng song song vi nhau nh cc ch L, A, V, T...
Di y l mu ch v s kiu B ng v B nghing (hnh 1.4):

Hnh 1.4a. Mu ch v s kiu B ng v B nghing

12

Hnh 1.4b. Mu ch s rp v La m
1.4. NG NT
biu din vt th, trn bn v k thut dng cc loi nt v c hnh
dng v kch thc khc nhau. Cc loi nt v c qui nh trong TCVN 81993 ph hp vi Tiu chun Quc t ISO 128 - 1982.
1.4.1. Chiu rng cc nt v
Cc chiu rng ca nt v cn chn sao cho ph hp vi kch thc, loi
bn v v ly trong dy kch thc sau:
0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,4; 2mm
Qui nh dng hai chiu rng ca nt v trn cng bn v c t s chiu
rng ca nt m v nt mnh khng c nh hn 2:1.
1.4.2. Qui tc v cc nt

Hnh 1.5 Qui tc v cc nt

Khi hai hay nhiu nt v khc loi trng nhau th th t u tin nh sau:
nt lin m, nt t, nt chm gch mnh, nt lin mnh.
i vi nt t nm trn ng ko di ca nt lin th ch ni tip

13

h. Cc trng hp khc, cc ng nt ct nhau phi v chm vo nhau.

Hai trc vung gc ca ng trn v bng nt chm gch mnh phi
giao nhau ti gia hai nt gch.
Nt chm gch mnh phi c bt u v kt thc bi cc nt gch.
i vi ng trn c ng knh nh hn 12mm,cho php dng nt lin
mnh thay cho nt chm gch mnh.(hnh 1.5)
Hnh dng v ng dng ca cc loi nt nh sau (hnh 1.6 v bng 1.4):

A A

5
2

1. Net lien am
2. Net lien manh
3. Net ln song
4. Net t
5. Net cham gach manh
6. Net cat

Hnh 1.6 ng dng cc nt v

Bng 1.4. Hnh dng v ng dng ca cc loi nt
Tn ng nt

Hnh dng

ng dng c bn

Nt lin m
(nt c bn)

Khung bn v, khung tn,

ng bao thy, giao tuyn
thy

Nt lin mnh

ng kch thc, ng
ging kch thc, ng gch
gch...

Nt ln sng

ng phn cch gia phn

hnh chiu v phn hnh ct,
ng ct la...

Nt t

ng bao khut, giao tuyn

khut...

Nt chm gch mnh

ng trc, ng tm, ng
chia...

Nt ct

Biu din v tr mt phng ct

1.5. GHI KCH THC

Kch thc ghi trn bn v th hin ln cu vt th c biu din.
14

Ghi kch thc trn bn v l vn rt quan trng khi lp bn v. Kch thc

phi c ghi thng nht, r rng theo cc qui nh cu TCVN 5705 -1993.
Qui tc ghi kch thc.Tiu chun ny ph hp vi Tiu chun Quc t ISO
129: 1993. Ghi kch thc- Nguyn tc chung.
1.5.1. Qui nh chung
Kch thc ghi trn bn v khng ph thuc vo t l hnh biu din.
Mi phn t ch c ghi kch thc mt ln trn bn v, khng ghi tha
cng khng ghi thiu.
n v o di v sai lch gii hn ca n l milimt, trn bn v khng
cn ghi n v o.
Nu dng n v khc o di l centimt, mt...th n v o c
ghi ngay sau con s kch thc hoc ghi ni phn ghi ch ca bn v.
Dng n v o gc v sai lch gii hn ca n l , pht, giy.
1.5.2. Cc thnh phn ca mt kch thc
1.5.2.1. ng kch thc
ng kch thc c v song song v c di bng on thng cn
ghi kch thc. ng kch thc di cung trn l cung trn ng tm.

20

60

ng kch thc ca gc l cung trn c tm nh gc (hnh1.7).

20
40
Ch so kch thc

u ng giong
ng ghi kch thc

Hnh 1.7 Cc thnh phn ca mt kch thc

ng kch thc dng xc nh phn t c ghi kch thc.
ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh v c gii hn hai u
bng hai mi tn. ln ca mi tn ph thuc vo b rng ca nt lin m
(hnh1.8)
Nu ng kch thc ngn qu th mi tn c v pha ngoi hai
ng ging (hnh1.9a).
Nu cc ng kch thc ni tip nhau m khng ch v mi tn,
th dng du chm hay vch xin thay cho mi tn (hnh1.9b).

15

Hnh 1.8.Mi
tn

Hnh 1.9b. Du chm v vch xin

Hnh 1.9a.Mi tn
ngoi
Khng dng bt k ng no ca hnh v thay th ng kch thc.
Trong trng hp hnh v l hnh i xng, nhng khng v hon ton
hoc hnh chiu kt hp hnh ct th ng kch thc ca phn t i xng
c v khng hon ton (hnh1.10).

Hnh 1.10.Kch thc hnh i xng

Nu hnh biu din ct li th ng kch thc vn phi v sut v ch
s kch thc vn ghi chiu di ton b (hnh 1.12)

Hnh 1.11 ng ging ch cung ln

1.5.2.2. ng ging kch thc
ng ging kch thc gii hn phn t c ghi kch thc, ng
ging v bng nt lin mnh v vch qu ng ghi kch thc mt khong t
25mm (hnh 1.11).
ch c cung ln, ng ging c k t giao im ca hai ng
bao ni tip vi cung ln (hnh1.11).
ng ging ca kch thc di k vung gc vi ng kch thc,
trng hp c bit cho k xin gc (hnh1.12).

16

30

30

20

100

Hnh 1.12 ng ging k xin

14

Hnh 1.13 ng tm, ng bao thy lm

ng ging
Cho php dng cc ng trc, ng tm, ng bao thy lm ng
ging.
1.5.2.3. Ch s kch thc
Ch s kch thc phi c vit r rng, chiu cao ch t nht l
2.5mm.
Ch s kch thc t song song vi ng kch thc, khong gia
v pha trn ng kch thc. Hng ca ch s c vit theo chiu
nghing ca ng kch thc(hnh 1.14).
Chiu ca ch s kch thc gc ph thuc vo nghing ca ng
thng vung gc vi ng phn gic ca gc (hnh 1.15)
Nu ng kch thc c nghing qu ln th ch s kch thc
c ghi trn gi ngang (hnh1.16)
Khng cho php bt k ng nt no ca bn v k chng ln ch s
kch thc, trong trng hp cc ng nt c v ngt on (hnh
1.17).

Hnh 1.14. Chiu con s kch

thc di

Hnh 1.15. Chiu con s kch thc

gc

17

Hnh 1.17. Con s kch thc

Hnh 1.16. Kch thc ghi trn
gi ngang
Nu c nhiu ng kch thc song song hay ng tm th kch thc
ln ngoi, kch thc b trong v ch s ca cc kch thc vit so le
nhau (hnh1.18)

Hnh 1.18 Ghi cc kch thc song song

i vi nhng ng kch thc qu b, khng ch ghi th ch s
kch thc c vit trn ng ko di ca ng kch thc hay vit trn
gi ngang (hnh1.11 v 1.19)

Hnh 1.19 Ghi kch thc ng knh b

1.5.2.4. Cc k hiu
ng knh: trong mi trng hp trc con s kch thc ca ng
knh ghi k hiu

. Chiu cao ca k hiu bng chiu cao ch s kch thc.

ng kch thc ca ng knh k qua tm ng trn (hnh 1.19)

18

Bn knh: Trong mi trng hp, trc ch s kch thc ca bn knh

ghi k hiu R, ng kch thc ca bn knh k qua tm cung trn
(hnh1.20a)
i vi cc cung trn qu b khng ch ghi ch s kch thc hay
khng ch v mi tn th ch s hay mi tn c ghi hay v ngoi
(hnh1.20b)
i vi cung trn c bn knh qu ln th cho php t tm gn cung
trn, khi ng kch thc c k gp khc (hnh1.20c).
R15

R1
8

R10

R6
R8

0
R2

00
2
R

a
Hnh 1.18

b 1.19
c 1.20
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh 1.20. Ghi kch thc bn knh cung trn
Hnh cu: trc k hiu ca ng knh hay R ca bn knh ghi ch "
Cu " (hnh1.21)
Hnh vung: trc ch s kch thc cnh ca hnh vung ghi du .
phn bit phn mt phng vi mt cong, thng dng nt lin mnh gch
cho phn mt phng (hnh 1.22).
di cung trn: pha trn ch s kch thc di cung trn ghi du

ng kch thc l cung trn ng tm, ng ging k song song vi

ng phn gic ca gc chn cung (hnh1.23).

Hnh 1.21. Ghi kch thc hnh cu

Hnh 1.22.
Ghi kch thc
hnh vung

Hnh 1.23
Ghi kch thc
di cung trn

1.6. CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi
1. Nu cc k hiu v kch thc ca cc kh giy chnh?
2. T l bn v l g ? C my loi t l? K hiu ca t l.
3. Nu tn gi, hnh dng, ng dng ca cc loi nt v thng dng

19

4. Nu cc thnh phn ca kch thc ?

5. Khi ghi kch thc ng trn, cung trn, hnh vung thng dng
nhng k hiu no trc ch s ghi kch thc ?
Bi tp
1. Sa li nhng ch sai v ng nt ca cc hnh v di y:

a)

b)

d)

c)

e)

2. Pht hin ch sai st hoc cha hp l trong cch ghi kch thc sau,
30
sa li cho ng:
32

30

32

32

=18

=18

22

22

30

b)

a)

b)

a)

c)

28

27

55

20
d)

d)

e)

R17

20

18

c)

17

18

R17

30

54

30

32

30

54

20

28

e)

f)

17

30

64

f)

46

20

b)

c)
55

R17

18

30

17

30

20

e)

64
46

f)

3. o v ghi kch thc cho cc hnh sau:

a)

c)

b)

d)

21

BI 2. V HNH HC
M bi: VKT 2
Gii thiu
Trong qu trnh lp cc bn v k thut, thng phi gii cc cc bi ton
dng hnh bng dng c v nh thc, ke, compa... gi l v hnh hc.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
- Chia u on thng, ng trn.
- V ni tip on tip vi on thng, ng trn.
- V c mt s ng cong hnh hc.
Ni dung chnh
2.1. CHIA U AN THNG, NG TRN
2.1.1 Chia u on thng
2.1.1.1 Chia i mt on thng
Cho on thng AB, dng thc v compa dng ng trung trc ca
on thng (hnh2.1)
Dng thc v ke chia i AB nh sau: Dng ke dng mt tam gic
cn c AB l cnh y, sau dng ng cao ca tam gic cn (hnh
2.2)
R

R
A

Hnh 2.1 Chia i on thng bng compa Hnh 2.2 Chia i on thng bng ke
2.1.1.2. Chia on thng lm nhiu phn bng nhau
Cho don thng AB, chia on thng ra lm n phn u nhau. Cch
chia nh sau:
- V ng thng Ax hp vi ng thng AB mt gc bt k.
- t ln ng thng va v n on c chiu di bng nhau. V d 5
on: A1= 12 = 23 = 34 = 45.
- Ni im cui cng 5 vi im B.

22

T nhng im cn li: 4,3,2,1 dng nhng ng thng song song

vi ng thng 5B s ct AB ti nhng im chia AB ra lm 5 phn
u nhau (hnh 2.3).

4
3
2
1
A

Hnh 2.3 Chia u on thng lm 5 phn

2.1.2. Chia u ng trn
2.1.2.1. Chia ng trn ra 3 phn v 6 phn bng nhau (hnh 2.4)
Chia 3: v ng trn c ng knh l AB v CD. Ly D lm tm v
cung trn c bn knh bng bn knh ng trn ct ng trn ti hai im.
im C v hai im va tm c s chia ng trn ra lm 3 phn bng
nhau.
Chia 6: ly C, D lm tm v hai cung trn c bn knh bng bn knh
ng trn ct ng trn ti bn im. im C, D v bn im va tm c
s chia ng trn ra lm 6 phn bng nhau.

Hnh 2.4 Chia 3 v chia 6 ng trn

2.1.2.2. Chia ng trn ra 4 phn v 8 phn bng nhau
Hai ng tm vung gc chia ng trn ra lm 4 phn bng nhau.
chia ng trn ra lm 8 phn bng nhau, ta chia i gc vung to bi hai
ng tm bng cch v ng phn gic ca cc gc vung .

23

Hnh 2.5 Chia 4 v chia 8 ng trn

2.1.2.3. Chia ng trn ra 5 phn v 10 phn bng nhau
Chia 5: cho ng trn (O,R), chia ng trn thnh 5 phn bng
nhau ta thc hin nh sau (hnh 2.6):
V hai ng knh AB v CD vung gc nhau.
Tm trung im I ca bn knh OA.
V cung trn (I, IC), cung trn ny ct OB ti N. on thng CN l
cnh ca ng gic u ni tip ng trn (O, R).
Chia 10: sau khi chia ng trn ra lm 5 cung trn bng nhau ta tip tc

tm trung im ca tng cung trn. tm trung im ca mt cung trn ta

dng ng trung trc ca dy cung ca cung trn.
2.1.2.4. Chia ng trn ra 7,9,11... phn bng nhau
Chia ng trn thnh 7,9,... phn bng nhau c thc hin gn ng
nh sau:
- V cung trn (D, CD) ct AB ko di ti E, F.
- Chia CD lm n phn bng nhau bi cc im 1, 2, 3
- Ni E v F vi nhng im chn hoc l. Nhng ng ni ny ct
ng trn ti nhng im m chng chia ng trn ra lm nhng
phn bng nhau.

24

 chia ng trn thnh 7 phn bng nhau (n =7) ta thc hin nh hnh 2.7.
C

1
2

O
A

3
D

D
Hnh 2.7. Chia 7 ng trn

Hnh 2.6. Chia 5 ng trn

2.2. V DC V CN
2.2.1. V dc

dc ca ng thng AB i vi ng thng AC l tang ca gc .

Gi dc l i th:

BC
AC

tg

Trc s o dc ghi k hiu

, nh ca k hiu hng v pha nh

gc.
V d: v dc i =1:6 ca ng thng i qua im B i vi ng
thng AC cho trc, nh sau:

V dc

T B h BC vung gc AC, C l chn ng vung gc .

Dng compa o t trn ng AC, k t im C, su on thng,

mi on bng BC, ta c im A.
- Ni AB l ng c dc bng 1: 6 i vi ng thng AC.
2.2.2. V cn
cn l t s gia hiu ng knh hai mt ct vung gc ca mt hnh
nn trn xoay vi khong cch gia hai mt ct :
k

D d
h

2tg

25

Trc s o cn ghi k hiu , nh ca k hiu hng v pha nh

gc.
V d v cn k=1/5 ca mt hnh cn, ngha l v hai ng sinh
ngoi cng ca hnh cn c dc i vi ng trc ca hnh cn bng
i= k/2=1/10 (hnh2.8a). Kch thc ch cn c th ghi nh hnh 2.8b.
k

1:5

1:5

h
a)

b)

Hnh 2.8 V cn
2.3. V NI TIP
Cc ng nt trn bn v c ni tip vi nhau mt cch lin tc theo
nhng qui tc hnh hc nht nh. Trn bn v ta thng gp mt cung trn
ni tip vi hai ng khc (c th l ng thng hoc ng trn).
2.3.1. V tip tuyn vi ng trn
2.3.1.1. V tip tuyn vi 1 ng trn
T mt im v tip tuyn vi ng trn ta c hai trng hp:
- im C cho trc nm trn ng trn

+ Ni OC.
+ Dng ng thng AB qua C v vung gc OC (hnh 2.9).
im C cho trc nm bn ngoi ng trn
+ Ni OC.
+ Tm trung im I ca OC.
+ V ng trn tm I ng knh OC ct ng trn d cho ti hai
im T1, T2.
+ Ni CT1, CT2. chnh l hai tip tuyn vi ng trn qua im
C (hnh 2.10)

Hnh 2.9 V tip tuyn vi ng

trn im C thuc ng trn

Hnh 2.10 V tip tuyn vi ng

trn - im C nm ngoi ng trn

26

2.3.1.2. V tip tuyn vi 2 ng trn

V tip tuyn vi hai ng trn tm O1, O2 c bn knh ln lt l R1, R2
cho trc, ta c hai trng hp:
a. Tip tuyn chung ngoi (hnh 2.11)
V ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1 R2.
T O2 v tip tuyn vi ng trn va v ta tm c hai tip im ph
T'1, T'2.
Ni O1T'1, O1T'2 ct ng trn tm O1 ti T1, T2.
T O2 k hai ng thng song song vi O1T1 v O1T2 ct ng trn
tm O2 ti hai im T3, T4.
Ni T1T3, T2T4. chnh l hai tip tuyn cn tm.

Hnh 2.11 Tip tuyn vi hai ng trn. Tip tuyn chung ngoi
b. Tip tuyn chung trong (hnh 2.12)
V ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1 + R2.
T O2 v tip tuyn vi ng trn va v ta tm c hai tip im ph
T'1, T'2.
Ni O1T'1, O1T'2 ct ng trn tm O1 ti T1, T2.
T O2 k hai ng thng song song vi O1T1 v O1T2 ct ng trn
tm O2 ti hai im T3, T4.
Ni T1T3, T2T4. chnh l hai tip tuyn cn tm.

Hnh 2.12 Tip tuyn chung trong

27

2.3.2. V cung ni tip 2 ng thng

2.3.2.1. Hai ng thng song song
K ng thng vung gc d1, d2 ct hai ng thng ny ti hai im
T1, T2.
Tm trung im T1T2 l tm cung trn
V cung trn T1T2 tm O bn knh OT1 (hnh 2.13)

Hnh 2.13 Cung ni tip 2 ng thng song song

2.3.2.2. Hai ng thng ct nhau
V cung trn bn knh R ni tip hai ng thng ct nhau:
- Tm tm O: dng hai ng thng song song vi hai ng thng
cho v cch chng mt khong R. Hai ng thng ny ct nhau ti
O, O chnh l tm cung trn ni tip.
-

Xc nh tip im: t O v hai ng thng vung gc vi hai ng

thng cho tm c hai im T1, T2.

V cung ni tip tm O bn knh R, t T1 n T2 (hnh 2.14).

Hnh 2.14 Cung ni tip 2 ng thng ct nhau

2.3.2.3. Hai ng thng vung gc
V cung trn bn knh R ni tip hai ng thng vung gc:
- Ly giao im ca hai ng thng v cung trn bn knh R ct hai
ng thng ti hai im T1, T2. Ly hai im T1, T2 lm tm v hai
cung trn c bn knh R. Hai cung trn ny ct nhau ti O,O chnh l
tm cung trn ni tip.

28

V cung trn tm O bn knh R, t T1 n T2 (hnh 2.15).

Hnh 2.15 Cung ni tip 2 ng thng vung gc

2.3.3. V cung ni tip 1 ng trn vi 1 ng thng
Cho ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1 v mt ng thng, v cung trn
bn knh R ni tip li. Ta c hai trng hp:
2.3.3.1. Tip xc ngoi
Dng ng thng song song v cch ng thng cho mt mt
khong bng R.
V ng trn tm O1 bn knh R+R1, ng trn ny ct ng thng
va dng ti O. O chnh l tm cung trn ni tip.
Xc nh tip im: t O k ng thng vung gc vi ng thng
cho ta c T1, ni OO1 ta c T2. T1, T2 chnh l hai tip im.
V cung trn T1T2, tm O bn knh R (hnh 2.16).

Hnh 2.16 Cung tip xc ngoi 1 ng thng vi 1 cung trn

2.3.3.2. Tip xc trong
Dng ng thng song song v cch ng thng cho mt mt
khong bng R.
V ng trn tm O1 bn knh R-R1, ng trn ny ct ng thng
va dng ti O. O chnh l tm cung trn ni tip.
Xc nh tip im: t O k ng thng vung gc vi ng thng
cho ta c T1, ni OO1 ta c T2. T1, T2 chnh l hai tip im.
V cung trn T1T2, tm O bn knh R (hnh 2.17).

29

Hnh 2.17 Cung tip xc trong 1 ng thng vi 1 cung trn

2.3.4. V cung ni tip 2 ng trn
V cung trn bn knh R ni tip hai ng trn tm O1, O2 c bn knh
R1, R2. Ta c ba trng hp:
2.3.4.1. Tip xc ngoi
Tm tm O: v ng trn tm O1 bn knh R+R1 v ng trn ng
trn tm O2 bn knh R+R2. Hai ng trn ny ct nhau ti O. O chnh l tm
cung trn ni tip.
Xc nh tip im: ni OO1, OO2 ta c T1, T2 chnh l hai tip im.
V cung trn tm O bn knh R, t T1 n T2 (hnh 2.18).

Hnh 2.18 Cung tip xc ngoi 2 cung trn khc

2.3.4.2. Tip xc trong
Tm tm O: v ng trn tm O1 bn knh R R1 v ng trn ng
trn tm O2 bn knh R-R2. Hai ng trn ny ct nhau ti O. O chnh l tm
cung trn ni tip.
Xc nh tip im: ni OO1, OO2 ta c T1, T2 chnh l hai tip im.
V cung trn tm O bn knh R, t T1 n T2 (hnh 2.19).

30

Hnh 2.19 Cung tip xc trong 2 cung trn khc

2.3.4.3. Va tip xc ngoi, va tip xc trong
Tm tm O: v ng trn tm O1 bn knh R+R1 v ng trn tm O2
bn knh R-R1. Hai ng trn ny ct nhau ti O. O chnh l tm cung trn
ni tip.
Xc nh tip im: ni OO1, OO2 ta c T1,T2 chnh l hai tip im.
V cung trn tm O bn knh R, t T1 n T2 (hnh 2.20).

Hnh 2.20 Cung tip xc va trong va ngoi vi 2 cung trn

2.3.5. ng dng
Khi v cc hnh phng c ng ni tip, trc ht ta phi da vo cc
kch thc cho xc nh cc ng bit v cc ng cn v ni
tip.
- ng bit: l ng c kch thc xc nh. V d cung trn cho
trc tm v bn knh.
- ng ni tip l ng cha c kch thc xc nh, phi phn
tch hnh v xem phi ng dng trng hp ni tip no, t suy ra
cc iu kin cn thiu, V d cung ni tip ch mi bit bn knh th
phi xc nh tm v cc tip im th mi v c.
V d: v hnh dng ca tm ging (hnh 2.21)

31

Cn c vo kch thc cho trn hnh ta thc hin nh sau:

-

Xc nh cc tm O1, O2, O3 ca cc l. Ti cc tm ny ta v cc
ng trn v cung trn c bn knh cho v v cc ng thng
cho trc (hnh 2.22a)

Ta phn tch c nm ch ni tip, ln lt v nh sau: (hnh 2.22b)

+ ng thng tip xc vi ng trn: t im A bit (c xc
nh theo kch thc 95 v 50) v ng thng tip xc vi ng
trn tm O1 bn knh R24.
+ Cung trn tip xc vi hai ng thng ct nhau ti A, bn knh l
R12.
+ Cung trn ni tip vi hai ng thng vung gc nhau c bn
knh R10.

Hnh 2.21 Tm ging

+ Cung trn ni tip vi mt ng thng v mt cung trn c tm l
O2, O3 v bn knh R15. Bn knh cung ni tip l R8.
+ Cung trn tip xc ngoi vi hai cung trn c tm l O2, O3 v bn
knh l R15. Bn knh cung ni tip l R18.

32

R24

o1

R12

A
R10
28
15

R8

30

o2

o3

R15

R15

R18

Hnh 2.22a
2.4. V MT S NG CONG HNH HC

Hnh 2.22b

2.4.1. ng elip

ng elip
ng elip l qu tch ca nhng im c tng khong cch n hai
im c nh F1, F2 bng mt hng s ln hn khong cch gia hai im F1,
F2.
MF1+MF2 = 2a > F1F2
2.4.1.1. V ng elip theo hai trc AB v CD
V hai ng trn ng knh AB v CD.
Chia hai ng trn ny ra lm nhiu phn bng nhau. Vi tng cp
im tng ng trn ng trn ng knh AB v CD ta k nhng ng

33

thng song song vi CD v AB, hai ng thng ny ct nhau ti mt im

nm trn elip (hnh 2.23).

Hnh 2.23 Cch v elip

2.4.1.2. V ng ovan theo hai trc AB v CD

Hnh 2.24 Cch v ng van

Trong trng hp khng cn v chnh xc ng elip, ta c th thay
ng elip bng ng ovan. Cch v ng ovan nh sau:
-

Ni AC.
V cung trn tm O bn knh OA, cung trn ny ct CD ko di ti E.
V cung trn tm C bn knh CE, cung trn ny ct AC ti F.
V ng trung trc ca on thng AF, ng trung trc ny ct AB
ti O1 v CD ti O3.Ly i xng O1, O3 qua O ta c O2, O4. O1, O2,
O3, O4 l tm ca bn cung trn v ng ovan. bit gii hn
ca nhng cung trn ny ta ni cc tm O1, O2, O3, O4 nh hnh 2.24.
34

2.4.2. Parabol
Parabol l qu tch ca nhng im cch u im c nh F (tiu im)
v ng thng c nh ng (ng chun).
MF = MH
V parabol theo nh ngha: cho trc tiu im F v ng chun, cch
v parabol nh sau:
- V FO vung gc ng chun d, l trc ca parabol.
- Tm trung im OF, l nh ca parabol.
- Dng ng thng song song vi ng chun d, v cung trn tm F
bn knh bng khong cch gia ng thng va dng v ng
chun d. Giao im ca cung trn vi ng thng song song vi
ng l im thuc parabol.
-

Thc hin tng t nh trn ta c mt s im thuc parabol ri

dng thc cong ni cc im li (hnh 2.25)

Hnh 2.25 ng parabol v cch v ng parabol

2.4.3. ng xoy c Acsimet
ng xon c Arsimet l qu o ca mt im chuyn ng u trn
mt bn knh quay khi bn knh ny quay u quanh tm O.
di ca im trn bn knh quay khi bn knh ny quay c mt
vng gi l bc xon.
V ng xoy c Arsimet bit bc xon a nh sau:
- V ng trn bn knh bng bc xon a v chia ng trn ra lm
n (n=8) phn bng nhau.

35

Chia bc xon a cng ra lm n phn bng nhau.

t ln cc ng chia ti cc im 1, 2, cc on thng 01, 02,

c cc im M1, M2 thuc ng xon c Acsimet (hnh 2.26).

Hnh 2.26 Cch v ng xon c Archimet

2.4.4. ng thn khai ca ng trn
ng thn khai ca ng trn l qu o ca mt im thuc ng
thng khi ng thng ny ln khng trt trn mt ng trn c
nh(ng trn cs).
V ng thn khai khi bit ng trn c s bn knh R:
-

Chia ng trn c s ra lm n phn u nhau. V d n = 12 (hnh

2.27).
V tip tuyn vi ng trn ti cc im chia u ng trn
Ln lt t cc tip tuyn tai cc im 1, 2, 3 cc on thng
bng 1, 2, 3 ln on 2 R/12 ta c cc im M1, M2, M3
thuc ng thn khai.

Hnh 2.27 Cch v ng thn khai ca ng trn

2.5. CU HI V BI TP

36

Cu hi
1. Cch chia on thng lm nhiu phn bng nhau.
2. Cch chia ng trn lm 3 v 6 phn bng nhau.
3. Cch chia ng trn lm 5 v 10 phn bng nhau.
4. Cch v cung trn ni tip hai ng thng (c my trng hp?)
5. Cch v cung trn ni tip hai cung trn (c my trng hp?)
6. Khi v cc hnh phng c ng ni tip ta phi lm g?
Bi tp
1. . p dng cch chia u ng trn v cc hnh sau theo t l 1:1
15
3 lo

10
4 lo

120

R10

R90
R30

45

88

38

104

R15

b)

a)

2. p dng cch v ni tip v cc hnh sau theo t l 1:1

22

R27
R24

16
2 lo

R2
5

18

R6
3
R5
0

11
2 lo

R38

R14

72

115

a)

88

77

4
R8
38

R24

b)

37

c)

d)
16

40

R110

64

R2

100

R20

40

14

24
R7

49

R2

R8
R7

R3
R10

R1

26

R59

60

R26
R5

60

R20

e)
R114

R23

R25
R53

R33
20
42
83
90

38

BI 3. HNH CHIU VUNG GC

M bi: VKT3
Gii thiu
Hnh chiu vung gc l mt ni dung rt quan trng ca mn hc v k
thut, l c s l lun xy dng cc hnh biu din ca vt th. Phng
php hnh chiu vung gc cho ta cc hnh biu din chnh xc v hnh dng
v kch thc, nn c dng nhiu trong cc loi bn v k thut.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny, hc vin c kh nng:
- M t c cc php chiu vt th.
- M t v xc nh c hnh chiu th ba ca im, on thng, hnh
phng khi bit trc hai hnh chiu ca chng.
- V c hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc v mt s vt th n gin.
Ni dung chnh
3.1. KHI NIM V CC PHP CHIU
3.1.1. Cc php chiu
Trong khng gian, ly mt mt phng P v mt im S c nh ngoi mt
phng P. T mt im A bt k trong khng gian, ta dng ng thng SA,
ng ny ct mt phng P ti A'. Nh vy ta thc hin c mt php
chiu: chiu im A ln mt phng P. Ta gi:
- S: tm chiu
- SA: tia chiu
- P: mt phng hnh chiu
- A': hnh chiu ca im A ln mt phng hnh chiu P
C hai loi php chiu: php chiu xuyn tm v php chiu song song.
3.1.1.1. Php chiu xuyn tm
Php chiu xuyn tm l php chiu m cc tia chiu u i qua mt
im c nh S. Lc A' gi l hnh chiu xuyn tm ca A ln mt phng
hnh chiu P qua tm chiu S (hnh 3.1).

39

Hnh 3.1. Php chiu xuyn tm

3.1.1.2. Php chiu song song
Php chiu song song l php chiu m cc tia chiu lun song song vi
mt ng thng c nh l gi l phng chiu. Qua A dng ng thng
song song vi phng chiu l, ng thng ny ct mp P ti A'. A' gi l hnh
chiu song song ca A ln mt phng hnh chiu P, theo phng chiu l.
Ty theo v tr ca phng chiu l i vi mt phng P, php chiu song
song chia lm hai loi: php chiu xin v php chiu vung gc.
- Php chiu xin: nu phng chiu l xin khng vung gc) vi mt
phng hnh chiu P. Lc A' gi l hnh chiu xin ca A ln mt phng hnh
chiu P (hnh 3.2a).
- Php chiu vung gc: nu phng chiu l vung gc vi mt phng
hnh chiu P. Lc A' gi l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln mt phng hnh
chiu P (hnh 3.2b).

Hnh 3.2. Php chiu xin Php chiu vung gc

3.1.2. Phng php v cc hnh chiu vung gc
Mt im trong khng gian th c mt hnh chiu duy nht trn mt mt
phng hnh chiu. Nhng mt im trn mt phng hnh chiu khng ch l
hnh chiu duy nht cu mt im trong khng gian m cn l hnh chiu ca
v s im khc nhau cng nm trn mt tia chiu vung gc vi mt phng
hnh chiu (hnh 3.3a). T suy ra: bit mt hnh chiu ca vt th trn mt

40

mt phng hnh chiu th cha th hnh dung chnh xc hnh dng vt th

trong khng gian. V d hnh 3.33, hai vt th c hnh dng khc nhau song
hnh chiu ca chng ln mt mt phng hnh chiu li ging nhau (hnh 3.3b).

Hnh 3.3a. Hnh chiu cc im cng

nm trn mt tia chiu

Hnh 3.3b. Hnh chiu ging nhau ca

2 vt th khc nhau
Do , mun din t chnh xc hnh dng vt th, ngi ta dng php
chiu vung gc. Chiu vt th ln cc mt phng hnh chiu vung gc vi
nhau tng i mt. Sau , xoay cc mt phng hnh chiu v cng mt mt
phng bn v (xoay theo chiu qui c). Lc ny, trn mt phng bn v c
cc hnh chiu vung gc ca vt th. T cc hnh chiu ny, ngi c s
hnh dung c hnh dng ca vt th trong khng gian (hnh 3.4).

Hnh 3.4. Hnh chiu ca vt th ln cc mt phng hnh chiu khc nhau

3.2. HNH CHIU VUNG GC CA CC YU T HNH HC
3.2.1. Hnh chiu ca im
3.2.1.1. Trn hai mt phng hnh chiu
Trong khng gian, ly hai mt phng P1 v P2 vung gc vi nhau (mt
phng P1 t thng ng, mt phng P2 t nm ngang). T mt im A bt

41

k trong khng gian, dng ng vung gc vi P1 v P2. Ta c A1 trn P1 v

A2 trn P2.
im A1 c gi l hnh chiu ng v im A2 l hnh chiu bng ca
im A (hnh 3.5).
v hai hnh chiu ca im A trn cng mt mt phng, ta xoay P 2
quanh trc x mt gc 90(theo chiu qui c) v trng mt phng P1. Cp
im (A1,A2) nm trn ng vung gc vi trc x cn gi l thc ca im
A. n gin ch v trc x v cp hnh chiu A1,A2.

Hnh 3.5. Hnh chiu ca 1 im ln 2 mt phng hnh chiu

Ngc li, c cp im (A1,A2) ta c th xc nh c im A trong
khng gian bng cch xoay P2 tr li v tr nm ngang, dng cc ng vung
gc t A2 ln v t A1 ra, hai ng ny s ct nhau ti A.
3.2.1.2. Trn ba mt phng hnh chiu
Ln lt chiu im A ln 3 mt phng hnh chiu, tng t ta c A 3 l
hnh chiu cnh ca im A. Sau khi xoay P2 nh trn, ta xoay P3 quanh trc z
v pha bn phi ca P1. Ta c 3 hnh chiu A1, A2, A3 cng nm trn mt mt
phng bn v P1 P2
A1A2

Ox

A1A3

Oz

P3(hnh 3.6a). Chng mang tnh cht sau:

A2Ax = A3Az Nh tnh cht ny, bao gi ta cng v c hnh chiu th

ba khi bit c hai hnh chiu vung gc ca im (hnh 3.6b).

42

Hnh 3.6a. Hnh chiu ca 1im ln 3 mt phng hnh chiu

Hnh 3.6b. Hnh chiu ca 1im ln 3 mt phng hnh chiu

3.2.2. Hnh chiu ca mt ng thng
Mt ng thng c xc nh khi ta bit hai im khng trng nhau.
Do , mun v hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng hay on thng, ta
ch cn v hnh chiu vung gc ca hai im ri ni chng li.
Thc t, ng thng thng th hin di dng on thng nn ch
yu ta ch xt hnh chiu ca on thng.
3.2.2.1. Hnh chiu ca on thng trn mt mt phng hnh chiu
Ty theo v tr ca on thng so vi mt phng hnh chiu, ta c 3
trng hp:
- on thng xin vi mt phng hnh chiu: hnh chiu ca n l on
thng khng song song v c di khng bng n(A'B'< AB) (hnh 3.7a).
- on thng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu: hnh chiu ca n l
on thng song song v c di bng n (A'B'= AB) (hnh 3.7b).
- on thng vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu: hnh chiu ca n l
mt im (A' B') (hnh 3.7c).

Hnh 3.7. V tr ca on thng so vi mt phng hnh chiu

3.2.2.2. Hnh chiu ca on thng trn ba mt phng hnh chiu
tm hnh chiu ca on thng trn 3 mt phng hnh chiu, ta xem v
tr on thng so vi tng mt phng hnh chiu ri ln lt chiu n ln cc

43

mt phng hnh chiu . Sau , xoay cc mt phng hnh chiu theo qui
c v trng mt mt phng bn v, ta c 3 hnh chiu ca on thng trn
mt mt phng bn v nh cc trng hp trong hnh 3.8.

a. Trng hp AB// P1v P3, AB P2

b. Trng hp AB// P1, AB xin vi P2 v P3

c. Trng hp AB xin vi P1, P2 v P3

Hnh 3.8. Hnh chiu ca on thng ln 3 mt phng hnh chiu
3.2.3. Hnh chiu ca mt mt phng
Qua ba im khng thng hng ta xc nh c mt mt phng. V vy,
mun biu din mt mt phng ta ch cn biu din ba im khng thng hng
ca mt phng .
Thc t, mt phng thng c th hin di dng hnh phng (hnh
a gic, hnh trn...) nn ch yu ta ch xt hnh chiu ca hnh phng.
3.2.3.1. Hnh chiu ca hnh phng ln 1 mt phng hnh chiu

44

Ty theo vi tr ca hnh phng so vi mt phng hnh chiu, ta c 3

trng hp:
- Hnh phng xin so vi mphc: hnh chiu ca n l hnh phng khng
song song v nh hn n (hnh 3.9a).
- Hnh phng song song vi mphc: hnh chiu ca n l hnh phng
song song v bng n (hnh 3.9b).
- Hnh phng vung gc vi mphc: hnh chiu ca n l 1 on thng
(hnh 3.9c)

Hnh 3.9. V tr ca mt phng so vi mt phng hnh chiu

3.2.3.2. Hnh chiu ca hnh phng ln 3 mt phng hnh chiu
Mun tm hnh chiu ca hnh phng trn 3 mt phng hnh chiu, ta xem
v tr hnh phng so vi tng mt phng hnh chiu ri ln lt chiu n ln
cc mt phng hnh chiu . Sau xoay cc mt phng hnh chiu theo qui
c v trng mt mt phng bn v, ta c 3 hnh chiu ca hnh phng trn
mt phng bn v nh cc trng hp sau:

Trng hp ABCD // P1, ABCD P2, ABCD P3

45

Trng hp ABCD P1, ABCD xin vi P2 v P3

Trng hp ABC xin vi P1, P2 v P3

Hnh 3.10. Hnh chiu ca hnh phng ln 3 mt phng hnh chiu

3.3. HNH CHIU CA CC KHI HNH HC
Cc khi hnh hc c bn thng gp gm c khi a din nh hnh lng
tr, hnh chp, hnh chp ct v khi trn nh hnh tr, hnh nn, hnh cu...
3.3.1. Khi a din
Khi a din l khi hnh hc c gii hn bng cc a gic phng l
cc mt ca khi a din. Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic cng chnh l cc
nh v cc cnh ca khi a din.
Mun v hnh chiu ca khi a din phi v hnh chiu ca cc nh, cc
cnh v cc mt ca a din. Khi chiu ln mt phng hnh chiu, nu cnh
khng b cc mt ca vt th che khut th cnh c v bng nt lin
m, cn cnh no b che khut th cnh v bng nt t (hnh 3.11).

46

Hnh 3.11 Hnh chiu ca khi a din

3.3.1.1. Hnh lng tr
a. Hnh chiu ca hnh hp ch nht
n gin, ta t cc mt ca khi hnh hp song song hoc vung
gc vi cc mt phng hnh chiu. Do , hnh chiu ca chng l cc hnh
ch nht. Mun xc nh mt im nm trn mt ca khi hnh hp, v qua K
ng thng nm trn mt ca khi hnh hp

Hnh 3.12 Hnh chiu ca hnh hp

b. Hnh chiu ca hnh lng tr y tam gic u
Tng t nh trng hp hnh hp ch nht. Hnh 3.13 l hnh chiu
ca khi lng tr y tam gic u.

47

K3

K1
K

K2
y

Hnh 3.13 Hnh chiu ca khi lng tr y tam gic

3.3.1.2. Hnh chp v chp ct u
a. Hnh chiu ca hnh chp y hnh vung
t y hnh chp u song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng P2 v
ng cho song song vi P1, s c cc hnh chiu nh hnh 3.14a.
tm hnh chiu ca im nm trn mt hnh chp, ta c th dng
mt trong hai cch sau:
- Cch 1: k qua K ng thng SK nm trn mt bn ca hnh chp.
- Cch 2: Dng mt phng qua K song song vi y s ct hnh chp
theo giao tuyn l mt hnh ng dng vi y nh hnh 3.14b.

48

b
Hnh 3.14. Hnh chiu ca khi hnh chp
b. Hnh chiu ca hnh chp ct y hnh vung
3.3.2. Khi trn
Khi trn l khi hnh hc gii hn bi mt trn xoay hay mt phn mt
trn xoay v cc mt phng. Mt trn xoay l mt to bi mt ng bt k
quay mt vng quanh mt ng thng c nh. ng bt k gi l ng
sinh ca mt trn xoay, ng thng c nh gi l trc quay ca mt trn
xoay. Mi im ca ng sinh khi quay s to thnh mt ng trn c tm
nm trn trc quay v bn knh bng khong cch t im n trc quay
(hnh 3.15).
- Nu ng sinh l ng thng song song trc quay s to thnh mt
tr trn xoay.
- Nu ng sinh l ng thng ct trc quay s to thnh mt nn
trn xoay
- Nu ng sinh l na ng trn quay quanh trc quay l ng
knh ca n s to thnh mt cu trn xoay.

Hnh 3.15. Khi trn

3.3.2.1. Hnh tr

49

Khi v hnh chiu, n gin, nn t y ca hnh tr song song vi

mt phng hnh chiu P2. Hnh chiu bng l hnh trn c ng knh bng
ng knh y ca hnh tr. Hnh chiu ng v h nh chiu cnh l hai hnh
ch nht bng nhau c cc cnh song song vi trc x c di bng ng
knh y. Hai cnh song song vi trc z l hinh chiu ca ng sinh hai bn
ca mt tr, c chiu cao bng chiu cao hnh tr (hnh 3.16).

Hnh 3.16. Hnh chiu ca khi tr

Mun xc nh mt im nm trn mt tr th v qua im ng sinh
hay ng trn ca mt tr.
3.3.2.2. Hnh nn
Nu t y ca hnh nn song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng P2
th hnh chiu bng l hnh trn c ng knh bng ng knh y. Hnh
chiu bng ca nh hnh nn trng vi tm hnh trn. Hnh chiu ng v
hnh chiu cnh ca hnh nn l hai hnh tam gic cn bng nhau v c cnh
y bng ng knh y ca hnh nn (hnh 3.17).im nm trn mt nn
c xc nh tng t nh hnh chp.Hnh 3.18 l hnh chiu ca hnh nn
ct.

Hnh 3.17. Hnh chiu ca hnh nn

50

Hnh 3.18. Hnh chiu ca hnh nn ct

3.3.2.3. Hnh cu
Hnh cu l khi hnh hc gii hn bi mt cu. Hnh chiu ca hnh cu
l hnh trn c ng knh bng ng knh ca hnh cu, ng thi cng l
hnh trn ln song song vi mt phng hnh chiu. Hnh trn hnh chiu
ng l hnh chiu ca hnh trn ln song song vi mt phng P1. Hnh trn
hnh chiu bng l hnh chiu ca hnh trn ln song song vi mt phng P 2.
Hnh trn hnh chiu cnh l hnh chiu ca hnh trn ln song song vi mt
phng P3 (hnh 3.19).
Mun xc nh mt im nm trn mt cu, ta dng qua im ng
trn nm trn mt cu, ng thi mt phng cha ng trn song song
vi mt phng hnh chiu.

Hnh 3.19. Hnh chiu ca hnh cu

3.4. CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi
1.V tr ca ng thng, mt phng so vi mt phng hnh chiu c my
trng hp? Hy nu ra?
2. v hnh chiu vung gc ca mt khi a din, ta phi lm g? Cho
v d.
3. Mt trn xoay c hnh thnh nh th no? xc nh mt im
nm trn mt trn xoay ta phi lm th no?
Bi tp

51

1. Cho hai hnh chiu ca mt im,on thng, hnh phng. Hy tm

hnh chiu th ba ca chng:
b)

a)

c)

A11

C33

B33
B

B
B11

C22
C

A
A22
d)
d)

e)
e)

d
d11

f)
f)

A
A11

dd33

B
B11
d
d11

d33
d
C22
C
d22
d

d
d22
h)

g)

i)

B1

B1

A1

D1 D3 M3 A3

C1

B1

C1 C3

A1
A1

M1

C1

M1

D1

C2
A2

B3

D2 A2

B2 C2

B2

2. V hnh chiu th ba ca khi hnh hc sau:

b)

a)

K1

K1

c)

K1

3. Cho hai hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc. Hy tm hnh chiu th ba

ca chng:

52

a)

c)

b)

d)

e)

f)

4. Cho hnh khng gian v hnh chiu vung gc ca vt th. Trn hnh
chiu cn thiu mt s nt, hy b sung cho :

53

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)
j)
5. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca cc vt th n gin sau:

a)a)

d)
d)

b)
b)

e)
e)

c)
c)

f)
f)

54

g)

h)

i)

k)

l)

m)

55

BI 4. GIAO TUYN
M bi: VKT4
Gii thiu
Trong thc t, ta thng gp mt s vt th (hay chi tit my) c cu
to bi cc khi hnh hc khng hon ton, ngha l cc khi hnh hc b cc
mt phng ct i mt phn nh li c l hnh lng tr b vt phng (hnh
4.1a), u vt hnh chm cu b cc mt phng ct thnh rnh (hnh
4.1b)ngoi ra, ta cng thng thy cc khi hnh hc to thnh vt th c v
tr tng i khc nhau lm thnh cc giao tuyn khc nhau gia cc b mt
ca vt th nh ng ni (hnh 4.1c), np my (hnh 4.1d) c giao tuyn ca
hnh tr v hnh nn.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny, hc vin c kh nng:
- M t c c im ca giao tuyn.
- M t c giao tuyn ca mt phng i vi cc khi hnh hc c
bn.
- V c giao tuyn ca mt phng i vi cc khi hnh hc c bn.
Ni dung chnh
4.1.GIAO TUYN CA MT PHNG VI KHI HNH HC
Mt phng ct khi hnh hc to thnh mt ct, ng bao mt ct gi
l giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi hnh hc. V phn b ct ca vt th,
chnh l v giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi hnh hc ca vt th .

Hnh 4.1. Li c, u vt, ng ni v np my

4.1.1. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din
Khi a din gii hn bi cc a gic phng, nn giao tuyn ca mt
phng vi khi a din l mt a gic phng.
V d: V giao tuyn ca mt phng Q vung gc vi P1, ct khi lng tr
y lc gic u to giao tuyn l mt hnh a gic (hnh 4.2).

56

- V mt phng Q

P1, nn hnh chiu ng ca giao tuyn trng vi

hnh chiu ng ca mt phng Q, l on thng A1D1.

- Cc mt bn ca khi lng tr vung gc vi P2, nn hnh chiu bng
ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu bng ca cc mt bn. Nn hnh chiu
bng ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu bng ca khi lng tr l hnh lc
gic A2B2C2D2E2F2.
- v hnh chiu cnh ca a gic giao tuyn, ta tm hnh chiu cnh
ca tng im nh ca giao tuyn ri ni chng li.
E1
C1
F1
D

B1

D3

E3

C3

F3

A1

C
A

D1

A3

F2

B3

E2

B
A2

D2
B2

C2

Hnh 4.2.Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din

4.1.2. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi trn
4.1.2.1. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh tr
Ty theo v tr ca mt phng i vi trc ca hnh tr ta c cc giao
tuyn sau:
- Nu mt phng vung gc vi trc ca hnh tr th giao tuyn l mt
ng trn (hnh 4.3a).
- Nu mt phng nghing vi trc ca hnh tr th giao tuyn l mt
ng elip (hnh 4.3b).
- Nu mt phng song song vi trc ca hnh tr th giao tuyn l mt
hnh ch nht (hnh 4.3c).

57

Hnh 4.3 Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh tr

V d, u trc vt phng (hnh 4.4). Phn vt phng do giao tuyn ca
mt phng song song vi trc ca hnh tr v giao tuyn ca mt phng
vung gc vi trc ca hnh tr to thnh.

B1 A1

B3 A 3

B2

A2

Hnh 4.4 u trc vt phng

Trc tin, ta v hnh chiu bng. Sau , bng cch xc nh im nm
trn mt tr, ta v hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh ca giao tuyn.
4.1.2.2. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh nn trn xoay
Ty v tr ca mt phng ct i vi trc quay ca hnh nn, c cc dng
giao tuyn sau (hnh 4.5):
- L hnh trn, nu mt phng ct vung gc vi trc quay.
- L tam gic cn c hai cnh l hai ng sinh ca hnh nn, nu mt
phng ct cha nh hnh nn.
- L hnh parabn, nu mt phng ct song song vi 1 ng sinh ca
hnh nn.

58

- L hnh elip, nu mt phng ct nghing vi trc hnh nn v ct tt c

cc ng sinh ca hnh nn.
- L hnh hyperbn, nu mt phng ct song song vi 2 ng sinh ca
hnh nn.

Hnh 4.5 Giao tuyn ca mt phng v hnh nn trn xoay

4.1.2.3. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh cu
Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh cu l mt ng trn. Ty theo v tr
ca mt phng ct so vi cc mt phng hnh chiu m ta c cc hnh chiu
giao tuyn khc nhau:
- L ng trn, nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu (hnh 4.6a).
- L ng elip, nu mt phng ct nghing vi mt phng hnh chiu
(hnh 4.6b).

59

a)

b)

Hnh 4.6 Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi hnh cu

V d u inh vt chm cu x rnh (hnh 4.7). Phn x rnh l do giao
tuyn ca hai mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh v mt
mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng to thnh.
Khi v hnh chiu ca giao tuyn, ta v hnh chiu ng trc. ng
knh ca cung trn hnh chiu bng bng ng knh ca ng trn giao
tuyn ca mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng ct chm cu.
ng knh ca cung trn hnh chiu cnh bng ng knh ng trn
giao tuyn do mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh ct chm
cu.

Hnh 4.7 u inh vt x rnh

4.2. GIAO TUYN CA CC KHI HNH HC
Cc khi hnh hc to thnh vt th c nhng v tr tng i khc
nhau.Tp hp cc im chung gia cc mt ca cc khi hnh hc gi l giao
tuyn ca vt th.Trong thc t, c nhiu giao tuyn c dng khc nhau trn

60

cc mt ca vt th. Ta s xt cch v giao tuyn ca vt th trong mt s

trng hp c bit thng gp.
4.2.1 Giao tuyn ca hai khi a din
Khi a din gii hn bi cc a gic, nn giao tuyn gia hai khi a
din l ng gy khc khp kn. tm hnh chiu ca a gic giao tuyn ta
ln lt tm hnh chiu ca cc nh, cc cnh ca a gic giao tuyn bng
cch dng tnh cht cc mt ca khi a din chiu thnh on thng.
c
d

71

51
11

31

11 31

21

41

21 4 1

81
g

71 5 1

61

81 6 1

82

72

12 2 2

52

62

32 42

Hnh 4.8 v Hnh 4.9.Giao tuyn ca hai khi a din

V d, v giao tuyn ca hnh lng tr y hnh thang v hnh lng tr y
hnh tam gic. Cnh a v b ca lng tr y hnh thang giao nhau vi hai mt
bn ef v eg ca lng tr y tam gic ti cc im 1,2,3,4. Cnh f vg ca
lng tr y tam gic giao nhau vi hai mt bn ad v bc ti cc im 5,6,7,8
(hnh 4.8).
- Hnh lng tr y hnh thang c cc mt bn vung gc vi mt phng
hnh chiu bng, nn hnh chiu bng ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu
bng ca cc mt bn .
- Hnh lng tr y hnh tam gic c cc mt bn vung gc vi mt
phng hnh chiu cnh, nn hnh chiu cnh ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh
chiu cnh ca cc mt bn .
- Trn c s bit hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh ca cc giao
im , s tm c hnh chiu ng ca cc giao im y. C hai im
nm trn giao tuyn chung ca cc mt bn ca hai hnh lng tr th ni li, ta
c ng gy khc khp kn 1-3-5-6-4-2-8-7-1 (hnh 4.9).
4.2.2. Giao tuyn ca hai khi trn

61

Giao tuyn ca hai khi trn l ng cong khng gian khp kn. v
giao tuyn ta tm mt s im ca giao tuyn ri ni li. Dng tnh cht ca
cc mt vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu.
4.2.2.1. Giao tuyn ca hai hnh tr c trc vung gc
a. Giao tuyn ca hai hnh tr c ng knh y khc nhau
Mt tr nh vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu bng, nn hnh chiu
bng ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu bng ca mt tr nh.
Mt tr ln vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh, nn hnh chiu
cnh ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu cnh ca mt tr ln.
Bng cch v hnh chiu th ba ca im, ta tm c hnh chiu ng
ca cc im ca giao tuyn. Khi v, ta v cc im c bit 1,2,3,4; sau ta
v im bt k ca giao tuyn (hnh 4.10).

Hnh 4.10 Giao tuyn ca hai khi tr c ng knh y khc nhau

b. Giao tuyn ca hai hnh tr c ng knh y bng nhau
Trng hp hai hnh tr c ng knh bng nhau ng thi trc ca
chng ct nhau th giao tuyn l hai ng elip. Nu hai trc ca hai hnh tr
song song vi mt phng hnh chiu no th hnh chiu ca hai elip giao
tuyn trn mt phng hnh chiu l hai on thng (hnh 4.11).

Hnh 4.11 Giao tuyn ca hai khi tr c ng knh y bng nhau

4.2.2.2. Giao tuyn ca hai khi trn c cng trc quay

62

Trng hp hai khi trn c cng trc quay th giao tuyn l mt ng

trn. Nu trc quay song song vi mt phng hnh chiu no th hnh chiu
ca giao tuyn trn mt phng hnh chiu l mt on thng.
V d giao tuyn ca hnh tr vi hnh cu v giao tuyn ca hnh nn vi
hnh cu trn cc hnh 4.12 v 4.13.

Hnh 4.13. Giao tuyn ca hnh cu

Hnh 4.12. Giao tuyn ca hnh cu
v hnh nn ct
v hnh tr
4.2.2.3. Giao tuyn ca khi a din vi khi trn
Giao tuyn ca khi a din vi khi trn l giao tuyn ca cc mt ca
a din vi mt ca khi trn. C th dng tnh cht ca cc mt vung gc
vi mt phng hnh chiu hay dng mt ct tm im thuc giao tuyn.
V d, giao tuyn ca hnh hp ch nht vi hnh tr (hnh4.14).
- Hnh hp ch nht c cc mt bn vung gc vi mt phng hnh
chiu bng, nn hnh chiu bng ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu bng ca
hnh hp.
- Hnh tr c trc vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh, nn hnh
chiu cnh ca giao tuyn trng vi hnh chiu cnh ca hnh tr.
- Bng cch tm hnh chiu th ba ca im, ta tm hnh chiu ng ca
cc im thuc giao tuyn.
Thc t cng c th gp giao tuyn ny di dng vt th hnh tr c l
hnh hp (hnh 4.15).

Hnh 4.14 Giao tuyn ca l hnh hp v hnh tr

63

11

41

21 61

53 63

13 43

23 33

31 51

62
12

52
42

22

32

Hnh 4.15 Giao tuyn ca hnh hp v hnh tr

4.3. CU HI BI TP
Cu hi
1. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din l hnh g? Trnh by cch
v cc hnh chiu vung gc ca giao tuyn .
2. Nu cc dng giao tuyn cu mt phng vi khi tr v khi hnhnn.
3. Giao tuyn ca hai khi a din l hnh g?
4. Giao tuyn ca hai khi tr c trc i xng vung gc nhau l hnh
g?(xt hai trng hp y cu hai khi tr bng nhau v khng bng
nhau)
Bi tp
1. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca cc vt th sau:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

k)

l)

64

2. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca khi hnh hc b ct bi mt mt phng

nh sau:
P

45

P1

P1

20

50

45

10

45

60

40

50

P1

50

40

30

40

50

30

d)

c)

b)

a)
P1

40

60

60

40

P1
28

50

50

f)

3. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca khi hnh hc b ct mt phn nh sau:

10

36

35

50

60

25

45

60

20

17

25

60

16

35

50

40

50

32

a)

b)

c)

65

60
40

15

15

10

30

60

40

14

60

60

10

25

20

40

34

64

64

50

64

64

e)

d)

f)
30
18

10

17

10

17

12

15

34
20

12
Cau 60

g)

Cau 60

h)

Cau 60

i)

4. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca vt th sau:

12

20

26

20

12

24

12

a)

30

0
12

b)

10

36

20

22

2 2

c)

66

BI 5. HNH CHIU TRC O

M bi: VKT 5
Gii thiu
Cc hnh chiu vung gc th hin chnh xc hnh dng v kch thc
ca vt th c biu din. Nhng mi hnh chiu vung gc ch th hin
c hai chiu ca vt th, nn hnh v thiu tnh lp th, lm cho ngi c
bn v kh hnh dung hnh dng vt th. khc phc nhc im trn,
ngi ta dng hnh chiu trc o b sung cho hnh chiu vung gc. V
hnh chiu trc o th hin c ba chiu ca vt th trn cng mt hnh biu
din, nn trn bn v ca nhng vt th phc tp, bn cnh cc hnh chiu
vung gc thng v thm hnh chiu trc o.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny, hc vin c kh nng:
- Nm c khi nim v hnh chiu trc o, phn bit c hnh chiu
trc o xin gc cn v hnh chiu trc o vung gc u.
- V c hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn v vung gc u.
Ni dung chnh
5.1. KHI NIM V HNH CHIU TRC O
5.1.1. Ni dung ca phng php hnh chiu trc o
l

P'

C' z'

C z

o'

o
A
x

A'
x'

B'
y'

B y

Hnh 5.1 Phng php hnh chiu trc o

Trong khng gian ly mt mt phng P lm mt phng hnh chiu v mt
ng thng l lm phng chiu.
Chiu vt th cng h trc ta vung gc Oxyz c cc trc ta t
theo chiu di, rng v cao ca vt th,theo phng chiu l ln mt phng

67

hnh chiu P (l khng song song mpP v khng song song vi cc trc ta
).
Hnh thu c gi l hnh chiu trc o ca vt th. Hnh chiu ca ba
trc ta l Ox, Oy, Oz gi l cc trc o (hnh 5.1).
5.1.2.H s bin dng theo trc o
T s gia di hnh chiu ca mt on thng nm trn trc ta vi
di tht ca on thng gi l h s bin dng theo trc o.
- H s bin dng theo trc o O'x': p = O'A'/OA
- H s bin dng theo trc o O'y': q = O'B'/OB
- H s bin dng theo trc o O'z': r = O'C'/OC
5.1.3. Phn loi hnh chiu trc o
5.1.3.1. Theo phng chiu l
Hnh chiu trc o vung gc: nu phng chiu l vung gc vi mt
phng hnh chiu P.
Hnh chiu trc o xin gc: nu phng chiu l khng vung gc vi
mt phng hnh chiu P.
5.1.3.2. Theo h s bin dng
Hnh chiu trc o u: nu ba h s bin dng bng nhau (p q r).
Hnh chiu trc o cn: nu hai trong ba h s bin dng bng nhau
(p q r hoc p q r hoc p r q).
Hnh chiu trc o lch: nu ba h s bin dng tng i mt khng bng
nhau (p q r).
Trong cc bn v c kh, thng dng loi hnh chiu trc o xin gc
cn v hnh chiu trc o vung gc u.
5.2. HNH CHIU TRC O VUNG GC U
Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u l hnh chiu trc o c phng chiu l
vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu P v c h s bin dng trn cc trc o
u bng nhau (hnh 5.2)
Gc gia cc trc to : xOy= yOz= xOz=120 .
H s bin dng: p = q = r = 0,82. thun tin cho vic v, ngi ta
thng dng h s bin dng qui c: p = q = r = 1.

68

P'
z'
12
0

0
12

z'

o'

o'
x'

y'

x'

120

y'

Hnh 5.2 Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u

B
E

F
O1

O2

C
G

Hnh 5.3 Cch v hnh van thay hnh elip

V gc gia cc trc o l 120 nn hnh chiu trc o ca cc hnh
phng nm trong mt phng vung gc vi cc trc u b bin dng: hnh
vung bin thnh hnh thoi, hnh ch nht bin thnh hnh bnh hnh, hnh
trn bin thnh elip
Trn cc bn v k thut, cho php thay hnh elip ny bng hnh van.
Cch v hnh van (hnh tri xoan) nh sau:
- V hnh thoi (l hnh chiu trc o ca hnh vung ngoi tip ng
trn) c cnh bng ng knh ng trn: A v C l nh gc t, B v D l
nh gc nhn.
- Xc nh im gia ca cc cnh hnh thoi: a, b, c, d.
- Xc nh giao im ca cc on Ab v Ac vi ng cho di BD
ca hnh thoi: O1 v O2.
- V cung trn cb v ad c tm ti A v C, bn knh ln Ab = Cd.
- V cung trn ab v cd tm ti O1 v O2, bn knh nh O1a = O2c.
Hnh 5.4 l hnh chiu trc o vung gc u ca cc ng trn ni tip
cc mt bn ca khi lp phng.
Hnh 5.5 l hnh chiu trc o vung gc u ca tm .

69

Hnh 5.4 Hnh chiu trc o vung

gc u ca cc ng trn
5.3. HNH CHIU TRC O XIN CN

Hnh 5.5 Hnh chiu trc o vung

gc u ca tm

Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn l hnh chiu trc o c phng chiu l

xin gc vi mt phng hnh chiu P v c hai trong ba h s bin dng trn
cc trc o bng nhau.
- Gc gia cc trc to : xOz= 90 ; yOz= xOy= 135 .
- H s bin dng: p = r = 1; q= 0,5.

z'

P'
z'

90

o'

x'
45

o'
45

x'
x'

y'

90

o'

z'

y'

y'

Hnh 5.6 Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn

V gc xOz= 90 v h s bin dng theo trc o Ox v Oz u bng 1
nn hnh chiu trc o ca cc hnh phng song song vI mt phng xOz s
khng b bin dng. Do , khi v hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn ca vt th,
ta nn tm cch t cc mt ca vt th c hnh dng phc tp hay c ng
trn song song vi mt phng xOz. Cn cc hnh trn song song vi cc mt
phng xOy v yOz l cc elip (hnh 5.7).
Hnh 5.8 l cch v hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn ca ng.

70

Hnh 5.8 Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn

ca ng

Hnh 5.7 Hnh chiu trc o xin

gc cn ca cc ng trn
Nu ly h s bin dng qui c trn, th trc ln elip bng 1,06d, trc
ngn bng 0,35d (d l ng knh ca ng trn). Trc ln ca elip to vi
trc Ox hay trc Oz mt gc 7 . Cch v gn ng hnh elip bng hnh van
trong hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn nh hnh 5.9

Hnh 5.9 Cch v elip trong hnh chiu trc o xin cn

5.4. V HNH CHIU TRC O
5.4.1. Chn loi hnh chiu trc o
Ty theo c im hnh dng v cu to ca tng vt th v ty theo mc
ch th hin m ta chn loi hnh chiu trc o thch hp.
5.4.2. Dng hnh chiu trc o
5.4.2.1. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt im
Mun dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th, ta phi bit cch dng
hnh chiu trc o ca mt im. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt im
nh sau:
- V v tr cc trc o.
- Xc nh to vung gc ca im A(XA,YA, ZA).
- Cn c vo h s bin dng ca loi hnh chiu trc o chn m
xc nh ta trc o ca im bng cch nhn to vung gc ca

71

im vi h s bin dng tng ng: X'A = p

XA,Y'A = q

YA, Z'A= r x

ZA
- t cc to trc o ln cc trc o ta s xc nh c im A' l
hnh chiu trc o ca im A.

Hnh 5.10 Dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt im

5.4.2.2. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th
Khi v hnh chiu trc o ca vt th, ta cn c vo c im cu to v
hnh dng ca vt th chn loi hnh chiu trc o thch hp v tm cch
dng hnh chiu trc o sao cho n gin nht.
- Nu vt th c nhiu ng trn nm trn cc mt song song nhau, ta
t cc ng trn ny song song vi mt phng xOz v chn hnh chiu
trc o xin gc cn.
- Nu vt th c nhiu ng trn nm trn hai hoc ba mt ta th
nn chn hnh chiu trc o vung gc u, v hnh chiu trc o ca cc
ng trn l nhng elip ging nhau v tng i d v.
Trnh t dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th n gin nh sau:
- Bc 1: chn loi hnh chiu trc o, dng ke v v tr cc cc trc
o.
- Bc 2: chn mt hnh chiu ca vt th lm mt c s, t trng vi
mt mt phng ta to bi hai trc o trong mt nh ca mt c s
trng vi im gc O. Trc o th ba nm v pha phn thp nht ca mt c
s ( hnh biu din c r rng).
- Bc 3: t cc nh cn li ca mt c s, k nhng ng song
song vi trc o th ba. ng thi cn c theo h s bin dng trn trc o
th ba nhn vi kch thc chiu cn li ca vt th, t cc on thng ln
cc ng song song .

72

- Bc 4: Ni cc im xc nh li ta c hnh chiu trc o ca

vt th n gin.
- Bc 5: Xa nt tha, t m hnh v (hnh 5.11)
1

5
12

y'

y'

36

12

z'

12
z1

O'

12

36

x'

O1

Hnh chieu truc do

xien goc can

x1

36

O2

36

30

O'

12

30

36

30

x2

z'

12

y2
x'

y'
O'

y'

36

O'

Hnh chieu truc d

vuong goc deu

Hnh 5.11. Cc bc dng hnh chiu trc o

Nu vt th phc tp hn, sau khi thc hin cc bc nh trn to
khi c s, ta thm bt cc ng nt c vt th nh cch 1 (hnh
5.12a) hoc v tip hnh chiu trc o ca cc phn khc chng ln khi c
s nh cch 2 (hnh 5.12b).

a) Cach 1

b) Cach 2

Hnh 5.12. Cc bc dng hnh chiu trc o i vi vt th phc tp

- i vi vt th c dng hnh hp, ta v hnh hp ngoi tip vt th v
chn ba mt hnh hp lm ba mt phng to (hnh 5.13).
- i vi vt th c mt phng i xng, ta nn chn mt phng i
xng lm mt phng to (hnh 5.14).

73

z'
z1
o'

o1

x1

x'

o2

x2

y'

y2

Hnh 5.13. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th c dng hnh hp

z1
b

c
h

z'

o'

o2
x'

x2

o1

y'

x1

y2

Hnh 5.14. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th c mt phng i xng

5.5. CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi
1. Trnh by ni dung ca phng php hnh chiu trc o.
2. Th no l h s bin dng theo trc o?
3. Cch b tr trc o v cc h s bin dng theo trc o ca hnh chiu
trc o vung gc u v hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn.
4. Nu trnh t cc bc dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th n gin.
5. Nu cch dng hnh chiu trc o vung gc u ca hnh trn.
Bi tp
V hnh chiu trc o v hnh chiu th ba ca nhng vt th c hnh
chiu vung gc sau:

74

15

a)

b)

10

25

25

R10

16

40

20

10

24

40

c)

d)

32

14

25
8

10

25

24

32
54
24

14

10
24

54

7
20

18

R18

f)

50

60

11

14
30

19

12

25

15

13

23

e)

75

g)

h)
36
16

54

16
8

25

12

25

22

54

20

10

20

R8

36

26

i)

10

j)

R20

24

15

16

40

60

20
12

12

40

26

R12

16
15
40

30
40

76

Bi 6. BIU DIN VT TH
M bi: VKT6
Gii thiu
Trong nhng bi trc, ta v ba hnh chiu ca vt th trn ba mt
phng hnh chiu vung gc vi nhau tng i mt. Tuy nhin, khi biu din
vt th trn bn v k thut, ta cn dng nhiu loi hnh biu din khc ngoi
hnh chiu nh: hnh ct, mt ct, hnh trch m TCVN 5-78 (tng ng vi
ISO 128: 1982 Nguyn tc chung v biu din) qui nh. Cc hnh biu din
ny c xy dng trn c s l thuyt ca phng php hnh chiu vung
gc.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
- V c hnh chiu ca vt th.
- V c hnh ct - mt ct.
- Ghi kch thc ca vt th.
- c bn v v v c hnh chiu th ba.
Ni dung chnh
6.1. CC LOI HNH CHIU
Hnh chiu l hnh biu din phn thy ca vt th i vi ngi quan
st. Cho php th hin phn khut ca vt th bng nt t gim s lng
hnh biu din.
Lu khi chiu: t vt th gia mt phng hnh chiu v ngi quan st
sao cho a s cc mt ca vt th song song hay vung gc vi cc mt
phng hnh chiu. Lc , cc hnh chiu ca n mi th hin r v chnh xc
hnh dng tht cc b mt ca vt th.
Tiu chun qui nh, khi biu din vt th ch v cc hnh chiu, khng v
cc trc hnh chiu, cc ng ging, khng ghi k hiu bng ch hay bng
ch s cc nh hay cc cnh ca vt th. Nhng ng nhn thy ca vt th
c v bng nt lin m. Nhng ng khut c v bng nt t. Hnh
chiu ca nhng mt phng i xng ca vt th v hnh chiu ca trc hnh
hc ca cc khi trn c v bng nt chm gch mnh.
Hnh chiu ca vt th bao gm: hnh chiu c bn, hnh chiu ph, hnh
chiu ring phn.
6.1.1. Hnh chiu c bn

77

TCVN 5-78 quy nh ly su mt ca mt hnh hp lm su mt phng

hnh chiu c bn. Vt th c t gia ngi quan st v cc mt phng
hnh chiu tng ng. Sau khi chiu vt th ln cc mt ca hnh hp, cc
mt c tri ra cho trng mt phng bn v. Hnh chiu ca vt th trn
mt phng hnh chiu c bn gi l hnh chiu c bn (hnh 6.1).
Tn gi su hnh chiu c bn nh sau:
1) Hnh chiu t trc (hnh chiu ng)
2) Hnh chiu t trn (hnh chiu bng)
3) Hnh chiu t tri (hnh chiu cnh)
4) Hnh chiu t phi
5) Hnh chiu t di
6) Hnh chiu t sau

Nu cc hnh chiu t trn, t tri, t phi, t di v t sau thay i v

tr so vi hnh chiu ng th phi ghi k hiu bng ch ch tn gi v trn
hnh biu din lin quan phi c mi tn ch hng nhn km theo ch k hiu
tng ng.
Phng php chiu v cch b tr cc hnh chiu nh trn gi l phng
php gc t th nht. Phng php ny c nhiu nc s dng (nht l
chu u) trong c nc ta.
Mt s nc (nht l chu M) s dng phng php chiu v cch b
tr cc hnh chiu theo gc t th ba. Phng php ny quy nh mt phng
hnh chiu c t gia ngi quan st v vt th cn c biu din.
Mi phng php c mt du c trng ring c v trong khung tn
hay bn cnh cc hnh chiu. Nc ta ch s dng phng php gc t th
nht nn khng cn k hiu (hnh 6.1b).

78

Hnh 6.1a Cc hnh chiu c bn

Hnh 6.1b

Hnh 6.1c

Phng php chu u

6.1.2.Hnh chiu ph

Phng php chu M

Hnh chiu ph l hnh chiu ca vt th trn mt phng hnh chiu

khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn.
Hnh chiu ph c dng trong trng hp vt th c b phn no ,
nu biu din trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn s b bin dng c v hnh
dng ln kch thc.
Nu hnh chiu ph c t ng v tr lin h chiu trc tip th khng
cn ghi k hiu. C th di hnh chiu ph n mt v tr bt k trn bn v
hoc xoay hnh chiu ph i mt gc, khi phi ghi k hiu bng ch ch
tn gi v trn hnh biu din lin quan phi c mi tn ch hng nhn km
theo ch k hiu tng ng. Khi xoay hnh chiu ph phi c mi tn cong
trn ch k hiu (hnh 6.2)
A

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 6.2 Hnh chiu ph

79

6.1.3. Hnh chiu ring phn

Hnh chiu ring phn l hnh chiu mt phn nh ca vt th trn mt
phng hnh chiu c bn hay song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn
(hnh 6.3).Hnh chiu ring phn c dng trong trng hp khng cn thit
phi v ton b hnh chiu c bn ca vt th.

Hnh 6.3 Hnh chiu ring phn

Hnh chiu ring phn c gii hn bng nt ln sng hoc khng v
ng gii hn, nu phn vt th c biu din c ranh gii r rt.
Hnh chiu ring phn c ghi ch ging hnh chiu ph.
6.2. HNH CT
6.2.1. Khi nim v hnh ct v mt ct
i vi nhng vt th c cu to bn trong phc tp nu dng hnh chiu
biu din th hnh v c nhiu nt t lm cho bn v khng c r rng.
khc phc, ta dng hnh ct - mt ct.
Dng mt phng tng tng ct vt th ra lm hai phn, ly i phn vt
th nm gia mt phng ct v ngi quan st, chiu phn vt th cn li ln
mt phng hnh chiu song song vi mt phng ct, hnh biu din thu c
gi l hnh ct. Nu ch v phn vt th tip xc vi mt phng ct th hnh
biu din thu c gi l mt ct (hnh 6.4).
phn bit phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct v phn vt th nm
pha sau mt phng ct tiu chun qui nh dng k hiu vt liu.TCVN 71993 quy nh v k hiu vt liu trn mt ct (bng 6.1):

80

Hnh 6.4. Hnh biu din mt ct

Bng 6-1. K hiu vt liu trn mt ct

6.2.2. Phn loi hnh ct

6.2.2.1.Theo v tr mt phng ct
Hnh ct ng: nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu
ng (hnh 6.5).
Hnh ct bng: nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu
bng (hnh 6.6).
Hnh ct cnh: nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu
cnh (hnh 6.7).
Hnh ct nghing: nu mt phng ct nghing so vi cc mt phng hnh
chiu c bn (hnh 6.8).

81

Hnh 6.5 Hnh ct ng

Hnh 6.6 Hnh ct bng

A

Hnh 6.7 Hnh ct cnh

82

A A

A A

Hnh 6.8 Hnh ct nghing

6.2.2.2.Theo s lng mt phng ct
Hnh ct n gin: nu ch dng mt mt phng ct vt th.
Hnh ct phc tp: nu dng t hai mt phng tr ln ct vt th.
- Hnh ct bc: nu cc mt phng ct song song nhau (hnh 6.9). Khi
v, hai mt ct song song c th hin trn cng mt hnh ct chung,
gia hai mt ct khng v ng phn cch.
- Hnh ct xoay: nu cc mt phng ct giao nhau (hnh 6.10).
Hnh ct xoay dng th hin hnh dng bn trong mt s b phn ca vt
th khi cc mt phng i xng ca chng giao nhau. Hai mt ct giao nhau
cng th hin trn mt hnh ct chung, trong mt mt phng ct c
xoay v song song vi mt phng hnh chiu. Khi v, a nhng im trn
ng b nghing v thng hng trn ng ngay ri ging qua hnh chiu
tng ng.
A
A-A
A

A
A

Hnh 6.9 Hnh ct bc

83

A-A

A
A

Hnh 6.10 Hnh ct xoay

6.2.2.3. Theo phn vt th b ct
a. Hnh chiu kt hp hnh ct
- Nu hnh chiu v hnh ct ca vt th trn mt phng hnh chiu c
bn no c chung trc i xng th c th ghp mt na hnh chiu vi mt
na hnh ct.
- Tiu chun bn v qui nh ly trc i xng ca hnh lm ng phn
cch gia phn hnh chiu v phn hnh ct. Nu trc i xng ng th phn
hnh ct thng t bn phi trc i xng (hnh 6.11a).

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 6.11a. Hnh chiu kt hp hnh ct

Nu trc i xng nm ngang th phn hnh ct t pha di
(hnh6.11b).

Hnh 6.11b. Hnh chiu kt hp hnh ct c trc i xng nm ngang

- Trn hnh ct kt hp hnh chiu cc ng bao khut ca phn hnh
chiu c b i.
- Trng hp ghp mt na hnh chiu vi mt na hnh ct, nu c nt
lin m trng trc i xng th dng nt ln sng lm ng phn cch.
Nt ln sng c v lch sang phn hnh chiu hay phn hnh ct ty theo
nt lin m thuc phn hnh biu din no (hnh 6.12).

84

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 6.12. Cch dng nt ln sng hnh ct kt hp

b. Hnh ct cc b (hnh ct ring phn)
Khi khng cn thit ct ton b vt th, c th ct mt phn ca vt th.
Hnh ct gi l hnh ct cc b hay ring phn. ng gii hn gia hnh
chiu v hnh ct l nt ln sng hay nt dch dc (hnh 6.13)

Hnh 6.13 Hnh ct cc b

6.2.3. K hiu v quy c v hnh ct
6.2.3.1. K hiu
Nt ct dng biu din v tr mt phng ct, nt ct c t nhng ch
gii hn ca mt phng ct: ch u, ch cui v ch chuyn tip ca mt
phng ct (hnh 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.14a).
Mi tn ch hng nhn c t nt ct u v nt ct cui. Bn cnh
mi tn c ch k hiu tng ng vi ch k hiu trn hnh ct (hnh 6.8 n
6.10, 6.14a).
Cp ch k hiu t pha trn hnh ct tng ng vi k hiu ch ghi
cnh nt ct. Gia cp ch k hiu c du ni v di cp ch k hiu c du
gch ngang bng nt lin m (hnh 6.8 n 6.10).
6.2.3.2. Qui c
i vi cc hnh ct, nu mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng
ca vt th v hnhct c v ngay trong hnh chiu tng ng th khng
phi ghi ch v k hiu hnh ct (hnh 6.5, 6.6, 6.7).

85

i vi cc loi hnh ct, nu mt phng ct ct dc qua gn chu lc

(hnh 6.14a), nan hoa (hnh 6.14b), rng ca bnh rng , th khng phi
gch gch k hiu vt liu ngay ch .
Khng ct dc cc chi tit c nh: trc, bi, cht, inh tn, bu lng, vt

Hnh ct vt th c nan hoa

Hnh ct ca vt th c gn chu lc
Hnh 6.14. Qui c biu din hnh ct
6.2.3.3. K hiu vt liu trn mt ct
Cc ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu v bng nt lin mnh song
song nhau, cch u nhau (210 mm) v nghing 45 so vi ng bao chnh

45

30

45

45

60

hoc vi trc i xng ca hnh biu din (hnh 6.15).

Hnh 6.15. Cch v ng gch gch

Nu phng ca ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu trng vi ng
bao hay ng trc chnh ca hnh biu din th cho php v nghing 30
hoc 60 (hnh 6.16).

Hnh 6.16. Cch v trc i xng

86

Nu min gch gch ca k hiu vt liu qu hp (< 2mm) th cho php

t en. nu cc mt ct ny t gn nhau th gia chng cha mt khong
trng c chiu rng chng mt nt v(hnh 2.17a).
Nu min gch gch ca k hiu vt liu qu rng th cho php ch gch
vng bin (hnh 6.17b).
1

2
3

b
Hnh 6.17. Cch v ng gch gch
Cc ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu ca cc chi tit khc nhau t
k nhau phi c v theo phng khc nhau, hoc khong cch khc nhau,
hoc so le nhau (hnh 6.17b).
6.3. MT CT
Mt ct l hnh biu din nhn c trn mt phng ct khi ta tng
tng dng mt phng ny ct vt th.
Mt ct dng th hin hnh dng v cu to ca phn t b ct m trn
cc hnh biu din khc kh th hin.Thng mt ct nhn c do mt
phng ct vung gc vi chiu di vt th.
6.3.1. Phn loi mt ct
6.3.1.1. Mt ct ri
Mt ct ri l mt ct t bn ngoi hnh biu din hoc t phn ct
la ca mt hnh chiu no . ng bao ca mt ct ri v bng nt lin
m (hnh 6.18 v 6.19).

Hnh 6.18. Mt ct ri

87

Hnh 6.19. Mt ct ri

Hnh 6.20. Mt ct chp

6.3.1.2. Mt ct chp
Mt ct chp l mt ct t ngay trn hnh biu din tng ng. ng
bao ca mt ct chp v bng nt lin mnh. Cc ng bao ti ch t mt
ct chp ca hnh biu din vn v y (hnh 6.20).
6.3.2. K hiu v quy c ca mt ct
Cch ghi ch k hiu trn mt ct ging nh trn hnh ct, gm c: nt
ct xc nh v tr mt phng ct, mi tn ch hng chiu v ch k hiu mt
ct.
Trng hp khng cn ghi ch k hiu khi mt ct ri hay mt ct chp
l hnh i xng c trc i xng ca n t trng vi vt ca mt phng ct
hay trng vi ng ko di ca mt phng ct (t hnh 6.18 n hnh 6.20).
Nu mt ct ri hay mt ct chp l hnh khng i xng v t tng t
nh trng hp trn th ch cn ghi k hiu nt ct cng vi mi tn ch hng
chiu (hnh 6.21).
Mt ct phi v ng hng mi tn ch hng nhn. Nu mt ct
c xoay i mt gc th trn cp ch k hiu c du mi tn cong (hnh
6.22).
i vi mt s mt ct ca vt th c hnh dng ging nhau nhng khc
nhau v v tr v gc ct th cc mt ct cng ch k hiu v ch cn v
mt mt ct i din (hnh 6.22).
Nu mt phng ct i qua trc ca l trn xoay hoc phn lm trn xoay
thi ng bao ca l trn xoay hoc phn lm trn xoay phi v y (hnh
6.23a v b).

88

B
A

A-A

B-B

Hnh 6.21 v Hnh 6.22. Qui c v mt ct

A

A-A

a
b
Hnh 6.23. Qui c v mt ct
- Trong trng hp c bit cho php dng mt cong ct. Khi mt
ct c v dng tri (hnh 6.24).

A-A
a trai

A
A
Hnh 6.24. Mt ct c v dng tri
6.4. HNH TRCH
Hnh trch l hnh biu din trch ra t hnh biu din c trn bn v v
thng c phng to.
Hnh trch c dng khi cn th hin mt cch r rng, t m v ng
nt, v hnh dng, v kch thc... ca mt phn t no trn vt th m
trn cc hnh biu din khc kh th hin.

89

Trn hnh trch c ghi k hiu bng ch s La m v t l phng to. Cn

trn hnh biu din tng ng v ng trn khoanh phn c trch km
theo ch k hiu tng ng (hnh 6.25)

Hnh 6.25. Qui c v hnh trch

6.5. CCH V HNH CHIU CA VT TH
v hnh chiu ca mt vt th, ta dng cch phn tch hnh dng vt
th ra lm nhiu phn c hnh dng cc khi hnh hc c bn v xc nh v tr
tng i ca chng. Sau v hnh chiu ca tng khi hnh hc ri kt hp
sp xp hnh chiu ca chng li theo ng v tr tng i . Lu khi v
cn vn dng cc tnh cht hnh chiu ca im, ng, mt v cho ng.
VD: phn tch hnh dng ca cc vt th sau:
- Vt th 1: l bn thnh phm ca bulng, gm phn thn l hnh tr v
u l hnh lng tr, y lc gic u. Hai khi ny kt hp vi nhau theo mt
y v trc ca chng trng nhau (hnh6.26a)

90

b
Hnh 6.26. Cch v hnh chiu ca vt th
cho hnh chiu th hin r hnh dng ca vt, ta t mt y ca hnh
lng tr song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng v mt mt bn ca hnh
lng tr song song vi mt phng hnh chiu ng. Ln lt chiu tng khi
hnh hc ri sp xp chng theo v tr tng i nh sau (hnh6.26b).
- Vt th 2: l (hnh6.27a) gm 3 phn, phn l hnh tr rng, l
rng cng hnh tr, phn l hnh hp ch nht c 2 l hnh tr, phn gn
c gn ngang hnh lng tr y hnh thang cn t nm ngang trn v
phn hnh tr, v gn dc l hnh lng tr y hnh ch nht t dc theo trc
ca phn (hnh6.27b).

Hnh 6.27.
th hin hnh dng tht cc mt ca , ta t mt song song
vi mt phng hnh chiu bng v gn ngang song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu ng. Ta ln lt v cc phn , , gn nh phn tch trn
(hnh 6.28)

91

Hnh 6.28. Cch v hnh chiu ca

6.6. CCH GHI KCH THC CA VT TH
Kch thc biu th ln ca vt th v cc kt cu ca vt th. ghi
mt cch y kch thc ca vt th, ta phi dng phng php phn tch
hnh dng vt th.
R27

32

12

14

20

60

15

80

54

10
2lo
34

35

b)
R10

70

92

Hnh 6.29 Cch ghi kch thc ca gi

Kch thc ca vt th l tng hp ca cc khi hnh hc to thnh vt
th . Trc ht, ghi cc kch thc xc nh ln tng phn, tng khi
hnh hc c bn to thnh vt th ; ri ghi kch thc xc nh v tr tng
i gia cc phn, gia cc khi hnh hc c bn; sau cng ghi kch thc
xc nh khng gian m vt th chim ch, l kch thc ba chiu chung:
chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao ca vt th.
VD: ghi kch thc ca gi (hnh6.29). Cn c vo kt cu ca vt
th, ta chia gi lm 3 phn:
- Phn di c dng hnh hp ch nht, u bn tri c gc ln v
2 l hnh tr.
- Phn sn trn c dng hnh lng tr tam gic vung.
- Phn thnh ng bn phi gm na hnh tr kt hp vi hnh hp v
gia chng c l hnh tr.
Vy kch thc ca gi bao gm cc kch thc sau:
6.6.1. Kch thc nh hnh
L kch thc xc nh ln ca cc khi hnh hc c bn (hnh 6.30)
- Phn hnh hp c cc kch thc: 80, 54,14, gc ln R10 v 10
- Phn sn hnh lng tr tam gic: 35, 20, 12
- Phn ng hnh hp c cc kch thc: 54, 46 (60-14), 15. Hnh tr c
bn knh R27, l hnh tr c 32.
6.6.2. Kch thc nh v
L kch thc xc nh v tr tng i gia cc khi hnh hc ca cc
phn.
- Hai l trn c xc nh bi kch thc: 34, 70
- L trn thnh ng c tm cch y l 60
- Sn thnh ng c t i xng trn nn chng khng cn c
cc kch thc xc nh v tr
6.6.3. Kch thc xc nh ba chiu chung cho vt th
Gi l kch thc khun kh nh di 80, rng 54, cao 87.

93

Hnh 6.30 Cc kch thc ca gi

6.7. C BN V V V HNH CHIU TH 3
c bn v hnh chiu ca vt th phi dng phng php phn tch
hnh dng v bit cch vn dng cc tnh cht hnh chiu ca cc yu t hnh
hc hnh dung c tng khi hnh hc, tng phn to thnh vt th i n
hnh dung c ton b hnh dng ca vt th.
VD: c bn v gi (hnh 6.31).
Da vo cu to ca vt th, chia n lm 3 phn:
- Phn gi trn c dng hnh hp, gia hnh hp c rnh na hnh tr.
- Phn sn hai bn c dng hnh lng tr tam gic.
- Phn di c dng hnh hp, hai bn hnh hp c l hnh tr v
trc phn c g hnh hp.

Hnh 6.31. Hnh chiu ca gi

T , cch v hnh chiu th 3 ca tng phn nh hnh 6.32.
Ba hnh chiu ca gi v hnh chiu trc o ca n hnh 6.33 v
6.34.

94

Hnh 6.32

Hnh 6.33

Hnh 6.34

Ba hnh chiu ca gi
6.8. CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi
1. Th no l hnh chiu ph, hnh chiu ring phn? Cng dng ca

95

chng? K hiu v quy c nh th no ?

2. Th no l hnh ct v mt ct ?
3. Phn loi hnh ct nh th no?
4. K hiu vt liu ln trn mt ct v quy c s dng n ?
5. C my loi mt ct ? Phn bit chng ?
6. Hnh trch l g ?
7. Ngi ta dng phng php phn tch hnh dng vt th lm g ?
8. Th no l kch thc nh hnh, nh v, khun kh?
Bi tp
1. V 6 hnh chiu c bn ca cc vt th sau:

a)
b)
2. V hnh chiu ph ca vt th c 2 hnh chiu vung gc sau:

3. Sa li cho ng cc hnh ct trong nhng trng hp sau:

96

4. V hnh ct kt hp hnh chiu cho nhng vt th c hnh chiu nh

sau

5. V hnh ct ng v hnh chiu cnh ca cc vt th c 2 hnh chiu

sau:

97

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

6. V hnh ct ng, hnh chiu bng, hnh chiu cnh cho vt th a, b

v hnh ct ng, hnh chiu bng, hnh chiu cnh kt hp ct cnh
cho cc vt th c, d, e, f:
10
6

12

15

20

22

42

50

12

22

16

a)

40

36
62

72

b)

98

8
2

44

40

28
10

13

12

17

3
R1

6
2lo

24

7
R1

18

36
64

90

16
36

d)

24

46

28

44

44

42

40

c)

4
2

20

20

40

12

0
2

10

10

14

56

30
80

22
42

80

f)

e)

7. V hnh ct ng v hnh ct nghing cho cc vt th c hnh chiu

sau:
A

90
65

55

20

32
R8

12

26

10
2 lo

28

30

58

21

28

14

45

58

20

17

a)

b)

20

99

12

A
24

38

12

30

12

34

12

R8

90

46

10

15

60
36

22

10

36

30

c)

40

d)

12

15

8. V hnh ct xoay v hnh ct bc cho cc vt th c hnh chiu sau:

b)

a)

12

30
14

15

40

16

48

22

14

14

45

30

30

18

15

6
5

19

R9
90

R14

21

d)

c)

30

22

20

20

10

20

64

10

16

18

80

2 l?10

R8

54

20

16

27

55

10

R22

4 5

18

14

A
A

9. Chn mt ct ng in vo cc bn di cho ph hp vi tng chi

tit

100

A-A

B-B

C-C

D-D

E-E

F-F

G-G

H-H

3
1

Chi tiet

Ten mat phang cat

10. Hy v mt ct ca vt th ti cc mt phng ct cho trn hnh v:

A

B
A

20

40

30

13

6
14

40

28
R4

34

30

60

20

70

B
a)

b)

101

3x45
56

34

2x45

16

30

12
10

10

2lo

44
12

20

12

28

43

10

50

d)
10

c)

A
108

20

14

27

60

96

44

18

10

e)

6
3 lo

20

17

14

A
100
36

R8

22
30

18

22

70

85

f)

12

102

BI 7. V QUI C CC MI GHP
M bi: VKT7
Gii thiu
Trong my mc v thit b hin nay c mt s chi tit c tiu chun
ho nh: bulng, ai c, vt, then, cht,... chng c gi l cc chi tit tiu
chun. Cc chi tit ny thng c kt cu v kch thc c tiu chun
ho... chng c v theo quy c n gin v k hiu theo cc tiu chun
v bn v k thut.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi ny, hc vin c kh nng:
- V c cc mi ghp ren, mi ghp inh tn, cc mi ghp hn theo
qui c.
- c c k hiu ca cc mi ghp: ren, then, then hoa, cht, inh tn
v hn.
Ni dung chnh
7.1. REN
7.1.1.S hnh thnh ren
Ren hnh thnh bng chuyn ng xon c. Mt im chuyn ng u
trn mt ng sinh, khi ng sinh quay trn u quanh mt trc s to
thnh mt qu o l ng xon c (hnh 7.1).

Hnh 7.1. ng xon c

Nu ng sinh l mt ng thng song song vi trc quay, s c
ng xon c tr. Nu ng sinh l ng ct trc quay, s c ng
xon c nn.

103

Khong cch di chuyn ca im chuyn ng trn ng sinh khi

ng sinh quay c mt vng gi l bc xon (Ph).
Hnh 7.1a l hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng ca ng xon c
(hnh chiu ng ca ng xon c l ng hnh sin).
Hnh 7.1b l hnh khai trin, ng xon c c khai trin thnh ng
thng v l cnh huyn ca tam gic vung.
Gc xon

c: tg

Ph
d

Hnh 7.1c c tam gic ABC l hnh phng. Nu mt hnh phng chuyn
ng xon c s to thnh b mt gi l ren.
7.1.2. Cc yu t ca ren
Ren hnh thnh trn b mt ca trc gi l ren ngoi, ren hnh thnh trong
l gi l ren trong (hnh 7.2).

Hnh 7.2. Ren trc v ren l

Ren ngoi v ren trong n khp c vi nhau, nu cc yu t nh
prfin ren, ng knh ren, bc ren, s u mi ren v hng xon ca
chng ging nhau.
- Prfin ren l hnh phng (mt ct ren) chuyn ng xon c to thnh
ren, c cc loi profin ren: hnh tam gic, hnh thang, hnh vung, cung trn
(hnh 7.3)
- ng knh ren (hnh 7.2 v hnh 7.3)
ng knh ngoi d v ng knh trong d1 (d>d1). ng knh ngoi l
ng knh danh ngha ca ren. i vi ren trc ng knh ngoi l ng
knh vng trn i qua nh ren, ng knh trong l ng knh vng trn i
qua y ren trc. i vi ren l th ngc li d l ng knh vng y ren l
v d1 l ng knh vng nh ren l.

104

Hnh 7.3. Cc yu t ca ren

- Bc ren l khong cch theo chiu trc gia hai nh ren k nhau, k
hiu l P (hnh 7.4). Nu ren c nhiu ng xon c (u mi) th bc ren P
bng bc xon Ph chia cho s u mi n.

Ph
n

- Hng xon
Khi vn ren theo chiu kim ng h m ren tin v pha trc th ren c
hng xon phi, v ngc li l ren c hng xon tri (hnh 7.5). Ngi ta
thng dng loi ren c hng xon phi, mt u mi.

Hnh 7.4. Bc ren v bc xon

Hnh 7.5. Hng xon ca ren
7.1.3. Cc loi ren tiu chun thng dng
Ren tiu chun l ren m cc yu t c bn ca n c qui nh
trong tiu chun thng nht. Sau y l mt s ren tiu chun thng dng.

Ren h mt: dng trong mi ghp thng thng, prfin ren l hnh
tam gic u, k hiu ren h mt l M. ng knh v bc ren qui nh trong
TCVN 2274 77. Ren h mt gm hai loi: ren bc ln v ren bc nh.
Hai loi ny c ng knh ging nhau nhng bc khc nhau, kch thc c
bn ca ren bc ln qui nh trong TCVN 2248 77.
- Ren ng: dng trong mi ghp cc ng, prfin ca ren ng l hnh tam
gic cn c gc nh bng 55, kch thc ca ren ng ly ins (inch) lm

105

n v. K hiu ca ins l du (1= 25,4 mm). Ren ng c hai loi: Ren ng

hnh tr c k hiu prfin l G v ren ng hnh cn c k hiu prfin l R (R
ren ng cn ngoi, Rc- ren ng cn trong, Rp- ren ng tr trong). Kch thc
ca ren ng hnh tr c qui nh trong TCVN 4681- 89 v ren ng hnh cn
trong TCVN 4631 88.
- Ren hnh thang: dng truyn lc, prfin ren l hnh thang cn c gc
nh bng 30, k hiu l Tr. Kch thc ca ren hnh thang c qui nh
trong TCVN 4673- 89.
- Ren ta (ren ): dng truyn lc, prfin ren l hnh thang thng c
gc nh bng 30, k hiu l S. Kch thc c bn ca ren ta c qui
nh trong TCVN 3377 83.
Ngoi ren tiu chun ra cn c ren khng tiu chun l ren c prfin ren
khng theo tiu chun qui nh, nh ren vung, k hiu l Sq.
7.1.4. Cch v quy c ren
Ren c kt cu phc tp thng c tiu chun ho v c v theo
quy c n gin ca TCVN 5907 - 95.Tiu chun ny ph hp vi tiu chn
Quc t ISO 6410/1:1993.
7.1.4.1. Ren ngoi (hnh 7.6)

Hnh 7.6 Cch v ren trc

Hnh 7.7 Cch v ren l thy v khut
i vi ren ngoi thy c th v nh sau:
- ng nh ren v ng gii hn ren v bng nt lin m.
- ng y ren v bng nt lin mnh.
- ng trn y ren v h 1/4 v ch h thng t gc trn bn
phi ng trn.
- Khng v ng trn mp vt trn hnh chiu vung gc vi trc ren
7.1.4.2. Ren trong (hnh 7.7)
i vi ren trong thy c trn mt ct v hnh ct th c v nh ren
ngoi ngha l ng nh ren trong v nt lin m v y ren trong v bng
nt lin mmh (hnh 7.7a). Nu b che khut th cc ng ca ren c v
bng nt t (hnh 7.7b).

106

7.1.4.3. on ren cn (hnh 7.8)

Trng hp cn biu din, on ren cn c v bng nt lin mnh.

Hnh 7.8 Cch v phn ren cn

Hnh 7.9 Cch v mi ghp ren

7.1.4.4. Ren n khp

Trn hnh ct ca ren l n khp vi ren trc, u tin v phn ren trc
ang n khp vi ren l. Phn ren l khng n khp v bnh thng nh qui
c ca ren l (hnh 7.9).
7.1.5. K hiu ren
Cc loi ren c v theo quy c ging nhau,v vy dng k hiu ren
phn bit cc loi ren. Cch k hiu theo quy nh ca ca TCVN 204 1993 nh sau:
- K hiu ren c ghi theo hnh thc ghi kch thc v t trn ng
ghi kch thc ca ng knh ngoi, gm k hiu profin ren, ng knh
danh ngha, bc xon (bc ren) v hng xon.
- i vi ren h Mt, ren c bc nh th ghi bc ren ngay sau ng
knh danh ngha, ngn cch bi du x, cn ren bc ln th khng ghi.
- Ren c hng xon phi khng cn ghi k hiu hng xon, nu ren c
hng xon tri th ghi k hiu LH.
- Bng 7.1 l mt s th d k hiu v ren:
Bng 7.1. Mt s k hiu v ren
Loi ren
K hiu
Prfin ren
Ghi k hiu
Din gii
Ren h mt bc
ln, ng knh d=24
1.
Ren h
mt

2.
Ren ng
tr

Ren bc nh,
ng knh d=24,
bc ren P=2

Ren ng tr, ng
knh danh ngha 3/4
ins

107

Ren ng cn ngoi,
R
3.
Ren ng
cn

ng knh danh
ngha 1 ins

Rc

Ren ng cn trong,
ng knh danh
ngha 1 ins

4.
Ren
hnh
thang

Tr

Ren hnh thang,

ng knh danh
ngha d=40, bc
xon Ph=14, bc
ren P=7, hng xon
tri

5.
Ren ta

Ren ta, ng knh

danh ngha d=32
bc ren P=7

7.2. GHP BNG REN

7.2.1. Cc chi tit ghp c ren
Cc chi tit lp xit gm c: bulng, ai c, vt cy, vt, vng m, chng
thng to thnh mt b lp ghp cc chi tit vi nhau. Cc chi tit lp xit
l nhng chi tit tiu chun ho.
Bng 7.2 l cc hnh chiu v cch ghi k hiu cc chi tit lp xit.
Bng 7.2. cch ghi k hiu cc chi tit lp xit
Tn gi
Hnh dng
Hnh chiu
K hiu
1.
Bulng
tinh u
su cnh
2.
Vt cy

Bulng
M12 x 50 TCVN
1892-76
Vt cy A1-M12
x45
TCVN 3608-81

108

Tn gi

Hnh dng

Hnh chiu

K hiu

3.
Vt u
tr

Vt u tr M10 x
45 TCVN52-86

4.

Vt u chm M10

Vt u
chm

x45 TCVN58-86
Vt ui thng

5.
Vt nh
v

ai c

1905-76

ai c 1-M16

M16

6.

hnhnn
M5x20 TCVN

TCVN 1905-76
ai c x rnh

ai c x

M16

7.

1-M16
TCVN 1911-76

8.
Vng
m

Vng m16
TCVN 2061-77

16

rnh

7.2.2. Mi ghp ren

7.2.2.1. Mi ghp bulng
Trong mi ghp bulng, cc chi tit b ghp c l trn. Cc chi tit lp xit
gm c bulng, ai c v vng m. Kch thc ng knh danh ngha ca
bulng l kch thc c bn xc nh cc kch thc khc ca mi ghp,
d:l ng knh danh ngha ca ren.
Cch v u bulng nh hnh 7.10:

109

4
R

R1

30

D = 2d
R = 1,5d
R1= d
D

Hnh 7.10a Cch v u bulng

D

D
d

lo

Hd
b

lo

Dv

0,25d

Hb

0,85d

l1

1,1d
1+0,5d

1,1d

b2

b1

Hd

d
0,85d

D = 2d
Dv = 2,2d
Hd = 0,8d
Hb = 0,7d
S = 0,15d
lo = (1,52)d
c = 0,15d
a = (0,150,25)d
L = (b1+b2)+Hd+S+a+c

120
Dv

L =b+Hd+S+a+c

Hnh 7.10b Mi ghp bulng

Hnh 7.11. Mi ghp vt cy

7.2.2.2. Mi ghp vt cy
Trong mi ghp vt cy, mt chi tit b lp c l ren v chi tit b lp khc
c l trn. B chi tit lp xit gm c vt cy, ai c v vng m. Cc kch
thc ca mi ghp c ly theo ng knh danh ngha d ca vt cy.Trn
bn v, mi ghp vt cy c v theo quy c (hnh 7.11).

110

Cn c theo vt liu ca chi tit c l ren xc nh chiu di l ca vt

cy:
- Nu chi tit c l ren bng thp th ly l1 = d.
- Nu chi tit c l ren bng gang th ly l1 = 1,25d.
- Nu chi tit c l ren bng hp kim nh th ly l1 =2d.
7.2.2.3. Mi ghp vt
Trong mi ghp vt, phn ren vt c vn vo l ren ca chi tit b ghp.
Cn u vt p cht vo chi tit b ghp kia (hnh 7.12).
Tiu chun qui nh rnh vt trn mt phng hnh chiu t song song vi
trc ca vt, chiu di rnh vt t song song vi phng chiu. Trn hnh
chiu vung gc vi trc, rnh vt c v v tr xoay i gc 45.
Trong trng hp khng cn th hin r mi ghp, cho php v n gin
nh (hnh 7.13).
D

Br

0,85d

Hnh 7.12. Mi ghp vt

7.3. GHP BNG THEN - THEN
HOA - CHT
Ghp bng then, cht l loi lp
ghp tho c. Then, cht l nhng
chi tit tiu chun, kch thc ca
chng c qui nh trong cc vn
bn tiu chun v c xc nh theo
ng knh trc v l ca cc chi tit
b ghp.
7.3.1. Ghp bng then

0,25d

120

lo

l1

l 1 +0,5d

1,1d

D = 1,5d
H = 0,6d
h = 0,25d
Br = 0,2d
c = 0,15d

Hnh 7.13. V n gin mi ghp ren

Ghp bng then dng truyn mmen. Mi ghp tho c, thng

ghp cc chi tit nh trc vi puli hoc bnh rng (hnh 7.14). C nhiu loi
then nhng thng dng l: then bng, then bn nguyt, then vt.

111

a) Then bng b) Then vt c) Then bn nguyt

Hnh 7.14. Mi ghp then
Hnh 7.15 l mt ct v hnh ct ca cc mi ghp then bng, then bn
nguyt v then vt.
Cc kch thc chiu cao h v chiu rng b ca then c xc nh theo
ng knh ca trc v l chi tit b ghp.
bxhxl TCVN 4214-86

bxhxl TCVN 4216-86

b)

a)
bxh TCVN 4217-86

a) Then vt
b) Then bng
c) Then bn nguyt

Hnh 7.15. Hnh ct mi ghp then

c)
Bng 7.3. Trnh by cc hnh chiu, tiu chun v k hiu ca mt s loi
then.
Bng 7.3. tiu chun v k hiu ca mt s loi then.
Tn gi
Hnh chiu
K hiu
1.Then bng u trn

Then bng
A20x12 x90
TCVN 2261-77

112

Tn gi

Hnh chiu

2.Then bng u vung

K hiu
Then bng
B16x10x80 TCVN
2261-77

3.Then bn nguyt

Then bn nguyt
4x7,5
TCVN 4217-86

4.Then vt c mu

Then vt
18x11x100
TCVN 4214-86

7.3.2. Then hoa

Then hoa dng truyn mmen ln.Then hoa gm c cc loi nh:
- Then hoa rng ch nht (hnh 7.16a)
- Then hoa rng thn khai (hnh 7.16b)
- Then hoa rng tam gic (hnh 7.16c)
Then hoa c hnh dng phc tp nn c v qui c theo TCVN 19-85.
Tiu chun ny tng ng vi tiu chun Quc t ISO 6413:1998.
Cch v qui c then hoa trong bng 7.4

Hnh 7.16. Ghp bng then hoa

113

Bng 7.4. Cch v then hoa

Hnh chiu

Tn gi

Din gii

- ng nh rng v
A

A-A

1. Trc then
hoa

d
A

bng nt lin m.
- ng y rng v
ng gii hn v
bng nt lin mnh.
- Kch thc d x D x b

-Trn

hnh

ct

dc

ng nh rng v
ng

2. L then
hoa

3. Mi ghp
then hoa
A

A-A

y rng

bng nt lin m.
-Kch thc d x D x b
-Trc then hoa khng b
ct dc v che khut l
then hoa.
-Kch thc d x D x b

7.3.3. Cht

Hnh 7.17. Mi ghp bng cht

Hnh 7.17.
Cht dng lp ghp hay nh v cc chi tit vi nhau. Cht gm cc
loi:
- Cht tr (hnh 7.17a).
- Cht cn (hnh 7.17b).

114

ng knh ca cht tr v ng knh y nh ca cht cn l ng

knh danh ngha ca cht. Cht l chi tit tiu chun, kch thc ca chng
c qui nh trong TCVN 2041-86 v TCVN 2042-86 Hnh 7.18a v 7.18b
minh ha mi ghp bng cht tr v cn, cng cch ghi k hiu ca mi ghp.
7.4. GHP BNG INH TN
Mi ghp bng inh tn l mi ghp khng tho c,dng ghp cc
tm kim loi c hnh dng v kt cu khc nhau, nht l trong cc b phn
chu chn ng mnh nh cu, v my bay...
Theo cng dng mi ghp inh tn c chia lm ba loi:
- Mi ghp chc: dng cho kt cu kim loi khc nhau nh cu,gin...
-

Mi ghp kn: dng cho cc thng cha,ni hi p sut thp.

Mi ghp chc kn: dng cho cc kt cu i hi va chc va kn

nh cc ni hi c p sut cao.
7.4.1. Cc loi inh tn
inh tn l chi tit hnh tr c m mt u,v c phn loi theo hnh
dng m inh. Hnh dng v kch thc ca inh tn c quy nh theo
TCVN 281-86 n TCVN 290-86, c ba loi nh sau: inh tn m chm cu,

h
h

L
a)

inh tn m na chm, inh tn m chm (hnh 7.19a, b, c).

h
L

b)
Hnh 7.19. Cc loi inh tn
7.4.2. Cch v qui c inh tn

L
c)

inh tn c v theo TCVN 4179-85 nh sau:

- Cc loi inh tn khc nhau c v theo quy c nh bng 7.5
- Nu mi ghp c nhiu chi tit cng loi th cho php v n gin vi
chi tit, cc chi tit khc c nh du v tr bng ng tm (hnh
7.20)

115

Bng 7.5

Hnh 7.21 l mt s v d v mi ghp inh tn:

Hnh 7.21 mi ghp

Hnh 7.20. V qui c mi ghp inh tn
inh tn
Bng 7.6 trnh by mt s k hiu cc mi ghp inh tn v bulng. Cc
k hiu v bng nt lin m biu din cc l, bulng, inh tn trn mt
phng hnh chiu vung gc ca chng. K hiu biu din l khng c du
chm

116

Khoan v lp cng trng Lpghp ticng trng Lpghpphnxng

K hiu

Bng 7.6. Mt s k hiu cc mi ghp inh tn v bulng

Mi ghp inh tn
Mi ghp
Khng
u trn u di u chm
bulng
u chm
chm
chm
hai pha

7.5. GHP BNG HN

Hn l qu trnh ghp cc chi tit bng phng php lm nng chy cc
b kt dnh cc chi tit li vi nhau, phn kim loi nng chy sau khi ngui
s to thnh mi hn. Ghp bng hn l mi ghp khng tho c. Mun
tho ri cc chi tit ghp ta phi ph v mi hn .
7.5.1. Phn loi mi hn
Cn c vo cch ghp cc chi tit, mi hn c chia lm 4 loi sau
(hnh 7.22):

117

- Mi hn ghp i nh (hnh 7.22a)

- Mi hn ghp ch T (hnh 7.22b)
- Mi hn ghp gc (hnh 7.22c)
- Mi hn ghp chp (hnh 7.22d)
7.5.2. Biu din qui c cc mi hn
Biu din v k hiu quy c cc mi ghp bng hn theo TCVN 374683. Tiu chun Quc t ISO 2553-1992.
Cc mi hn khng phn bit phng php hn, c biu din quy c
nh hnh 7.23.

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 7.22. Cc loi mi hn

- Trn hnh chiu dng cc nt lin m hoc nt t din t mi hn.
- Trn hnh ct v mt ct th mi hn c t en.
Cch v mt s mi hn (hnh 7.23)

a
Moi han thay

Moi han khuat

118

Moi han khuat

Moi han khuat

Moi han thay
c
d
Hnh 7.23. Cch v mt s mi hn
7.5.3. K hiu ca mi hn

K hiu mi hn c qui nh trong cc tiu chun. K hiu mi hn gm

c k hiu c bn, k hiu ph, k hiu b sung v kch thc mi hn.
- K hiu c bn: th hin hnh dng mt ct mi hn(Bng 7.7).
- K hiu ph: th hin c im b mt mt ct mi hn(Bng 7.8 v 7.9)
- K hiu b sung: nu r mt s c trng khc ca mi hn(hnh 7.26)
- Kch thc ca mi hn: gm kch thc chiu dy mi hn S, chiu
rng chn mi hn z, chiu cao tnh ton a. Trong mi hn gc ngt qung
cn c chiu di on hn l, (e) khong cch gia cc on hn k nhau, s

d)

a)

cc on hn n (hnh 7.24)

b)

c)

(e)

(e)

(e)

(e)

e)

f)

a. Mi hn i u vung; b. Mi hn i u vt ch V n, c mt gc rng
c. Mi hn i u gia hai tm c cnh un ln; d. Mi hn gc
e. Mi hn gc ngt qung; f. Mi hn gc ngt qung so le

Hnh 7.24. Kch thc mi hn

119

Bng 7.7. Cc k hiu c bn

STT

Tn gi

Minh ha

K hiu

Mi hn i u gia hai tm
1

c cnh un ln, mi hn c
cnh un mp (cc cnh un
ln s b chy hon ton)

Mi hn i u vung

Mi hn i u vt ch V n

Mi hn i u vt ch V n,
vt mt bn (na ch V)

Mi hn i u vt ch V n,
c mt gc rng (ch Y)

Mi hn i u vt ch V n,
c mt gc rng (na ch Y)

Mi hn i u vt ch U n

Mi hn i u vt na ch U

Hnh trnh li, mi hn pha

sau hay mi hn li

10

Mi hn gc

120

Tn gi

STT

11

Mi hn nt hoc x rnh

12

Mi hn im

13

Mi hn ln

Minh ha

Bng 7.8. Cc k hiu ph

Hnh dng ca b mt mi hn
a)
b)
c)

K hiu

K hiu

Phng (thng c gia cng bng phng)

Li
Lm
Bng 7.9. Th d p dng cc k hiu ph
Tn gi
Minh ha

K hiu

Mi hn ch V n phng, bng phng

Mi hn ch V kp li

Mi hn gc lm
Mi hn i u ch V n phng(bng
phng), c hn li(bng phng)

121

K hiu hn c ghi trn ng ch dn nm ngang ni vi ng

dn c mi tn ch vo mi hn.

Mi tn phi hng v pha ca tm c chun b trc khi hn.

ng ch dn c nt lin mnh v nt t song song. t k hiu

trn hay di ng dn, theo qui tc sau:
+ t k hiu pha nt lin ca ng dn nu mi hn (mt mi
hn) pha mi tn ca mi ni (hnh 7.25a).
+ t k hiu pha nt t nu mi hn (mt mi hn) v pha kia
ca mi ni (hnh 7.25b).

Moi han oi xng

a) Han pha mui ten

b) Han pha kia

Hnh 7.25. V tr ca k hiu i vi ng ch dn

K hiu b sung:
+ Mi hn theo chu vi: Khi mi hn c thc hin bao quanh mt chi
tit, dng k hiu l mt vng trn(hnh 7.26a).
+ Mi hn cng trng hay hin trng: k hiu dng mt l c
(hnh 7.26a)
+ Mi hn ba pha: k hiu l (hnh 7.26b)
+ Ch dn v qu trnh hn: khi cn thit qu trnh hn c k hiu
bi mt s vit gia hai nhnh ca mt hnh chc, cui ng
dn v v ra pha ngoi(hnh 7.26b)
+ Tm p: k hiu

(hnh 7.26c)

Hnh 7.26a. Hn bao quanh ti

hin trng

Hnh 7.26b. Hn ba pha, ghi ch sau

k hiu kiu hn

122

Hnh 7.26c. Hn ch V, pha i din c tm p

7.6. CU HI V BI TP
Cu hi
1. Ren bao gm nhng yu t no?
2. K cc loi ren thng dng.
3. Cch v ren theo qui c nh th no?
4. K cc loi mi ghp bng ren v nu c im tng loi mi ghp.
5. Mi ghp bng then dng lm g? C my loi mi ghp bng
then?
6. Cch v qui c mi ghp bng then hoa nh th no?
7. Cht dng lm g? C my loi mi ghp bng cht?
8. Mi ghp inh tn dng lm g? Nu c im v phn loi mi ghp?
Cch v qui c inh tn nh th no?
9. Th no l mi ghp bng hn? K cc loi mi ghp bng hn? Cch
v qui c mi ghp bng hn.
10. Cch k hiu qui c mi ghp bng hn? Cho v d.
Bi tp
1. Gii thch Cc k hiu ren sau:
M 16, M 30 x2- LH, M 20 x1,5, Tr 36 x6(P3), Tr 20 x4-LH, G1, R11/4,
Rc/R13/4, Rc11/4,S 50x 8-LH.
2. Xt xem hnh chiu cnh ng v nh du x vo trng bn cnh
1

a)
1

a)
b)
c)

b)

123

A-A

A-A

A-A

c)

A
3. c hnh chiu mi ghp bng ren, tr li cc cu hi sau:

Tn gi tng loi mi ghp.

Nu tn gi tng chi tit trong mi mi ghp.

K k hiu vt liu mt ct (ng gch gch) ca cc chi tit b ghp.

4. c hnh chiu ca mi ghp bng then, tr li cc cu hi sau:

-

Tn gi tng loi mi ghp.

Gii thch k hiu ghi trn hnh v.
V k hiu vt liu (ng gch gch) trn mt ct ca cc chi tit
trong mi ghp.
A
Then ban nguyet

8x13 TCVN 4217-86

Then bang

8x7x18 TCVN 4216-86

A
a)

b)

5. Gii thch cc k hiu ca cc mi ghp hn sau:

124

a5
a5

a)

b)

c)
z
z

z7

d)

e)

nx(e)

nxl
nxl

(e)
(e)

f)

125

BI TP NNG CAO
1. Dng cc loi hnh biu din thch hp biu din vt th di y:
a)

b)

R1

15

13

37

10

10

13
8

10
31

50

6
1
26

25

42

38

0
14

18

16

21

29

36

36

20

d)

c)

54

18

20

16

88

2. Cho hai hnh chiu v hnh chiu th ba, dng hnh ct thch hp
biu din vt th:
54

R1

10

10

R1

35

35

54

84
44
20

a)

42

30

42

30

20

b)

126

42

8
R1

10

14

22

35

40

R1
8

54

44
82

70

30

22

84

c)

46

30
42

16

20

d)

56

127

TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP
1. TR LI CC CU HI
Bi 1
1. Nu cc k hiu v kch thc ca cc kh giy chnh:
K hiu kh giy

44

24

22

12

11

Kch thc cc cnh

kh giy (mm)

1189x841

594x841

594x420

297x420

297x210

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

K hiu tng ng

2. T l bn v l g ? C my loi t l? K hiu ca t l.
-

T l ca bn v: l t s gia kch thc o c trn hnh biu din

vi kch thc tng ng o c trn vt th.
C ba loi t l:

T l thu nh

1:2

1:2.5

1:4

1:5

T l nguyn hnh
T l phng to

1:10

1:15

1:20

1:40

1:50

20:1

40:1

50:1

100:1

1: 1
2:1

2.5:1

4:1

5:1

10:1

- K hiu t l: l ch TL, vd: TL 1:1; TL 2:1. Nu t l ghi dnh ring

trong khung tn th khng cn ghi k hiu.
3. Nu tn gi, ng dng ca cc loi nt v thng dng
Nt lin m, dng v: khung bn v, khung tn, ng bao thy,
giao tuyn thy.
- Nt lin mnh, biu din ng kch thc, ng ging kch thc,
ng gch gch...
- Nt ln sng,biu din ng phn cch gia phn hnh chiu v
phn hnh ct, ng ct la...
- Nt t, biu din ng bao khut, giao tuyn khut
- Nt chm gch mnh,biu din ng trc, ng tm, ng chia
- Nt ct, biu din v tr mt phng ct.
4. Nu cc thnh phn ca kch thc
-

- ng ging kch thc.

- ng ghi kch thc.
- Con s ghi kch thc.
5. Khi ghi kch thc ng trn, cung trn, hnh vung thng dng nhng
k hiu no trc con s ghi kch thc ?

128

Khi ghi kch thc ng trn, cung trn, hnh vung thng dng
nhng k hiu: , R, trc con s ghi kch thc.
Bi 2
1. Cch chia on thng lm nhiu phn bng nhau:
Mc 21.1.2
2. Cch chia ng trn lm 3 v 6 phn bng nhau:
Mc 1.2.1
3. Cch chia ng trn lm 5v 10 phn bng nhau:
Mc 2.1.2.3
4. Cch v cung trn ni tip hai ng thng (c my trng hp?):
Mc 2.3.2
5. Cch v cung trn ni tip hai cung trn (c my trng hp?):
Mc 2.3.4
6. Khi v cc hnh phng c ng ni tip ta phi lm g?
Khi v cc hnh phng c ng ni tip, trc ht ta phi da vo cc
kch thc cho xc nh cc ng bit v cc ng cn v ni
tip.
-

ng bit: l ng c kch thc xc nh. Th d cung trn cho

trc tm v bn knh.
ng ni tip l ng cha c kch thc xc nh, phi phn
tch hnh v xem phi ng dng trng hp ni tip no? T suy ra
cc iu kin cn thiu, th d cung ni tip ch mi bit bn knh th
phi xc nh tm v cc tip im th mi v c.

Bi 3
1.V tr ca on thng, mt phng so vi mt phng hnh chiu c my
trng hp? Hy nu ra?
V tr ca on thng so vi mphc c 3 trng hp:
- on thng xin vi mt phng hnh chiu: hnh chiu ca n l on
thng khng song song v c di khng bng n.
on thng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu: hnh chiu ca n l
on thng song song v c di bng n.
- on thng vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu: hnh chiu ca n l
mt im.
V tr ca hnh phng so vi mphc c 3 trng hp:
- Hnh phng xin so vi mphc: hnh chiu ca n l hnh phng khng
song song v nh hn n.
-

129

Hnh phng song song vi mphc: hnh chiu ca n l hnh phng

song song v bng n.

Hnh phng vung gc vi mphc: hnh chiu ca n l mt on

thng.

2. Mun v hnh chiu vung gc ca mt khi a din, ta phi lm g? Cho v

d.
Mun v hnh chiu ca khi a din ta phi v hnh chiu ca cc nh,
cc cnh v cc mt ca a din. Khi chiu ln mt phng hnh chiu, nu
cnh khng b cc mt ca vt th che khut th cnh c v bng nt
lin m, cn cnh no b che khut th cnh v bng nt t.
3. Mt trn xoay c hnh thnh nh th no? xc nh mt im nm
trn mt trn xoay ta phi lm th no?
Mt trn xoay l mt to bi mt ng bt k quay mt vng quanh mt
ng thng c nh. ng bt k gi l ng sinh ca mt trn xoay,
ng thng c nh gi l trc quay ca mt trn xoay. Mi im ca ng
sinh khi quay s to thnh mt ng trn c tm nm trn trc quay v bn
knh bng khang cch t im n trc quay.
-

Nu ng sinh l ng thng song song trc quay s to thnh mt

tr trn xoay.
Nu ng sinh l ng thng ct trc quay s to thnh mt nn

trn xoay.
- Nu ng sinh l na ng trn quay quanh trc quay l ng
knh ca n s to thnh mt cu trn xoay.
Mun xc nh mt im nm trn mt trn xoay th v qua im
ng sinh hay ng trn ca mt trn xoay.
Bi 4
1. Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din l hnh g? Trnh by cch v
cc hnh chiu vung gc ca giao tuyn .
- Giao tuyn ca mt phng vi khi a din l mt a gic phng.
v cc hnh chiu vung gc ca giao tuyn , ta v hnh chiu
tng im nh cu a gic ri ni chng li.
2. Nu cc dng giao tuyn cu mt phng vi khi tr v khi hnh nn.
Cc dng giao tuyn cu mt phng vi khi tr:
- Ty theo v tr ca mt phng i vi trc ca hnh tr ta c cc giao
tuyn sau:
-

130

+ Nu mt phng vung gc vi trc ca hnh tr th giao tuyn l

mt ng trn
+ Nu mt phng song song vi trc ca hnh tr th giao tuyn l
mt hnh ch nht.

+ Nu mt phng nghing vi trc ca hnh tr th giao tuyn l

mt ng elip.
Cc dng giao tuyn cu mt phng vi khi hnh nn:
+ L hnh trn, nu mt ct vung gc vI trc quay.
+ L tam gic cn c hai cnh l hai ng sinh ca hnh nn,
nu mt phng ct cha nh hnh nn.
+ L hnh parabn, nu mt phng ct song song vi mt ng
sinh ca hnh nn.

+ L hnh elip, nu mt phng ct nghing vi trc hnh nn v

ct tt c cc ng sinh ca hnh nn.
+ L hnh hyperbn, nu mt phng ct song song vi hai ng
sinh ca hnh nn.
3. Giao tuyn ca hai khi a din l hnh g?
Khi a din gii hn bi cc a gic, nn giao tuyn gia hai khi a
din l ng gy khc khp kn.
4. Giao tuyn ca hai khi tr c trc i xng vung gc nhau l hnh g?(xt
hai trng hp y cu hai khi tr bng nhau v khng bng nhau)
Giao tuyn ca hai khi tr c trc i xng vung gc nhau, trng hp
y cu hai khi tr khng bng nhau l ng cong khng gian khp kn.
v giao tuyn ta tm mt s im ca giao tuyn ri ni li. Dng tnh cht ca
cc mt vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu.
Trng hp hai hnh tr c ng knh bng nhau ng thi trc ca
chng ct nhau th giao tuyn l hai ng elip. Nu hai trc ca hai hnh tr
song song vi mt phng hnh chiu no th hnh chiu ca hai elip giao
tuyn trn mt phng hnh chiu l hai on thng.
Bi 5
1. Trnh by ni dung ca phng php hnh chiu trc o
Trong khng gian ly mt mt phng P lm mt phng hnh chiu v mt
ng thng l lm phng chiu.
Chiu vt th cng h trc ta vung gc Oxyz c cc trc ta t
theo chiu di, rng v cao ca vt th,theo phng chiu l ln mt phng

131

hnh chiu P (l khng song song mpP v khng song song vi cc trc ta
).
Hnh thu c gi l hnh chiu trc o ca vt th. Hnh chiu ca ba
trc ta l Ox, Oy, Oz gi l cc trc o
2. Th no l h s bin dng theo trc o?
T s gia di hnh chiu ca mt on thng nm trn trc ta vi
di tht ca on thng gi l h s bin dng trn trc o.
3. Cch b tr trc o v cc h s bin dng theo trc o ca hnh chiu trc
o vung gc u v hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn
- Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u
+ Gc gia cc trc to : xOy= yOz= xOz=120 .
+ H s bin dng: p = q = r = 0,82. thun tin cho vic v, ngi
-

ta thng dng h s bin dng qui c: p = q = r = 1.

Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn
+ Gc gia cc trc to : xOz= 90 ; yOz= xOy= 135 .

+ H s bin dng: p = r = 1; q= 0,5.

4. Nu trnh t cc bc dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th n gin
Trnh t dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th n gin nh sau:
- Bc 1: chn loi hnh chiu trc o, dng ke v v tr cc cc trc
o.
-

Bc 2: chn mt hnh chiu ca vt th lm mt c s, t trng vi

mt mt phng ta to bi hai trc o trong mt nh ca mt c
s trng vi im gc O. Trc o th ba nm v pha phn thp nht
ca mt c s ( hnh biu din c r rng).
Bc 3: t cc nh cn li ca mt c s, k nhng ng song
song vi trc o th ba. ng thi cn c theo h s bin dng trn
trc o th ba nhn vi kch thc chiu cn li ca vt th, t cc
on thng ln cc ng song song .
Bc 4: Ni cc im xc nh li ta c hnh chiu trc o ca

vt th n gin.
- Bc 5: Xa nt tha, t m hnh v.
5. Nu cch dng hnh chiu trc o vung gc u ca hnh trn

132

B
E
O1

A
H

F
O2

C
G

D
V hnh thoi (l hnh chiu trc o ca hnh vung ngai tip ng

trn) c cnh bng ng knh ng trn: A v C l nh gc t, B v

D l nh gc nhn.
-

Xc nh im gia ca cc cnh hnh thoi: a, b, c, d.

Xc nh giao im ca cc on Ab v Ac vi ng cho di BD

ca hnh thoi: O1 v O2.

V cung trn cb v ad c tm ti A v C, bn knh ln Ab = Cd.

Bi 6

V cung trn ab v cd tm ti O1 v O2, bn knh nh O1a = O2c.

1. Th no l hnh chiu ph, hnh chiu ring phn? Cng dng ca chng?
K hiu v quy c nh th no ?
Hnh chiu ph
- nh ngha: hnh chiu ph l hnh chiu ca vt th trn mt phng
-

hnh chiu khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn.

Cng dng: hnh chiu ph c dng trong trng hp vt th c b
phn no , nu biu din trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn s b
bin dng c v hnh dng ln kch thc.
K hiu v qui c: nu hnh chiu ph c t ng v tr lin h
chiu trc tip th khng cn ghi k hiu. C th di hnh chiu ph
n mt v tr bt k trn bn v hoc xoay hnh chiu ph i mt gc,
khi phi ghi k hiu bng ch ch tn gi v trn hnh biu din
lin quan phi c mi tn ch hng nhn km theo ch k hiu tng
ng. Khi xoay hnh chiu ph phi c mi tn cong trn ch k hiu

.
Hnh chiu ring phn
- nh ngha: l hnh chiu mt phn nh ca vt th trn mt phng
hnh chiu c bn hay song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn.
- Cng dng: ch cn chiu ring mt phn ca vt th.

133

K hiu v qui c: tng t hnh chiu ph (nhng khng s dng

mi tn cong).

2. Th no l hnh ct v mt ct ?
Hnh ct: l hnh biu din phn vt th cn li ln mt phng hnh chiu
song song vi mt phng ct, sau khi b i phn vt th gia mt phng ct
v ngi quan st.
Mt ct: l hnh biu din phn vt th tip xc vi mt phng ct.
3. Phn loi hnh ct nh th no?
Theo v tr mt phng ct
- Hnh ct ng: nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
-

chiu ng.
Hnh ct bng: nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu bng.
Hnh ct cnh: nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu cnh.
Hnh ct nghing: nu mt phng ct nghing so vi cc mt phng
hnh chiu c bn.

Theo s lng mt phng ct

- Hnh ct n gin: nu ch dng mt mt phng ct vt th.
- Hnh ct phc tp: nu dng t hai mt phng tr ln ct vt th.
- Hnh ct bc: nu cc mt phng ct song song nhau.
- Hnh ct xoay: nu cc mt phng ct giao nhau.
Hnh chiu kt hp hnh ct v hnh ct ring phn:
- Hnh chiu kt hp hnh ct
+ Nu hnh chiu v hnh ct ca vt th trn mt phng hnh chiu c
bn no c chung trc i xng th c th ghp mt na hnh
chiu vi mt na hnh ct.Tiu chun bn v qui nh ly trc i
xng ca hnh lm ng phn cch gia phn hnh chiu v phn
hnh ct.
Hnh ct cc b (hnh ct ring phn)
+ Khi khng cn thit ct ton b vt th, c th ct mt phn ca vt
th. Hnh ct gi l hnh ct cc b hay ring phn. ng gii
hn gia hnh chiu v hnh ct l nt ln sng hay nt dch dc.
4. K hiu vt liu ln trn mt ct v quy c s dng n ?
phn bit phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct v phn vt th nm
sau mt phng ct, TCVN 7-93 quy nh v mt ct bng k hiu vt liu.
-

134

Thng thng hay dng k hiu vt liu l ng gch gch,th hin cho
vt liu kim loi. Cc qui c khi biu din n nh sau:
-

Cc ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu v bng nt lin mnh song

song nhau, cch u nhau (210 mm) v nghing 45 so vi ng
bao chnh hoc vi trc i xng ca hnh biu din. Nu phng ca
ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu trng vi ng bao hay ng
trc chnh ca hnh biu din th cho php v nghing 30 hoc 60 .

Nu min gch gch ca k hiu vt liu qu rng th cho php ch

gch vng bin.

Nu min gch gch ca k hiu vt liu qu hp (<2mm) th cho php

t en.

Cc ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu ca cc chi tit khc nhau

t k nhau phi c v theo phng khc nhau, hoc khong cch
khc nhau, hoc so le nhau.
5. C my loi mt ct ? Phn bit chng ?
Mt ct ri: l mt ct l mt ct t bn ngoi hnh biu din hoc t
phn ct la ca mt hnh chiu no . ng bao ca mt ct ri v bng
-

nt lin m.
Mt ct chp: l mt ct t ngay trn hnh biu din tng ng. ng
bao ca mt ct chp v bng nt lin mnh. Cc ng bao ti ch t mt
ct chp ca hnh biu din vn v y .
6. Hnh trch l g ?
Hnh trch l biu din trch ra t hnh biu din c trn bn v v
thng c phng to.
Hnh trch c dng khi cn th hin mt cch r rng, t m v ng
nt, v hnh dng, v kch thc... ca mt phn t no trn vt th m
trn cc hnh biu din khc kh th hin.
7. Ngi ta dng phng php phn tch hnh dng vt th lm g?
Ngi ta phi dng phng php phn tch hnh dng vt th v hnh
chiu ca mt vt th, ghi mt cch y kch thc ca vt th, c bn
v v v hnh chiu th ba ca mt vt th.
8. Th no l kch thc nh hnh, nh v, kch thc khun kh?
Kch thc nh hnh: l kch thc xc nh ln ca cc khi hnh
hc c bn.
Kch thc nh v: kch thc xc nh v tr tng i gia cc khi hnh
hc ca vt th.
135

Kch thc xc nh ba chiu chung cho vt th gi l kch thc khun

kh.
Bi 7
1. Ren bao gm nhng yu t no?
-

Prfin ren: l hnh phng (mt ct ren) chuyn ng xon c to thnh

ren. C cc loi profin ren: hnh tam gic, hnh thang, hnh vung,
cung trn.
ng knh ren: ng knh ngoi d v ng knh trong d1 (d>d1).
ng knh ngoi l ng knh danh ngha ca ren.
Bc ren l khong cch theo chiu trc gia hai nh ren k nhau, k
hiu l P. Nu ren c nhiu ng xon c (u mi) th bc ren P
bng bc xon Ph chia cho s u mi n.

Ph
n

Hng xon: khi vn ren theo chiu kim ng h m ren tin v pha
trc th ren c hng xon phi,v ngc li l ren c hng xon
tri. Ngi ta thng dng loi ren c hng xon phi, mt u mi.
2. K cc loi ren thng dng
-

Ren h mt: dng trong mi ghp thng thng, prfin ren l hnh tam
gic u, k hiu ren h mt l M. ng knh v bc ren qui nh trong
TCVN 2274 77. Ren h mt gm hai loi: ren bc ln v ren bc nh.
Hai loi ny c ng knh ging nhau nhng bc khc nhau, kch thc c
bn ca ren bc ln qui nh trng TCVN 2248 77.
Ren ng: dng trong mi ghp cc ng, prfin ca ren ng l hnh tam
gic cn c gc nh bng 55, kch thc ca ren ng ly ins (inch) lm
n v. K hiu ca ins l du (1=25,4 mm). Ren ng c hai loi: Ren ng
hnh tr c k hiu prfin l G v ren ng hnh cn c k hiu prfin l R (Rren
ng cn ngoi, Rc- ren ng cn trong, Rp- ren ng tr trong). Kch thc ca
ren ng hnh tr c qui nh trong TCVN 4681-89 v ren ng hnh cn trong
TCVN463188.
Ren hnh thang: dng truyn lc, prfin ren l hnh thang cn c gc
nh bng 30, k hiu l Tr. Kch thc ca ren hnh thang c qui nh
trong TCVN 4673-89.
Ren ta (ren ): dng truyn lc, prfin ren l hnh thang thng c
gc nh bng 30, k hiu l S. Kch thc c bn ca ren ta c qui
nh trong TCVN 337783.

136

3. Cch v ren theo qui c nh th no?

-

i vi ren ngoi thy c th v nh sau:

+ ng nh ren v ng gii hn ren v bng nt lin m.
+ ng y ren v bng nt lin mnh.

+ ng trn y ren v h 1/4 v ch h thng t gc trn bn

phi ng trn.
+ Khng v ng trn mp vt trn hnh chiu vung gc vi trc
ren.
Ren trong: i vi ren trong thy c trn mt ct v hnh ct th
c v nh ren ngoi ngha l ng nh ren trong v nt lin m
v y ren trong v bng nt lin mmh. Nu b che khut th cc
ng ca ren c v bng nt t.

on ren cn: trng hp cn biu din, on ren cn c v bng

nt lin mnh.
- Ren n khp: trn hnh ct ca ren l n khp vi ren trc, ren trc
khng b ct v xem nh che khut ren l.
4. K cc loi mi ghp bng ren v nu c im tng loi mi ghp
-

- Mi ghp bulng
Trong mi ghp bulng, cc chi tit b ghp c l trn. Cc chi tit lp xit
gm c bulng, ai c v vng m. Kch thc ng knh danh ngha ca
bulng l kch thc c bn xc nh cc kch thc khc ca mi ghp, d
l ng knh danh ngha ca ren.
- Mi ghp vt cy
Trong mi ghp vt cy, mt chi tit b lp c l ren v chi tit b lp khc
c l trn. B chi tit lp xit gm c vt cy, ai c v vng m. Cc kch
thc ca mi ghp c ly theo ng knh danh ngha d ca vt cy.Trn
bn v, mi ghp vt cy c v theo quy c.
Cn c theo vt liu ca chi tit c l ren xc nh chiu di l1 ca vt
cy:
+ Nu chi tit c l ren bng thp th ly l1 = d.
+ Nu chi tit c l ren bng gang th ly l1 = 1,25d.
+ Nu chi tit c l ren bng hp kim nh th ly l1 =2d.
- Mi ghp vt
Trong mi ghp vt, phn ren vt c vn vo l ren ca chi tit b ghp.
Cn u vt p cht vo chi tit b ghp kia khng cn dng n ai c.
5. Mi ghp bng then dng lm g? C my loi then thng dng?

137

Ghp bng then dng truyn mmen. Mi ghp tho c, thng

ghp cc chi tit nh trc vi puli hoc bnh rng. C nhiu loi then nhng
thng dng l: then bng, then bn nguyt, then vt. Ngoi ra cn c then
hoa dng truyn mmen ln.Then hoa gm c cc loi nh: then hoa rng
ch nht, then hoa rng thn khai, then hoa rng tam gic.
6. Cch v qui c mi ghp then hoa nh th no?
Trc then hoa: ng sinh mt nh rng v bng nt lin m. ng
sinh mt y rng v ng gii hn rng v bng nt lin mnh.Trn hnh
chiu vung gc vi trc then hoa: ng trn mt nh rng v bng nt lin
m, ng trn mt y rng v bng nt lin mnh.
L then hoa: trn hnh ct dc, ng sinh mt nh v mt y rng u
v bng nt lin m. Khng k ng gch gch trn phn rng ca then
hoa.Trn hnh chiu vung gc vi trc then hoa: ng trn mt nh rng v
bng nt lin m, ng trn mt y rng v bng nt lin mnh v thng
v prfin mt vi rng ca then hoa trn hnh chiu ny.
Mi ghp then hoa: trc then hoa khng b ct dc v che khut l then
hoa (u tin v trc then hoa, k c trn hnh ct vung gc vi trc ca mi
ghp).
7. Cht dng lm g? C my loi mi ghp bng cht?
Cht dng lp ghp hay nh v cc chi tit vi nhau. Cht gm cc
loi: cht tr, cht cn. ng knh ca cht tr v ng knh y nh ca
cht cn l ng knh danh ngha ca cht. Cht l chi tit tiu chun, kch
thc ca chng c qui nh trong TCVN 2041-86 v TCVN 2042-86. Mi
ghp bng cht thng l mi ghp bng cht tr v cn. Ngoi ra, ngi ta
cn s dng cht ch xuyn qua trc ren v rnh ca ai c chng t
tho.
8. Mi ghp inh tn dng lm g? Nu c im v phn loi mi ghp? Cch
v qui c inh tn nh th no?
- Mi ghp bng inh tn: l mi ghp khng tho c, dng ghp

cc tm kim loi c hnh dng v kt cu khc nhau, nht l trong cc

b phn chu chn ng mnh nh cu, v my bay...
Phn loi theo cng dng mi ghp inh tn c chia lm ba loi:
+ Mi ghp chc: dng cho kt cu kim loi khc nhau nh cu,
gin...
+ Mi ghp kn: dng cho cc thng cha, ni hi p sut thp.

138

+ Mi ghp chc kn: dng cho cc kt cu i hi va chc va kn

nh cc ni hi c p sut cao.
-

V qui c inh tn
+ Cc loi inh tn khc nhau c v theo quy c nh bng 7.5.
+ Nu mi ghp c nhiu chi tit cng loi th cho php v n gin
vi chi tit, cc chi tit khc c nh du v tr bng ng trc
v ng tm.

9. Th no l mi ghp bng hn? K cc loi mi ghp bng hn? Cch v

qui c mi ghp bng hn.
Hn l qu trnh ghp cc chi tit bng phng php lm nng chy cc
b kt dnh cc chi tit li vi nhau, phn kim loi nng chy sau khi ngui
s to thnh mi hn. Ghp bng hn l mi ghp khng tho c. Mun
tho ri cc chi tit ghp ta phi ph v mi hn .
- Phn loi mi hn
Cn c vo cch ghp cc chi tit, mi hn c chia lm 4 loi sau:
+ Mi hn ghp i nh. - Mi hn ghp ch T.
+ Mi hn ghp gc.
+ Mi hn ghp chp.
- Biu din qui c cc mi hn
+ Trn hnh chiu dng cc nt lin m hoc nt t din t mi
hn.
+ Trn hnh ct v mt ct th mi hn c t en.
10. Cch k hiu qui c mi ghp bng hn?
- K hiu hn c ghi trn ng ch dn nm ngang ni vi ng
dn c mi tn ch vo mi hn.
- Mi tn phi hng v pha ca tm c chun b trc khi hn.

139

ng ch dn c nt lin mnh v nt t song song. t k hiu

trn hay di ng dn, theo qui tc sau:
+ t k hiu pha nt lin ca ng dn nu mi hn (mt mi
hn) pha mi tn ca mi ni (hnh 7.25a).
+ t k hiu pha nt t nu mi hn (mt mi hn) v pha kia
ca mi ni (hnh 7.25b).

Moi han oi xng

a) Han pha mui ten

b) Han pha kia

Hnh 7.25. V tr ca k hiu i vi ng ch dn

+ K hiu ca mi hn
K hiu mi hn c qui nh trong cc tiu chun. K hiu mi hn gm
c k hiu c bn, k hiu ph, k hiu b sung v kch thc mi hn.
K hiu c bn: th hin hnh dng mt ct mi hn (Bng 7.7).
K hiu ph: th hin c im b mt mt ct mi hn (phng,li,lm)
K hiu b sung: nu r mt s c trng khc ca mi hn
Kch thc ca mi hn: gm kch thc chiu dy mi hn S, chiu
rng chn mi hn z, chiu cao tnh ton a. Trong mi hn gc ngt
qung cn c chiu di on hn l, (e) khong cch gia cc on
hn k nhau, s cc on hn n.
V d:

2. P N BI TP
Bi 1

140

1. Sa li ch sai

a)

b)

d)

c)

e)

2. Sa li nhng ch sai
30

28

18

18

b)
b)

c)c)

5454
20
20

d) d)

2 lo
2 8
lo 8

R17
R17

17

18
18
30
30

2828

5555

e)
e)

f)

f)

17 30
30

a) a)

12

12

32

30
30

32

32

22

28

30

32

22

3434
46

46

64

64

3. Ghi kch thc

(Lu hnh d ch cn v mt hnh chiu v ghi kch thc khng cn
c hnh chiu th hai)

141

a)

b)

20

12
2 lo

10

26

40

10 10

R12

30
50

36
60

11
d)

14

14

19
48

14

R5

30

c)

33

19
29

Bi 3
1.Tm hnh chiu th ba ca ng thng v hnh phng
g)

e)

d3

d1
A1

A3

f)

d3

d1

B3

B1

d1 C1

C2

d2
B2

A2

C3 d3

d2

d2
h)

g)
g) B1

B3

i)
h)

B1

A1i) M1 D1 D3 M3 A3
B3 A 1
B3
A1 M1 D1 D3 M3 A3
M
1
M
3
M
3
A
3
A
1
A1
B3
A3
C1 C3
C1 C3
B1
MC11 D3
A3 M3 C3 D1
M
3C3
AM1 1
B3
C1
C1 C3
C3
B1
D1
C1 D3
M
C21
C2 D2
D2 A2
M2
C2
C2 D2
D2 A 2
M2
M2
M2
M2
A2
B2 A2 M2
B2 C2
B2
A2
B2 A2
2 C2
2
2. V hnh chiuBth
ba ca khi hnhBhc
B1

B3

B1A3

142

c)

b)

a)

K1

K3

K3

K1

K3

K1

K2

K2

K2

3. V hnh chiu th ba ca nhiu khi hnh hc t gn nhau

b)

a)

c)

f)

e)

d)

4. B sung cc nt vo cc hnh chiu

a)

f)

b)

g)

c)

d)

h)

i)

e)

j)

5. V ba hnh chiu vt th n gin:

143

a)

d)

b)

c)

e)

f)

g)
g)

h) h)

i)

j)

k)

j)

Bi 4

i)

l)

k)

l)

1. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca vt th

144

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

k)

l)

2. V ba hnh chiu vung gc ca khi hnh hc b ct bi mt mt phng

45

60

45

a)

c)

b)
P1

60

45

d)

e)

f)

Bi 5

145

15

10

25

25

R10

40

16

10

24

20

40

a)

b)

32

14

25
8

10

25

24

32
54

c)

24

14

10
24

54

d)

Bi 6.
1. V 6 hnh chiu c bn ca vt th
b)

2. V hnh chiu ph ca vt th

a)

b)

3. Sa li cho ng cc hnh ct

146

a)

b)

c)

d)

A-A

4. V hnh ct kt hp hnh chiu

a)
a)

b)
b)

d)
d)

c)
c)

f)
f)

e)
e)

5. V hnh ct ng v hnh chiu cnh ca vt th

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

6. V hnh ct

147

a)

b)

c)

e)

d)

f)

9. Chn mt ct ng: - Chi tit 1: mt ct E E

- Chi tit 2: mt ct B B
- Chi tit 3: mt ct C C.
10. V mt ct ca vt th
B
B-B

B-B

B
B

a)

b)

B
B

B-B

B-B

A
B
B

c)

A-A

d)

148

A
A
14
14

14 108

27

14

60B

27

A-A

60

B-B

A-A

B-B

96 A

e)

44

96

44

e)

20

20

A
6

17 6

17

108

B
B

B
100

100

36

70

A-A

B-B

B-B

R8

222

R8

30

18

8585

AA

BB

6
6

112
2

2218

22

f) f)

A-A

36

70

30

Bi 7
1. Gii thch cc k hiu ren sau:
M16: ren h mt, ng knh danh nghi 16mm, ren bc ln, hng
xon phi.
M30x2- LH: ren h mt, ng knh danh nghi 30mm, bc ren 2mm,
hng xon tri.
M20x1,5: ren h mt, ng knh danh nghi 20mm, bc ren 1,5mm,
hng xon phi.
Tr36x6(P3): ren hnh thang, ng knh danh nghi 36mm, bc xon
6mm, bc ren 3mm, 2 u mi, hng xon phi.
Tr20x4-LH: ren hnh thang, ng knh danh nghi 20mm, bc ren
4mm, hng xon tri.
G1: ren ng tr, ng knh danh nghi 1 inch (ins)
R11/4: ren ng cn ngoi, ng knh danh nghi 11/4 inch.
Rc13/4: ren ng cn trong, ng knh danh nghi 13/4 inch.
S 50x 8-LH: ren ta, ng knh danh nghi 50mm, bc ren 8mm,
hng xon tri.
2. Xt xem hnh chiu cnh ng v nh du x vo trng bn cnh:
a 1, b 2, c 2.
3. c hnh chiu mi ghp bng ren, tr li cc cu hi sau:
Tn gi tng loi mi ghp, nu tn gi tng chi tit trong mi mi ghp:

149

a) Mi ghp bulng: 1, 2 - chi tit 1 v 2; 3 bulng; 4 ai c; 5 vng

m.
b) Mi ghp vt cy: 1, 2 - chi tit 1 v 2; 3 vng m; 4- ai c; 5 vt
cy
K k hiu vt liu trn mt ct (ng gch gch) ca cc chi tit b
ghp.

4. c hnh chiu ca mi ghp bng then, tr li cc cu hi:

Tn gi tng loi mi ghp. Gii thch k hiu ghi trn hnh v.
Mi ghp then bn nguyt K hiu: then bn nguyt c chiu rng 8mm,
chiu cao 13mm, s hiu tiu chun TCVN 4217-86.
a) Mi ghp then bng K hiu: then bng c chiu rng 8mm, chiu
cao 7mm, chiu di 18mm, s hiu tiu chun TCVN 4216-86.
V k hiu vt liu trn mt ct ca cc chi tit trong mi ghp:
A
Then ban nguyet

8x13 TCVN 4217-86

Then bang

8x7x18 TCVN 4216-86

A
a)

b)

5. c hnh chiu mi ghp hn v mi ghp inh tn, tr li cc cu hi:

a) Mi hn i nh vt ch V n phng (bng phng), c hn li
b) Mi hn gc, hn i xng, chiu dy tnh ton 5mm
c) Mi hn im, c ng knh im hn d, s cc on hn n,khong
cch gia cc im hn l e
d) Mi hn gc lm, chiu dy chn 7mm

150

e) Mi hn i u vung, hn i xng
f) Mi hn gc ngt qung so le, mi hn i xng, chiu dy chn z, s
cc on hn n, chiu di mi hn l, khong cch gia cc on hn l e.
P N BI TP NNG CAO
1. Biu din vt th
18

36
9

R16

13

10
15

16

37

10

20

10

26

50

13

31

25

42

a)

b)
54

20

14

29
8

36

34

50
36

20
88

38

18

c)

d)

2. Biu din vt th:

151

54

35

54

5
R1

10

10

R1

84
84

44

42

30

42

20
30

20

b)

a)

42

18

R1

10

14

22

35

40

54

44
82

70

30

22

84

c)

46

30
42

16

20

d)

56

152

CC THUT NG CHUYN MN
1. Php chiu xuyn tm: nu tt c cc tia chiu cng i qua mt im
c nh S (S: gi l tm chiu).
2. Php chiu song song:Nu tt c cc tia chiu u song song vi mt
ng thng c nh l (l: gi l phng chiu).
3. Php chiu xin: l php chiu song song c phng chiu l khng
vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu.
4. Php chiu vung gc: l php chiu song song c cc tia chiu vung
gc vi mt phng hnh chiu.
5. Hnh chiu vung gc: l hnh chiu c c khi dng php chiu
vung gc chiu vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu. Trn mt hnh chiu vung
gc ch th hin c hai chiu ca vt th.
6. Hnh chiu trc o: l hnh biu din th hin ng thi c ba chiu
ca vt th, nn hnh biu din c tnh lp th.
7. H s bin dng theo trc o: l t s gia di hnh chiu ca mt
on thng nm trn trc ta vi di tht ca on thng
8. Hnh chiu c bn: l hnh chiu ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu
c bn.
9. Phng php E: l phng php chiu gc th nht, phng php
ny cc nc chu u v nhiu nc s dng trong c nc ta. Phng
php ny qui nh vt th t gia ngi quan st v mt phng hnh chiu.
10. Phng php A: l phng php chiu gc th ba, phng php ny
a s cc nc chu M s dng. Phng php ny qui nh mt phng
chiu t gia ngi quan st v vt th.
11. Hnh chiu ph: l hnh chiu ln mt phng hnh chiu khng song
song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn.
12. Hnh chiu ring phn: l hnh chiu mt phn ca vt th ln mt
phng hnh chiu c bn hoc song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn.
13. Hnh ct: hnh biu din phn vt th cn li ln mt phng hnh chiu
song song vi mt phng ct, khi tng tng b i phn vt th gia mt
phng ct v ngi quan st.
14. Mt ct: l hnh biu din phn vt th tip xc vi mt phng ct.
15. Hnh trch: l hnh biu din trch ra t mt hnh biu din c,
thng c phng to nhm th hin r rng v t m hn v hnh dng,
ng nt, kch thc ca b phn c biu din.

153

16. ng xon c: l qu o ca mt im chuyn ng tnh tin u

trn mt ng sinh ng thi ng sinh li quay u quanh mt trc c
nh.
17. Profin ren: l hnh phng (nm trn mt phng ct cha trc ren)
chuyn ng xon c to thnh ren. C cc loi profin ren sau: hnh tam gic,
hnh thang, hnh vung, hnh cung trn
18. ng knh danh ngha ca ren: l ng knh ngoi hay ng
knh ln nht ca ren.
19. Bc ren: khang cch theo chiu trc ca hai nh ren k nhau.
20. Bulng: l chi tit gm phn thn hnh tr, u c ren. Phn m
hnh lc gic u hay hnh vung.
21. ai c: l chi tit c l ren, dng vn vi bulng hay vt cy. ai c
c cc loi: ai c 4 cnh, ai c 6 cnh, ai c x rnh, ai c trn
22. Vng m: l chi tit lt di ai c. C nhiu loi: vng m th,
vng m tinh, vng m lxo.
23. Vt cy: l chi tit hnh tr c ren 2 u. Vt cy dng cho nhng
trng hp chi tit ghp c dy qu ln hay v l do no khng dng
c bulng.
24. Vt: l chi tit gm phn thn hnh tr c ren. Dng ghp trc tip
cc chi tit m khng cn dng n ai c. Dng cho nhng chi tit ghp chu
lc nh.
25. Then: l chi tit dng truyn mmen gia trc v cc chi tit nh
puli, bnh rng. Trong mi ghp bng then, hai chi tit b ghp u c rnh
then v chng c ghp vi nhau bng then.
26. Cht: c dng hnh tr hay cn, dng lp ghp hay nh v cc chi
tit li vi nhau.
27. inh tn: l thanh hnh tr c m hai u, mt u c m sn, m
th hai l m tn, c to nn khi tn inh vo mi ghp.Cho inh tn vo l
ca mi ghp ri tn li, ta c mi ghp bng inh tn.

154

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Trn Hu Qu - V k thut c kh I v II NXB Gio dc 1998
[2]. Trn Hu Qu - V k thut - Sch dng cho cc trng o to ngh v
trung hc k thut - NXB Gio dc - 1999
[3]. Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn vn Tun - V k thut - Sch dng cho cc
trng o to h trung hc chuyn nghip - NXB Gio dc - 2003
[4]. Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn vn Tun - V k thut - Gio trnh dy ngh -NXB
Khoa hc v k thut - 2004
[5]. I.X. Vxneppnxki (H Qun dch) - V k thut - NXB Mir - Matxcva 1990
[6]. S.K. Bogolyubov - Exercises inmachine drawing - NXB Mir Matxcva 1983
[7]. Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn vn Tun - Bn v k thut - Tiu chun Quc t NXB Gio dc - 2002.
[8]. Nguyn Quang C, on Nh Kim - Bi tp V k thut Xy dng - NXB
Gio dc - 1992
[9]. Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn vn Tun - Bi tp V k thut c kh - Tp 1 v
Tp 2 - NXB Gio dc 2002

155