1.

Kim nh 2 t l
M file d liu-Analyse/Descriptive Statistics/Crosstabs/ Chn bin Ph thuc (hu qu) (v d xem tivi) cn Phn tch a vo Row/ Chn bin c lp (Nguyn nhn) (v d: Gii: nam, n) cn Phn tch a vo Column/ Chn Cells: chn Observed, chn Row/Column/Total/ Chn Statistics: chn Chi-Quare/Chn Exact/OK (Asymtotic only: c gi tr 95%)

Kt lun: kt lun mi lin h gia 2 bin c lp hay ph thuc vo nhau ta da vo ch s Asymptotic Significance vi s mu ln hoc phn phi l phn phi chun. Asym-Sig (p-value)= P=> 0,05 (nn ta chp
nhn Ho) ngha l khng c s khc bit (P<0,05 C s khc bit) gia 2 t l ...(nam) v t l.(n) trong..(xem

tivi) vi tin cy:. (95%) * xc nh mi quan h gia 2 bin trong bng cho ta s dng cc ch s sau:
1. Pearson Chi-Quare v Likelihood Ratio ta c th kim nh lin h gia 2 bin m khng cn quan tm n s lng hng v ct trong bng. 2. Linear-by- linear association khi m cc bin trong bng l bin nh lng. 3. Yates corrected hay cn gi l Continuity Correction nh gi mi tng quan gia hai bin trong bng 2x2; 4. Fishers Exact Test: dng cho mu nghin cu nh (<20) v cc gi tr mong i nh (tn sut xut hin mong mun trong mt phn giao nhau gia 2 bin trong bng (cell)<5)

* o lng cng ca cc mi quan h gia cc bin ta dng cng c thng k Correlate M file d liu-Analyse/ Correlate/Bivariate/
Chn 2 bin cn xt tng quan a vo Variable

Trong Option chn Mean and Std deviation v Exclude cases pairwise/OK. c kt qu cng ca cc mi quan h (R=) l ni giao nhau gia 2 bin trong bng

Ch thch: trong bng Chi-Quare Tests:

128 (b): b: Cell= tng hng x tng ct/gi tr Cells: <5 gi tr k vng (<5) - Exact. Sig (1-sided) ch c mt chiu: khng c s khc bit(khng c so snh khc nhau); Exact. Sig (2-sided): c so snh c s khc bit hay khng - Continuity Correction (a): test ny ch dng cho bng 2x2 - Likelihood Ratio: test ny dng kim nh t l c nhy, c hiu (XN) - Fishers Exact Test: test ny dng cho mu nh c k vng Cells >0,25 - Trong nghin cu khng missing - Trnh by mi quan h phi nhim-bnh theo bng 2 x n vi qui c yu t phi nhim trnh by theo hng v yu t bnh trnh by theo ct. kt qu kim nh ng tin cy th cc s liu trong bng cho gia 2 bin ang kho st phi tha mn iu kin sau: + Khng tn ti bt k giao nhau gia 2 bin c gi tr mong i <1 + Khng vt qu 20% lng giao nhau gia 2 bin c gi tr<5 2. Kim nh >2 t l (cc bc tin hnh ging nh kim nh 2 t l)

M file d liu-Analyse/Descriptive Statistics/Crosstabs/ Chn bin Ph thuc (hu qu) (v d xem tivi) cn Phn tch a vo Row/ Chn bin c lp (Nguyn nhn) (v d: Gii: nam, n) cn Phn tch a vo Column/ Chn Cells: chn Observed, chn Row/Column/Total/ Chn Statistics: chn Chi-Quare/Chn Exact/OK (Asymtotic only: c gi tr 95%)

3.Kim nh >2 trung bnh: Oneway ANOVA

M file d liu-Analyse/Compare Means/one-way ANOVA/Chn bin nh lng cn kim nh a vo Dependent list (cn nng)/ Chn bin phn loi cn kim nh a vo Factor (ni )/

- Chn Option: c gi tr trung bnh cc nhm: + Chn Descriptive; + Chn Homogeneity of Variances/ 2 s la chn ny nhm xc nh loi thng k m t v tnh ng nht ca phng sai gip kim nh s ngang bng v phng sai gia cc nhm (test thng k Leven quyt nh n s la chn phng php kim nh trong phn Post Hoc); Cng c: Means Plot dng hin th th v gi tr trung bnh ca cc nhm; Cng c:Missing Value dng kim sot gi tr khuyt: Exclude cases analysis by analysis: nhng trng hp c gi tr
khuyt trong bin ph thuc v bin kim sot s khng c a vo trong kim nh. Ngoi ra nhng trng hp c gi tr quan st nm bn ngoi chui xc nh cho bin kim sot cng khng c s dng. Exclude cases listwise: nhng trng hp c gi tr khuyt cases

trong bin iu khin hoc bt k bin ph thuc no c a ra hoc khng c a ra kim nh b loi tr ra khi qu trnh phn tch ( Trong tng th cc phng sai ca cc mu d liu phi tng ng (s c kim nh bng test thng k Levenes Homogeneity of Variances) - Chn Post Hoc: so snh s khc bit tng cp gia cc nhm (nhm no khc bit vi nhm no): + Chn LSD nu cc phng sai bng nhau; + Chn Dunnett T3 nu phng sai khng bng nhau /Continue/OK (khng chn Contracts)? c kt qu: Da vo 2 Test sau: 1. Test thng k Levenes Homogeneity of Variances): Nu: Sig. = p= >0,05 cc phng sai tng ng c kt qu bng Test LSD ; Nu: Sig. = p= <0,05 cc phng sai khng tng ng c kt qu bng Test Dunnett T3; 2. Test ANOVA

Kt lun da vo Sig = P=.>0,05 nn ta chp nhn gi thuyt Ho ngha l khng c s khc bit (trung bnh trng lng cc vng sinh sng) vi tin cy 95 % Lu : + Nu: Sig. = p= >0,05 cc phng sai tng ng c kt qu bng Test LSD ; + Nu: Sig. = p= <0,05 cc phng sai khng tng ng c kt qu bng Test Dunnett T3; (Nu nhm phng sai: tng ng hoc khng tng ng th th kt lun c th b khc bit nhau)

2.Kim nh 2 trung bnh

M file d liu-Analyse/Compare Means/Independent-Samples T-test /Chn bin cn kim nh / Test variable: TUI (bin nh lng)/Grouping variable: GII (bin nh tnh)/ Define group (1: nam; 2 n)/ /Continue/OK

Kt lun:
Da vo Bng Independent Test / c da vo ct: Levenes Test for Equality of Variances (dng cho 2 test c 2 Phng sai tng ng): * Nu 1. c Levenes Test: v Sig = 0,626>0,05 nn hai phng sai l tng ng- Tip theo c kt qu ct t-test for Equality Dng 1 Equal variances assumed ( c cho trng hp
2 gi tr trung bnh c Phng sai/ lch chun tng ng),

2. Dng 1: (ti ct Sig.2-tailed) c Sig.2-tailed = 0,354>0,05 nn trung bnh tui ca 2 nhm nam v n l khng khc bit vi tin cy 95% * Nu c Levenes Test: v Sig = <0,05 nn hai phng sai l khng tng ng- Tip theo c kt qu ct t-test for Equality Dng 2 Equal variances not assumed ( c cho trng
hp 2 gi tr trung bnh c Phng sai/ lch chun khng tng ng),

V BIU CHIA THNH NHIU NHM TNH T L THEO NHM

TRANSFORM/Recode/Into defferent variables Nhp bin cn chia nhm vo : String variables/Output variables: v d:tui Nhmt3 (Label: nhm tui) chn change: tui Nhmt3 Chn Old and new value vo new value nhp gi tr nhm mi: nhom1/ vao Range nhp gia tr nhm1: vd 1 thoguh 30 hoc Range lowest trough 31 nhom2 31 thoguh 50/nhom3 Range highest trough 51 + Continue/OK V d: Nu nhiu nhm xp vo mt nhm th xp nh sau: vd mun xp: M ch, TH Hc vn thp
THCS, THPT -Hc vn thp trung bnh Cng, H Hc vn cao ta lm nh sau: Vo Old value chn s 0 (m ch) vo New value chn HV thap 1 (tiu hc) vo New value chn HV thap Vo Old value chn s 2 (m ch) vo New value chn HVtb 3 (THCS) vo New value chn HVtb Vo Old value chn s 4 (THPT) vo New value chn HVcao Vo Old value chn s 5 (CD,DH) vo New value chn HVcao

+ Continue/OK
TNH T L THEO NHM 1. BiN N: Dng Frequencies: Vo file d liu trong Data Editor Analysis/Discreptive Statistics/Frequencies Chn cc gi tr trong bng Frequencies: 2. BIN KP: xc nh s lng, t l mt bin s theo tnh cht: v d: tnh tng nhm th lc theo gii tnh Analyze- Discreptive Statistics-Crosstables- chn bin xc nh vo ROW, chn bin tnh cht vo Column Vo CELL chn cc gi tr lin quan: Obcerved, row, column, total -Continue- OK

LNH COMPUTE Xy dng 1 bin mi trn c s cc bin c:

VD: BMI t chiu cao, cn nng : BMI = cannang/(chieucao x chieu cao) Ngy iu tr = C.TIME. DAY (Ngy ra vin ngy vo vin) Tui iu tra = C.TIME. DAY (Ngy thng nm iu tra - Ngy thng nm sinh) X 365.25

Transform/Compute/Target Variable: t tn bin mi: BMI/ vo Type & Label dn nhn cho bin mi/ dng cc phm chc nng (Function) nhp cng thc tnh vo Mumeric Expression/OK

LNH COUNT: tnh ton (m) cc gi tr ca bin s: Trc khi tnh ton phi chuyn t bin nh tnh sang bin nh lng
Transform/Counnt t tn bin cn tnh gi tr vo Target Variable/ a bin cn tng hp tnh ton (m) vo Numeric Variable/Chn Define Value, a gi tr cn xc nh (cn m) vo Value (Vd: Mun m gi tr c nghe i s1/(khng nghe i s 2) th ta nhp vo Value s 1) m tt c s 1 trn cc bin cn m) /chn Add/+ Continue/OK CHU : Vi bin nh tnh (String) mun dng lnh COUNT phi chuyn i thnh bin nh lng (numeric) ri mi M c: VD: nghe radio, c bo, bin trinhdo (String) trc mun xp nhm phi i thnh bin nh lng (numeric).

Bi 9 (TKYH) TNG QUAN TUYN TNH (Linear correlation) I. GII THIU Phn tch tng quan (Correlation) l k thut rt thng dng trong thng k y hc nhm kho st mi lin quan gia 2 bin s o trn cng cc i tng thng qua h s tng quan (correlation coefficient). C nhiu loi h s tng quan (HSTQ) nhng bi ny ch trnh by h s tng quan r ca Pearson (Pearson r correlation coefficient). Pearson r l s o mi lin quan tuyn tnh ca 2 bin s, v c s dng khi 2 bin s thuc thang o lng t s hoc thang khong. II. CCH TNH v C IM CA PEARSON r tnh c Pearson r, cn phi o dc 2 bin s, x v y th d, chiu cao (x) v cn nng (y). Cc s o ny phi c ly thnh cp i vi tng thnh vin ca 1 mu ngu nhin n gin rt ra t 1 dn s. Cng thc tnh: C IM: + Gi tr ca Pearson r nm trong khong 1 n +1.
r=

xy x y
2

Mt HSTQ bng 1 cho thy 2 bin s c mi lin quan nghch chiu tuyt i (perfect negative relationship) (lin quan nghch chiu: x tng, y gim; x gim, y tng). Mt HSTQ bng +1 cho thy 2 bin s c mi lin quan thun chiu tuyt i. (perfect positive relationship) (lin quan thun chiu : x tng, y tng; x gim, y gim) Mt HSTQ bng 0 cho thy khng c mi lin quan gia 2 bin s. + Gi tr tnh c ca Pearson r khng ph thuc vo cc n v ca x v y. + Gi tr ca Pearson r b nh hng rt nhiu bi gi tr cc (ging nh LC). + Gi nh c bn ca Pearson r l mi lin quan gia 2 bin s l mi lin quan tuyn tnh. Do vy, vic dng cc biu phn tn (scatter diagram) vi x trc ngang v y trc dc ca th s gip nh gi mi lin quan gia 2 bin s. Nu cc im (trn th) nm st 1 ng thng hng cho ln trn hoc cho xung di th 2 bin s c xem l c mi lin quan tuyn tnh, v vic s dng Pearson r l hon ton thch hp. A E F B C D

Hnh 1. Scatter plot v correlation. A: r = +1; B: r = 0,7; C: r = 0,9; D: r =0,4; E: r = 0,0; F: r = 0,0

III. KIM NH GI THUYT V PEARSON r Pearson r l s thng k tnh c t 1 mu rt ra t 1 dn s c h s tng quan (c l rho). Khi tnh r, chng ta quan tm n vic tm hiu xem ra sao, v iu ny c thc hin qua php kim nh ga thuyt v . H0: = 0 0 0

HA: 0
n2 1 r2

<0

>0

Dng s kim nh t s t (t ratio) khi trong H0 c s khng

t=r 1 1+ r zr = ln 2 1 r

Dng s kim nh zr (Fisher Z transformation) khi trong H0 l mt s bt k khng phi bng khng

Th d minh ha: Tm v kim nh mi lin quan gia thi gian nm vic (Length of Stay LOS) v vin ph (Total charges) trn nhm b/n b ph phi v suy h hp (DRG 087). B/n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 LOS (x)
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

Vph (USD) (y)

6,507 8,771 6,971 7,405 11,290 8,944 11,133 4,304 6,702 12,143 5,867 11,061 9,494 10,920 14,917 8,222 10,566

B/n 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

LOS (x)
4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 12

Vph (USD) (y)

9,389 9,660 15,106 16,289 8,285 12,893 14,840 17,375 16,925 16,892 12,462 16,955 21,754 20,830 23,915 27,245 41,410

1/ S liu: (nh trn) 2/ Gi nh: 2 bin s LOS v vin ph cng bin thin trong 1 phn phi hp c dng phn phi bnh thng (gi l PPBT nh bin bivariate normal

distribution); mu ngu nhin.

3/ Gi thuyt: H0: = 0 HA: 0 4/ S TKK:

t =r n2 1 r2

= 0,05

5/ Phn phi ca s TKK: phn phi t vi 32 df khi H0 ng v cc gi nh c tha. 6/ Qui tc quyt nh: gi tr ti hn ca t 32 df i vi test 1 ui l 0,287. Nu t tnh c ln hn 0,287 th t chi H0. 7/ Tnh s TKK: vi r = 0,88
t=r n2 34 2 = 0,88 = 0,88(16,3) = 14,3 2 1 r 1 0.88

8/ Quyt nh thng k: T chi H0 v s TKK bng 14,3 (> 0,287). 9/ Kt lun: Trong dn s b/n ph phi v suy h hp (DRG 087), LOS v vin ph c mi tng quan tuyn tnh vi nhau. p = 0,0001. IV. CC GHI NH QUAN TRNG

+ Hai bin s c tng quan vi nhau khng nht thit phi c mi lin h nhn-qu (khng th kt lun rng LOS lm tng vin ph.) + C mu ng vai tr quan trng trong tnh ton pearson r. r nh c th c ngha thng k khi c mu ln, trong khi r ln c th khng c ngha thng k khi c mu nh. + H s quyt nh (coefficient of determination) r2 l mt gi tr quan trng. r2 cho bit bao nhiu phn thay i (bin thin) ca Y c qui l do X, v ngc li. (Trong th d minh ha chng ta c r2=0,774 (0,88)2. C th kt lun l 77,4% cc bin thin trong vin ph ca DRG 087 c gii thch l do LOS ca b/n). H s quyt nh gip nh gi tt hn mnh ca mi lin h gia 2 bin s.