Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ειδικό μέρος ΔΙΔΑΚΤΙΚΗ Χημείας
Ειδικό μέρος ΔΙΔΑΚΤΙΚΗ Χημείας
.
-
-
-
-
-E
-
; ;
,
,
,
.
( 1375
18/10/2001) . 195,
:
:
...
.
,
, .
(,
) (,
)
R. Gillespie
. Dalton
.
.
.
..
.
. (
),
. ( )
,
, ,
i.
,
.
:
(, )
( , , ,
, )
.
,
, .
,
, .
, ii.
, ,
,
.
.
.
,
, .
,
, .
..,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
.
. ,
.
,
iii:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. .
6. , ,
.
7.
8. .
H iv
.
,
. ,
.
,
. 20
.
.. 2
. v:
- .
- .
-
,
.
- .
,
.. .
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
! ,
.
(School Science Review, Review Education Research) andbook
,
(Kluwer International Handbooks of Education 5 ).
, vi:
-
.
-
.
O ( )
.
,
,
, .
O
.
.
,
,
vii.
,
viii.
ix. ,
,
, .
25%
, 85%
.
x
.
H
,
.
.
xi.
,
PSSC
xii.
, ,
, , ..
H
.
20 xiii. ,
, ..
.
xiv. To .
, .
, -
- . ;
.
, .
xv.
:
;
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
xvi.
( )
.
E xvii
, ..
,
..
, ..
.
. ,
..
:
-
, , ,
( ) .
- , ,
- !
- ( ),
(
)
- ()
,
:
-
-
-
. ,
)
(
)
)
)
, (.. )
(.. ).
,
)
.
)
(
)
)
,
.
)
)
) Bronsted Lowry
.
,
, .
,
.
.
, .
(
!)
.
( )
. , , , , ,
, , , , ,
,
..
,
, , , , ,
- .
mole,
, , . ,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
xviii, , :
,
,
,
.
. , ,
,
! . .
1905
xix
. H ,
,
.
. ,
xx,
:
1. O
.
2. H .
3.
.
4. O .
..
xxi.
, ,
, .
:
-
- . (
)
-
-
.
11 18 xxii. Royal Society of Chemistry
(RSC), National Gallery ( ),
,
,
, .
11-18
.
.
.
11-16
. , 16
, .
.
.
xxiii.
.
.
,
()
xxiv. ,
,
, .
.
-
xxv.
, , ,
,
.
.
Gillespie. , ,
, .
, .
R. Gillespie The Great Ideas of Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 74 No 7 July 1997
. : 1 1998
ARTHUR A. CARIN, Teaching Modern Science . 257: Integrating Science and Art, Merrill,
Ohio, 1997
iv
. . , , . , ,
1989
v
. , (2000)
vi
. , . , . , . , .
17
1997
vii
.W. JENKINS The impact of the national curriculum on secondary school teaching in England
and Wales International Journal of Science Education, Vol. 22, no 3, 325-336, (2000)
viii
. ; . 89, 3, 59 (1997)
ix
J. D. HERRON , S.C. NURRENBERN Chemical Education Research: Improving Chemistry
Learning Journal of Chemical Education Vol. 76 No. 10 October 1999 p. 1353-1361
x
) H. STAVRIDOU and C. SOLOMONIDOU Conceptual reorganization and the construction of
the chemical reaction concept during secondary education International Journal of Science
Education, Vol. 20, no 2, 205-221, (1998)
) M. AHTEE I. VARJOLA Students understanding of chemical reaction International Journal
of Science Education, Vol. 20, no 3, 305-316, (1998)
xi
A. AYAS and A. DEMIRBAS, Turkish Secondary Students Conceptions of Introductory
Chemistry Concepts Journal of Chemical Education Vol. 74, No. 5 May 1997
xii
S. AYAS et al Development of the Turkish Secondary Science Curriculum Science Education
77(4) 433-440 (1993)
xiii
C. DAWSON, Upper primary boys and girls interests in science: have they changed since
1980? International Journal of Science Education, Vol. 22, no 6, 557-570, (2000)
xiv
S.S. BERDONOSOV et al. Experience in Chemical Education in Russia: How to Attract the
Young Generation to Chemistry under Conditions of Chemophobia Journal of Chemical
Education Vol. 76 No. 8 August 1999 p. 1086-1088
xv
, . 11-32001
xvi
..
xvii
. , . . "
. . ". , 112, 2000, . 75-79.
. " : ;
;" , 1, 1992, . 113-129.
- . " / :
". . 20.
.11-16
. ,
5
(1995)
. .
1999
ii
iii
1905
xix
S. PRICE and G. HEIN more than a field trip: science programmes for elementary school
groups at museums Int. J. Sci. Educ. Vol. 13, no 5, page 505-519 (1991)
xx
JANETTE GRIFFIN Learning science through practical experiences in museums, Int. J. Sci.
Educ., vol. 20, no. 6, 655-663, (1998)
xxi
ARTHUR A. CARIN, Teaching Modern Science Merrill, Ohio, 1997
xxii
MARTYN BERRY, Chemistry and art, School Science Review, 80 (293), 31-38,
(1999)
xviii
( ) 4
1988-1990 .
xxiv
. .. -
1999
xxv
CENNINO CENNINI , ARTIGRAF
(1990)
xxiii
1 , .
:
: ...
.
,
: , ....
.
.
.
(
).
1
- ( )
.
.
.
- -
,
, ( ) -.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ).
. ( )
.
:
:
,
.
:
:
. .
.
. ,
, .
.
2
- ( )
.
,
.
- -
, :
,
,
( ).
.
(
, ) (
).
.
( )
.
:
. (
)
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
-
- ( )
.
.
..
(
)
- -
,
,
(/),
. .
.
(, , )
.
( ,
) ( ).
.
( )
.
:.
.
.
.
. .
:
.
.
.
( )
.
.
. . .
. -
,
.
-
, ,
2000 (www@pischools.gr )
3 : --- (7 )
- 3.1.
-
- pH
-
-
- ,
:
( , ,
, , )
pH - ,
Arrhenius
(.
, . ,
4 :
5:
pH
3.2. ( ,
,
, ) :
3.3. ( ,
,)
3.4.
( ,
:
-
, (..
)
6 :
()3.5. , , ,
,
( ,
- , ) : , ,
, , pH , ,
( , ,
, , )
1
- ( )
,
. , :
, ,
.
,
. . .
- -
,
, ,
( ) -.
.
.
, ,
rrhenius. .
. .
(, , ).
,
Arrhenius.
( )
.
:
,
.
:
H -
.
.
.
.
2
.
,
.
3
.
:
pH - ,
Arrhenius
(.
, . ,
: , , , , pH ,
,
.
.
1.
2.
.
.
.