256

(44) 50 100 pc
(45) 104 1055
104 105 ~
(46) 30 200 pc
(47) 10 - 100
10 102 ~

255

(19)

M
= 381
M

(20)

M
= 332700 3.3 105 ,
M

M
= 1000
M

(21) H (1 M~) 99.87%

(22)
(23)
(24) ( ) 1011
1011~ 1044 g
(25) 109 (
1011). 109 1011 ~ 1053 g (
1011 1011 ~ 1055 g)
(26)
(27) 10 Kpc
(28) . 1.7 10-24 g//cm3
(29)
(30) 10 20
(31) 5
(32)

6 103
2
3 106

(33)
(1 L~)
(34)
(Big Bang)
(35) .. ,

(36) 1 10-6 - 3 10-6 Gauss
(37) 102 4 103 Gauss
(38) . 10-20 g/cm3
(39) Doppler
.

z =

f 01
. .

> 300000 Km/sec (z = 0.1)

.
(40) 2 108
. 2 109 ,

5 109
= 25 . 25 .
2 108

(41)
(42) ~ 10 pc
(43) 50 - 1000
50 103 ~

254

()
16.000 Km/sec
3C-295 ()
138.000 Km/sec
(39)

300.000 Km/sec
.
(
250 Km/sec
(40)
)
( )
30 Km/sec
.
( )

0.5 Kem/sec

2 Kem/sec
(41)

190 - 500 Km/sec
(41)

160 Km/sec
(41)
F
29 - 95 Km/sec
(41)
G
(41)
< 12 Km/sec
, , , IV, V, VI, VII VIII
(1) 60 (6500 Km).
(2) - 1 AU (1 Astronomical Unit).
(3) Proxima Centauri
. 4.3 .. 1..3 pc.
(4) ;
108 (1011cm).
(5) . 1650 .. 500
pc.
(6) 30.000 .. 110 Kpc
(7) 200.000 .. 60 Kpc .
( ) .
(8) 2 106 .. (2 ..)
(9)
(1023 cm)
(10) 1010 .. (10.000 ..) 3 109 pc (3.000 p.c.)
(11) 10-4 10-5 cm

(12) 13.000 Km
(13) ~ 100 AU
(14) ~ 1pc 3.5 ..
(15) 30 Kpc 100.000 .. ( )
500 pc ~ 1.5 1021 cm
(16) 2 1010 .. 2 109 pc
(17) 9 .. 3 pc
(18)

M
M

= 81

253

, 1 sec




Quasars



/

1.5 1010

(34)

107 - 109
107
5
10 - 106
105 - 106
104
103 - 5 104
6 103
10 - 102
3

(35)

VI

()

10-6 Gauss
10-6 - 10-5 Gauss
10-4 Gauss
0.5 Gauss
5 Gauss
2
10 - 103 Gauss
104 - 105 Gauss
1012 Gauss

(36)

(37)

VIII

.

8 - 10 Km/sec

10 - 25 Km/sec

100 Km/sec

100 Km/sec

120 - 180 Km/sec

1.000 Km/sec

3.000 - 7.000 Km/sec

252

0.7 g /cm3
1 g /cm3
1.3 g /cm3
1.4 g /cm3
3.3 g /cm3
5.5 g /cm3
106 - 108 g/cm3
3 1014 g /cm3
> 1016 g /cm3

1010 - 2 1010
1010
5 109
4.5 109
6 108
1.5 108
3 106
6 103

()
1 erg/sec
100 W
109 erg/sec

4 1033 erg/sec
/
1038 erg/sec

1041 erg/sec

1045 erg/sec
Quasars
1046 - 1049 erg/sec

VI

(30)
(31)

(32)

(33)

251

()
()
()
()

()

()

()

()
()

3 108 cm
109 cm
1010 cm
1011 cm
1012 cm
1015 cm

(12)

(13)

1018 cm

(14)

1019 cm
1019 cm
1019 - 1020 cm
1023 cm
2 1028 cm

(42)
(44)
(46)
(15)
(16)

()

(e)
()
Halley

10-27 g
2 10-24 g
1018 g
7 1025 g
6 1027 g
2 1030 g
2 1033 g
1034 g
1031 - 1035 g
1034 - 1035 g
1035 - 1036 g
1037 - 1038 g
1042 g
1044 g
1053 - 1055 g

(18)
(18), (20)
(18), (19), (20)
(20), (21)
(22)
(47)
(43)
(45)
(23)
(24)
(25)

()

Halley
( )

RR Lyrae

10-30 - 10-27 g/cm3
2 10-24 g/cm3
2 10-24 g/cm3
10-10 g/cm3
10-6 g /cm3
10-4 g /cm3
10-2 g /cm3

(26)
(27)
(28)
(38)
(29)

250

.
pc

9.46 x 1015 m
3.09 x 1016 m

parsec

1 electronvolt (eV) =1.602 x 10-19 joules (J)
1 = 3.156 x 10 7 sec
1 = (/180) (rad) = 60= 3 600
1 (rad)= (180/) = 206 265
M
1 m=
1 AU=
1 .=
1pc=
1 kpc=
1Mpc=

m
AU
.
1
6.68 x 10-12
1.5 x 1011
1
15
9.46 x 10
6.32 x 104
3.09 x 1016
2.06 x 105
19
3.09 x 10
2.06 x 108
3.09 x 1022
2.06 x 1011

pc
1.06 x 10-16
1.58 x 10-5
1
3.26
3.36 x 103
3.36 x 106

3.24 x 10-17
4.85 x 10-6
0.307
1
103
106

( 31)

.
3 1010 cm
1.5 1013 cm
4 1018 cm
9 1018 cm
1019 cm

2 1021 cm
3 1022 cm

(5)
(6)

2 1023 cm
2 1024 cm
5 1024 cm
1028 cm

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

()
()
()

10-15 cm
10-13 cm
10-13 - 10-12 cm
10-8 cm
4 10-8 cm
5 10-5 cm
102 cm

(11)

249

c
h
k
G
R
NA

e
mp
mn
me
mH
M

~
~
R~
R~/R
L~
T~
~/ M
M /M
~/
/

Planck
Boltzmann

Avogadro
Stefan

/
/
/
/

3.00 x 108 m sec-1

6.63 x 10-34 J sec
1.38 x 10-23 J K-1
6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kgr-2
8.31 J K-1 mol-1
6.02 x 1023 mol-1
6.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4
1.60 x 10-19C
1.672649 x 10-27 kgr
1.674954 x 10-27 kgr
9.11 x 10-31 kgr
( 0.511MeV/ c2)
1.67 x 10-27 kgr
5.98 x 1024 kgr
5.5 gr/cm3
1.99 x 1030 kgr
1.4 gr/cm3
6.96 x 108 m
100
3.83 x 1026 W(Joule/sec)
3.83 x 1026 erg/sec
5 770 K

300 000
100
1 000
300
1.2 x 1010
1.5 x 1010
4.6 x 109
3 x 104 pc
1011

1011
30.1 AU
1.5 x 1011 m