C Sharp Learn

1
C#
.1 : C# C# Namespace
....
.2 :
....
.3 - : if switch break
goto ....
.4 - : - - while - do while
for foreach ....
.5 :
this ....
: Namespaces .6 - Namespace - using - alias
Namespace ....
.7 : ....
.8 :

.9 : Polymorphism Override
....
.10 ) : (Properties property property
....
.11 ) : (Indexer
....
.12 ) : (Structures
....
.13 ) : (Interfaces interface
....
.14 ) (Event : delegate delegate delegate
....
: Handling Exception .15 try/catch
.... finally
.16 ) : (Attribute
....
.17 ) : (Enum
....
Overload .18 : Overload .
.19 ) : (1 .
.
: C#
C# . :
C#
Namespace
)(Class
)(Main
/ I/O
1-1 Welcome C#
// Namespace
;using System
//
class WelcomeCSS
{
//
)(public static void Main
{
//
;)"!Console.WriteLine("Welcome to the C# Persian Tutorial
}
}
1-1 4 Namespace )( Main .C#
C# .
Command Line Visual . Command Line
DOS . Visual
. Microsoft C#
Command Line Compiler Command Line Microsoft Visual C# Visual
. .
Visual C# Visual Studio.Net .
Visual Studio.Net . C# Console
.
Visual Studio.Net
.
Run Command
Line csc Welcome.cs :
) (Executable Welcome.exe .
: ) Visual Studio.Net(VS.Net
.
:
;)(Console.ReadLine

Enter .
C# Case Sensitive
ReadLine readLine C#
.
Namespace System .
WriteLine ReadLine System .
/ . using System
System . using System
)( System.Console.WriteLine )( Console.WriteLine .
Class Welcome CSS )( .

C# ) (Object ) (Interfaces ) (Structures.
. .
) (Behavior .
. )( Main
C# . )( Main
. )( Main dll
.
)( Main static . Modifier . static
)( Main ) (Instance
. static )( Main
)( Main ) .
) (OOP .
(.
void
.
.
.
)( Main )( Console.WriteLine Console . System

)( WriteLine .Console C# ") ". (dot
. )( WriteLine Console " ".
.
C# // .
. //
.
* / */ . /* */
) (Comments .
) (Statements ";" . { } .
} { .
. )( Main
. 1-2 .
)( Main .
: 1-2 )( Main .
// Namespace
;using System
//
class NamedWelcome
{
//
)public static void Main(string[] args
{
//
;)]Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0}!", args[0
}
}
Command-Line
Command-Line . .
1-2 )( Main args .

. )][ (string .) (types
. [] .
.
)( Console.WriteLine
. )( Console.WriteLine } {0 .
] args[0 . " "
} {0 " . ]args[0
. ][ . C#
).
C#(!.
} {0 . ] args[0.
Command-Line :
!>Hello!, Meysam
!>Welcome to C# Persian Tutorial
Command-Line .
} {n n . n
. :
;)]Console.WriteLine("Hello! ,{0} ,{1}, {2}",args[0],args[1],args[2
] args[0],args[1],args[2 . 3
} {n .
.
1-2 Command-Line
Command-Line Command-Line
. .
: 1-3 .
// Namespace
;using System
//
class InteractiveWelcome
{
//
{
//
;)" Console.Write("What is your name?:
//
;))(Console.Write("Hello, {0}! ", Console.ReadLine
}
}
)( Main . 1-2 .
. Hello,
.
. .
.
} {0 )( Console.ReadLine
. )( ReadLine Console .
:
What is your name?:

) (
) Enter (.
!Hello, Meysam
) (
!Welcome to the C# Persian Tutorial
:
What is your name?:
!Hello, Meysam! Welcome to the C# Persian Tutorial
)( ReadLine . } {0
. :
;)(string myName=Console.ReadLine
;)Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0}!",myName
myName
} {0 .
C# . C#
. )( Main .
C# . System Console
)( WriteLine )( ReadLine.
. mail.
10
C#
C# . :

) (Types C#
) (Expressions C#
) (String C#
) (Arrays C#
.
C# .
.
C#
. ).
(
C# : ) (Boolean ) (integer (Floating
) points ) (Decimal). Boolean
) (True ) (False(.
1 )(Boolean
;using System
class Booleans
{
{
;bool content = true
;bool noContent = false
Console.WriteLine("It is {0} that C# Persian provides C# programming language
;)content.", content
;)Console.WriteLine("The statement above is not {0}.", noContent
}
}
Boolean . bool
true false C
C++
true false bool integer .
C# bool true false . :
It is True that C# Persian provides C# programming language content.
11
The statement above is not False.

C# .
-128 127
sbyte
0 255
byte
-32768 32767
16
short
0 65535
16
ushort
-2147483648 2147483647
32
int
0 4294967295
32
uint
-9223372036854775808 9223372036854775807
64
long
0 18446744073709551615
64
ulong
. char.

C# char 65535 16
.
.
C# .
32
float
16-15
64
double
29-28
128
decimal
floating point .
decimal . C#
Java .
.
). expression statement
(. C#
.
)(
12
(x) x.y f(x) a[x] x++ x-new typeof sizeof checked

unchecked
+ - ! ~ ++x --x (T)x
* / %
+ -
>> <<
< > <= >= is
=! ==
&
|
AND
OR
XOR
&&
AND
||
OR
?:
=& =>> =<< == *= /= %= += -

=| =^
.
.
.
-2 )(Unary
;using System
class Unary
{
{
;int unary = 0
;int preIncrement
;int preDecrement
;int postIncrement
;int postDecrement
;int positive
;int negative
;sbyte bitNot
;bool logNot
;preIncrement = ++unary
;)Console.WriteLine("Pre-Increment: {0}", preIncrement
13
;preDecrement = --unary
;)Console.WriteLine("Pre-Decrement: {0}", preDecrement
;postDecrement = unary--
;)Console.WriteLine("Post-Decrement: {0}", postDecrement
;postIncrement = unary++
;)Console.WriteLine("Post-Increment: {0}", postIncrement
;)Console.WriteLine("Final Value of Unary: {0}", unary
;positive = -postIncrement
;)Console.WriteLine("Positive: {0}", positive
;negative = +postIncrement
;)Console.WriteLine("Negative: {0}", negative
;bitNot = 0
;)bitNot = (sbyte)(~bitNot
;)Console.WriteLine("Bitwise Not: {0}", bitNot
;logNot = false
;logNot = !logNot
;)Console.WriteLine("Logical Not: {0}", logNot
}
}
x++ ) x x ++
post-increment (post-decrement ) (operand
. ++
. x++ x=x+1 x+=1
) ++ (--
. x=y++ x=0 y=1
x 1 y y
x=++y y
x x 2). (.
++x x
.
2 unary 0 . ++x
unary 1 1 preIncrement
. x unary 0 preDecrement
.
x-- unary postDecrement
unary -1 . x++
unary -1 postIncrement unary
) 0( .
14
bitNot . )~( ) (
bitNot .
. 00000000
11111111 .
) (sbyte)(~bitNot . byte unshort short sbyte
int . bitNot
(Type) operator Type operator
. bitNot
sbyte ) (
. ) (Type Casting

. int ) 32( 8) sbyte(
Casting .
) sbyte (int Casting
. ) (Signed ) (Unsigned
. .

).
(.
"!"
Boolean true false . ) (2 logNot
"!" false true . 2
:
Pre-Increment: 1
Pre-Decrement 0
Post-Decrement: 0
Post-Increment -1
Final Value of Unary: 0
Positive: 1
Negative: -1
Bitwise Not: -1
Logical Not: True
3
;using System
class Binary
{
15
{
;int x, y, result
;float floatResult
;x = 7
;y = 5
;result = x+y
;)Console.WriteLine("x+y: {0}", result
;result = x-y
;)Console.WriteLine("x-y: {0}", result
;result = x*y
;)Console.WriteLine("x*y: {0}", result
;result = x/y
;)Console.WriteLine("x/y: {0}", result
;floatResult = (float)x/(float)y
;)Console.WriteLine("x/y: {0}", floatResult
;result = x%y
;)Console.WriteLine("x%y: {0}", result
;result += x
;)Console.WriteLine("result+=x: {0}", result
}
}
:
x+y: 12
x-y: 2
x*y: 35
x/y: 1
x/y: 1.4
x%y: 2
result+=x: 9
3 ).
" .("+
. " "+ " "- "*"
" "/ .
floatResult float . Casting
x y int float .
" "% . .
.
16
result+=x .
. = result
result+x . result x result .
) (string .
" " . " ."Hi This is a string type

" " . .
;string Name
;"Name = "My name is Meysam

Name

.
). )( Console.ReadLine (.

.
)(Arrays
C# ) (Arrays .

. .
-4
;using System
class Array
{
{
;} int[] myInts = { 5, 10, 15
;][]bool[][] myBools = new bool[2
;]myBools[0] = new bool[2
;]myBools[1] = new bool[1
;]double[,] myDoubles = new double[2, 2
;]string[] myStrings = new string[3
Console.WriteLine("myInts[0]: {0}, myInts[1]: {1}, myInts[2]: {2}", myInts[0],
;)]myInts[1], myInts[2
;myBools[0][0] = true
17
;myBools[0][1] = false
;myBools[1][0] = true
Console.WriteLine("myBools[0][0]: {0}, myBools[1][0]: {1}", myBools[0][0],
;)]myBools[1][0
;myDoubles[0, 0] = 3.147
;myDoubles[0, 1] = 7.157
;myDoubles[1, 1] = 2.117
;myDoubles[1, 0] = 56.00138917
Console.WriteLine("myDoubles[0, 0]: {0}, myDoubles[1, 0]: {1}", myDoubles[0, 0],
;)]myDoubles[1, 0
;"myStrings[0] = "Joe
;"myStrings[1] = "Matt
;"myStrings[2] = "Robert
Console.WriteLine("myStrings[0]: {0}, myStrings[1]: {1}, myStrings[2]: {2}",
;)]myStrings[0], myStrings[1], myStrings[2
}
}
4 :
myInts[0]: 5, myInts[1]: 10, myInts[2]: 15
myBools[0][0]: True, myBools[1][0]: True
myDoubles[0, 0]: 3.147, myDoubles[1, 0]: 56.00138917
myStrings[0]: Joe, myStrings[1]: Matt, myStrings[2]: Robert
.
.
myInts int 3
} { .
:
;type[] arrayName
type arrayName .
.
.
} { . } {
} { .
4 3 10 5 15.
.
;]type[] arrayName = new type[n
new n .
.
. .
;]int[] myArray = new int[15
www.Arsanjan.blogfa.com
18
int 15 . 15 int
.
) (Multi Dimensional Arrays
.
:
;]type[ , , , ] arrayName = new type[n1, n2, . , nm
n1 nm .
:
;]char[ , , ] charArray = new char[3,5,7
char 5 3 7 .
) (Jagged Arrays . C#
.
.
. .
.

31 . 6 31 6
.
12
:
:
;]int[ , ] monthArray = new int[12,31
:
;][]int[][] monthArray = new int[12

12 31 . .
12

.
:
;]monthArray[1] = new int[31
;]monthArray[10] = new int [30
.
.
19
.
. C# C C++
.
10 9.
. .
] monthArray[3,7 3 7 ).
] intArray[12 12
12 (.
12
11
10
5
.
string .
C C
. C#
C
.
C

C# .
}"string[] stringArray = {"My name is Meysam", "This is C# Persian Blog
..
;)]Console.WriteLine("{0}",stringArray[0
..

.
:
My name is Meysam
. C#
.
C#
.
C#
. .
20
C# .

.
21
if if if-else else...else if-else...if switch break

case goto AND OR

C# . :
if
switch
break switch
goto
if

.
. .
if . :
.
3-1 if
;using System
class IfSelect
{
{
;string myInput
;int myInt
;)" Console.Write("Please enter a number:
;)(myInput = Console.ReadLine
;)myInt = Int32.Parse(myInput
//
)if (myInt > 0
{
22
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is greater than zero.", myInt);

}
//
if (myInt < 0)
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is less than zero.", myInt);
//
if (myInt != 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is not equal to zero.", myInt);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is equal to zero.", myInt);
}
//
if (myInt < 0 || myInt == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is less than or equal to zero.", myInt);
}
else if (myInt > 0 && myInt <= 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is between 1 and 10.", myInt);
}
{
}
{
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is greater than 30.", myInt);
}
} //Main()
} //IfSelect
myInt 3-1
Please . if
Console.ReadLine() . enter a umber:
Console.ReadLine() . Enter
23
myInput
.
. myInput
. )( Int32.Parse .
.
myInput myInt int
. myInt ) .
Int32 (.
if .
if
} if (boolean expression) {statements . if
if . .
/ . if
. true )
}{ (.
false if . if
) if(myInt > 0 . myInt if
if .
if if
. if
. .
if-else
.
true . if
. if true if
else . " if
if else ".
if-else :
)if (boolean expression

}{statements
else
}{statements
boolean expression statements
.
24
if-else if else if

. if if ) (Nested If
if . if 3-1 if
. if . true
. false .
else if .
true .
if true .
if :
)if (boolean expression

}{statements
)else if (boolean expression
}{statements
else
}{statements
OR ||) AND &&(

if .
|| OR . OR true
true . ) (myInt < 0 || myInt == 0
myInt true .
C# OR . OR ||
OR | . OR OR
OR false
.
) (myInt > 0 && myInt <= 10 AND )&&( .
true AND true . myInt
10 true . AND OR . AND
)&( AND )&&( . AND )&(
AND )&&(
true . )|| &&( ) (short-circuit
.
switch
25
. switch if
switch 3-2
using System;
class SwitchSelect
{
public static void Main()
{
string myInput;
int myInt;
begin:
Console.Write("Please enter a number between 1 and 3: ");
myInput = Console.ReadLine();
myInt = Int32.Parse(myInput);
// switch
switch (myInt)
{
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("Your
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
default:
break;
} //switch
number is {0}.", myInt);
number {0} is not between 1 and 3.", myInt);
decide:
Console.Write("Type \"continue\" to go on or \"quit\" to stop: ");
myInput = Console.ReadLine();
// switch
switch (myInput)
{
case "continue":
goto begin;
case "quit":
Console.WriteLine("Bye.");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Your input {0} is incorrect.", myInput);
26
;goto decide
} //switch
)(} //Main
} //SwitchSelect
3-2 switch . switch switch
switch . switch short, ,sbyte, byte :
). ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, char, string, enum enum
(. switch 3-2 switch ) (int.
switch switch
switch . case .
case " ": .
switch . switch int . switch
switch switch
. myInt .
switch .
case " ": . :
case 1:
;)Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.", myInt
1 )( Console.WriteLine . myInt
1 case 1 Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.",
;) myInt . switch case switch
break switch .
switch case break
. default switch
switch . switch case
default . switch .
break default .
case switch break
. . case
goto .
27
case case
. .
)switch (myInt
{
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
;)Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.", myInt
;break
default:
;)Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is not between 1 and 3.", myInt
;break
}
case .
2 1 3 ;) Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.",
myInt . myInt 2 1 3 .
switch case
case .
switch 3-2 . switch
goto . goto ) (label .
continue switch .
case goto
begin: ) )( .(Main
switch begin: .
goto quit
.
continue quit switch default
goto decide .
decide ).
continue (quit .
goto switch goto
) (Debug .
goto .
28
goto .
.
switch if-else
. .
)switch(myChar
{
case 'A' :
;)"Console.WriteLine("Add operation\n
;break
case 'M' :
;)"Console.WriteLine("Multiple operation\n
;break
case 'S' :
;)"Console.WriteLine("Subtraction operation\n
;break
default :
;)"Console.WriteLine("Error, Unknown operation\n
;break
}
switch if-else
)'if (myChar == 'A
;)"Console.WriteLine("Add operation\n
)'else if (myChar == 'M
;)"Console.WriteLine("Multiple operation\n
)'else if (myChar == 'S
;)"Console.WriteLine("Subtraction operation\n
else
;)"Console.WriteLine("Error, Unknown operation\n
switch if-else .
if switch . goto
. goto
.
29

C# .
:
while
do-while
for
foreach
break
continue
goto .
. C# .
while.
while
.
;using System
class WhileLoop
{
{
;int myInt = 0
)while (myInt < 10
{
;)Console.Write("{0} ", myInt
;myInt++
}
;)(Console.WriteLine
}
}
4-1 while . while

.
true
.false myInt 10 .
true
.
30
myInt while
true while .
while false . while
9 .
.
. do-while while
do-while
. 4-2
using System;
class DoLoop
{
{
string myChoice;
do
{
//
Console.WriteLine("My Address Book\n");
Console.WriteLine("A - Add New Address");
Console.WriteLine("D - Delete Address");
Console.WriteLine("M - Modify Address");
Console.WriteLine("V - View Addresses");
Console.WriteLine("Q - Quit\n");
Console.WriteLine("Choice (A,D,M,V,or Q): ");
//
myChoice = Console.ReadLine();
//
switch(myChoice)
{
case "A":
case "a":
Console.WriteLine("You wish to add an address.");
break;
case "D":
case "d":
Console.WriteLine("You wish to delete an address.");
break;
case "M":
case "m":
Console.WriteLine("You wish to modify an address.");
break;
case "V":
31
case "v":
;)"Console.WriteLine("You wish to view the address list.
;break
case "Q":
case "q":
;)"Console.WriteLine("Bye.
;break
default:
;)Console.WriteLine("{0} is not a valid choice", myChoice
;break
}
;)"Console.Write("Press Enter key to continue...
;)(Console.ReadLine
;)"} while (myChoice != "Q" && myChoice != "q
}
}
4-2 do-while . :
do
;)>{ <statements> } while (<boolean expression
C# .
true false .
do while
do .
. while
.
4-2 . )( Main myChoice .
. .
)( Console.ReadLine
myChoice . .
switch . switch default
.
for
4-3 .
;using System
class ForLoop
{
32
{
)for (int i=0; i < 20; i++
{
)if (i == 10
;break
)if (i % 2 == 0
;continue
;)Console.Write("{0} ", i
}
}
}
4-3 for . for

. for :
)>(<initializer list>; <boolean expression>; <postloopaction list
initializer list .
for . 4-3
.
initializer list for (boolean
) expression .
true false .
.
true for . 4-3 if
for . if i 10 .
break . break
switch . break for for
.
if ) (% i 2 .
i 2 continue . continue for
continue for .
for postloopaction list . for
. for
. 4-3 .
true for
. for true .
33
foreach
4-4 .
;using System
class ForEachLoop
{
{
;}"string[] names = {"Meysam", "Ghazvini", "C#", "Persian
)foreach (string person in names
{
;)Console.WriteLine("{0} ", person
}
}
}
foreach . C# 4-4
. )( Main names
.
foreach in .
.
.
.
foreach .
foreach foreach true .
false foreach .
foreach .
4-4 person names .
names person foreach
)( Console.WriteLine .
: foreach
. .
do-while while for foreach . while

true
34
. do
true . for
foreach .
break continue .
35

C# . :

) (static methods )(instance

this
)( Main .

.
.
:
} [attributes][ modifiers] return-type method-name ([ parameters] ) { statements
attributes modifiers return-type .
C# . .
method-name .
) (parameters
C#
. 5-1
.
;using System
class OneMethod
{
{
;string myChoice
;)(OneMethod om = new OneMethod
do
{
;)(myChoice = om.getChoice
//
)switch(myChoice
{
case "A":
case "a":
36
Console.WriteLine("You wish to add an address.");

break;
case "D":
case "d":
Console.WriteLine("You wish to delete an address.");
break;
case "M":
case "m":
Console.WriteLine("You wish to modify an address.");
break;
case "V":
case "v":
Console.WriteLine("You wish to view the address list.");
break;
case "Q":
case "q":
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("{0} is not a valid choice", myChoice);
break;
}
//
Console.WriteLine();
Console.Write("Press Enter key to continue...");
Console.ReadLine();
} while (myChoice != "Q" && myChoice != "q");
//
}
string getChoice()
{
string myChoice;
//
Console.Write("Choice (A,D,M,V,or Q): ");
//
return myChoice;
}
}
37
5-1 4
)( Main )( getChoice .
. switch )( Main .
)( getChoice /
.
myChoice . myChoice
)( Main . ) (Local
. .
)( getChoice . return
myChoice )( Main .
return . .
C# . ) (Static ) .(Instance
static
. ) (Object .
static
. .
)( getChoice .
)( OneMethod om = new OneMethod .
om OneMethod . om
)( OneMethod .
)( OneMethod om . new
heap . )( OneMethod heap
om . )( OneMethod om om
.
" ". . )(getChoice
om . om.getChoice() :
)( getChoice "=" . )( getChoice
myChoice )( Main . .

5-2 .
;using System
38
class Address
{
public string name;
public string address;
}//Address
class MethodParams
{
{
string myChoice;
MethodParams mp = new MethodParams();
do
{
//
myChoice = mp.getChoice();
//
mp.makeDecision(myChoice);
//
Console.Write("Press Enter key to continue...");
Console.ReadLine();
} while (myChoice != "Q" && myChoice != "q");
//
}//Main
//
string getChoice()
{
string myChoice;
//
Console.WriteLine("Choice (A,D,M,V,or Q): ");
//
return myChoice;
}//getChoice()
//
void makeDecision(string myChoice)
{
Address addr = new Address();
39
switch(myChoice)
{
case "A":
case "a":
addr.name = "Meysam";
addr.address = "C# Persian";
this.addAddress(ref addr);
break;
case "D":
case "d":
addr.name = "Ghazvini";
this.deleteAddress(addr.name);
break;
case "M":
case "m":
addr.name = "CSharp";
this.modifyAddress(out addr);
Console.WriteLine("Name is now {0}.", addr.name);
break;
case "V":
case "v":
this.viewAddresses("Meysam", "Ghazvini", "C#", "Persian");
break;
case "Q":
case "q":
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("{0} is not a valid choice", myChoice);
break;
}
}
//
void addAddress(ref Address addr)
{
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Address: {1} added.", addr.name,
addr.address);
}
//
void deleteAddress(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("You wish to delete {0}'s address.", name);
}
//
void modifyAddress(out Address addr)
{
//Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}.", addr.name); //
40
;)(addr = new Address

;"addr.name = "Meysam
;"addr.address = "C# Persian
}
//
)void viewAddresses(params string[] names
{
)foreach (string name in names
{
;)Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", name
}
}
}
5-2 5-1 .
C# params out ref : . value 5-2
Address .
)( Main )( getChoice
myChoice . myChoice )( makeDecision .
)( myDecision myChoice .
)( makeDecision .
modifier value .
) (value parameter ) (Stack .

.
switch )( makeDecision case .
)( Main . mp this .
this .
)( addAddress ref .
heap .
ref .
. ) (ref
/ .
out
.
41
) (Overhead .
.
)( modifyAddress out . out .

. )( modifyAddress .
.
.
out return .
C# params
. params (Jagged
) Array . )( makeDecision )( viewAddresses
params .
. )(viewAddresses
foreach . params
.
. C# .
out ref value . params value
.
42
Namespaces
:
Namespace C#
(using directive) using
(alias directive) alias
Namespace
; using System .
Namespace System .
using .
Namespace C# . Namespace
.
Namespace
.
// Namespace
;using System
// C# Persian Namespace
namespace csharp-persian
{
//
class NamespaceCSS
{
//
{
//
;)"Console.WriteLine("This is the new C# Persian Namespace.
}
}
}
6-1 Namespace . namespace

csharp-persian Namespace . Namespace 6-2 .
// Namespace
;using System
// C# Persian Namespace
43
{
namespace tutorial
{
//
class NamespaceCSS
{
//
{
//
}
}
}
}
Namespace .
Namespace . Namespace
Namespace .
Namespace . 6-2
. Namespace .
// Namespace
;using System
// C# Persian Tutorial Namespace
namespace csharp-persian.tutorial
{
//
class NamespaceCSS
{
//
{
//
}
}
}
6-3 Namespace .
Namespace " ". csharp-persian tutorial .
6-2 .
Namespace
44
// Namespace
using System;
{
// namespace
namespace tutorial
{
class myExample1
{
public static void myPrint1()
{
Console.WriteLine("First Example of calling another namespace member.");
}
}
}
//
class NamespaceCalling
{
//
{
//
tutorial.myExample1.myPrint1();
tutorial.myExample2.myPrint2();
}
}
}
// Namespace Namespace
{
class myExample2
{
public static void myPrint2()
{
Console.WriteLine("Second Example of calling another namespace member.");
}
}
}
Namespace 6-4 . Namespace 6-4

Main() . myPrint1 myExample1 csharp-persian tutorial
tutorial Main() . tutorial.myExample1.myPrint1
. csharp-persian Namespace
45
6-4 Namespace csharp-persian.tutorial .

myExamlpe1 myExample2 Namespace
Namespace . )( Main myPrint2
tutorial.myExample2.myPrint2 . myExample2
myPrint2 csharp-persian
Namespace csharp-persian.
myExample1 myExample2
Namespace . myPrint1 myPrint2
.
.
using
// Namespace
;using System
;using csharp_station.tutorial
//
class UsingDirective
{
//
{
// Namespace
;)(myExample.myPrint
}
}
// C# PersianTutorial Namespace
{
class myExample
{
)(public static void myPrint
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Example of using a using directive.
}
}
}
Namespace
using . 6-5 using . using
46
System .
System System . )(myPrint
Console System )( WriteLine . using
)( WriteLine )( System.Console.WriteLine
.
using csharp-persian.tutorial Namespace
. using )( myPrint
)( myExample.myPrint using
)( csharp-persian.tutorial.myExample.myPrint.
Alias
// Namespace
;using System
using csTut = csharp-persian.tutorial.myExample; // alias
//
class AliasDirective
{
//
{
// Namespace
;)(csTut.myPrint
;)(myPrint
}
// .
)(static void myPrint
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Not a member of csharp-persian.tutorial.myExample.
}
}
// C# Persian Tutorial Namespace
{
class myExample
{
)(public static void myPrint
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("This is a member of csharp-persian.tutorial.myExample.
}
}
}
47
Namespace
. ) (Alias . 6-6

csTut = csharp-persian.tutorial.myExample
csharp-persian.tutorial.myExample csTut .
. )( Main .
)( Main )( myPrint AliasDirective .
)( myPrint myExample .
alias )( myPrint myExample (csTut.myPrint()) .
. (csTut.myPrint()) alias
)( myPrint AliasDirective .
Namespace Namespace .
:
Classes
Structures
Interfaces
Enumerations
Delegates
Namespace Namespace .
Namespace using .
Namespace . (Alias
) Directive .
48
C#
C# . :
)(Constructors
) (Instance )(Static
)(Destructors

.
.
.
class }{
.
. .
. 7-1 .
// Namespace
;using System
class OutputClass
{
;string myString
//
)public OutputClass(string inputString
{
;myString = inputString
}
//
)(public void printString
{
;)Console.WriteLine("{0}", myString
}
//
)(~OutputClass
{
//
}
}
//
class ExampleClass
{
49
//
{
// OutputClass
;)"OutputClass outCl = new OutputClass("This is printed by the output class.
// Output
;)(outCl.printString
}
}
7-1 . OutPutClass .
myString .
)( . ) (inputString
. myString .
ExampleClass .
. .
.
) (Initializers . :
} { )"public OutputClass() : this("Default Constructor String
OutPutClass 7-1 .
":" . this . this
. .
this .
OutPutClass .
.
.
.
C# : .
. . )( Main
ExampleClass OutPutClass outCl .
OutPutClass . .
OutPutClass :
;)"OutputClass oc1 = new OutputClass("OutputClass1
;)"OutputClass oc2 = new OutputClass("OutputClass2
OutPutClass myString
)( printString .
50
> <class name>.<static class member .

oc1 oc2 . OutPutClass :
)(public static void staticPrinter
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("There is only one of me.
}
)( Main :
;)(OutputClass.staticPrinter
.
.
.
. .Net
Framework BCL Math .
.
. static .

. .
OutPutClass ) (Destructor .
"~" . .
.
Garbage Collector C#
Garbage Collector) . GC .Net Framework
C#
. GC .

(.

:
Constructors
Destructors
Fields
Methods
Properties
Indexers
Delegates
Events
Nested Classes
51
.
.
.
52

C# . :
)(Base Class
)(Derived Class

. .
.
)(Inheritance
;using System
public class ParentClass
{
)(public ParentClass
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Parent Constructor.
}
)(public void print
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("I'm a Parent Class.
}
}
public class ChildClass : ParentClass
{
)(public ChildClass
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Child Constructor.
}
{
;)(ChildClass child = new ChildClass
;)(child.print
}
}
:
Parent Constructor.
Child Constructor.
I'm a Parent Class.
53
8-1 . ParentClass ChildClass .

ParentClass .
ChildClass ParentClass
. public class ChildClass : ParentClass . " ":
.
C# . .
) (Interfaces .
ChildClass ParentClass . ChildClass ParentClass.
) ChildClass (ChildClass IS a ParentClass )( Print
ParentClass . .
. 8-1
. ParentClass ChildClass .

8-2 .
;using System
public class Parent
{
;string parentString
)(public Parent
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Parent Constructor.
}
)public Parent(string myString
{
;parentString = myString
;)Console.WriteLine(parentString
}
)(public void print
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("I'm a Parent Class.
}
}
public class Child : Parent
{
)"public Child() : base("From Derived
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Child Constructor.
54
}
)(public new void print
{
;)(base.print
;)"Console.WriteLine("I'm a Child Class.
}
{
;)(Child child = new Child
;)(child.print
;)(((Parent)child).print
}
}
:
From Derived
Child Constructor.
I'm a Parent Class.
I'm a Child Class.
I'm a Parent Class.
. 8-2
ChildClass . " " : base
. " "From Derived
.
. Child
)( Print . )( Print Child )( Print Parent
. )( Print )( Parent
.
)( Print Child )( Print Parent .
base . base public
protected . )( Print Child
.
Casting . )( Main
Child . .
Casting .
)( Print Parent .
new )( Print Child . )( Print Child
)( Print . new
55
.
) (Polymorphism .
.
. .
56
_ )(Polymorphism
C# . :

)(Virtual Method
Override

) (Polymorphism .
.
. .
.
. .
)(Virtual Method
;using System
public class DrawingObject

{
)(public virtual void Draw
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("I'm just a generic drawing object.
}
}
57
. . DrawingObject 9-1
virtual . virtual . Draw()
. override
using System;
public class Line : DrawingObject

{
public override void Draw()
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm a Line.");
}
}
public class Circle : DrawingObject
{
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm a Circle.");
}
}
public class Square : DrawingObject
{
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm a Square.");
}
}
58
9-2 . DrawingObject .
)( Draw override . override
override . override
.

;using System
public class DrawDemo

{
) (public static int Main
{
;]DrawingObject[] dObj = new DrawingObject[4
;)(dObj[0] = new Line
;)(dObj[1] = new Circle
;)(dObj[2] = new Square
;)(dObj[3] = new DrawingObject
)foreach (DrawingObject drawObj in dObj
{
;)(drawObj.Draw
}
;return 0
}
}
59
9-3 9-1 9-2 . .

)( Main . DrawingObject . dObj
DrawingObject .
dObj . DrawingObject Circle Line

Square .
.
.
foreach . foreach )( Draw

. DrawingObject dObj . )( Draw
override )( Draw . :
I'm a Line.
I'm a Circle.
I'm a Square.
I'm just a generic drawing object.
override )( Draw .
)( Draw DrawingObject DrawingObject.
.
.
60
C#
) (Properties C# . :
Property
Property
Property )(Read-Only
Property )(Write-Only
Property Property .
Property .
Property .
: 10-1
;using System
public class PropertyHolder
{
;private int someProperty = 0
)(public int getSomeProperty
{
;return someProperty
}
)public void setSomeProperty(int propValue
{
;someProperty = propValue
}
}
public class PropertyTester
{
)public static int Main(string[] args
{
;)(PropertyHolder propHold = new PropertyHolder
;)propHold.setSomeProperty(5
;))(Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", propHold.getSomeProperty
;return 0
}
}
10-1 . PropertyHolder
. )( getSomeProperty )( setSomePropery.
)( getSomeProperty someProperty )( setSomeProperty
someProperty .
61
PropertyTester PropertyHolder someProperty

PropertyHolder . )( Main PropertyHolder propHold
. setSomeProperty someMethod propHold 5
property )( Console.WriteLine .
property )( getSomeProperty Property Value
: 5 .
.
someProperty int byte .
Property . .
: 10-2 Property
;using System
{
public int SomeProperty
{
get
{
;return someProperty
}
set
{
;someProperty = value
}
}
}
{
{
;propHold.SomeProperty = 5
;)Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", propHold.SomeProperty
;return 0
}
}
10-2 ) (Property . PropertyHolder

SomeProperty .
SomeProperty someProperty . accessor set getaccessor .
get someProperty set accessor . value
62
C# set accessor value . someProperty

.
. PropertyHolder someProperty PropertyTester
someProperty . propHold PropertyHolder Main()
5 SomeProperty propHold
.
. propHold someProperty Console.WriteLine()
. propHold SomeProperty
.( Read-Only)
. . get accessor
(Read-Only Properties)
: 10-3
using System;
{
private int someProperty = 0;
public PropertyHolder(int propVal)
{
someProperty = propVal;
}
{
get
{
return someProperty;
}
}
}
{
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
PropertyHolder propHold = new PropertyHolder(5);
Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", propHold.SomeProperty);
return 0;
}
}
63
10-3 . PropertyHolder
SomeProperty get accessor . PropertyHolder
int .
)( Main PropertyTester PropertyHolder propHold .
PropertyHolder .
5 . 5 someProperty propHold
.
SomeProperty PropertyHolder
someProperty . propHold.SomeProperty = 7
SomeProperty .
)( Console.WriteLine
get accessor .
)(Write-Only Properties
:
: 10-4
;using System
{
{
set
{
;someProperty = value
;)Console.WriteLine("someProperty is equal to {0}", someProperty
}
}
}
{
{
;propHold.SomeProperty = 5
;return 0
}
}
64
10-4 . get accessor

SomeProperty set accessor .
)( Main PropertyTester .
SomeProperty propHold 5 someProperty propHold
. set accessor SomeProperty 5
someProperty someProperty is equal to 5 .
.
) (Property
. .
.
65
(Indexers) C#
C# . :

)(Overload

C# . .
.

. :
: 1-11
;using System
>/// <summary
///
>/// </summary
class IntIndexer
{
;private string[] myData
)public IntIndexer(int size
{
;]myData = new string[size
)for (int i=0; i < size; i++
{
;"myData[i] = "empty
}
}
]public string this[int pos
{
get
{
;]return myData[pos
}
set
{
;myData[pos] = value
}
}
66
)static void Main(string[] args

{
;int size = 10
;)IntIndexer myInd = new IntIndexer(size
;"myInd[9] = "Some Value
;"myInd[3] = "Another Value
;"myInd[5] = "Any Value
;)"Console.WriteLine("\nIndexer Output\n
{
;)]Console.WriteLine("myInd[{0}]: {1}", i, myInd[i
}
}
}
1-11 . IntIndexer myData .

) (private ) (external users .
) (constructor size int
myData " "empty .
this .this[int pos]
pos .
) (property . accessor set get property .
.
)( Main IntIndexer .
:
Indexer Output
myInd[0]: empty
myInd[1]: empty
myInd[2]: empty
myInd[3]: Another Value
myInd[4]: empty
myInd[5]: Any Value
myInd[6]: empty
myInd[7]: empty
myInd[8]: empty
myInd[9]: Some Value
integer C#
. C# .
. enum integer : .string
) (Overload . 11-2
.
67

(Overloaded Indexers) : 11-2
using System;
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
class OvrIndexer
{
private string[] myData;
private int arrSize;
public OvrIndexer(int size)
{
arrSize = size;
myData = new string[size];
for (int i=0; i < size; i++)
{
myData[i] = "empty";
}//end of for
}//end of constructor
public string this[int pos]
{
get
{
return myData[pos];
}
set
{
myData[pos] = value;
}
}//end of indexer
public string this[string data]
{
get
{
int count = 0;
for (int i=0; i < arrSize; i++)
{
if (myData[i] == data)
{
count++;
}//end of if
}//end of for
68
;)(return count.ToString
}//end of get
set
{
)for (int i=0; i < arrSize; i++
{
)if (myData[i] == data
{
;myData[i] = value
}//end of if
}//end of for
}//end of set
}//end of overloaded indexer
{
;int size = 10
;)OvrIndexer myInd = new OvrIndexer(size
;"myInd[9] = "Some Value
;"myInd[3] = "Another Value
;"myInd[5] = "Any Value
;"myInd["empty"] = "no value
;)"Console.WriteLine("\nIndexer Output\n
{
;)]Console.WriteLine("myInd[{0}]: {1}", i, myInd[i
}//end of for
;)]"Console.WriteLine("\nNumber of \"no value\" entries: {0}", myInd["no value
)(}//end of Main
}//end of class
11-2 . int pos

11-1 string get accessor .
data set .
accessor data
.
) (behavior string )( Main .
set accessor " "No value myInd " "empty
. accessor . myInd["empty"] = "No value" :
myInd " "No value .
get accessor .myInd["No value"] : :
Indexer Output
69
myInd[0]: no value
myInd[1]: no value
myInd[2]: no value
myInd[3]: Another Value
myInd[4]: no value
myInd[5]: Any Value
myInd[6]: no value
myInd[7]: no value
myInd[8]: no value
myInd[9]: Some Value
Number of "no value" entries: 7
11-2 .
.

. :
]public object this[int param1, ..., int paramN
{
get
{
// process and return some class data
}
set
{
// process and assign some class data
}
}
:
.
. .
.
:
.1
) (Overloading .

.
.2

. .
70
.3
ListBox ListBox) .
.

. ListBox Word

ListBox (.
string .
update .
. property
this this .
public class ListBox: Control
{
;private string[] items
]public string this[int index
{
get
{
;]return items[index
}
set
{
;items[index] = value
;)(Repaint
}
}
}
. ListBox :
;ListBox listBox = ...
;"listBox[0] = "hello
;)]Console.WriteLine(listBox[0
ListBox :
Csharp-Persian_Indexer_Demo
;using System
public class ListBoxTest
{
ListBox //.
)public ListBoxTest(params string[] initialStrings
71
{
// .
strings = new String[256];
// .
foreach (string s in initialStrings)
{
strings[ctr++] = s;
}
}//end of constructor
// .
public void Add(string theString)
{
if (ctr >= strings.Length)
{
// .
}
else
strings[ctr++] = theString;
}//end of Add()
//
public string this[int index]
{
get
{
if (index < 0 || index >= strings.Length)
{
// .
}
return strings[index];
}//end of get
set
{
if (index >= ctr )
{
//
}
else
strings[index] = value;
}//end of set
}//end of indexer
//
public int GetNumEntries( )
72
{
;return ctr
}
;private string[] strings
;private int ctr = 0
}//end of ListBoxTest class
public class Tester
{
) (static void Main
{
ListBox //
;)"ListBoxTest lbt = new ListBoxTest("Hello", "World
// .
;)"lbt.Add("Who
;)"lbt.Add("Is
;)"lbt.Add("John
;)"lbt.Add("Galt
// .
;"string subst = "Universe
;lbt[1] = subst
// .
)for (int i = 0;i<lbt.GetNumEntries( );i++
{
;)]Console.WriteLine("lbt[{0}]: {1}",i,lbt[i
}
)(}//end of Main
}//end of Tester class
:
Output:
Hello
Universe
Who
Is
John
Galt
lbt[0]:
lbt[1]:
lbt[2]:
lbt[3]:
lbt[4]:
lbt[5]:
:
.
.
.
73
C#
.
.
74
(Struct) C#
) (Struct C# .
struct ) (Structure
)(Struct
)(Struct
struct
) (struct
) (types struct
) (value types . struct
struct struct .
property .
. Point Framework SDK
property X Y.
) (struct (int,
) float, . ) (struct
C# . .
) (struct .
) (struct .
struct
struct struct .
}{ . :
: 12-1 )(Struct
;using System
struct Point
{
;public int x
;public int y
)public Point(int x, int y
{
;this.x = x
;this.y = y
}
)public Point Add(Point pt
{
;Point newPt
75
;newPt.x = x + pt.x
;newPt.y = y + pt.y
;return newPt
}
}
>/// <summary
/// struct
>/// </summary
class StructExample
{
{
;)Point pt1 = new Point(1, 1
;)Point pt2 = new Point(2, 2
;Point pt3
;)pt3 = pt1.Add(pt2
;)Console.WriteLine("pt3: {0}:{1}", pt3.x, pt3.y
}
}
12-1 struct . ) (type struct

struct . struct
. Point
x y . )( Add
Point struct struct .
Point )( Add .
new .
) ( .
. Boolean false .
) . struct
(.
) (structs new ) (.
pt1 12-1 pt2 Point Point
. pt3 Point .
)( Add pt1 pt2 . pt3
. 12-1
:
pt3 : 3 : 3
) (deconstructor.
. interface . interface
76
C# . interface
. interface .
:
.
.
.
) (Stack heap .

.1
) struct (syntax
.
struct
struct . :
struct Time
{
public Time() { ... } //
struct .
struct calss .
struct .

struct !
struct
false null struct

. Time
struct :
struct Time
{
)public Time(int hh, int mm
{
;hours = hh
;minutes = mm
}
: seconds not initialized //
77
;private int hours, minutes, seconds

}
struct
struct . struct
:
struct Time
{
private int hours = 0; //

;private int minutes
;private int seconds
}
struct .
struct struct )(interface
.
.2
) (Value Types .
.
.
struct Time
{
;private int hours, minutes, seconds

}
class Example
{
)public void Method(Time parameter
{
;Time localVariable
}
;private Time field
}

stack . .
78
)(Interfaces
C# . :
-1
-2
-3 interface
-4 interface
-5
-6
-7
.
interface property .
interface property
property .
interface
interface
. interface
property interface .
property .
interface
) (transact . .
int . int
long .
. . side effect
).
side effect (. interface .
int long user
interface .
.
interface .
interface ) ( ) (GUI .
interface
.
79
) (Abstract . )
abstract (. :
. interface
static final . interface .
" :
".
.
) (protocol .
) interface protocol (.
interface
. A IDisposable
A )( Dispose interface . A
A IDisposable .
)( A.Dispose . .
interface IMyInterface
{
;)(void MethodToImplement
}
IMyInterface . ) !(
" "I interface . interface .
.
. }{
; . interface
. .
: 13-1
class InterfaceImplementer : IMyInterface
{
)(static void Main
{
;)(InterfaceImplementer iImp = new InterfaceImplementer
;)(iImp.MethodToImplement
}
)(public void MethodToImplement
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("MethodToImplement() called.
80
}
}
InterfaceImplementer IMyInterface .
.
)( MethodToImplement .

. .
: 13-2
;using System
interface IParentInterface
{
;)(void ParentInterfaceMethod
}
interface IMyInterface : IParentInterface
{
;)(void MethodToImplement
}
class InterfaceImplementer : IMyInterface
{
)(static void Main
{
;)(InterfaceImplementer iImp = new InterfaceImplementer
;)(iImp.MethodToImplement
;)(iImp.ParentInterfaceMethod
}
)(public void MethodToImplement
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("MethodToImplement() called.
}
)(public void ParentInterfaceMethod
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("ParentInterfaceMethod() called.
}
}
13-2 2 : IMyInterface .IParentInterface

. 13-2 InterfaceImplementer
IMyInterface IParentInterface
.
81
:
-1 interface ) (Reference Type .
-2
"" "" ) (is-a relation ) (
interface "" ) (implement relation ") .
" (.
-3 interface :
[:base-
interface-name
interface
][attributes] [access-modifier
}list]{interface-body
:
attributes :
public access-modifiers : private
interface-name :
:base-list : .
Interface-body :
virtual .
-4 interface .
-5 :
property
/ .
IStorable .
)( Read )( Write
interface IStorable
{
;) (void Read
;)void Write(object
}
Document /
IStorable .
public class Document : IStorable
{
}public void Read( ) {...
}public void Write(object obj) {...
// ...
}

. 13-3 .
82
: 13-3
using System;
// interface
interface IStorable
{
void Read( );
void Write(object obj);
int Status { get; set; }
}
public class Document : IStorable
{
public Document(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Creating document with: {0}", s);
}
public void Read( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing the Read Method for IStorable");
}
public void Write(object o)
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing the Write Method for IStorable");
}
public int Status
{
get
{
return status;
}
set
{
status = value;
}
}
private int status = 0;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
Document doc = new Document("Test Document");
doc.Status = -1;
doc.Read( );
Console.WriteLine("Document Status: {0}", doc.Status);
83
;IStorable isDoc = (IStorable) doc

;isDoc.Status = 0
;) (isDoc.Read
;)Console.WriteLine("IStorable Status: {0}", isDoc.Status
}
}
:
Output:
Creating document with: Test Document
Implementing the Read Method for IStorable
Document Status: -1
Implementing the Read Method for IStorable
IStorable Status: 0
-6 IStorable ) public,private (...

.
.
-7 .
-8
.
.
:
.
. .

.
84
delegate C#

delegate
.

. C#
delegate delegate
.
:

delegate
delegate
delegate
delegate
delegate
delegate ) (
delegate ) (
) delegate (
event

delegate

) (Reference Type C#
) (Class ) (Interface .
.
) (Attribute ) (Behavior .

. ) (Reference Type C# .
85
delegate
.

.
) (GUI

. . ...
" " ) (Event-Based Programming
.
. .
.
) (Events . C#
Event Delegate .
event handler
Event handler . C# delegate .
delegate Callback " :
" . delegate
.
Delegate
Delegate C#
delegate . C
. C ) (pointer .

. .
delegate . delegate
) (Abstraction .
.
.
.
86
delegate delegate
.
.

. ) (reusable
.
) (sort
.
if/then/else switch
.
delegate
delegate . .
delegate
. 14-1 .
) : .
. ) (type
.
. int string .
delegate .
delegate (.
: 14-1 delegate
;using System
delegate // .
;)public delegate int Comparer(object obj1, object obj2
public class Name
{
;public string FirstName = null
;public string LastName = null
)public Name(string first, string last
{
;FirstName = first
;LastName = last
}
// delegate method handler
)public static int CompareFirstNames(object name1, object name2
{
;string n1 = ((Name)name1).FirstName
;string n2 = ((Name)name2).FirstName
)if (String.Compare(n1, n2) > 0
87
{
return
}
else if
{
return
}
else
{
return
}
1;
(String.Compare(n1, n2) < 0)
-1;
0;
}
public override string ToString()
{
return FirstName + " " + LastName;
}
}
class SimpleDelegate
{
Name[] names = new Name[5];
public SimpleDelegate()
{
names[0] = new Name("Meysam", "Ghazvini");
names[1] = new Name("C#", "Persian");
names[2] = new Name("Csharp", "Persian");
names[3] = new Name("Xname", "Xfamily");
names[4] = new Name("Yname", "Yfamily");
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
SimpleDelegate sd = new SimpleDelegate();
// delegate
Comparer cmp = new Comparer(Name.CompareFirstNames);
Console.WriteLine("\nBefore Sort: \n");
sd.PrintNames();
sd.Sort(cmp);
Console.WriteLine("\nAfter Sort: \n");
sd.PrintNames();
}
public void Sort(Comparer compare)
{
object temp;
for (int i=0; i < names.Length; i++)
{
for (int j=i; j < names.Length; j++)
{
// compare
if ( compare(names[i], names[j]) > 0 )
88
{
;]temp = names[i
;]names[i] = names[j
;names[j] = (Name)temp
}
}
}
}
)(public void PrintNames
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Names: \n
)foreach (Name name in names
{
;))(Console.WriteLine(name.ToString
}
}
}
delegate . delegate
delegate ";" . delegate
14-1 :
;)public delegate int Comparer(object obj1, object obj2
delegate . delegate
handler Comparer object
int . delegate handler 14-1
:
)public static int ComparerFirstNames(object name1, object name2
{
delegate . delegate
delegate handler :
;)Comparer cmp = new Comparer(Name.ComparerFirstName
cmp 14-1 )( Sort . delegate

)( Sort :
;)sd.Sort(cmp
delegate handler )( Sort .

handler )( CompareLastNames Comparer
)( Sort .
89
delegate
delegate . delegate
. .
delegate .

. C#
delegate delegate .
delegate
.

. :
class Ticker
{
)public void Attach(Subscriber newSubscriber

{
;)subscribers.Add(newSubscriber
}
)public void Detach(Subscriber exSubscriber
{
;)subscribers.Remove(exSubscriber
}
Notify //
)(private void Notify
{
)foreach (Subscriber s in subscribers
{
;)(s.Tick
}
}
;)(private ArrayList subscribers = new ArrayList

}
class Subscriber
{
)(public void Tick
{
}
}
class ExampleUse
{
)(static void Main
90
{
Ticker pulsed = new Ticker();
Subscriber worker = new Subscriber();
pulsed.Attach(worker);
}
}
Subscriber Ticker .
. Ticker Subscriber .
Ticker
Tick .( Interface) .
. Ticker
interface Tickable
{
void Tick();
}
class Ticker
{
public void Attach(Tickable newSubscriber)
{
subscribers.Add(newSubscriber);
}
public void Detach(Tickable exSubscriber)
{
subscribers.Remove(exSubscriber);
}
// Notify
private void Notify()
{
foreach (Tickable t in subscribers)
{
t.Tick();
}
}
private ArrayList subscribers = new ArrayList();

}
. Tickable
class Clock : Tickable
{
public void Tick()

{
91
}
class ExampleUse
{
)(static void Main
{
;)(Ticker pulsed = new Ticker
;)(Clock wall = new Clock
;)pulsed.Attach(wall
}
}
delegate .
delegate
.
. )
.GUI (.
Tick public Clock.Tick
. Clock.Tick
. delegate
.
Delegate
Tick Tickable void :
interface Tickable
{
;)(void Tick
}
delegate :
;)(delegate void Tick
.
:
)void Example(Tick param
{
delegate
92
delegate . param
param int +
. param int param delegate delegate
delegate . delegate :
{
;)(param
}
: delegate Null .
param Null NullReferenceException .
delegate . Tick
delegate param
delegate void .
{
//
;)param(42
;)(int hhg = param
//
Console.WriteLine(param()); //
}
delegate . Tick :
;)delegate void Tick(int hours, int minutes, int seconds
:
)void Example(Tick method
{
;)method(12, 29, 59
}
delegate Ticker :
class Ticker
{
)public void Attach(Tick newSubscriber

{
;)subscribers.Add(newSubscriber
}
)public void Detach(Tick exSubscriber
{
;)subscribers.Remove(exSubscriber
}
)private void Notify(int hours, int minutes, int seconds
93
{
)foreach (Tick method in subscribers
{
;)method(hours, minutes, seconds
}
}
;)(private ArrayList subscribers = new ArrayList

}
delegate
delegate . delegate
.
class Clock
{
)public void RefreshTime(int hours, int minutes, int seconds

{
Tick RefreshTime delegate :

Tick RefreshTime
Clock.
;)(Clock wall = new Clock
;)Tick m = new Tick(wall.RefreshTime
m :
;)m(12, 29, 59
) m ( :
;)wall.RefreshTime(12, 29, 59
m . delegate
. Ticker Clock
. RefreshTime private :
class Clock
{
)(public void Start

{
;))ticking.Attach(new Tick(this.RefreshTime
}
94
)(public void Stop

{
;))ticking.Detach(new Tick(this.RefreshTime
}
)private void RefreshTime(int hours, int minutes, int seconds
{
;)Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1}:{2}", hours, minutes, seconds
}
;)(private Ticker ticking = new Ticker
}
delegate .
)(Events
Console
. . Console
GUI ) (Event-Based
) (.
.
.
event C# .
event fires raised .
.
delegate
.
Delegate .
.
. delegate delegate
Delegate . delegate
.Net delegate . delegate
. .
: 14-2
;using System
;)(public delegate void MyDelegate
95
class Listing14-2
{
public static event MyDelegate MyEvent;
static void Main()
{
MyEvent += new MyDelegate(CallbackMethod);
//
MyEvent();
Console.ReadLine();
}
public static void CallbackMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("CallbackMethod.");
}
}
MyDelegate MyEvent . delegate

. MyEvent Main() .
MyEvent . += delegate
) . delegate CallbackMethod
(.
delegate 14-2 .
:
using System;
public delegate void MyDelegate();
class UsingDelegates
{
static void Main()
{
MyDelegate del = new MyDelegate(CallbackMethod);
// delegate
del();
Console.ReadLine();
}
public static void CallbackMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("CallbackMethod.");
96
}
}

. event
delegate .
delegate . .
. delegate
.
:
. delegate
delegate Tick . delegate :
. tick Tick :
class Ticker
{
;public event Tick tick
: .
) (
delegate = + . Clock
Ticker pulsed . Ticker tick delegate Tick
. delegate Clock.Start Tick = + pulsed.tick.
class Ticker
{
}
class Clock
97
)(public void Start

{
;)pulsed.tick += new Tick(this.RefreshTime
}

{
}
;)(private Ticker pulsed = new Ticker
}
pulsed.tick delegate
RefreshTime) . delegate (.

= + delegate = - delegate
.
class Clock
{
)(public void Stop

{
;)pulsed.tick -= new Tick(this.RefreshTime
}
{
}
;)(private Ticker pulsed = new Ticker
}
: = + = - + . delegate
+ . + delegate delegate
delegate .

delegate . delegate
. Ticker private
Notify tick :
class Ticker
{
98
)private void Notify(int hours, int minutes, int seconds

{
)if (tick != null
{
;)tick(hours, minutes, seconds
}
}
: null tick null
null delegate .
null NullReferenceException .
. public
. tick Ticker
Ticker tick .
class Example
{
)(static void Main
{
;)(Ticker pulsed = new Ticker
pulsed.tick(12, 29, 59); //
}
}

GUI . Console
GUI .
GUI ...
.

.
GUI .Net Framework .
) (Button .
Button Button) . System.Windows.Forms( . Button Control
Click EventHandler . .
namespace System
99
{
public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, EventArgs args);
public class EventArgs
{
}
}
namespace System.Windows.Forms
{
public class Control :
{
public event EventHandler Click;
}
public class Button : Control
{
}
}
. System namespace
namespace . EventHandler delegate System
Button Click System.Windows.Forms
. Control
. Click Button
. delegate
. Okay_Click Okay Okay_Click Okay
class Example : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{
private System.Windows.Forms.Button okay;
public Example()
{
this.okay = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.okay.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.okay_Click);
}
private void okay_Click(object sender, System.EventsArgs args)
{
}
}
100
Example System.Windows.Forms.Form
Okay . Button . ) (Constructor Example
Okay.Click this.Okay.Click .
EventHandler delegate . Okay_Click
. Okay Okay_Click
.
Visual Studio.Net C#Builder
Okay_Click .
GUI .
delegate ) (void .
EventArgs EventArgs.
sender delegate ) .
(.
delegate event
Delegate System.Delegate Delegate . property

.
System.Delegate .Net Framework delegate C#
Visual Basic.Net .
delegate
.
delegate .
.
. .
.
101
- )(Exception Handling
) ( C# .
:
(1 Exception
(2 try/catch
(3 finally
.
.
Null .

.
.
I/O .

. ) (Exception Handling .
thrown . thrown
System.Exception .
try/catch .
System.Exception property
. Message property
StackTrace . ) Stack( Stack
.

. )(System.IO.File.OpenRead
) (Thrown :
SecurityException
ArgumentException
ArgumentNullException
PathTooLongException
DirectoryNotFoundException
UnauthorizedAccessException
FileNotFoundException
102
NotSupportedException
.Net Framework SDK

. Reference/Class Library Namespace/Class/Method
.
.
.
thrown ) ( .
try/catch .
try catch .
15-1 try/catch . )( OpenRead
try . catch
. 15-1
Stack .
:
.
;using System
;using System.IO
class TryCatchDemo
{
{
try
{
;)"File.OpenRead("NonExistentFile
}
)catch(Exception ex
{
;))(Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString
}
}
}
15-1 catch
Exception .
. catch
:
)catch(FileNotFoundException fnfex
103
{
;))(Console.WriteLine(fnfex.ToString
}
)catch(Exception ex
{
}
FileNotFoundException catch
. PathTooLongException catch
. PathTooLongException catch
Exception . catch
.
Stack try/catch
. try/catch
. .
.

. catch
.
finally .
15-2 finally .

. .
outStream 15-2 handle .
inStraem FileNotFound
catch .
catch outStream . catch .
outStream
. . finally
.
. finally .
.
;using System
104
;using System.IO
class FinallyDemo
{
{
;FileStream outStream = null
;FileStream inStream = null
try
{
;)"outStream = File.OpenWrite("DestinationFile.txt
;)"inStream = File.OpenRead("BogusInputFile.txt
}
)catch(Exception ex
{
}
finally
{
)if (outStream != null
{
;)(outStream.Close
;)"Console.WriteLine("outStream closed.
}
)if (inStream != null
{
;)(inStream.Close
;)"Console.WriteLine("inStream closed.
}
}
}
}
finally .
: catch finally
. finally
catch
. .
catch
catch .
finally .
. .
try/catch .
finally
.
105
C#
C# . :
-1
-2
-3 ) Named (Positional
Target -4 ) (
-5
-6
-7 Positional Named
-8 ) (type
-9
-10
-11
.
... .
. DllImportAttribute
Win32 .
. ObsoleteAttribute

.
property .
.Net .
.

. .
Metadata . C#
Dll . Metadata
. Reflection Metadata
). . Metadata " "
(. C#
. Reflection
.
106

.
.
[ObsoleteAttribute]
: Attribute
[Obsolete]
.
. ObsoleteAttribute 16-1
: 16-1
using System;
class BasicAttributeDemo
{
[Obsolete]
public void MyFirstDeprecatedMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("Called MyFirstDeprecatedMethod().");
}
[ObsoleteAttribute]
public void MySecondDeprecatedMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("Called MySecondDeprecatedMethod().");
}
[Obsolete("You shouldn't use this method anymore.")]
public void MyThirdDeprecatedMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("Called MyThirdDeprecatedMethod().");
}
// make the program thread safe for COM
[STAThread]
static void Main(string[] args)
{
BasicAttributeDemo attrDemo = new BasicAttributeDemo();
attrDemo.MyFirstDeprecatedMethod();
attrDemo.MySecondDeprecatedMethod();
attrDemo.MyThirdDeprecatedMethod();
}
}
107
16-1 Obsolete .
)( MyFirstDeprecatedMethod
)( MySecondDeprecatedMethod .
Attribute . .
:
])"[Obsolete("You shouldn't use this method anymore.
)(public void MyThirdDeprecatedMethod
...
.
. C# .
>csc BasicAttributeDemo.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# .NET Compiler version 7.10.2292.4
for Microsoft (R) .NET Framework version 1.1.4322
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 2001-2002. All rights reserved.
BasicAttributeDemo.cs(29,3): warning CS0612:
'BasicAttributeDemo.MyFirstDeprecatedMethod()' is obsolete
'BasicAttributeDemo.MySecondDeprecatedMethod()' is obsolete
'BasicAttributeDemo.MyThirdDeprecatedMethod()' is obsolete: 'You
'shouldn't use this method anymore.

.
.
16-1 . STAThreadAttribute
C# )( Main . C#
COM Simple Threading Apartment .

COM ) .
(.
. 16-2 .
16-2
;using System
public class AnyClass
{
])[Obsolete("Don't use Old method, use New method", true
108
} { ) (static void Old

} { ) (static void New
) (public static void Main
{
;) (Old
}
}
16-2 .
16-1 . .
True
. False
. .
'use New method
AnyClass.Old()' is obsolete: 'Don't use Old method,
) Positional (Named
. .
) (positional ) .(named positional
! Obsolete
positional error int 16-1 .
16-2 positional
.
])[Obsolete("Don't use Old method, use New method", true
} { ) (static void Old
positional named named

. 16-3 DllImport
positional named.
16-3
;using System
;using System.Runtime.InteropServices
class AttributeParamsDemo
{
109
])"[DllImport("User32.dll", EntryPoint="MessageBox
static extern int MessageDialog(int hWnd, string msg, string
;)caption, int msgType
][STAThread
{
MessageDialog(0, "MessageDialog Called!", "DllImport Demo",
;)0
}
}
DllImport 16-3 ("User32.dll") positional named

)" (EntryPoint="MessageBox . named
positional . named
positional
.
DllImport
Win32 API.
Positional ) (Constructor
Named
.
Target ) (
. C#
. 16-1 C#
.
....
.

all
assembly
class
constructor
Delegate
delegates
enum
event
field
interface
110
method
)
(.
module
parameter
Property
property
returnvalue
struc
Target Target
. CLS
CLSCompliantAttribute CLS . Common Language Specification
.Net Target . Target
. 16-4 .
16-4
;using System
])[assembly:CLSCompliant(true
public class AttributeTargetDemo
{
)public void NonClsCompliantMethod(uint nclsParam
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Called NonClsCompliantMethod().
}
][STAThread
{
;uint myUint = 0
;)(AttributeTargetDemo tgtDemo = new AttributeTargetDemo
;)tgtDemo.NonClsCompliantMethod(myUint
}
}
Target assembly .
16-4 uint )( NonClsCompliantMethod .
CLSCompliant false )( NonClsCompliantMethod
CLS ) int ( ) . CLS
CLS .Net Framework
111
.Net
.
uint
CLS CLS (.
16-4 CLSCompliant Target
assembly
.

.Net CLS
.

.
) (Attribute System.Attribute .
System.Attribute ) ( )(Attribute Class
. . 16-5
.
16-5
;using System
public class HelpAttribute : Attribute
{
}
.
])([Help
{
}
Attribute .
.
16-6
;using System
{
)public HelpAttribute(String Descrition_in
{
112
;this.description = Description_in
}
;protected String description
public String Description
{
get
{
;return this.description
}
}
}
])"[Help("this is a do-nothing class
{
}
. property
.

AttributeUsage
.
property
.
ValidOn
property
. AttributeTarget OR
.
AllowMultiple
property
.
Inherited
property . property

.
113
-7 .
. 16
16-7
using System;
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class), AllowMultiple =
false, Inherited = false ]
{
public HelpAttribute(String Description_in)
{
this.description = Description_in;
}
protected String description;
{
get
{
return this.description;
}
}
}
Help . AttributeTargets.Class
.
:
[Help("this is a do-nothing class")]
{
[Help("this is a do-nothing method")]
public void AnyMethod()
{
}
}
//error
:
AnyClass.cs: Attribute 'Help' is not valid on this declaration type.
It is valid on 'class' declarations only.
Help AttributeTargets.All
: .
Assembly,
Module,
Class,
Struct,
Enum,
114
Constructor,
Method,
Property,
Field,
Event,
Interface,
Parameter,
Delegate,
All = Assembly , Module , Class , Struct , Enum ,
Constructor , Method , Property , Field , Event , Interface
, Parameter , Delegate,
ClassMembers = Class , Struct , Enum , Constructor ,
Method , Property , Field , Event , Delegate , Interface
Help . AllowMultiple = false

: .
[Help("this is a do-nothing class")]
[Help("it contains a do-nothing method")]
{
[Help("this is a do-nothing method")]
public void AnyMethod()
{
}
}
//error
:
AnyClass.cs: Duplicate 'Help' attribute
. Inherited
.
. True
:
[Help("BaseClass")]
public class Base
{
}
public class Derive :
{
}
Base
:
115
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class,
Inherited = false ]
Inherited = false ]
Inherited = true ]
Inherited = true ]
AllowMultiple
AllowMultiple
AllowMultiple
AllowMultiple
=
=
=
=
false,
true,
false,
true,
Named Positional
Positional
. Help .
16-8
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class, AllowMultiple = false,
Inherited = false)]
{
{
this.verion = "No Version is defined for this class";
}
{
get
{
return this.description;
}
}
protected String version;
public String Version
{
get
{
return this.version;
}
//if we ever want our attribute user to set this property,
//we must specify set method for it
set
{
this.verion = value;
}
}
}
116
])"[Help("This is Class1
public class Class1
{
}
])"[Help("This is Class2", Version = "1.0
public class Class2
{
}
[Help("This is Class3", Version = "2.0", Description = "This is do])"nothing class
public class Class3
{
}
Class1 :
Help.Description : This is Class1
Help.Version :No Version is defined for this class
Version .
.
Help.Description : This is Class2
Help.Version : 1.0
Named .
Named property set
:
'Version' : Named attribute argument can't be a read only property
.
Help Description set .
Help.Description : This is do-nothing class
Help.Version : 2.0
) (Constructor Positional
set Named .
) (type
117
:
bool,byte,char,double,float,int,long,short,string,System.Type ,object
. enum

.
( query) .
( Types) Reflection . Reflection
Metadate .Net Framework Reflection .
16-9 .
.
Reflection : 16-9
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Diagnostics;
//attaching Help attribute to entire assembly
[assembly : Help("This Assembly demonstrates
creation and their run-time query.")]
//our custom attribute class
{
{
//
// TODO: Add constructor logic here
//
}
{
get
{
return this.deescription;
}
}
}
//attaching Help attribute to our AnyClass
[HelpString("This is a do-nothing Class.")]
custom
attributes
118
{
//attaching Help attribute to our AnyMethod
])"[Help("This is a do-nothing Method.
)(public void AnyMethod
{
}
//attaching Help attribute to our AnyInt Field
])"[Help("This is any Integer.
;public int AnyInt
}
class QueryApp
{
{
}
}
.

. Reflection .
:
. .Net Framework
.
. Reflection
. .
119
: C#
) (Enumerator Types C# .
:
enum

System.Enum
enmu ) (Value Type System.Enum
. enum
.
enum
) (Sequential . enum
Enum .
.
enum enum
.
enum ) (Value Type .
enum .
C# enum Enum . C# enum BCL
Enum ! enum Enum
.

.Net Framework BCL enum .
MessageBox MessageBoxIcon .
.Net Framework
. enum
.
enum :
><modifier> enum <enum_name
{
120
// Enumeration list
}
. enum 17-1
enum : 17-1
using System;
// declares the enum
public enum Volume
{
Low,
Medium,
High
}
// demonstrates how to use the enum
class EnumSwitch
{
static void Main()
{
// create and initialize
// instance of enum type
Volume myVolume = Volume.Medium;
// make decision based
// on enum value
switch (myVolume)
{
case Volume.Low:
Console.WriteLine("The volume has been turned Down.");
break;
case Volume.Medium:
Console.WriteLine("The volume is in the middle.");
break;
case Volume.High:
Console.WriteLine("The volume has been turned up.");
break;
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
121
17-1 enum .
enum . } {
.
Volume )( Main myVolume
. enum . myVolume
int . switch myVolume
enum .
enum enum Volume
) (Volume.Medium enum
enum .
enum
. enum
. 17-1 Low 1 2 .
C# enum .
.
enum Months
{
jan, feb, mar, apr
}
enum Months
{
jan = 10, feb = 20, mar = 30, apr=40
}
mar = feb = 1 jan = 0

2 apr = 3 . enum
.
enum
. :
//;int x = Months.jan
// ; int x = (int) Months.jan
enum Casting .
. (int) Months.jan
122
int jan
. int enum
. enum
.
enum : 17-2
using System;
// declares the enum
public enum Volume : byte
{
Low = 1,
Medium,
High
}
class EnumBaseAndMembers
{
static void Main()
{
// create and initialize
// instance of enum type
Volume myVolume = Volume.Low;
// make decision based
// on enum value
switch (myVolume)
{
case Volume.Low:
Console.WriteLine("The volume has been turned Down.");
break;
case Volume.Medium:
Console.WriteLine("The volume is in the middle.");
break;
case Volume.High:
Console.WriteLine("The volume has been turned up.");
break;
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
enum . enum 17-2

. enum byte . byte
123
enum Low .
Low Middle=2 High=3 .
enum
C# enum 4 .
sizeof . enum .
enum C# enum
enum Metadata
. enum .
:
enum Language
{
CSharp,MCpp,VBNet,JScript,IL
}
class App
{
{
Console.WriteLine("Write
the
number
of
the
selected
;)"Language
;))"string[] langAr = Enum.GetNames(Type.GetType("Language
)for(int i=0;i<langAr.Length;i++
{
;)]Console.WriteLine(i + "." + langAr[i
}
;))(Language myLang=(Language)Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine
;)Console.WriteLine("Your Language of choice is: " + myLang
}
}
124
Overload C#
:
Overload
Overload .
Overload
Overload
Overload C# Overload .
C#
. .
Overload
C# )
" " C# .(. C# .
.
Overload .
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. .
.
Matrix struct.
) " " C# " " C# (.
Matrix
. )( Add )( Product
. :
// instance
// static
;)Matrix result = mat1.Add(mat2
;)Matrix result = Matrix.Add(mat1, mat2
Matrix result = mat1.DotProduct(mat2).DotProduct(mat3); // and so on...
125
.
. + . +
* . :
;Matrix result = mat1 + mat2
;Matrix result = mat1 * mat2
;Matrix result = mat1 * mat2 * mat3 * mat4
.
.
Overload
Overload Overload
. Overload
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. Overload
+ + .
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:
false
--
true
++
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>
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==
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<<
&
true false
.
126
Overload C#
Overload . Overload Overload
. Overload + Overload = +
. = Overload.
Overload Overload
. /
.
Overload
Overload
operator .
.
)public static Matrix operator *(Matrix mat1, Matrix mat2
{
// dot product implementation
}
. operator
Overload Matrix .
operator Overload
. 18-1 Overload .
: 18-1 Overload
;using System
class Matrix3D
{
;public const int DIMSIZE = 3
;]private double[,] matrix = new double[DIMSIZE, DIMSIZE
// .
]public double this[int x, int y
{
} ;]get { return matrix[x, y
} ;set { matrix[x, y] = value
}
Overload +
//
127
public static Matrix3D operator +(Matrix3D mat1, Matrix3D mat2)

{
Matrix3D newMatrix = new Matrix3D();
for (int x=0; x < DIMSIZE; x++)
for (int y=0; y < DIMSIZE; y++)
newMatrix[x, y] = mat1[x, y] + mat2[x, y];
return newMatrix;
}
}
class MatrixTest
{
// . InitMatrix
public static Random rand = new Random();
static void Main()
{
Matrix3D mat1 = new Matrix3D();
Matrix3D mat2 = new Matrix3D();
// .
InitMatrix(mat1);
InitMatrix(mat2);
// .
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 1: ");
PrintMatrix(mat1);
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 2: ");
PrintMatrix(mat2);
// .
Matrix3D mat3 = mat1 + mat2;
Console.WriteLine("Matrix 1 + Matrix 2 = ");
PrintMatrix(mat3);
}
// .
public static void InitMatrix(Matrix3D mat)
{
for (int x=0; x < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; x++)
for (int y=0; y < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; y++)
mat[x, y] = rand.NextDouble();
}
// .
128
)public static void PrintMatrix(Matrix3D mat

{
)for (int x=0; x < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; x++
{
;)" ["(Console.Write
)for (int y=0; y < Matrix3D.DIMSIZE; y++
{
// .
;)]Console.Write("{0,8:#.000000}", mat[x, y
)if ((y+1 % 2) < 3
;)" Console.Write(",
}
;)"] "(Console.WriteLine
}
}
}
18-1 + Overload .
Overload + :
)public static Matrix3D operator +(Matrix3D mat1, Matrix3D mat2
{
;)(Matrix3D newMatrix = new Matrix3D
)for (int x=0; x < DIMSIZE; x++
)for (int y=0; y < DIMSIZE; y++
;]newMatrix[x, y] = mat1[x, y] + mat2[x, y
;return newMatrix
}
.
Matrix3D operator
+ . Overload Matrix3D
.
Overload
C# Overload . Overload
.
> < ==
. > Overload => .
129
Overload .
. +
= + .
) C# ( C# 2.0

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130
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)public bool DoesExtensionExist(string [] fileNames, string extension

{
;int i = 0
)for (i = 0; i < fileNames.Length; i++
)if (String.Compare(Path.GetExtension(fileNames[i]), extension, true) == 0
;return true
133
return false; // If we reach here, we didn't find the extension

}
}

.
) (Sort " :
n n+1
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135
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. ) O(n2 .
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. Bubble Sort .
.

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136
C# ) (Null .
BoolArray :
;bool[] BoolArray
;]arrayName = new arrayType[allocationSize
CLR-Managed Heap allocationSize

arrayType) . int 2
allocationSize 5 10 (. arrayType ) (Value Type
arrayType allocationSize ) . unboxed (.
arrayType ) (Reference Type arrayType
allocationSize ) . heap
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137
;bool [] booleanArray
;FileInfo [] files
;]booleanArray = new bool[10

;]files = new FileInfo[10
booleanArray System.Boolean files

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:
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138
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// Read an array element

;]bool b = booleanArray[7
// Write to an array element
;booleanArray[0] = false
) O(1 .
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139
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// Create an integer array with three elements

;]int [] fib = new int[3
;fib[0] = 1
;fib[1] = 1
;fib[2] = 2
// Redimension message to a 10 element array
;]int [] temp = new int[10
// Copy the fib array to temp
140
;)fib.CopyTo(temp, 0
// Assign temp to fib
;fib = temp
fib . 3 9
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n n .

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.
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Object ArrayList casting
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; y y int x (.
) System.Double System.Int32 (System.Boolean
Managed Heap Unboxed . ArrayList Object .
ArrayList ArrayList
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142
Boxing Unboxing ArrayList

ArrayList .
ArrayList .
ArrayList .
ArrayList Object ArrayList
.
.
Generic !
ArrayList Generic .Net Framework 2.0 .

Generic .
143
.
.
public class TypeSafeList<T>

{
T[] innerArray = new T[0];
int currentSize = 0;
int capacity = 0;
public void Add(T item)
{
// see if array needs to be resized
if (currentSize == capacity)
{
// resize array
capacity = capacity == 0 ? 4 : capacity * 2; // double capacity
T[] copy = new T[capacity]; // create newly sized array
Array.Copy(innerArray, copy, currentSize); // copy over the array
innerArray = copy; // assign innerArray to the new, larger array
}
innerArray[currentSize] = item;
currentSize++;
}
public T this[int index]
{
144
get
{
if (index < 0 || index >= currentSize)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
return innerArray[index];
}
set
{
if (index < 0 || index >= currentSize)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
innerArray[index] = value;
}
}
public override string ToString()
{
string output = string.Empty;
for (int i = 0; i < currentSize - 1; i++)
output += innerArray[i] + ", ";
return output + innerArray[currentSize - 1];
}
}
. T TypeSafeList
.
145
T T .
. T Add T
.
T :
;TypeSafeList<type> variableName
TypeSafeList int :
;)(>TypeSafeList<int> fib = new TypeSafeList<int

;)fib.Add(1
;)fib.Add(1
)for (int i = 2; i < 25; i++
;)]fib.Add(fib[i - 2] + fib[i - 1
;))(Console.WriteLine(fib.ToString
Generics :
: Type-Safe SafeTypeList
.
: Boxing Unboxing .
: .
146
Generics
Generics
.

.
.

. .Net Framework
Sysyem.Collections.Generics .

.
) ( . Generics
.
:
// int
;)(>List<int> myFavoriteIntegers = new List<int
//
;)(>List<string> friendsNames = new List<string
147
.
.
)( Add .
. int . )( Add
.
//
;)(>List<int> powersOf2 = new List<int
6 //
;)powersOf2.Add(1
;)powersOf2.Add(2
;)powersOf2.Add(4
;)powersOf2.Add(8
;)powersOf2.Add(16
;)powersOf2.Add(32
// 10
;powersOf2[1] = 10
//
;]int sum = powersOf2[2] + powersOf2[3
.
.
. .
for .
148
)( Contains . )( IndexOf
. )( BinarySearch
. )( FindAll() Find
)( Sort )( ConvertAll delegate
.
.Net
Framework Base Class Library System.Array System.Collections.Generic.List.

. .
.
. )( Add
. )( IndexOf
. .
) (Stack ) (Queue .
. .Net Framework
Hashtable Dictionary .
149
...
:

Inheritance
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Polymorphism

C#

. ) (Component
. .
. .

.
. .
" " Attribute

Behavior .
. .
. .
3 5 .
. boolean .

.
. .

.
. :
... : .
. :
150
.
. .
.
.
. .
C# ) (Class .
. :
class Time
{
;int hours
;int minutes
;int seconds
)(void pastime
{
//some implementation
}
}
Time . class .
}{ . .
) }{( .
.
.
) (Inheritance
.
.
.
. .
.
151
.
.
. :
class Bird
{
;string beakDescription
;int wingSpan
;string typeOfBird
)(void fly
{
//some implementation
}
}
.
typeOfBird .
) (

. .
.
.
.

. ... .
.
Inheritance
. Animal .

.
Animal ""
. " " " " .

.
152
Animal -
Animal .
. : (Top-
) Down ) (Bottom-Up
.
) child( .
parent . child parent "" "" (is-a
) relationship . " ".
. ) (child
) (parent . child parent
. .
Animal Living )(Eat

. Wing )( Fly
parent . Bird
.

.
parent .
.
153
)(Abstraction
. .
Animal .
. .
.
"" ) .
) (instance . !(
Animal Bird " " " "
. Animal Bird
) .
abstract C# (.
Animal Bird
. C# .
abstract class Animal
{
//abstract definitions and implementations
}
class Bird : Animal
{
//class implementation
}
Animal abstract .
. Bird
Animal . " ": Bird
Bird Animal .
) (Encapsulation
.
. .
Encapsulation .
.
154
.
.
.
.
.
Bird . .
. .
"" . .
"" ) (has-a relationship .
" " .
. .
class Wing
{
;int foreWingSize
;int backWingSize
)(void flap
{
//implementation
}
)(void fold
{
//implementation
}
}
class Bird : Animal
{
;int beakSize
;Wing wings
)(void Fly
{
//implementation
}
}
Bird Wing . Wing . Bird

Wing wings . Bird Wing .
" " . .
Wing .
155
) (Polymorphism

.
Bird .
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
abstract class flyingBird : Bird
{
//implementation
}
class Eagle : flyingBird
{
//implementation
}
class Duck : flyingBird
{
//implementation
}
class Experiment
{
{
;]flyingBird flyingBirdCage = new flyingBird[2
;)(flyingBirdCage[0] = new Eagle
;)(flyingBirdCage[1] = new Duck
}
}
3 . flyingBird Bird .
.
Eagle Duck FlyingBird . Experiment )( Main
. )( Main flyingBirdCage FlyingBird
FlyingBird . Duck Eagle FlyingBird
.
156
.
. .
.
:
class Experiment
{
{
;)(Eagle eagleCage = new Eagle
;)(Duck duckCahge = new Duck
}
}
.
foreach
.
.

.
.
) (Polymorphism Polymorphism .
. Polymorphism C#
.
;using System
class FlyingBird
{
)(public virtual void Fly
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("This shouldn't be called
}
}
class Eagle : FlyingBird
{
)(public override void Fly
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Eagle Fly
}
}
class Duck : FlyingBird
157
{
)(public override void Fly
{
;)"Console.WriteLine("Duck Fly
}
}
class Experiment
{
{
;]FlyingBird[] flyingBirdCage = new FlyingBird[2
;)(flyingBirdCage[0] = new Eagle
;)(flyingBirdCage[1] = new Duck
)foreach(FlyingBird bird in flyingBirdCage
{
;)(bird.Fly
}
}
}
:
Eagel Fly
Duck Fly
Eagel Duck FlyingBird . )( Fly.

. FlyingBird )( Fly virtual
.
override . )( Main foreach
. override
.

Polymorphism . Polymorphism .
158

.
SQL SQL
.
MS Access MS Office .

SQL MS SQL Server 2000 .
Visual
Studio IDE .
) MS Access (2003 ) Visual Studio .Net 2003

2002 Visual Studio .Net
2005 Visual C# Express Edition (.
Database .

. ) (DBMS
. DBMS

.
159
) (Relational .
SQL
.
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.
) Interface DBMS (
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.
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) (columns/fields . 1
Employee . 6
number Primary Key
Primary Key . )(
. Primary Key
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.
Primary Key .
number . ) .
(.
. ) (Primary Key
. 3 Department
Employee 413.
160
location
salary
department
name
number
1000
413
23603
1500
413
24568
1300
642
34589
1800
611
35761
1500
413
47132
2500
611
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. SQL SQL .
) (SELECT
.

Book SQL .
. ) (Authors
) (Publishers ) (AuthorISBN ) (Titles . Authors
.
Authors .
authorID
. Book
int
) .(Auto-Increment Field
161

.
(string ) .
firstName
(string ) .
lastName
Authors
lastName
firstName authorID
Deitel
Harvey
Deitel
Paul
Nieto
Tem
Steinbuhler Kate
Santry
Sean
Lin
Ted
Sadhu
Praveen
McPhie
David
Yaeger
Cheryl
Zlatkina
Marina
10
Wiedermann Ben
11
Liperi
Jonathan
12
Listfield
Jeffrey
13
162
Publisher .
Publisher .
publisherID
. int
Primary Key Publisher
.
publisherName ) . (string
Publishers
publisherName publisherID
1
Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall PTG
AuthorISBN ISBN
. .
AuthorISBN .
authorID
.
. int
163
. Author
(string) . ISBN
AuthorISBN
authorID
ISBN
1 0130125075
2 0130125075
1 0130132497
2 0130132497
1 0130161438
2 0130161438
3 0130161438
1 0130284173
2 0130284173
3 0130284173
6 0130284173
7 0130284173
1 0130284181
2 0130284181
3 0130284181
8 0130284181
isbn
164
AuthorISBN
ISBN
authorID
1 013028419X
2 013028419X
3 013028419X
1 0130293636
2 0130293636
Titles ISBN
. .

isbn
ISBN (string) .
title
(string) .
editionNumber )(string
copyright
publisherID
)(int
) .(int
Publisher .
imageFile
price
(string) .
) . (
Titles
165
Book . .
Bold Primary Key .
Primary Key
Primary Key . "

" ) .(Rule Of Entity Integrity AuthorISBN
Primary Key Primary Key
authorID isbn ) ( .
authorID 2 authorID isbn
authorID isbn .
isbn 0130895601
authorID 2 isbn 0130895601.
: Primary Key DBMS

.
: Primary Key DBMS .
) (Relationship .
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Titles )( . " "
166
) (One-to-Many Publishers
Titles . publisherID
Publisher publisherID Titles . publisherID Titles
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. Foreign Key " " ) (Rule Of Referential Integrity
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.
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)(SQL
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.
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167
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.

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168
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authorID lastName Authors .
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169
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) (Pattern Matching * ? .
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170
: "?" "_" LIKE .

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field query .
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query .
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ORDER BY query :
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171
field sortingOrder
.
. query
) (lastName ) (firstName :
ORDER BY lastName, firstName
query WHERE ORDER BY :
SELECT isbn, title, price FROM Titles

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ORDER BY title DESC
INNER JOIN :

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AuthorISBN .
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.

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. INNER JOIN :
172
SELECT fieldName1, fieldName2,

FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.fieldName = table2.fieldName
ON
. query ISBN
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SELECT firstName, lastName, isbn

FROM Authors
INNER JOIN AuthorISBN
ON Authors.authorID = AuthorISBN.authorID
ORDER BY lastName, firstName
query firstName lastName Authors isbn AuthorISBN

lastName firstName . query
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.
173
query . query
: query .
SELECT
Titles.Title,
Titles.ISBN,
Authors.LastName, Publishers.PublisherName
Authors.FirstName,
FROM
(
Publishers
INNER JOIN Titles
ON Publishers.PublisherID = Titles.PublisherID
)
INNER JOIN
(
Authors
ON Authors.AuthorID = AuthorISBN.AuthorID
)
ON Titles.ISBN = AuthorISBN.ISBN
ORDER BY Titles.Title;
174
query :
query
query . 1 2 query
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. INNER JOIN
.
INNET JOIN query :
( Authors
) ON Authors.AuthorID = AuthorISBN.AuthorID
175
Authors AuthorISBN AuthorID .

INNER JOIN query :
(
Publishers
INNER JOIN Titles
ON Publishers.PublisherID = Titles.PublisherID
)
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(
Authors
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query Titles.title .
INSERT
176
. :
) INSERT INTO tableName (fieldName1, fieldName2,

) VALUES (value1, value2,
tableName . tableName
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value . value
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query Authors . INSERT

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177
:
UPDATE tableName
SET fieldName1 = value1, fieldName2 = value2,
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'WHERE lastName = 'Smith' AND firstName = 'Sue
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: WHERE UPDATE .
DELETE
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DELETE FROM tableName

WHERE criteria
178
criteria .
DELETE FROM Authors

'WHERE lastName = 'Jones' AND firstName = 'Sue
Sue Jones.
: WHERE DELETE
WHERE
.
(ADO.Net Object Model) ADO.NET
ADO.Net API
ADO.Net . .Net Framework ADO) . ADO
ActiveX Data Objects(.
System.Data .Net Framework API ADO.Net .

Namespace ADO.Net System.Data.OleDb System.Data.SqlClient
Data Source ) . Data Source
(.
System.Data.OleDb Data Source
System.Data.SqlClient MS SQL Server 2000.
179
ADO.Net MS Access
Access
MS Office .
.
Access System.Data.OleDb .
:
Access OleDbConnection .
connection string
. Access
connection string . :
= string connectionString
"provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" +
;""data source=F:\\Samples\\Books.mdb
connection string Access .

provider Access
180
Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0 data source ) .

(.
"\\" "\" .
Access
OledbConnection .
;using System
;using System.Data
;using System.Data.OleDb
class OleDbConnectionAccess
{
{
// .
= string connectionString
"provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" +
"data
;"source=F:\\Samples\\Books.mdb
OleDbConnection //
connectionString //.
= OleDbConnection myOleDbConnection
;)new OleDbConnection(connectionString
181
// OleDbCommand
OleDbCommand myOleDbCommand =
myOleDbConnection.CreateCommand();
// SQL OleDbCommand CommandText

//. Authors
myOleDbCommand.CommandText =
"SELECT * "+
"FROM Authors "+
"WHERE authorID=1";
// Open()
myOleDbConnection.Open();
// ExecuteReader() OleDbDataReader
// SELECT OleDbCommand
OleDbDataReader myOleDbDataReader =
myOleDbCommand.ExecuteReader();
// OleDbDataReader
// Read()
myOleDbDataReader.Read();
182
//
Console.WriteLine("myOleDbDataReader[\" firstName\"] = "+
myOleDbDataReader["firstName"]);
Console.WriteLine("myOleDbDataReader[\" lastName\"] = "+
myOleDbDataReader["lastName"]);
Console.WriteLine("myOleDbDataReader[\" AuthorID\"] = "+
myOleDbDataReader["authorID"]);
// Close() OleDbDataReader
myOleDbDataReader.Close();
// OleDbConnection
myOleDbConnection.Close();
}
}
:
myOleDbDataReader[" firstName"] = Harvey
myOleDbDataReader[" lastName"] = Deitel
myOleDbDataReader[" AuthorID"] = 1
SQL
.
183

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