VLA2 - Bai 1 - Ðien Truong Tinh

Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
17
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
1.1 IN TCH, NH LUT BO TON IN TCH
1.2 NH LUT COULOMB
1.3 IN TRNG
1.3.1 Khi nim in trng
1.3.2 Vect cng in trng
1.3.3 Vect cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im
1.3.4 Nguyn l chng cht in trng
1.4 NG SC IN TRNG
1.4.1 nh ngha
1.4.2 Tnh cht
1.4.3 Quy c v
1.5 IN THNG
1.5.1 nh ngha
1.5.2 in cm, thng lng in cm
1.6 NH L GAUSS
1.6.1 Ni dung nh l
1.6.2 Vn dng nh l Gauss tnh cng in trng
1.7 CNG CA LC IN TRNG IN TH, HIU IN TH
1.7.1 Cng ca lc in trng
1.7.2 Khi nim in th, hiu in th
1.7.3 in th do cc h in tch gy ra
1.7.4 Mt ng th
1.7.5 Th nng ca in tch trong in trng
1.8 LIN H GIA CNG IN TRNG V IN TH
1.8.1 Thit lp mi lin h E , V

1.8.2 Lu thng ca vect cng in trng
1.8.3 Tnh cng in trng t in th v ngc li
1.9 LNG CC IN
1.9.1 Khi nim v lng cc in, mmen lng cc in
1.9.2 Cng in trng v in th gy bi lng cc in
1.9.3 Lng cc in trong in trng ngoi
Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T
18
1.1 IN TCH, NH LUT BO TON IN TCH

T xa xa, con ngi bit hin tng mt s vt sau khi c xt th chng c th
ht hoc y nhau v chng ht c cc vt nh. Ngi ta gi chng l cc vt
nhim in v phn bit thnh hai loi nhim in dng v m. Mi ti u th k
XVII, ngi ta mi nghin cu lnh vc ny nh mt ngnh khoa hc.
Cc vt nhim in c cha in tch. in tch c k hiu l q hoc Q. Trong t
nhin, tn ti hai loi in tch: in tch dng, k hiu l (+) v in tch m, k
hiu l (). n v o in tch l coulomb, k hiu l C. Gi tr tuyt i ca in
tch c gi l in lng.
in tch c gi tr nh nht trong t nhin c gi l in tch nguyn t. Gi tr
ca in tch nguyn t l e = 1,6.10 19 C.
in tch ca ht electron l in tch nguyn t m: e = 1,6.10 19 C.
in tch ca ht proton l in tch nguyn t dng: +e = 1,6.10 19 C.
in tch cha trong mt vt bt k lun bng s nguyn ln in tch nguyn t:

Q = ne
(1.1)
vi n l s nguyn.
Theo thuyt in t, vt cht c cu to t nhng nguyn t. Mi nguyn t gm
ht nhn mang in dng v cc electron quay xung quanh. Bnh thng, tng
in tch ca electron c ln bng in tch ca ht nhn nn nguyn t trung
ha v in. Nu nguyn t mt electron, n s tch in dng v tr thnh Ion
dng; nu nhn thm electron, nguyn t s tch in m v tr thnh Ion m.
Nh vy, mt vt tch in m hay in dng khi n tha hay thiu electron. S
electron tha hay thiu c xc nh t (1.1).
in tch dng v in tch m c th trung ho ln nhau nhng tng i s cc
in tch trong mt h c lp l khng i l ni dung ca nh lut bo ton
in tch.
Mt vt mang in m kch thc ca vt khng ng k so vi nhng khong
cch m ta kho st th vt c coi l mt in tch im. Nghin cu cc tnh
cht in do in tch im gy ra l c s nghin cu cc tnh cht in do mt
vt mang in gy ra.
i vi vt tch in c kch thc ln, in tch ca vt c th phn b khp trong
th tch ca vt, cng c th ch phn b trn b mt ca vt hoc phn b dc theo
chiu di ca vt . T ngi ta xy dng cc khi nim v mt in tch.
Mt in khi l mt in tch phn b trong th tch ca vt, k hiu l ,
c nh ngha l:
dq
dV
trong dq l in tch cha trong yu t th tch dV ca vt mang in.
(1.2)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
19
Trong trng hp tng qut, gi tr ca ph thuc vo v tr ca tng im trong

th tch V ca vt, ta vit = (x,y,z). Khi , in tch ca vt mang in c
tnh bi:
Q=
dV
(1.3)
(V)
Trng hp c bit, nu gi tr ca l khng thay i ti mi im trong th tch

V ca vt ( = const) th ta ni in tch phn b u trong th tch ca vt. Khi
Q = V
(1.4)
in tch ca vt s l:
Mt in mt l mt in tch phn b trn b mt ca vt, k hiu l , c
nh ngha l:
dq
dS
(1.5)
trong dq l in tch cha trong yu t din tch b mt dS ca vt mang in.

Trng hp tng qut, gi tr ca ph thuc vo v tr ca tng im trn din
tch b mt S ca vt, ta vit = (x,y,z). Khi , in tch ca vt mang in c
tnh bi:
(1.6)
Q = dS
(S)
Trng hp c bit, nu gi tr ca l khng thay i ti mi im trn b mt S

ca vt ( = const) th ta ni in tch phn b u trn b mt ca vt. Khi in
tch ca vt s l:
Q = S
(1.7)
Mt in di l mt in tch phn b dc theo chiu di ca vt, k hiu l ,
c nh ngha l:
dq
d
(1.8)
trong dq l in tch cha trong yu t chiu di d ca vt mang in.

Trng hp tng qut, gi tr ca ph thuc vo v tr ca tng im dc theo
chiu di L ca vt, ta vit = (x,y,z). Khi , in tch ca vt mang in c
tnh bi:
Q=
(1.9)
(L)
Trng hp c bit, nu gi tr ca l khng thay i ti mi im trn chiu di

L ca vt ( = const) th ta ni in tch phn b u dc theo chiu di ca vt.
Khi , in tch ca vt s l:
Q = L
(1.10)
Trong h SI, n v o mt in khi l coulomb trn mt khi (C/m3), n v
o mt in mt l coulomb trn mt vung (C/m2) v n v o mt in
di l coulomb trn mt (C/m).
20
V d 1.1: Hai hn bi st ging ht nhau, tch in ln lt l q1 = 3,2C v q2 =

9,6C.
a) Chng tha hay thiu bao nhiu electron?
b) Cho chng chm nhau th in tch lc sau ca chng l bao nhiu?
Gii
a) Hn bi th nht tch in dng nn n thiu electron. S electron thiu l:
n1 =
q1 3, 2.106
=
= 2.1013 electron.
e 1, 6.1019
Hn bi th hai tch in m nn n tha electron. S electron tha l:
n2 =
q 2 9, 6.106
=
= 6.1013 electron.
19
e 1, 6.10
b) Khi cho hai hn bi chm vo nhau, chng s trao i in tch cho nhau. Do hai
hn bi ging ht nhau nn in tch lc sau ca chng phi bng nhau. Theo nh
lut bo ton in tch, tng i s cc in tch phi khng i. V th, in tch
lc sau ca mi hn bi l:
Q1 = Q 2 =
q1 + q 2 3, 2 9, 6
=
= 3, 2C .
2
2
1.2 NH LUT COULOMB

Cc in tch cng du th y nhau, tri du th ht nhau. Tng tc gia cc in
tch c gi l tng tc in. Nm 1785, bng thc nghim, Coulomb, nh vt l
hc ngi Php, xc lp c biu thc nh lng ca lc tng tc gia hai
in tch im ng yn trong chn khng.
Pht biu nh lut: Lc tng tc gia hai in tch im ng yn trong chn
khng c phng nm trn ng thng ni hai in tch , c chiu y nhau
nu chng cng du v ht nhau nu chng tri du, c ln t l thun vi tch
ln ca hai in tch v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng.
Biu thc:
Fo = k
q 1 .q 2
r
q 1 .q 2
1
. 2
4 o
r
1
= 9.10 9 (Nm2/C2) l h s t l;
4 o
1
o =
= 8,85.10 12 (F/m) l hng s in;
36.10 9
trong : k =
r l khong cch gia hai in tch q1 v q2.
(1.11)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
21
Trong cht in mi ng nht v ng hng, lc tng tc gia cc in tch

gim i ln so vi lc tng tc trong chn khng:
F=
q .q
Fo
1 q1.q 2
= k 1 22 =
r
4o r 2
(1.12)
gi l h s in mi ca mi trng . l i lng khng th nguyn, c gi

tr ty theo bn cht ca mi trng, nhng lun ln hn 1. Bng 1.1 cho bit h s
in mi ca mt s cht thng dng.
Bng 1.1: H s in mi ca mt s cht
Vt liu
Vt liu
Chn khng
Ru tilic (20oC)
25
Khng kh
1,0006 1
Giy
3,5
Du ha (20 C)
2,2
6,5
Du bin th
4,5
Mica
5,5
Nc (20 C)
80
Gm titan
130
Ebnt
2,7 2,9
Thy tinh
5 10
Nu gi r12 l vect khong cch hng t q1 n q2 th lc do q1 tc dng ln q2

c vit di dng vect (hnh 1.1):
q .q
r
F12 = 1 2 2 . 12
4 o r r
(1.13)
q 1 .q 2 r21
Tng t, lc do q2 tc dng ln q1 l: F21 =
.
4 o r 2 r
(1.14)
Tng qut, lc do in tch qi tc dng ln in tch qj l:
Fij =
qiq j
rij
.
4 o r 2 r
(1.15)
trong rij l vect khong cch hng t qi n qj.
Nu in tch Q chu tc dng ng thi bi cc lc F1 , F2 , ..., Fn do cc in tch

q1, q2, , qn tc dng ln th lc tng hp tc dng ln Q s l:
22
F = F1 + F2 + ... + Fn = Fi
(1.16)
i =1
(1.16) c gi l nguyn l chng cht cc lc in. Da vo nguyn l ny,

ngi ta chng minh c lc tng tc gia hai qu cu tch in u ta h nh
tng tc gia hai in tch im t ti tm ca hai qu cu .
F21
q1
+
r12
q1
+
r21
q2
+
F12
q2
+
Hnh 1.1: Lc tng tc gia hai in tch im q1 v q2

V d 1.2: Hai hn bi st nh, ging ht nhau, tch in ln lt l q1 = 2C v q2 =
8C, t cch nhau mt khong 20cm trong khng kh.
a) Tnh lc tng tc gia hai hn bi.
b) Nu cho hai hn bi chm nhau ri a v v tr c th lc tng tc gia chng l
bao nhiu?
c) t thm hn bi nh th ba, tch in q3 = 5C cch q1 12cm v cch q2 16cm
th lc do q1 v q2 tc dng ln q3 l bao nhiu?
d) Xc nh v tr t q3 lc in tng hp tc dng ln n bng khng.
Gii
a) Lc tng tc gia q1 v q2: F = k
| q1q 2 |
r 2
Thay s: k = 9.109 Nm2/C2; = 1; r = 20cm = 0,2m;

q1 = 2C = 2.10 6 C; q2 = 8C = 8.10 6 C.
Ta c:
F = 9.109.
2.106.8.106
= 3, 6N .
1.0, 22
b) Khi hai hn bi chm nhau, chng s trao i in tch v v hai hn bi ging ht

nhau nn in tch lc sau ca chng s bng nhau v bng:
q '1 = q '2 =
q1 + q 2 2 + (8)
=
= 3C = 3.106 C .
2
2
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
23
Do , lc tng tc lc sau ca chng l:

6
6
| q '1 q '2 |
9 3.10 .3.10
F' = k
= 9.10 .
= 2, 03N .
r 2
1.0, 22
c) Lc tc dng ln q3: F3 = F13 + F 23
F13
F3
trong , F13 v F 23 ln lt l lc do q1 v q2 tc
dng ln q3.
q3
+
F 23
Ta c:
F13 = k
6
6
| q1q 3 |
9 2.10 .5.10
=
9.10
.
= 6, 25N
r132
0,122
+
q1
q2
Hnh 1.2
|q q |
8.106.5.106
F23 = k 22 3 = 9.109.
= 14, 06N
r23
0,162
D dng nhn ra rng v tr cc in tch to thnh tam gic vung ti v tr q3. Do
F13 F 23 (hnh 1.2). Vy lc do q1 v q2 tc dng ln q3 l:
F3 = F132 + F232 = 6, 252 + 14, 062 = 15,39N

d) Gi s q1 v q2 t ti A v B, q3 t ti C. Lc tc dng ln q3 l:
F3 = F13 + F 23 = 0 F13 = F 23
(*)
V F13 c phng AC, F 23 c phng BC nn tha mn (*) th A, B, C phi

thng hng, ngha l in tch q3 phi t trn ng thng AB.
F13
C
+
q3
A
+
q1
F 23
q2
Hnh 1.3
Mt khc, do q1 v q2 tri du nn in tch q3 phi nm ngoi on thng AB, v
nu nm trong th cc vect F13 v F 23 khng th ngc chiu nhau.
24
T (*) ta c: k
| q1q 3 |
| q 2 q3 |
BC2 | q 2 | 8
=
k
=
= = 4 BC = 2AC.
AC2 | q1 | 2
.AC 2
.BC 2
Suy ra, im C nm ngoi on AB, v pha A (hnh 1.3).

Ta c: BC AC = AB = 20cm. Do , AC = AB = 20cm.
Vy, phi t in tch q3 ti v tr C trn ng thng AB, ngoi on AB, v pha
A, cch A 20cm.
1.3 IN TRNG
1.3.1 Khi nim in trng
nh lut Coulomb th hin quan im tng tc xa, ngha l tng tc gia cc
in tch xy ra tc thi, bt k khong cch gia chng l bao nhiu. Ni cch
khc, vn tc truyn tng tc l v hn.
Theo quan im tng tc gn, s d cc in tch tc dng lc ln nhau c l
nh mt mi trng vt cht c bit bao quanh cc in tch l in trng.
Tnh cht c bn ca in trng l tc dng lc ln cc in tch khc t trong
n. Chnh nh vo tnh cht c bn ny m ta bit c s c mt ca in trng.
Nh vy, theo quan im tng tc gn, hai in tch q1 v q2 khng trc tip tc
dng ln nhau m in tch th nht gy ra xung quanh n mt in trng v
chnh in trng mi tc dng lc ln in tch kia.
Khoa hc hin i xc nhn s tn ti ca in trng, l mi trng vt cht
c bit, tn ti xung quanh cc in tch v tc dng lc ln in tch khc t
trong n. Lc ny gi l lc in trng hay gi tt l lc in.
1.3.2 Vect cng in trng
Xt im M bt k trong in trng, ln lt t ti M cc in tch im q1, q2,,
qn (gi l cc in tch th), ri xc nh cc lc in trng F1 , F2 , , Fn tng

ng. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy, t s gia lc tc dng ln mi in tch v tr
s ca in tch l mt i lng khng ph thuc vo cc in tch th m ch
ph thuc vo v tr ca im M trong in trng:
F1 F2
F
=
= ... = n = const
q1 q 2
qn
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
25
Hng vect c trng cho in trng ti im M c v phng chiu v ln,

c gi l vect cng in trng hay cng in trng ti im M v
c k hiu l E .
Vy: Cng in trng ti mt im l i lng c trng cho in trng
ti im v phng din tc dng lc, c gi tr (phng, chiu v ln) bng
lc in trng tc dng ln mt n v in tch dng t ti im .
E=
F
q
(1.17)
n v o cng in trng l vn trn mt (V/m). Ta c 1V / m =
1N
1C
Nu E khng i (c v phng chiu ln ln) ti mi im trong in trng
th ta c in trng u. Nu cng in trng E ti mi im khng thay

i theo thi gian th ta c in trng tnh. Trong chng ny, chng ta ch tm
hiu cc tnh cht ca in trng tnh.
Nu bit cng in trng ti mt im, ta s xc nh c lc in trng
tc dng ln in tch q t ti im bi cng thc:
F =qE
(1.18)
Nh vy, nu q > 0 th F E ; nu q < 0 th F E (hnh 1.4).

V d 1.3: Trong in trng tnh, t mt in tch th
q1 = 4C vo im M th lc tc dng ln q1 c ln F1
= 0,2N. Tnh cng in trng ti im M v lc
in trng tc dng ln in tch th q2 = 5C khi n
c t vo im M.
Gii
0<q +
Cng in trng ti im M:
EM =
F1
0, 2
=
= 5.10 4 V/m.
q1 4.106
q<0
Hnh 1.4: Lc in
trng tc dng ln
in tch q
V cng in trng khng ph thuc vo cc in

tch th nn: E M =
F2
. Vy, khi t in tch q2 ti M, n s chu tc dng ca
| q2 |
lc in trng c ln: F2 =| q 2 | E M = 5.106.5.10 4 = 0, 25N .
26
1.3.3 Vect cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im

Xung quanh in tch im Q c in
M
trng. xc nh cng in
r
+
EM
trng ti im M cch Q mt khong r,
ta t ti M in tch th q. Khi in Q
E
M
M
trng tc dng lc ln q l F = q E .
Mt khc, lc ny chnh l lc tng tc
Hnh 1.5: Cng in trng
gia Q v q. Theo nh lut Coulomb, ta
gy bi in tch im Q
c F = k
Qq r
. . T suy ra, cng
r2 r
in trng ti M do in tch im Q gy ra l:
Q r
Q
r
E=k 2. =
.
2
r r 4 o r r
(1.19)
trong , r l vect bn knh hng t Q n im M (hnh 1.5);
r
= e r l vect
r
n v hng theo phng, chiu ca vect r .

Nu bao quanh in tch Q l mi trng in mi ng nht, ng hng, c h s
in mi th cng in trng gim i ln so vi trong chn khng. Ta c:
E ck
Q r
Q
r
E=
=k 2. =
.
2
r r 4o r r
(1.20)
Vy, vect cng in trng E do in tch im Q gy ra c c im:

-
Phng: l ng thng ni in tch Q vi im kho st M;
Chiu: hng xa Q, nu Q > 0 v hng gn Q, nu Q < 0;
ln:
im t: ti im kho st M.
E=k
|Q|
|Q|
=
2
r
40 r 2
(1.21)
V d 1.4: Cho in tch im Q = 6.10 9 C t trong cht in mi ng nht,

ng hng, c h s in mi = 5.
a) Tnh cng in trng do in tch Q gy ra ti nhng im M v N
cch Q ln lt 10cm v 12cm.
b) Tm im c cng in trng l 3000V/m.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
27
Gii
a) Cng in trng ti M:
EM = k
EN
|Q|
| 6.10 |
= 9.109.
= 1080 V/m.
2
rM
5.0,12
Cng in trng ti N:
EN = k
Q
M
EM
9
|Q|
|
9 | 6.10
=
= 750 V/m.
9.10
.
2
2
rN
5.0,12
Hnh 1.6
b) Ta c:
9
|Q|
|Q|
|
9 | 6.10
E=k 2 r= k
= 9.10
= 0, 06m = 6cm .
r
E
5.3000
Vy im c cng in trng E = 3000V/m nm cch in tch Q 6cm. Tp

hp nhng im ny nm trn mt cu tm Q, bn knh r = 6cm.
1.3.4 Nguyn l chng cht in trng
Nu cc in tch Q1, Q2, , Qn cng gy ra ti im M cc cng in trng
E 1 , E 2 ,..., E n , th cng in trng tng hp ti M l:
E = E1 + E 2 + ... + E n = E i
(1.22)
i =1
tnh cng in trng do mt vt

mang in c in tch phn b lin tc gy ra
ti im M, ta chia nh vt thnh nhiu
phn t, sao cho mi phn t mang mt in
tch dq coi nh mt in tch im (hnh 1.7).
Khi phn t dq gy ra ti im M vect
cng in trng:
dE
r
dq
dq r
dq
r
dE = k 2 . =
.
2
r r 4 o r r
(1.23)
v vect cng in trng do ton vt

mang in gy ra ti M l:
Hnh 1.7
28
dE
E=
(1.24)
vat mang ien
Ty theo phn b in tch trn vt l phn b khi (phn b trong th tch ca

vt), phn b mt (phn b trn b mt ca vt) hay phn b di (phn b dc theo
chiu di ca vt) m ta c cch chia nh vt cho ph hp v yu t in tch dq c
th tnh theo cng thc: dq = dV, dq = dS hay dq = d .
V d 1.5: Xc nh cng in trng do h hai
in tch im Q1 = Q2 = Q, t cch nhau mt on
2a trong khng kh gy ra ti im M trn trung trc
ca on thng ni Q1, Q2 , cch on thng y mt
khong x. Tm x cng in trng c gi tr
ln nht, tnh gi tr ln nht .
E1
E2
M
Gii
Cng in trng ti M l E = E1 + E 2 , vi E1 ,
r
x
E 2 ln lt l cng in trng do Q1, Q2 gy Q1
ra ti M (hnh 1.8).
Do Q1 = Q2 = Q v M cch u Q1, Q2 nn v
ln, ta c: E1 = E2 = k
|Q|
|Q|
=k
.
2
r
(x 2 + a 2 )
Do : E = 2E1cos =
2k | Q |
x
2k | Q | x
.
=
2
2
2
2
(x + a ) x + a
(x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2
Q2
Hnh 1.8
(1.25)
T qui tc hnh bnh hnh suy ra E nm trn trung trc ca on thng ni Q1, Q2
v hng ra xa on thng nu Q > 0 (hnh 1.8), hng li gn pha on thng
nu Q < 0.
tm c gi tr ln nht ca E, ta c th ly o hm (1.25) theo x ri lp bng
bin thin ca E(x), t suy ra gi tr ln nht. Sau y, s trnh by phng php
dng bt ng thc Cauchy tm gi tr ln nht ca E.
Ta c: x 2 + a 2 = x 2 +
Suy ra: (x + a )
2
2 3/2
1 2 1 2
a4
a + a 3. 3 x 2 .
2
2
4
a4
27x 2 .
4
3/2
=3 3
a2
.x
2
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
Do : E =
29
2k | Q | x
4k | Q |
= const
2
2 3/2
(x + a )
3 3a 2
Vy, gi tr ln nht ca cng in trng l:
E max =
(1.26)
1 2
a
a hay x =
2
2
x2 =
khi :
4k | Q |
3 3a 2
(1.27)
V d 1.6: Cho hai in tch im Q1 = 2nC v Q2 = 8nC t ti hai im A v B

cch nhau 10cm trong khng kh.
a) Xc nh cng in trng ti im C, bit CA = 10cm v CB = 20cm.
b) Xc nh cng in trng ti im D, bit DA = 4cm v DB = 6cm.
c) Xc nh cng in trng ti im M, bit MA = 6cm v MB = 8cm.
d) Xc nh cng in trng ti im N, bit NA = 10cm v NB = 15cm.
e) Xc nh im c cng in trng trit tiu.
Gii
a) T cc s liu bi, ta thy: CB = CA + AB. iu ny chng t C, A, B theo
th t thng hng (hnh 1.9).
EC
E2
E1
Q1
+
A
10cm
C
10cm
Q2
+
B
Hnh 1.9
Cng in trng ti C l E C = E1 + E 2 , vi E1 , E 2 ln lt l cng in

trng do Q1, Q2 gy ra ti C (hnh 1.9). V cc in tch Q1 v Q2 l cng du
dng nn cc vect E1 v E 2 c cng phng, cng chiu ra xa Q1. Vect cng

in trng tng hp ti C c phng l ng thng AB, c chiu hng ra xa
im A, c ln: EC = E1 + E2.
M:
E1 = k
9
| Q1 |
9 2.10
=
9.10
.
= 1800 V/m,
.AC 2
1.0,12
E2 = k
9
| Q2 |
9 8.10
=
9.10
.
= 1800 V/m
.BC 2
1.0, 22
30
nn EC = 1800 + 1800 = 3600 V/m.

b) Tng t, t cc s liu bi, ta thy: AB = AD + DB. iu ny chng t A,
D, B theo th t thng hng (hnh 1.10).
Q1
+
A
ED
E2
4cm
Q2
E1
6cm
Hnh 1.10
Cng in trng ti D l E D = E1 + E 2 , vi E1 , E 2 ln lt l cng in

trng do Q1, Q2 gy ra ti D (hnh 1.10).
D thy cc vect E1 v E 2 c cng phng, ngc chiu (hnh 1.10) nn cng

in trng ti D c ln: ED = |E1 E2|.
9
| Q1 |
9 2.10
E1 = k
= 9.10 .
= 11250 V/m,
.AD 2
1.0, 042
M:
E2 = k
9
| Q2 |
9 8.10
=
9.10
.
= 20000 V/m
.BD 2
1.0, 062
V E2 > E1 nn E D cng hng vi E 2 , ngha l hng v im A. ln cng

in trng ti D l:
EM
ED = 20000 11250 = 8750 V/m.
c) T cc s liu bi, ta thy:
AB2 = AM 2 + MB2 .
E1
E2
iu ny chng t M, A, B to thnh tam gic

vung ti M (hnh 1.11).
Cng in trng ti M l:
E M = E1 + E 2
Q1
10
Q2
+
B
Hnh 1.11
vi E1 , E 2 ln lt l cng in trng do Q1, Q2 gy ra ti M.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
31
E1 = k
9
| Q1 |
9 2.10
=
9.10
.
= 5000 V/m,
1.0, 062
.AM 2
E2 = k
9
| Q2 |
9 8.10
=
9.10
.
= 11250 V/m
.BM 2
1.0, 082
D thy E1 v E 2 vung gc vi nhau, nn: E M = E12 + E 22

Vi:
Suy ra: E M = E12 + E 22 = 50002 + 112502 = 12311 V/m.
Gi l gc hp bi E M vi E1 . Ta c: tg =
E 2 11250
=
= 2, 25 .
E1 5000
Suy ra: = 660 .

d) D dng thy rng, ABN l tam gic thng.
EN
Cng in trng ti N l:
E N = E1 + E 2 .
E1
E2
Bnh phng hai v ta c:
E 2N = E12 + E 22 + 2 E1 .E 2
hay:
E = E + E + 2E1.E 2 .cos ,
2
N
2
1
2
2
Q1
vi l gc to bi hai vect E1 v E 2 .
E1 = k
9
| Q1 |
9 2.10
=
9.10
.
= 1800 V/m,
1.0,12
.AN 2
E2 = k
9
| Q2 |
9 8.10
=
9.10
.
= 3200 V/m.
.BN 2
1.0,152
10
p dng nh l hm s cosin trong tam gic ABN, ta c:
AB2 = AN 2 + BN 2 2AN.BN.cos
AN 2 + BN 2 AB2 102 + 152 102

Suy ra: cos =
=
= 0, 75
2AN.BN
2.10.15
Q2
+
B
Do : E N = E12 + E 22 + 2E1.E 2 .cos

M:
15
10
Hnh 1.12
32
Vy: E N = 18002 + 32002 + 2.1800.3200.0, 75 4700 V/m.

e) Gi s ti im P c cng in trng trit tiu (hnh 1.13).
Q1
r1
E2 P
E1
Q2
r2
+
B
Hnh 1.13
Ta c: E N = E1 + E 2 = 0 E1 = E 2
(*)
Phng trnh (*) chng t cc vect E1 v E 2 phi cng phng, ngc chiu,
bng nhau v ln. Suy ra im P nm trn on thng AB.
Ta c: E1 = E 2 k
| Q1 |
|Q |
r
| Q2 |
8
= k 22 2 =
=
= 2 r2 = 2r1
2
r1
r2
r1
| Q1 |
2
M: r1 + r2 = AB = 10cm. Suy ra, r1 3,3cm v r2 6,6cm.

Vy, im c cng in trng trit tiu nm trong on thng AB, cch im
A 3,3cm.
V d 1.7: Xc nh cng in trng do mt vng dy trn, bn knh a, tch
in u vi in tch tng cng Q > 0, gy ra ti im M nm trn trc ca vng
dy, cch tm vng dy mt on l x. T kt qu hy suy ra cng in
trng ti tm vng dy; ti im x = a; tm x cng in trng l ln nht.
Gii
Ta chia nh vng dy thnh nhng phn t rt nh sao
cho in tch dq ca mi phn t y c coi l in tch
im v n gy ra ti M vect cng in trng c
d En
k.dq
ln: dE =
.
Vect
d
E
c phn tch thnh
r 2
vi trc vng dy v thnh phn tip tuyn d E t vung

gc vi trc vng dy (hnh 1.14).
dq
d Et
r
x
a
Ly tch phn ca d E trn ton b chu vi (C) ca vng

dy ta c cng in trng ti M:
dE
hai thnh phn: thnh phn php tuyn d E n song song
Hnh 1.14
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
E=
33
d E = d E + d E
t
(C)
(C)
(C)
V ng vi mt phn t dq, ta lun tm c phn t dq i xng vi dq qua tm
O ca vng dy nn lun tn ti d E ' i xng vi d E qua trc ca vng dy.
Tng cp d E v d E ' ny c cc thnh phn tip tuyn trit tiu nhau.
Suy ra,
d E t = 0 . Do :
(C)
E=
(C)
hay:
k.dq x
.
r 2 r
(C)
d E n = n o . dE n = n o . dE.cos = n o .
E = no .
(C)
(C)
kx
kx
kQx
.
dq
n
.
.Q
n
=
=
o
o.
3
3
2
r (C)
r
(a + x 2 )3/2
(1.28)
trong n o l php vect n v ca mt phng vng dy - quy c n o lun
hng xa tm O. (1.28) chng t vect cng in trng E :

-
C phng: l trc vng dy;
C chiu: hng xa tm O nu Q > 0, hng gn O nu Q < 0;
C c ln:
C im t: ti im kho st M.
E=
kQx
(a 2 + x 2 )3/2
(1.29)
T (1.29) suy ra: + Ti tm O (x = 0) th EO = 0.

+ Khi x = a th E =
kQ
2 2.a 2
tm gi tr ln nht ca E ta p dng bt ng thc Cauchy tng t nh v d

1.5 v thu c kt qu: E =
k Q .x
(a + x )
2
2 3/ 2
k Q .x
2k Q
=
2
a
3 3.a 2
.3 3.x.
2
34
E max =
Vy:
2k Q
khi
3 3.a 2
x=
(1.30)
M rng: Nu a << x , ngha l im M rt xa vng dy, hoc vng dy rt nh,

th t (1.29) suy ra E =
kQ
.x 2
: vng dy coi nh mt in tch im t ti tm O.
V d 1.8 Xc nh vect cng in trng do mt a trn, bn knh a, tch

in u vi mt in tch mt l > 0 gy ra ti im M trn trc ca a, cch
tm a mt on x. T suy ra cng in trng gy bi mt phng tch
in rng v hn.
Gii
Ta chia a thnh nhng hnh vnh khn c bn knh r, b rng dr. Mi hnh vnh
khn ny c coi nh mt vng dy trn tch in u v n gy ra ti M cng
in trng:
kx.dQ
d E = no . 2
(xem v d 1.5)
( r + x 2 ) 3 / 2
dE
M
x
trong , dQ l in tch cha trn hnh vnh khn. Ta

c dQ = .dS, vi dS = 2rdr l din tch ca hnh
vnh khn.
Do : d E = n o .
dr
kx..2r.dr
(r 2 + x 2 )3/ 2
Hnh 1.15
v cng in trng do ton b a trn gy ra ti M l:
E=
d E = no .
a tron
kx.2
(r
0
r.dr
+ x2 )3/ 2
Ly tch phn ta c:
E = no .

x
kx.2 1
1
= no .
.1
.
2o
a 2 + x2
a 2 + x2
x
(1.31)
trong , n o l php vect n v ca a trn, quy c n o lun hng xa a

trn; a l bn knh ca a trn.
Vy, vect cng in trng E do a trn tch in u gy ra ti im M

trn trc ca a c c im:
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
35
Phng: l trc ca a;
Chiu: hng xa a nu > 0 v hng gn a nu < 0;
ln:
im t: ti im ho st.
E=
| |
x
1 2 2
2o
a +x
(1.32)
T (1.31) suy ra, khi a , a tr thnh mt phng rng v hn, th
E = no .
2o
(1.33)
(1.33) chng t cng in trng gy bi mt phng rng v hn, tch in

u khng ph thuc vo khong cch t im kho st M ti mt phng.
Vy, in trng gy bi mt phng tch in u, rng v hn l in trng u,
E=
c ln:
||
2 o
(1.34)
V d 1.9: Mt thanh di , tch in u vi mt in di > 0. Tnh cng

in trng ti im M nm trn trung trc ca thanh, cch thanh mt khong a.
p dng s cho trng hp thanh rt di t trong khng kh: a = 20cm, = 5.10 9
C/m.
Gii
Xt mt phn t chiu di dx ca thanh ti
ta x, n tch in dq = .dx c coi
nh in tch im v n gy ra ti M
cng in trng d E (hnh 1.16).

Theo nguyn l chng cht in trng,
cng in trng do ton b thanh gy
ra ti im M l:
E=
dE =
thanh
d En +
thanh
dx
O
d Et
d En
dE
Hnh 1.16
d Et
Do tnh i xng qua ng trung trc ca

thanh nn
thanh
d Et = 0 .
thanh
Do : E =
thanh
d E n . iu ny chng t vect E hng vung gc vi thanh.
36
V ln:
E=
trong : dE = k
dE n =
thanh
dE.cos
(1.35)
thanh
dq
.dx
=k 2 .
2
r
r
Thay vo (1.35) ta c: E =
k.dx
k
dx
.cos =
.cos
2
r
thanh r 2
thanh
(1.36)
tnh c tch phn (1.36), ta i bin s nh sau:

Ta c: x = a.t g dx =
a.d
a
a
; cos = r =
2
cos
r
cos
Thay vo (1.36), ta c:
a.d
2
k
k
k
cos
E=
a 2 .cos = a thanh
cos .d = a cos .d
thanh
(
)
cos
hay:
2k
2k
E=
cos .d =
sin
a 0
a
trong l na gc nhn thanh t im M. Ta c: sin =
/2
a + 2 / 4
2
(1.37)
Vy, cng in trng do thanh di, tch in u vi mt in di gy ra

ti im M trn trung trc ca thanh c c im:
-
Phng: vung gc vi thanh;
Chiu: hng ra xa thanh, nu thanh tch in dng v hng li gn thanh,

nu thanh tch in m;
ln:
im t: ti im kho st M.
E=
2k | |
sin
a
Nu thanh di v hn th = 900, ta c: E =
(1.38)
2k | |
a
(1.39)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
Thay s, ta c: E =
37
2.9.109.5.109
= 450 V / m .
1.0, 2
1.4 NG SC IN TRNG
1.4.1 nh ngha
ng sc in trng, hay
ng sc in, l ng m
tip tuyn vi n ti mi im
trng vi phng ca vect
cng in trng ti im
, chiu ca ng sc l chiu
ca vect cng in trng.
EM
N
ng sc in
EN
M
EP
Hnh 1.17: ng sc in trng

Tp hp cc ng sc in
c gi l in ph. in ph
m t s phn b in trng mt cch trc quan.
1.4.2 Tnh cht
Bt k mt im no in trng cng v c mt ng sc i qua.
Cc ng sc khng ct nhau. V nu chng ct nhau th ti giao im s c hai
vect cng in trng iu ny l v l.
ng sc ca in trng tnh th khng khp kn, i ra (xut pht) t in tch
dng, i vo (kt thc) in tch m.
1.4.3 Quy c v
V s ng sc in xuyn qua mt n v
din tch b mt S ( nh) t vung gc
vi phng ng sc bng vi ln ca
vect cng in trng ti (hnh
1.18).
Suy ra, ni no in trng mnh, cc
ng sc s dy, ni no in trng yu
th ng sc s tha, ni no c in
trng u th cc ng sc song song v
cch u nhau.
Hnh 1.18: Mt ng sc
ti mi im trn din tch S
bng vi ln ca vect
cng in trng ti .
S ng sc in xuyn qua mt n v
din tch t vung gc vi phng ng
sc c gi l mt ng sc in.
Nh vy, vect cng in trng ti
mi im c ln bng vi mt ng sc in ti .
38
Hnh 1.19 v 1.20 biu din mt s dng ng sc ca in trng. T ta thy

gn cc in tch, in trng rt mnh.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1.19
a) ng sc in ca in tch im dng.
b) ng sc in ca in tch im m.
c) ng sc in ca in trng u.
a)
b)
Hnh 1.20: ng sc in ca hai in tch im bng

nhau v ln a) cng du; b) tri du.
Da vo phn b cc ng sc ti A, B, C trong hnh b),
ta c th suy ra rng cng in trng EA > EB > EC.
1.5 IN THNG
1.5.1 nh ngha
Trong khng gian c in trng, xt mt b mt (S) bt k, cc ng sc in
trng s xuyn qua mt (S). Ngi ta dng khi nim in thng din t s
lng ng sc in xuyn qua mt (S) nhiu hay t (hnh 1.21).
Trc ht, xt mt din tch vi cp dS nh ca b mt (S) sao cho din tch dS
c coi l phng v cng in trng ti mi im trn dS l khng i. i
lng v hng:
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
39
d E = E n .dS = EdS. cos = E .d S
(1.40)
c gi l thng lng in trng hay in

thng gi qua din tch vi cp dS.
Trong (1.40), En l hnh chiu ca vect
dS
cng in trng E ln php tuyn ca
dS; l gc gia E v php vect n v n
ca dS; d S = dS. n c gi l vect din

tch.
(S)
T nh ngha (1.40) suy ra, in thng gi

qua mt (S) bt k l:
E =
d E =
(S)
(S)
EdScos =
Hnh 1.21: in thng
E . n .d S =
(S)
EdS
(1.41)
(S)
Quy c chn php vect n v n nh sau: nu mt (S) l kn th n hng t
trong ra ngoi; nu (S) h th n chn ty .

ngha ca in thng: in thng E l i lng v hng c th m, dng
hoc bng khng. Gi tr tuyt i | E | biu din s ng sc in xuyn
qua din tch ca mt (S).
Trong h SI, n v o in thng l vn mt (Vm).
Trng hp c bit, nu b mt (S) l phng v in trng l u th in thng
gi qua din tch S l:
E = EScos
(1.42)
V d 1.10: Tnh in thng gi qua din tch hnh ch nht kch thc 20cm x
30cm, t trong in trng u c cng E = 500V/m trong trng hp:
a) ng sc in trng song song vi mt phng hnh ch nht.
b) ng sc in trng vung gc vi mt phng hnh ch nht.
c) ng sc in trng to vi mt phng hnh ch nht mt gc 300.
40
Gii
300
S
a)
S
b)
c)
Hnh 1.22
a) Nu ng sc in trng song song vi mt phng hnh ch nht th gc to
bi php vect n v vect cng in trng E l = 900 (hnh 1.22a). V th

in thng gi qua din tch hnh ch nht l:
E = EScos = EScos 900 = 0 .

iu ny c ngha l khng c ng sc no xuyn qua hnh ch nht.
b) Nu ng sc in trng vung gc vi mt phng hnh ch nht th gc to
bi php vect n v vect cng in trng E l = 00 (hnh 1.22b). V th

in thng gi qua din tch hnh ch nht l:
E = EScos = ES = 500.0, 2.0, 3 = 30 (Vm).

Trng hp ny, s ng sc xuyn qua hnh nh nht l nhiu nht.
c) Nu ng sc in trng to vi mt phng hnh ch nht mt gc 300 th gc
to bi php vect n v vect cng in trng E l = 600 (hnh 1.22c). V

th in thng gi qua din tch hnh ch nht l:
E = EScos = 500.0, 2.0, 3.cos 600 = 15 (Vm).

1.5.2 in cm, thng lng in cm
Trong cht in mi, cng in trng gim so vi trong chn khng. Do ,
khi i t cht in mi ny sang cht in mi khc, s lng ng sc in s
thay i. Ta ni, ng sc in s b gin on ti b mt phn cch gia hai cht
in mi. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta xy dng vect in cm hay vect cm
ng in D . i vi cht in mi ng nht v ng hng, in cm D ti mi
im t l thun vi cng in trng E ti im theo phng trnh:
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
41
D = 0 E
(1.43)
trong : l h s in mi ca cht in mi ang xt; 0 l hng s in.
(1.43) suy ra vect in cm D lun song song v cng chiu vi vect cng
in trng E . Do , ngi ta cng xy dng cc khi nim v ng cm ng

in v thng lng cm ng in.
ng cm ng in l ng m tip tuyn vi n ti mi im trng vi phng
ca in cm D , chiu ca ng cm ng in l chiu ca in cm D . Cc
tnh cht v quy c v cc ng cm ng in tng t nh ng sc in.
Thng lng in cm (hay thng lng cm ng in, hay in dch thng) gi
qua yu t din tch dS l:
d D = D n .dS = DdS cos = D d S
(1.44)
Thng lng in cm gi qua mt (S) bt k l:
d D =
(S)
(S)
D =
DdS
(1.45)
Trong h SI, n v o in cm D l coulomb trn mt vung (C/m2); n v o

thng lng in cm D l coulomb (C).
Xt in trng gy bi mt in tch im Q, ta c:
Q
r
Q r
D = 0 E = 0 .
. =
.
2
4 0 r r 4r 2 r
(1.46)
Cng thc (1.46) chng t vect in cm D khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca

mi trng. Do , cc ng cm ng in s khng b gin on ti mt ngn
cch gia hai cht in mi. iu ny rt thun tin cho cc php tnh v vi tch
phn i vi vect D .
1.6 NH L GAUSS
1.6.1 Ni dung nh l
Xt in tch im Q > 0, gy ra in trng xung quanh n. Bao quanh Q mt mt
cu (S), tm l Q, bn knh r. in thng gi qua mt cu ny l:
E =
d
(S)
E d S
(S)
42
Do tnh i xng cu nn E = const ti mi im
trn mt cu v php vect n v n ca mt (S)
lun trng vi cng in trng E ti mi

im (hnh 1.23). Do , in thng gi qua mt
cu (S) l:
kQ
4kQ
E = EdS = E dS = ES = 2 .4r 2 =
r
(S)
(S)
Thay k =
1
Q
, ta c: E =
0
4 0
(1.47)
Cng thc (1.47) chng t in

thng E khng ph thuc vo bn
knh r ca mt cu. Suy ra i vi
bt k mt cu no ng tm vi (S),
v d (S1), hnh 1.24, ta cng c kt
qu (1.47). iu ny chng t,
trong khong khng gian gia hai
mt cu (S) v (S1), ni khng c
in tch, cc ng cm ng in
l lin tc, khng b mt i v cng
khng thm ra. Do , nu xt mt
kn (S2) bt k bao quanh Q th in
thng gi qua (S2) cng c tnh
theo (1.47).
E
dS
r
Q +
(S)
Hnh 1.23
(S2)
(S)
(S1)
(S3)
Nu c mt kn (S3) khng bao

Hnh 1.24
quanh Q th c bao nhiu ng
cm ng in i vo (S3) th cng
c by nhiu ng cm ng in i ra khi (S3), nn in thng gi qua (S3) s
bng khng.
Kt qu (1.47) cng ng cho c trng hp bn trong mt kn cha nhiu in
tch, khi Q l tng i s cc in tch bn trong mt kn. T ta c nh l
Gauss hay nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss, hay gi tt l nh l O G: in thng
gi qua mt mt kn bt k bng tng i s cc in tch cha trong mt kn
chia cho hng s in 0 v h s in mi .
E =
E d S =
(S)
trong(S)
(1.48a)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
43
Nhn c hai v ca (1.48) vi tch 0 ta c:
E d S = Q trong (S)
(S)
hay
D =
D d S = Q trong (S)
(1.48b)
(S)
V do , nh l Gauss cn c pht biu l: thng lng in cm gi qua mt

mt kn bt k bng tng i s cc in tch bn trong mt kn .
Cc cng thc (1.48a) v (1.48b) c gi l dng tch phn ca nh l Gauss.
Trong trng hp in tch phn b lin tc, ta c th biu din (1.48a) v (1.48b)
di dng vi phn bng cch vn dng cng thc Gauss, bin mt tch phn mt
thnh tch phn khi:
E .d S = div E .dV
(S)
(1.49)
(V)
Mt khc, in tch trong mt Gauss phn b lin tc, nn ta c:
trong(S)
.dV
(1.50)
(V)
Thay (1.49) v (1.50) vo (1.48a), ta suy ra: div E =
(1.51)
Tng t, i vi in cm D ta c:
div D =
(1.52)
(1.51), (1.52) l dng vi phn ca nh l Gauss. N din t mi quan h gia
cng in trng E , in cm D - l i lng c trng cho in trng vi

mt in tch - l i lng c trng cho tnh cht ca mi trng ti tng
im trong in trng.
V d 1.11: in tch im Q1 = 5C, Q2 = - 4C v Q3 = - 2C ln lt t ti A,
B, C trong khng kh. Bit A, B, C theo th t thng hng, AB = 8cm, BC =
15cm. Tnh in thng ca h in tch gi qua cc mt cu tm B, bn ln lt l
5cm, 10cm, 20cm.
Gii
Xt cc mt cu (S1), (S2) v (S3) c tm B, bn Q1

knh ln lt l 5cm, 10cm v 20cm (hnh 1.26).
Ta thy bn trong (S1) c duy nht in tch Q2. Do
, theo nh l O G, in thng gi qua mt cu (S1) l:
8cm B
Q
+2
15cm
Hnh 1.25
Q
+3
44
E =
E =
Q2
0
4.106
= 4,52.105 (Vm)
12
8,85.10
(S2)
(S1)
Bn trong (S2) c in tch Q1 v Q2 nn

in thng gi qua mt cu (S2) l:
Q
=
E =
+
Q1
Q + Q2
= 1
0
Q
+2
Q
+3
(5 4).106
= 5, 41.105 (Vm)
8,85.1012
Tng t, in thng gi qua mt cu (S3)

l:
E =
(S3)
Q
0
Hnh 1.26
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 (5 4 2).10 6
=
= 5, 41.105 (Vm) .
0
8,85.1012
1.6.2 Vn dng nh l Gauss tnh cng in trng

nh l Gauss thng c s dng tnh cng in trng ca mt s h
in tch phn b i xng khng gian, c th l i xng cu, i xng tr v i
xng phng gy ra. Mun vy, ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chn mt kn (S), gi l mt Gauss, i qua im kho st, sao cho vic
tnh in thng E hoc thng lng in cm D c n gin nht. lm
c iu , ta phi cn c vo dng i xng ca h ng sc in suy ra
qi tch nhng im c cng ln vect cng in trng vi im kho st.
Bc 2: Tnh in thng E hoc thng lng in cm D gi qua mt Gauss
(S) ; tnh tng in tch Q cha trong (S).
Bc 3: Thay vo (1.47) hoc (1.48) suy ra i lng cn tnh.
V d 1.12: Xc nh cng in trng gy bi khi cu tm O, bn knh a,
tch in u vi mt in tch khi > 0 ti nhng im bn trong v bn
ngoi khi cu. Gi s h s in mi bn trong v bn ngoi khi cu u bng .
p dng s: cho a = 20cm, = 2,4.10 6 C/m3, = 1, tnh cng in trng ti
cc im cch tm khi cu 10cm v 40cm.
Gii
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
45
Do tnh i xng tm O nn h ng sc l nhng ng thng xuyn tm v

hng xa tm O, v > 0. Suy ra, cc im c cng ln vect cng in
trng E phi cch u tm O.
a) Xt im M nm ngoi khi cu
Bc 1: Chn mt Gauss (S) l mt cu tm O bn

knh r (r > a), i qua im kho st M (hnh 1.27).
E d S = EdS = E dS = ES = E.4r
(S)
(S)
Q=
vi V =
(S)
Hnh 1.27
dV = dV = V = . 3 .a
(V)
(S)
Tng in tch cha trong mt (S):
dS
M
r
a
O
Bc 2: in thng gi qua mt (S):
E =
(V)
4 3
a l th tch khi cu.
3
Q
4a 3
2
Bc 3: Thay vo (1.47) ta c: E =
E.4r =
0
3 0
kQ r
a 3
3Q
kQ
hay
= 2.
T suy ra: E =
E
=
=
2
2
2
3o r
3.4o r
r
r r
(1.53)
(1.53) chng t, ton b qu cu ging nh mt in tch im t ti tm O.

Vy, mt qu cu tch in u s gy ra in trng quanh n ging nh ging
nh in trng gy bi in tch im Q t ti tm qu cu, Q l in tch ca
ton qu cu.
p dng s: Ta c a = 20cm = 0,2m; r = 40cm = 0,4m; = 1;
4
3
4
3
Nn Q = V = . a 3 = 2, 4.106. .3,14.0, 23 8.10 8 C .

Do , cng in trng ti cc im nm ngoi qu cu, cch tm qu cu
kQ 9.109.8.108
40cm l:
E= 2 =
= 4500 (V/m).
r
1.0, 42
b) Xt im M bn trong khi cu: Tng t nh trn, ta cng chn mt Gauss
(S) l mt cu tm O, bn knh r (r < a) i qua im kho st M (hnh 1.28).
46
in thng gi qua mt (S):
E =
E d S =
EdS = E dS = ES = E.4r
(S)
(S)
(S)
Tng in tch cha trong mt (S): Q =
dV = dV = V = . 3 r
(V)
vi V =
4 3
r l th tch khng gian cha trong mt (S).
3
Q
4r 3
E.4r 2 =
0
3 0
n
M
O
r
E=
3 o
r
Suy ra: E =
3 o
hay
(V)
Thay vo biu thc (1.47) ca nh l Gauss:
E =
(S)
(1.54)
dS
r
a
Cng thc (1.54) chng t rng, bn trong

Hnh 1.28
khi cu, cng in trng t l thun vi
khong cch r t im kho st ti tm khi cu v c phng xuyn tm.
p dng s: vi = 2,4.10 6 C/m3 , = 1, r = 10cm = 0,1m th cng in
trng ti cc im bn trong khi cu, cch tm khi cu 10cm s c gi tr l:
E=
r
2, 4.106.0,1
=
9000 (V/m).
3o 3.1.8,85.1012
Cc kt qu (1.53) v (1.54) vn ng trong trng hp khi cu tch in m, khi

vect cng in trng hng vo tm O.
V d 1.13: Xc nh cng in trng gy bi mt phng (P) rng v hn,
tch in u vi mt in mt > 0. Cho bit h s in mi ca mi trng
xung quanh (P) l .
p dng s: = 3,54.10 9 C/m2, = 1, tnh cng in trng ti nhng im
cch (P) 10cm v 20cm.
Gii
Do in tch dng phn b u v mt phng (P) l rng v hn nn cc ng
sc in trng phi vung gc vi (P) v hng ra xa (P). Qu tch ca nhng
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
47
im c cng gi tr cng in trng E l hai mt phng i xng nhau qua

(P).
Chn mt gauss (S) l mt tr c hai y song song, cch u (P), y trn i qua
im kho st M, c ng sinh vung gc vi (P) (hnh 1.29).
in thng gi qua mt (S) l:
E =
EdS =
(S)
EdS +
xung quanh
day tren
EdS +
EdS
day duoi
V mt y, ta c E = const v E n ; cn mt xung quanh th E n , nn:
E = 0 +
EdS +
day tren
day duoi
EdS = 2E dS = 2ES
day
Mt khc, tng in tch cha trong mt gauss chnh l tng in tch nm trn tit
din S do mt phng (P) ct khi tr (S). Ta c:
Q = dS = dS = S . V E =
S
T suy ra:
E=
2 o
Q
S
nn 2ES =
.
0
o
hay
E=

.n 0
2 o
(1.55)
phng (P). Quy c, n 0 hng ra xa mt

phng (P).
Vy, in trng do mt phng tch in

u gy ra l in trng u.
Trng hp mt phng (P) tch in m (

< 0) th (1.55) vn ng. Lc E hng
li gn (P). Kt qu (1.55) chng t rng,
cng in trng khng ph thuc
vo v tr im kho st M.
trong , n 0 l php vect n v ca mt
S
(P)
Hnh 1.29: Cng in trng

do mt phng tch in u, rng v
hn, gy ra
p dng s: vi = 3,54.10 9 C/m2, =
1, th cng in trng ti nhng
im cch (P) 10cm v 20cm u c cng mt gi tr l:
48
E=
3, 54.10 9
=
= 200 (V/m).
2o 2.1.8,85.1012
V d 1.14: Xc nh cng in trng gy bi

mt si dy thng di v hn, tch in u vi mt
in di > 0 gy ra ti im M cch si dy mt
khong h. Cho bit h s in mi ca mi trng
xung quanh si dy l .
+
+
+
n
M
p dng s: = 1, = 5.10 C/m, tnh cng in

trng ti nhng im cch si dy mt khong h =
10cm.
dS
+
+
+
Gii
Do in tch dng phn b u dc theo si dy di
v hn nn cc ng sc in trng phi vung gc
vi si dy v hng ra xa si dy. Qu tch ca
nhng im c cng gi tr cng in trng E l
mt tr c trc l si dy.
Hnh 1.30: Cng

in trng do si dy
thng di v hn, tch
in u gy ra
Chn mt Gauss (S) l mt tr bn knh r, c trc l

si dy, i qua im kho st M, hnh 1.30. in thng gi qua mt (S) l:
E =
EdS =
(S)
E d S = EdS = ESxq = E.2r
xung quanh
xq
trong l chiu cao ca hnh tr v Sxq = 2r l din tch xung quanh ca

mt (S).
Tng in tch cha trong mt (S) : Q =
d = d =
( )
Thay vo biu thc ca nh l Gauss: E =
suy ra :
E=
( )
Q
,
0
2k
=
2 0 r
r
Kt qu (1.56) ph hp vi (1.39).
Trng hp si dy tch in m, ta cng c kt qu tng t.
(1.56)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
49
Vy, cng in trng do si dy di v hn, tch in u gy ra c c im:

- Phng: vung gc vi si dy ;
- Chiu: hng ra xa si dy nu si dy tch in dng v hng li gn si dy,
nu si dy tch in m ;
- ln: E =
2k | |
, r l khong cch t im kho st M ti si dy ;
r
- im t: ti im kho st M.
p dng s: vi = 1, = 5.10 9 C/m, th cng in trng ti nhng im
cch si dy mt khong h = 10cm = 0,1m s c gi tr l:
2k 2.9.109.5.109
E=
=
= 900 (V/m).
r
1.0,1
1.7 CNG CA LC IN TRNG IN TH, HIU IN TH

1.7.1 Cng ca lc in trng
Xt in tch im q di chuyn dc theo ng cong (L) t M n N trong in
trng ca in tch im Q (hnh 1.31). Cng ca lc in trng trn qung
ng ny l: AMN =
F.d s = qE.d r , trong E l cng in trng do

(L)
(L)
Q r
in tch Q gy ra. Theo (1.20), ta c: E = k 2 .
r r
kQ r .d r
kQ r .d r
=q
Do : AMN = q 2 .
r3
r
r
(L)
(L)
V r .d r = x.dx + y.dy + z.dz =
1
1
d(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = d(r 2 ) = r.dr
2
2
kQ dr
kQ N dr
kQ 1 1
=
q
=q
2
(L) r
rM r
rM rN
r
nn AMN = q
Vy:
kQ kQ
A MN = q
rM rN
(1.57)
50
(1.57) chng t rng cng AMN khng ph thuc vo ng i, ch ph thuc vo

v tr im u v im cui.
Trong trng hp tng qut, khi in tch q di
chuyn trong in trng tnh bt k, ta cng
chng minh c cng ca lc in trng t
l vi in tch dch chuyn, khng ph thuc
vo hnh dng ng i m ch ph thuc vo
v tr im u v im cui. Nu (L) l ng
cong kn bt k th AMN = 0. Vy lc in
trng l lc th.
1.15: Cho in tch im
Q = 5.10 C ng yn trong khng kh v
q
M
50cm. Tnh cng ca lc in trng trong cc

trng hp sau:
dr
r+d r
q = 6.106 C t ti M, cch Q mt on
F = qE
Hnh 1.31: Cng ca lc

in trng
a) in tch q di chuyn ra xa in
tch Q thm mt on 30cm.
b) in tch q di chuyn li gn
in tch Q thm mt on 30cm.
c) in tch q di chuyn trn ng
trn, tm l Q, bn knh R = 50cm
n v tr N cch M 30cm.
q
D
C
M
Gii
Theo bi, ta minh ha cc in
tch trn hnh (1.32).
a) Cng ca lc in trng khi q
di chuyn t M ra xa in tch Q
thm mt on 30cm:
Hnh 1.32
kQ kQ kQq 1 1
A MC = q
=

rM rN
rM rC
Thay s: = 1, v t trong khng kh;

rM = QM = 50cm = 0,5m; rC = QC = 50 + 30 = 80cm = 0,8m;
Q = 5.106 C ; q = 6.106 C ,
ta c :
1 1
1
1
A MC = kQq = 9.109.(5.106 ).6.106
0, 20J
0,5 0,8
rM rC
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
51
b) Tng t nh trn, cng ca lc in trng khi q di chuyn t M li gn in

tch Q thm mt on 30cm:
1 1
1
1
A MD = kQq = 9.109.(5.106 ).6.106

= 0,81J
r
r
0,5
0,
2
M D
c) Khi in tch Q di chuyn trn ng trn tm Q, t im M n im N th rM =
rN = R. Vy cng ca lc in trng l:
1 1
A MN = kQq = 0 .
rM rN
1.7.2 Khi nim in th, hiu in th
i vi cc trng lc th, ngi ta xy dng hm v hng V(x,y,z) m t v
tr ca cc im trong trng lc th. Hm V(x,y,z) c gi l hm th. Trong C
hc, hm th ca trng lc, lc n hi l th nng; nhng trong in hc, ngi ta
chn hm th ca in trng l in th.
T kt qu tnh cng ca lc in trng, ngi ta xy xng khi nim in th:
VM VN =
A MN
q
(1.58)
trong : VM l in th ti im M, VN l in th ti im N.
T ta c khi nim v in th:
in th V(x,y,z) l hm v hng sao cho hiu hai gi tr ca hm ti hai im M,
N bt k trong in trng bng cng ca lc in trng sinh ra khi dch chuyn
mt n v in tch dng t im M n im N.
Hiu s:
VM VN = U MN
(1.59)
c gi l hiu in th gia hai im M v N.

Ta c:
A MN = q(VM VN ) = qU MN
(1.60)
Lu :
-
Ti mt im M trong in trng, in th VM c th c nhiu gi tr khc

nhau. Cc gi tr sai khc nhau mt hng s C, ty thuc vo vic chn gc
in th. Trong thc hnh, ngi ta thng chn gc in th ti mt t hoc
v my; trong l thuyt, ngi ta thng chn gc in th v cng (rt xa v
tr kho st), khi in th ti M s n tr:
52
VM =
-
A M
q
(1.61)
Hiu in th gia hai im M v N bt k trong in trng lun c gi tr xc

nh, khng ph thuc vo vic chn gc in th; n c trng cho kh nng
thc hin cng ca lc in trng gia hai im . T (1.59), suy ra:
U MN = U NM
(1.62)
in th, hiu in th l cc i lng v hng, c tnh cng c. Gi tr

ca in th, hiu in th c th dng, m hoc bng khng.
Trong h SI, n v o in th, hiu in th l vn (V).
1.7.3 in th do cc h in tch gy ra
a) in th gy bi mt in tch im
T cng thc tnh cng ca lc in trng (1.57) v cng thc khi nim in th
(1.58) ta suy ra, in th ti im M do in tch im Q gy ra l:
VM =
kQ
+C
rM
(1.63)
vi rM l khong cch t in tch Q n im M; C l hng s.
VM =
Nu chn gc in th v cng th:
kQ
rM
(1.64)
b) in th gy bi h in tch im
in th ti im M do h in in tch im Q1, Q2, Q3, ..., Qn gy ra bng tng
cc in th do tng in tch thnh phn gy ra ti M:
n
i =1
i =1
VM = Vi =
kQi
+C
riM
(1.65)
trong Vi l in th do in tch Qi gy ra ti M; riM l khong cch t in tch

Qi n im M.
n
Nu chn gc in th v cng th:
VM =
i =1
kQi
riM
(1.66)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
53
c) in th gy bi vt mang in
M
tnh in th ti im M do mt vt mang in hay

h in tch phn b lin tc trong min () gy ra, ta
coi min () gm v s phn t nh, sao cho in
tch dq ca mi phn t c coi l in tch im
(hnh 1.33). Mi in tch im dq gy ra ti im M
in th dV =
r
dq
kdq
. T suy ra, in th do ton
r
h gy ra ti M l:
kdq
+C
r
VM = dV =
Hnh 1.33
(1.67)
trong r l khong cch t yu t in tch dq n im kho st M. Nu chn

gc in th v cng th hng s C trong (1.67) s bng khng.
Ty theo dng hnh hc ca min (), ni cch khc, ty theo dng phn b in
tch trn vt mang in l phn b khi, phn b mt hay phn b ng m dq
c tnh bi cc cng thc:
dq = dV hay dq = dS hay dq = d
(1.68)
trong , l mt in khi, l mt in mt, l mt in di; dV l

yu t th tch, dS l yu t din tch, d l yu t chiu di.
Trng hp tng qut, cc gi tr ca mt in khi , mt in mt v mt
in di ph thuc vo tng v tr ca yu t in tch dq. Trong trng hp
c bit, khi h in tch phn b u trong min () th , v l cc hng s.
V d 1.16: Cho cc in tch im q1 = 5nC, q2
= 8nC, q3 = 7nC t ti ba nh A, B, C ca
tam gic u, cnh a = 20cm trong khng kh.
Tnh in th ti trng tm G ca tam gic ABC.
Chn gc in th v cng.
Gii
in th ti trong tm G ca tam gic ABC:
kq
kq kq
VG = V1 + V2 + V3 = 1 + 2 + 3
r1
r2
r3
V r1 = r2 = r3 = GA = GB = GC =
2 a 3 a 3
.
=
3 2
3
q2
a
G
q1 +
A
+ q3
C
Hnh 1.34
54
nn
VG =
3k
(q1 + q 2 + q 3 )
a 3
Thay s: a = 20cm = 0,2m ; q1 = 5nC = 5.10 9C ; q2 = 8nC = 8. 10 9C ; q3 =

7C = 7.10 9C. Ta c:
3k
3.9.109
VG =
(q1 + q 2 + q 3 ) =
(5 8 + 7).109 312(V)
a 3
0, 2. 3
V d 1.17: Mt vng dy trn bn knh a = 5cm, tch in u vi in tch tng
cng l Q = 2,6.10 9 C, t trong khng kh. Tnh in th ti im M trn trc
vng dy, cch tm vng dy mt on x = 12cm; in th ti tm O ca vng dy
v hiu in th gia hai im OM trong hai trng hp: a) gc in th ti v
cng; b) gc in th ti tm O ca vng dy.
Gii
Xt mt phn t chiu di trn vng dy (hnh 1.35),

n tch in dq coi nh in tch im v n gy ra ti
im M in th dV. Ly tch phn ca d trn ton
b chu vi (C) ca vng dy, ta c in th ti M do
ton
b
vng
dy
gy
ra:
VM =
kdq
+C
r
(C)
dV =
(C)
dq
x
a
Hnh 1.35
V r = a 2 + x 2 = const nn:
VM =
k
kQ
dq + C =
+C
r (C)
a2 + x2
(1.69)
Thay x = 0 vo (1.69) ta c in th ti tm O ca vng dy:
VO =
kQ
+C
a
(1.70)
a) Chn gc in th v cng th hng s C = 0.

in th ti M l:
VM =
kQ
a2 + x2
in th ti tm O ca vng dy l:
9.109.(2, 6.10 9 )
1. 0, 052 + 0,122
= 180(V)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
VO =
55
kQ 9.109.(2, 6.10 9 )
=
= 468(V)
a
1.0, 05
Hiu in th gia hai im O, M l:
U OM = VO VM = 468 (180) = 288(V)

b) Chn gc in th tm O th VO = 0. T (1.70) suy ra C =
kQ
a
Thay vo (1.69) ta c in th ti M l:
VM =
kQ
a2 + x2
kQ
= 180 + 468 = 288(V)
a
Hiu in th gia hai im O, M l:
U OM = VO VM = 0 288 = 288(V)
Kt qu trn chng t khi thay i gc in th th gi tr in th ti mi im O,
M s thay i, nhng hiu in th gia hai im O, M th khng thay i.
1.7.4 Mt ng th
Tp hp cc im trong in trng c cng gi tr in th V to thnh mt ng
th. tm dng ca mt ng th, ta gii phng trnh:
V(x, y, z) = V( r ) = C = const
(1.71)
(1.71) xc nh mt h cc mt ng th. Vi mi gi tr ca C ta c mt mt ng
th tng ng.
V d, tm dng ca mt ng th trong in trng do in tch im Q gy ra,
ta gii phng trnh: V =
kQ
kQ
= C v thu c nghim: r =
= const . T kt
r
C
qu ny suy ra rng, cc mt ng th l cc mt cu, tm l in tch Q.

Hnh (1.36) biu din cc mt ng th ca vi h in tch khc nhau (ng c
mi tn l ng sc in trng, ng khng c mi tn biu din cc mt ng
th giao vi mt phng hnh v).
Quy c v mt ng th: v cc mt ng th sao cho chnh lch V gia hai
mt ng th bt k l nh nhau (chng hn nh hnh 1.36a). Suy ra: ni no in
56
trng mnh cc mt ng th s st nhau; ni no in trng yu cc mt ng

th s xa nhau; in trng u, cc mt ng th l nhng mt phng song song
cch u nhau.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1.36: ng sc in trng v cc mt ng th ca h

cc in tch im
Tnh cht ca mt ng th
Cc mt ng th khng ct nhau. Tht vy, nu chng ct nhau th ti giao im
s ng thi c hai gi tr khc nhau ca in th (v l).
Khi in tch di chuyn trn mt ng th th lc in trng khng thc hin
cng. Tht vy, nu in tch q di chuyn t M n N trn mt ng th, ngha l
VM = VN, th cng ca lc in trng l AMN = q(VM VN) = 0.
Vect cng in trng E ti mi im trn mt ng th lun vung gc vi

mt ng th . Tht vy, gi s in tch q di chuyn trn mt ng th theo mt
on d s bt k, th cng ca lc in trng l:
dA = F d s = q E d s = 0 . Suy ra E d s = 0 , hay E d s .
M d s l vi phn ng i theo mt hng bt, nn E phi vung gc vi mi
ng d s trn mt ng th ngha l E phi vung gc vi mt ng th. Vy,

ng sc in trng phi vung gc vi mt ng th.
1.7.5 Th nng ca in tch trong in trng
Trong C hc ta bit rng, cng ca lc th gia hai im bt k bng gim
th nng ca vt gia hai im :
A MN = WtM WtN
(1.72)
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
57
So snh (1.72) vi (1.60) ta suy ra th nng ca in tch q ti cc im M v N

trong in trng l WtM = qVM v WtN = qVN.
Tng qut, ta c: WtM = qVM hay Wt (x, y, z) = qV(x, y, z)
(1.73)
trong V(x,y,z) = VM l in th ti im M(x,y,z); WtM l th nng ca in tch

q ti im M trong in trng.
V d 1.18: Cho in tch im Q = - 8C t c nh ti im O trong khng kh.
Tnh th nng ca in tch q = 6C trong in trng ca in tch Q khi n ln
lt t ti M v N cch Q 20cm v 30cm. T suy ra cng ca lc in trng
thc hin khi q di chuyn t N ti M theo mt ng cong (L) bt k (hnh
1.37). Chn gc in th v cng.
Gii
N
in th do in tch Q gy ra ti M, N ln lt l:
(L)
9
6
rN
kQ 9.10 .(8.10 )
VM =
=
= 360000 (V)
q
rM
0, 2
Q
rM
VN =
kQ 9.10 .(8.10 )
=
= 240000 (V).
rN
0, 3
9
M
Hnh 1.37
Th nng ca in tch q khi n t ti M l:
WtM = qVM = 6.106.(360000) = 2,16 (J) .

Th nng ca in tch q khi n t ti N l:
WtN = qVN = 6.106.(240000) = 1, 44 (J) .

Cng ca lc in trng khi q dch chuyn t N ti M theo ng cong (L):
A NM = WtN WtM = 1, 44 (2,16) = 0, 72 (J).

1.8 LIN H GIA CNG IN TRNG V IN TH
1.8.1 Thit lp mi lin h E , V
Ta bit cng in trng E c trng cho in trng v phng din tc

dng lc; cn in th V c trng cho in trng v mt nng lng, v lin quan
n cng ca lc in trng. Nh vy gia cng in trng v in th phi
c mi quan h vi nhau.
58
tm mi quan h , ta xt hai mt ng th
(I) v (II) m in th c gi tr ln lt l V v
(V + dV). Gi s in tch q di chuyn t im
M trn mt ng th (I) n im N trn mt
ng th (II) theo hng d s = MN (hnh

1.38).
Cng ca lc in trng trong dch chuyn
l:
V + dV
dn
ds
N
dA = q E d s
(1.74)
(I)
(II)
Mt khc:
dA = q(VM VN) = q[V (V + dV)] = qdV
(1.75)
Hnh 1.38: Quan h gia cng

in trng v in th
So snh (1.74) v (1.75) suy ra: E d s = Eds cos = dV
(1.76)
vi l gc hp bi vect cng in trng E v vect di d s .

Ta c cc trng hp sau y:
Trng hp 1: Nu d s hng v ni c in th cao, ngha l dV > 0, th t
(1.76) suy ra, gc > 900 , ngha l E hng v ni c in th thp.
Trng hp 2: Nu d s hng v ni c in th thp, ngha l dV < 0, th t
(1.76) suy ra, gc < 900 , ngha l E cng hng v ni c in th thp.

Vy, ng sc ca in trng (hay vect cng in trng) lun hng
theo chiu gim ca in th.
Gi Es = Ecos l hnh chiu ca E ln phng ca d s th theo (1.76) ta c:

Es.ds = E.ds.cos = dV,
hay
Es =
dV
ds
(1.77)
(1.77) chng t rng, hnh chiu ca vect cng in trng ln phng no

bng gim in th trn mt n v chiu di theo phng .
Nu xt theo phng ng sc in trng, ngha l M v N cng nm trn mt
ng sc in th Es = E. Ta quy c ds = dn l dch chuyn vi cp dc theo
hng ca ng sc in trng th ta c:
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
E=
59
dV
dn
(1.78)
Gi n o l vect n v hng dc theo chiu ca ng sc in th mi quan h

gia cng in trng v in th c biu din bng cng thc:
E=
dV
.no
dn
(1.79)
Vy, ln ca vect cng in trng ti mi im bng gim ca in

th trn mt n v chiu di dc theo ng sc in trng ti im .
Do E s E nn so snh t (1.77) v (1.78) suy ra:
dV dV
ds
dn
(1.80)
Vy, ln cn mt im trong in trng th in th s bin thin nhanh nht theo

phng ca ng sc in trng (hay phng php tuyn ca mt ng th) qua
im .
Nu chiu vect cng in trng E ln ba trc Ox, Oy, Oz ca h ta
Ex =
Descartes th ta c:
trong ,
V
V
V
; Ey =
; Ez =
x
y
z
(1.81)
V V V
,
,
l o hm ring phn ca hm in th V(x,y,z) i vi
x y z
cc bin x, y, z.
Do , vect cng in trng trong h ta Descartes c dng:
E = E x . i + E y . j + E z . k = (
hay:
V V V
.i+
. j+
. k)
x
y
z
(1.82)
E = gradV
trong , vect gradV =
V V V
.i+
. j+
.k
x
y
z
(1.83)
(1.84)
gi l gradient ca in th V.
Vy, vect cng in trng ti mt im bt k trong in trng bng v
ngc du vi gradient ca in th ti im .
60
i vi in trng u, nhn hai v ca (1.78) vi dn, ri ly tch phn dc theo

ng sc in trng, ta c:
( 2)
V2 V1 =
(2)
dV = E dn = E.d
(1)
Hay
(1)
U12 = V1 V2 = E.d
(1.85)
trong d l khong cch gia hai mt ng th ln lt i qua hai im (1) v (2),

hay khong cch gia hai im (1) v (2) tnh dc theo hng ng sc in
trng.
1.8.2 Lu thng ca vect cng in trng
Nu k hiu d l vi phn ca ng i dc theo ng cong (L) th cng ca lc
in trng c vit l: A =
(L)
Ta gi tch phn
F d = q E d hay
(L)
Ed = q .
(L)
E d l lu thng ca vect cng in trng dc theo
(L)
ng cong (L).
Nu tnh trn on MN ca ng cong (L) th ta c:
Ed =
(MN)
A MN
= VM VN = U MN
q
(1.86)
Nu (L) l ng cong kn th im u M trng vi im cui N, ta c:
E d = 0
(1.87)
(L)
(1.86) v (1.87) th hin tnh cht th ca in trng tnh. T ta c cc kt lun

sau:
-
Lu thng ca vect cng in trng gia hai im M, N dc theo ng

cong (L) bt k bng hiu in th gia hai im .
Lu thng ca vect cng in trng dc theo ng cong kn bt k th

bng khng.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
61
1.8.3 Tnh cng in trng t in th v ngc li

Vn dng cc mi quan h gia cng in trng v in th ta s tnh c
cng in trng E nu bit in th V(x,y,z) v ngc li. Sau y l vi v
d mu.
V d 1.19: Trong chn khng, in th phn b theo quy lut V =
4yz
. Xc
x2 +1
nh in th v vect cng in trng ti im M(1,2,3). Cc n v o

trong h SI.
Gii
in th ti M: VM = V(x M , y M , z M ) =
4y M z M 4.2.3
=
= 12V
x 2M + 1 12 + 1
Vect cng in trng ti M:
Ex =
V
8xyz
8.1.2.3
= 2
= 2
= 12V / m
2
x (x + 1)
(1 + 1) 2
Ey =
V
4z
4.3
= 2
= 2
= 6V / m
x +1
1 +1
y
Ez =
V
4y
4.2
= 2
= 2
= 4V / m
x +1
1 +1
z
Vy : E M = (12, 6, 4) v E M = 122 + 62 + 42 = 14V / m

V d 1.20: Xc nh in th gy bi khi cu tm
O, bn knh a, tch in u vi mt in tch khi
> 0 ti nhng im bn trong v bn ngoi khi
cu. Cho bit h s in mi bn trong v bn ngoi
khi cu u bng 1. Xt hai trng hp: a) Chn gc
in th v cng; b) chn gc in th ti tm O.
A
O
Gii
Xt im M bn trong khi cu. Cng in
trng ti M, theo (1.54) l: E trong
r
=
. Kt hp
3 o
Hnh 1.39
vi (1.79), ta c:
r
dV
=
.n o
3 0
dn
(1.88)
62
Chiu (1.88) ln phng ng sc in trng, lu rng, cc vect r v n o u

cng chiu vi ng sc in trng.
Ta c:
dV dV
r
=
=
dn dr
3o
hay
dV =
rdr
3 o
Tch phn hai v dc theo ng sc in trng, t tm O n im M:

VM
dV =
VO
3 o
rM
rdr
hay
VM VO =
rM2
6 o
(1.89)
Tng t, xt im N bn ngoi khi cu, cng in trng ti N c tnh
kQ r
4
theo (1.53): E = 2 . , vi Q = . a 3 l in tch ca qu cu. Kt hp vi
r r
3
kQ r
dV
.
=
no
r2 r
dn
(1.79) ta c:
Chiu ln phng ng sc in trng, ta c:
dV
kQ
= 2
dr
r
dV =
hay
kQ
dr
r2
Ly tch phn dc theo ng sc in trng t im A trn mt cu ti im N

VN
hay:
rN
dV = kQ
VA
(hnh 1.28):
dr
r2
VN VA = kQ(
1 1
)
rN a
(1.90)
trong VA l in th ti im A trn b mt khi cu.

a) Trng hp 1: chn gc in th v cng th khi rN , ta c VN 0 .
T (1.90) suy ra:
VA =
kQ
a
(1.91)
Thay (1.91) vo (1.90) ta tnh c in th ti im N bn ngoi khi cu:
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
VN =
63
kQ
rN
(1.92)
(1.92) chng t, in th bn ngoi khi cu tch in u ging nh do mt in

tch im Q t ti tm khi cu gy ra.
T (1.89) cho rM = a v kt hp vi (1.91) ta c:
kQ
a 2
VO =
a
6 0
kQ a 2
T tnh c in th ti tm O ca khi cu: VO =
+
a
6 0
1
4
. a 3
4 0 3
a 2 a 2
VO =
+
=
a
6 0 2 0
hay:
(1.93)
Thay (1.93) vo (1.89) ta c in th ti M bn trong khi cu l:
VM
a 2
r 2
= M
2 0
6 0
hay VM =
3a 2 rM2 )
(
6 0
(1.94)
b) Trng hp 2: chn gc in th ti tm O th VO = 0.
T (1.89) suy ra, cng in trng ti im M bn trong khi cu l:
VM =
rM2
6 o
Do , in th ti mt cu l: VA =
(1.95)
a 2
kQ
=
6 o
2a
(1.96)
Thay (1.96) vo (1.90) ta c in th ti im N bn ngoi khi cu l:
VN = VA +
kQ kQ kQ 3kQ
rN
a
rN
2a
(1.97)
V d 1.21: Xc nh cng in trng v in th gy bi hai mt phng song

song, rng v hn, cch nhau mt khong d, tch in u vi mt in tch mt
l + v . Cho bit h s in mi ca mi trng bao quanh hai mt phng l
. Chn gc in th mt phng .
64
Gii
xc nh cng in trng gy bi hai mt phng ny, ta c th lp lun
n gin nh sau.
Cng in trng ti im M bt k lun l
tng hp ca hai in trng do tng mt phng
gy nn: E = E1 + E 2 , trong E 1 l vect

cng in trng do mt phng + gy ra,
lun hng xa mt phng ny; E 2 l vect

cng in trng do mt phng gy ra,
lun hng gn mt phng ny. Ta c:
E1 = E 2 =
.
2 o
Hnh 1.40: in trng gy

bi hai mt phng rng v
hn, tch in u
(1)
i vi nhng im nm ngoi hai mt

phng (vng (1) v (3), hnh 1.41) th
E1 E 2 , nn cng in trng tng

hp E = 0.
M
(2)
(3)
i vi nhng im nm gia hai mt
Hnh 1.41
phng (vng (2)) th E1 E 2 , nn vect
cng in trng tng hp E hng t mt phng + sang mt phng v

c ln: E = E1 + E2 =
.
o
Vy, in trng trong khong gia hai mt phng rng v hn, tch in u l
in trng u, c cng : E =
= const
o
(1.98)
tnh in th, ta chn trc Ox nh hnh (1.41).
Ta c: E =
dV
dV
.n o =
. i , vi i l vect n v hng theo trc Ox.
dn
dx
Suy ra : E =
dV
=
hay dV =
dx
dx 0
0
Ly tch phn hai v dc theo ng sc in trng t im M n mt phng

tch in m:
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
V
65
dx
0
0
dV =
VM
hay V VM =
x
o
V chn gc in th mt phng ( ) nn V = 0 .
VM =
Vy, in th ti M l :
x
o
(1.99)
vi x l khong cch t mt phng ( ) n im kho st M.

Pha ngoi hai mt phng, vng (3), cng in trng E = 0 nn in th
khng i. Ta c V3 = V = 0 .
Tng t, vng (1), in th cng khng i v bng V3 = V+ =
Hiu in th gia hai mt phng l: U = V+ V =
d
.
o
d
= Ed
o
(1.100)
1.9 LNG CC IN
1.9.1 Khi nim v lng cc in, mmen lng cc in
Lng cc in l mt h gm hai in tch im bng
nhau v ln nhng tri du, lin kt cng vi nhau,
cch nhau mt khong rt nh so vi nhng khong
cch t n n im ta xt (hnh 1.42). ng thng ni
hai in tch q v +q gi l trc ca lng cc in.
pe
+
+q
_
q
Nhng vt th vi m, chng hn nh phn t ca cc

Hnh 1.42: Lng cc
cht, thng c cu trc nh nhng lng cc in. V
in v mmen lng
d, phn t mui n NaCl l mt lng cc in to bi
cc in
ion Na + v Cl .
c trng cho tnh cht in ca lng cc in, ngi ta dng i lng mmen
lng cc in hay mmen in ca lng cc in. Mmen lng cc in c
nh ngha l :
pe = q
trong l vect hng t in tch q n +q.
(1.101)
66
Trong h SI, n v o mmen lng cc in l coulomb mt (Cm).

1.9.2 Cng in trng v in th gy bi lng cc in
Xt im M nm trn mt phng trung trc ca lng cc in. Vect cng
in trng do lng cc in gy ra ti M l: E = E1 + E 2 , trong E1 , v E 2

ln lt l vect cng in trng do in tch q v +q gy ra ti M (hnh
1.43). D thy : E1 = E 2 = k
q
q
nn E = 2E1 sin = 2k 2 sin
2
r1
r1
M : sin =
, r nn r1 r
2r1
Do : E =
kq kp e
= 3
r3
r
E2
E1
T hnh 1.43, ta thy E p e
E=
nn ta c:
(1.102)
k pe
r3
r2
r1
+q2
(1.103)
pe
Vy, vect cng in trng do lng cc

in gy ra ti mt im trn mt phng trung trc
ca lng cc in lun ngc chiu vi vect
mmen in ca lng cc in.
Hnh 1.43: Vect cng

in trng ti im M
trn mt phng trung trc
ca lng cc in
in th do lng cc in gy ra ti im M l:
VM = V1 + V2 =
k(q) kq
kq kq
+
= +
=0
r1
r2
r
r
Tng t, ta cng xc nh c cng in trng ti im N trn phng ca

lng cc in, cch tm O ca lng cc in mt khong r (hnh 1.44).
O pe
+q
E1
E2
Hnh 1.44: Vect cng in trng ti im N trn

phng ca lng cc in
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
67
Ta c: E = E1 + E 2 , trong E1 , v E 2 ln lt l vect cng in trng
do in tch q v +q gy ra ti N. D thy E1 E 2 , nn
r12 r22
kq kq
E = E 2 E1 = 2 2 = kq 2 2
r2 r1
r1 .r2
M: r12 = (r + / 2) 2 ; r22 = (r / 2) 2 ; r >>
r12 r22 = (r + / 2) 2 (r / 2) 2 = 2r ; r12 .r22 r 4
Nn:
Do :
E=
kq.2r 2kq 2kp e

= 3 = 3
r4
r
r
(1.104)
Hnh 1.44 cho thy E p e . Nu im N nm v pha bn tri lng cc in, ta
cng chng minh c E p e .
2k p
E= 3 e
r
Vy:
(1.105)
in th do lng cc in gy ra ti im N l:
VN = V1 + V2 =
r r kq kp
k(q) kq
+
= kq 1 2 2 = 2 e
r1
r2
r
r1r2 r
(1.106)
Cc kt qu trn cho thy, cng in trng v in th gy bi lng cc in

th gim theo khong cch r nhanh hn cng in trng v in th gy bi
mt in tch im.
1.9.3 Lng cc in trong in trng ngoi
Gi s t lng cc in vo in trng u, sao cho vect mmen lng cc
in p e to vi vect cng in trng ngoi E 0 mt gc . Khi in
trng tc dng ln lng cc in hai lc ngc chiu: F+ = q E 0 v F = q E 0

(hnh 1.45). Tng ca hai lc ny bng khng nn lng cc in khng tnh tin
68
trong in trng. Tuy nhin, hai lc F+ v F to thnh mt ngu lc lm lng

cc in quay trong in trng. Mmen ca ngu lc l :
M = F+ d = qE 0 sin = p e E 0 sin
(1.107)
hay dng vect : M = p e E 0
(1.108)
Vect M c phng ca vung gc vi mt
phng cha p e v E 0 , chiu xc nh theo

quy tc inh c hoc nm tay phi.
+q
+2
Di tc dng ca mmen ngu lc, lng
cc in s quay theo chiu sao cho vect p e
ti trng vi hng ca vect E 0 . Nu

lng cc l cng ( khng i), n s nm
cn bng v tr ny. Nu lng cc l n
hi, n s b bin dng hoc phn li nu km
bn.
F+
pe
E0
Hnh 1.45: Lng cc in t

trong in trng ngoi
Trong trng hp lng cc in t trong in trng khng u, n s b xoay
n v tr sao cho vect p e ti trng vi hng ca vect E 0 , sau lc in

trng s ko lng cc in tnh tin v pha in trng mnh.
Cc kt qu trn y c ng dng gii thch hin tng phn cc in mi,
hin tng cc vt nh nh mu giy, bi vi ... b ht vo cc vt nhim in v l
nguyn l hot ng ca l nng bng sng viba.
BI TP
B1.1 So snh lc hp dn v lc tnh in gia cc cp ht s cp sau y v rt ra
nhng kt lun cn thit : a) electron v electron ; b) electron v proton ; c)
proton v proton. Bit khi lng proton gp 1840 ln khi lng electron ;
khi lng ca electron l m = 9,1.10 31 kg.
B1.2 Theo gi thuyt ca N.Bohr, electron trong nguyn t hydro chuyn ng
u quanh ht nhn theo qu o trn c bn knh r = 5,3.10 9 cm. Tnh vn
tc gc, vn tc di v tn s vng ca electron.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
69
B1.3 Hn bi st mang in tch +2C, vy n tha hay thiu bao nhiu electron?
B1.4 Hai qu cu kim loi nh ging ht nhau, tch in q1, q2, th tng tc nhau
mt lc F. Nu cho chng chm nhau ri a v v tr c th lc tng tc
by gi l bao nhiu? p dng s : q1 = +2C, q2 = 4C, F = 0,8N.
B1.5 Hai in tch im q1 = 3.108C v q2 = 1,2.107C, t cch nhau mt
khong AB = 20cm trong khng kh. Xc nh vect cng in trng
ti im M, bit:
a) MA = MB = 10cm;
b) MA = MB = AB
c) MA = 12 cm; MB =16cm
d) MA = 10cm; MB = 30cm
e) Tm im N m ti cng in trng trit tiu.
B1.6 Trong mt min (), in tch phn b vi mt = ( r ), Hy vit biu
thc xc nh vect cng in trng E v in th V ti v tr c vect
bn knh r . Cho h s in mi = 1; gc in th v cng.

B1.7 in th ca in trng gy bi mt h in tch c dng:
V = a(x2 + y2) + bz2 , trong a, b l cc hng s dng.
a) Xc nh vect cng in trng ti im M(x,y,z).
b) Nhng mt ng th c dng nh th no?
B1.8 Mt khng gian mang in vi mt in tch bin i theo quy lut =
o/r, trong o l hng s v r l khong cch tnh t gc to n im
kho st. Tnh cng in trng E v in th V theo r (khng xt min
gn gc to ). Chn gc in th v cng.
B1.9 Si dy mnh, thng, di 2a, tch in u vi mt in di > 0. Xc
nh vect cng in trng v in th ti im M nm trn mt phng
trung trc ca si dy, cch si dy mt on h. Chn gc in th v
cng.
B1.10 Mt mt phng thng ng, rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in mt
= 8,85.10 6 C/m2. Mt qu cu nh khi lng m = 1g, tch in q = 2.10
8
C, c treo vo im A mp() bng si dy rt mnh, khng dn in.
Tnh gc lch ca dy treo so vi phng thng ng. (ly g = 10m/s2).
B1.11 t in tch m (-Q) ti gc ta trong mt phng (Oxy). So snh cng
in trng, in th ti A(a, 0) v B(0, -a). Suy ra cng ca lc in
trng khi in tch +q di chuyn t A n B mang du m hay dng ?
B1.12 Si dy mnh tch in u vi mt in di c un thnh cung
trn AB bn knh R, chn gc tm 2 . Xc nh vect cng in
trng v in th ti tm O ca cung AB, chn gc in th v cng.
70
B1.13 Hai si dy mnh, rt di, song song, cch nhau mt khong 2a, tch in
tri du vi mt in di l + v . Chn gc in th mt phng
trung trc ca hai dy. Xc nh vect cng in trng v in th V
ti:
a) M nm trn on thng ni hai dy, vung gc vi hai dy, cch dy tch
in dng mt on x ;
b) N cch u hai dy, cch mt phng cha hai dy mt khong h.
B1.14 Chm cu c bn knh R, gc m 2, tch in u vi mt in mt
+. Xc nh vect cng in trng v in th ti tm O ca chm
cu. Chn gc in th v cng.
B1.15 Hai vng trn tch in u, cng bn knh R = 6cm , ng trc, hai tm O1
v O2 cch nhau mt khong a = 8cm. Vng th nht tch in q1 = +4C.
Tnh in tch ca vng th hai, bit rng, khi in tch th q0 = 1C di
chuyn t O1 n O2 th ng nng ca n tng 0,6J.
B1.16 t nh nhng mt in tch im q = +2nC vo in trng gy bi si
dy mnh di, tch in u th thy in tch ny di chuyn vo gn dy. Khi
n qua v tr cch dy 4cm th c ng nng 0,015mJ. Xc nh du v mt
in di trn dy.
B1.17 t mt lng cc in c mmen in pe = 6,24.10
30
Cm vo in
trng u c cng E = 30kV/m sao cho p e v E to vi nhau mt gc

300. Tnh mmen lc lm quay lng cc in.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
Ch 1: TNG TC IN BO TON IN TCH
Kin thc ct li
1.1 Pht biu no sau y l SAI?
A) Trong t nhin tn ti hai loi in tch: dng v m.
B) in tch nguyn t l in tch c gi tr nh nht.
C) in tch im l mt vt mang in c kch thc rt nh.
D) Hai vt tri du m chm nhau th s tr thnh hai vt trung ha v in.
A) Hai in tch cng du th y nhau, tri du th ht nhau.
B) in tch ca mt h c lp lun khng i.
C) in tch ca electron l in tch nguyn t.
D) Lc tng tc gia cc in tch im t l nghch vi khong cch gia
chng.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
71
1.3 Qu cu kim loi A tch in dng +8C, qu cu B tch in m 2C. Cho

chng chm nhau ri tch xa nhau th in tch lc sau ca hai qu cu c
th c gi tr no sau y?
A) +5C, +5C
B) +2C, + 4C C) 3C, +9C D) +8C, 2C
1.4 Hai vt tch in +16C v 5C trao i in tch vi nhau. in tch lc sau
ca hai vt khng th c gi tr no sau y?
A) +5C, +6C
B) +4C, + 4C C) 3C, +14C D) 9C, +20C
1.5 Hai in tch im cng du q1 v q2 (q1 = 4q2) t ti A v B cch nhau mt
khong 3a trong khng kh. t in tch im Q trn on AB, cch B mt
khong a. Lc tng hp do q1 v q2 tc dng ln Q c c im g?
A) Lun hng v A.
B) Lun hng v B.
C) Lun bng khng.
D) Hng v A nu Q tri du vi q1.
1.6 Hai in tch im tri du q1 v q2 (q1 = 4q2), t ti A v B cch nhau mt
khong 4a trong khng kh. t in tch im Q trn on AB, cch B mt
khong a. Lc tng hp do q1 v q2 tc dng ln Q c c im g?
A) Lun hng v A.
C) Lun bng khng.
B) Lun hng v B.
D) Hng v A, nu Q tri du vi q1.
1.7 Lc tng tc gia hai in tch im s thay i th no nu ta cho ln

ca mi in tch im tng gp i, ng thi khong cch ga chng cng
tng gp i?
A) Tng gp i.
B) Gim mt na.
C) Khng i.
D) Tng gp 4 ln.
1.8 Lc tng tc gia hai qu cu tch in s thay i th no nu ta tng ln
in tch ca mi qu cu ln gp i, ng thi gim khong cch gia hai
tm ca chng cn mt na?
A) Tng gp i.
B) Gim mt na.
C) Khng i.
D) Tng 16 ln.
q1
q2
1.9 C hai in tch im q1, q2 bng
y
x
nhau nhng tri du, t trn ng
thng xy nh hnh C1.1. t thm
Hnh C1.1
in tch im Q < 0 trn ng
thng xy th lc tc dng ln Q:
A) c chiu v pha x, nu Q t trn on x q1.
B) c chiu v phi y, nu Q t trn on q2 y.
C) c chiu v phi q1 , nu Q t trn on q1 q2.
D) c gi tr bng khng, nu Q t ti trung im ca on q1 q2.
q1
q2
nhau, cng du, t trn ng x
thng xy nh hnh C1.2. t thm
in tch im Q < 0 trn ng
Hnh C1.2
thng xy th lc tc dng ln Q:
72

B) c chiu v pha y, nu Q t trn on q2 - y
C) c chiu v pha q1 , nu Q t trn on q1 q2.
D) c gi tr bng khng, nu Q t ti trung im ca on q1 q2.

q1
q2
nhau, cng du, t trn ng thng x
xy nh hnh C1.3. t thm in tch
im Q > 0 trn ng thng xy th
Hnh C1.3
lc tc dng ln Q:
B) c chiu v pha y, nu Q t trn on q2 y.
C) c chiu v pha q1 , nu Q t trn on q1 q2 v gn q1.
D) c chiu v pha q1 , nu Q t trn on q1 q2 v gn q2.
1.12 Hai qu cu kim loi ging nhau, c th chuyn ng t do trn mt phng

ngang. Ban u chng cch nhau mt khong a. Tch in 2.10 6 C cho qu cu
th nht v 4.10 6C cho qu cu th hai th chng s:
A) y nhau ra xa hn.
B) chuyn ng ti gn nhau, ng vo nhau v dnh lin nhau.
C) chuyn ng ti gn nhau, ng vo nhau v sau y xa nhau ra.
D) chuyn ng ti gn nhau, ng vo nhau v mt ht in tch.
1.13 t mt electron t do v mt proton t do trong in trng u th lc
in trng tc dng ln chng c c im g v chng s chuyn ng nh
th no?
A) Cng phng, ngc chiu, cng ln v chng chuyn ng vi cng
gia tc.
B) Cng phng, cng chiu, cng ln v chng chuyn ng cng gia
tc.
C) Cng phng, ngc chiu, khc ln v chng chuyn ng khc gia
tc.
D) Cng phng, ngc chiu, cng ln v chng chuyn ng vi gia tc
khc nhau.
1.14 Mt in tch im q < 0 c t ti im M trn
trc ca mt vnh khuyn tm O mang in tch
dng (hnh C1.4), sau c th t do. Kt lun
no sau y l ng?
A) in tch q dch chuyn v pha vnh khuyn,
n tm O th dng li.
B) in tch q dch chuyn nhanh dn v pha vnh
khuyn, n tm O v tip tc i thng chm dn,
ri dng li i chiu chuyn ng.
C) in tch q ng yn ti M.
D) in tch q dch chuyn t M ra xa tm O.
O
Hnh C1.4
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
73
1.15 Mt in tch im dng q, khi lng m, lc u ng yn. Sau c
th nh vo in trng u c vect cng in trng E hng dc theo

chiu dng ca trc Ox (b qua trng lc v sc cn). Chuyn ng ca q c
tnh cht no sau y?
A) Thng nhanh dn u theo chiu dng ca trc Ox.
B) Thng nhanh dn u theo chiu m ca trc Ox.
C) Thng u theo chiu dng ca trc Ox.
D) Thng u theo chiu m ca trc Ox.
1.16 t hai in tch im q v 4q ti A v B cch nhau 30cm. Hi phi t mt
in tch th ti im M trn on AB, cch A bao nhiu n ng yn?
A) 7,5cm
B) 10cm
C) 20cm
D) 22,5cm
1.17 Hai in tch im q1 = 3C v q2 = 12C t cch nhau mt khong 30cm
trong khng kh th tng tc nhau mt lc bao nhiu?
A) 0,36N
B) 3,6N
C) 0,036N
D) 36N
1.18 Hai qu cu kim loi nh, ging ht nhau, tch in q1 = 2C; q2 = 4C, t
cch nhau mt khong r trong khng kh th ht nhau mt lc F1 = 16N. Nu
cho chng chm nhau ri a v v tr c th chng:
A) khng tng tc vi nhau na.
B) ht nhau mt lc F2 = 2N.
C) y nhau mt lc F2 = 2N.
D) tng tc vi nhau mt lc F2 2N.
1.19 Trong chn khng hai in tch im cch nhau 10cm th ht nhau mt lc
106N. Nu em chng n v tr mi cch nhau 2cm th lc tng tc gia
chng s l:
A) 2,5.10 5 N B) 5.10 6 N
C) 8.10 6 N
D) 4.10 8N
1.20 t 2 in tch im q v 4q ti A v B cch nhau 12cm trong khng kh.
Hi phi t mt in tch th Q ti v tr no trn ng thng AB n ng
yn?
A) Ti M sao cho MA = 12cm; MB = 24cm.
B) Ti M sao cho MA = 24cm; MB = 12cm.
C) Ti M sao cho MA = 4cm; MB = 8cm.
D) Ti M sao cho MA = 8cm; MB = 4cm.
1.21 Cho ba in tch im q1 = q2 = q3 = q = 6C t ti ba nh ca tam gic u
ABC, cnh a = 10cm (trong chn khng). Tnh lc tc dng ln in tch q1.
2kq 2
= 64,8N
a2
kq 2 3
C) F =
= 28,1N
2a 2
A) F =
kq 2 3
= 56,1N
a2
kq 2
D) F = 2 = 32, 4N
a
B) F =
74
Kin thc nng cao

1.22 Hai qu cu kim loi nh, ging ht nhau, tch in cng du q1 q2 , t cch
nhau mt khong r trong khng kh th y nhau mt lc F1. Nu cho chng
chm nhau ri a v v tr c th chng:
A) ht nhau mt lc F2 > F1.
B) y nhau mt lc F2 < F1.
C) y nhau mt lc F2 > F1.
D) khng tng tc vi nhau na.
1.23 Hai qu cu kim loi nh, ging ht nhau, tch in q1, q2, t cch nhau mt
khong r trong khng kh th ht nhau mt lc F1 . Nu cho chng chm nhau
ri a v v tr c th chng y nhau mt lc F2 = 9F1/16. Tnh t s in tch
q1/q2 ca hai qu cu.
A) 1/4
B) 4
C) 1/4, hoc 4
D) 3/4, hoc 4/3.
1.24 Ba in tch im bng nhau v bng q t ti ba nh ca tam gic u ABC
cnh a. Phi t thm in tch th t Q bng bao nhiu, v tr no h in
tch cn bng?
A) Q = q, ti trng tm ABC
B) Q = q, ti trng tm ABC
C) Q =
q
3
, ti trng tm ABC
D) Q < 0 tu , ti trng tm ABC.

1.25 Ba in tch im bng nhau v bng q t ti ba nh ca tam gic u ABC
cnh a. Phi t thm in tch th t Q bng bao nhiu, v tr no n cn
bng?
A) Q = q, ti trng tm ABC
B) Q = q, ti trng tm ABC
C) Q =
q
3
, ti trng tm ABC D) Q tu , ti trng tm ABC.
1.26 t ba in tch qA = 5.10 8 C, qB = 16.10 8 C v qC = 9. 10 8 C ti ba nh

A, B, C ca tam gic ABC (AB = 8 cm, AC = 6 cm, BC = 10 cm). Hi lc tnh
in tc dng ln qA c hng to vi cnh AB mt gc bao nhiu?
A) 150
B) 300
C) 450
D) 600
1.27 t hai in tch im q v 4q ti A v B cch nhau 30cm. Hi phi t mt
in tch th ti im M trn on AB, cch A bao nhiu n ng yn?
A) 7,5cm
B) 10cm
C) 20cm
D) 22,5cm
Ch 2: VECT CNG IN TRNG
Kin thc ct li
1.28 Pht biu no sau y l ng khi ni v cng in trng ti im M do
in tch im Q gy ra?
A) T l nghch vi khong cc t Q n M.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
75
B) Ph thuc vo gi tr ca in tch th q t vo M.
C) Hng ra xa Q nu Q > 0.
D) A, B, C u ng.
1.29 Mt in trng c vect cng in trng E c biu din bi cng
thc: E = E x . i + E y . j + E z .k , trong Ex, Ey, Ez l cc hng s v i , j, k l

cc vect n v ca h ta Descartes. in trng ny l:
A) in trng xoy.
B) in trng tnh, u.
C) in trng tnh, khng u.
D) in trng bin thin.
A) Vect cng in trng l i lng c trng cho in trng v
phng din tc dng lc.
B) Trong mi trng in mi ng hng, cng in trng gim ln so
vi trong chn khng.
C) n v o cng in trng l vn trn mt (V/m).
D) in trng tnh l in trng c cng E khng i ti mi im.
1.31 Khi ni v c im ca vect cng in trng gy bi mt in tch
im Q ti im M, pht biu no sau y l SAI?
A) C phng l ng thng QM.
B) C chiu hng ra xa Q nu Q > 0; hng gn Q nu Q < 0.
C) C ln t l nghch vi khong cch gia Q v M.
D) C im t ti M.
1.32 in tch Q = 5.10 8 C t trong khng kh. ln ca vect cng
in trng do in tch Q gy ra ti im M cch n 30cm c gi tr no sau
y?
A) 15 kV/m
B) 5 kV/m
C) 15 V/m
D) 5 V/m
1.33 Hai im A v B cch nhau mt khong r trong khng kh. Ngi ta ln lt

t ti A cc in tch tri du q1 v q2 th thy cng in trng ti B l E1
= 100 kV/m v E2 = 80 kV/m. Nu t ng thi ti A hai in tch trn th
cng in trng ti B s l:
A) 20 kV/m
B) 90 kV/m
C) 180 kV/m D) 0 V/m
1.34 Hai im A v B cch nhau mt khong r trong khng kh. Ngi ta ln lt
t ti A cc in tch cng du q1 v q2 th thy cng in trng ti B l
E1 = 100 kV/m v E2 = 80 kV/m. Nu t ng thi ti A hai in tch trn th
cng in trng ti B s l:
A) 20 kV/m
B) 90 kV/m
C) 180 kV/m D) 10 kV/m
1.35 Hai qu cu kim loi nh ging ht nhau, tch in tri du, t ti A v B.
Mi qu cu gy ra ti trung im M cu AB mt in trng c cng l
E1 = 150V/m v E2 = 200V/m. Nu cho hai qu cu tip xc nhau ri a v v
tr c th cng in trng ti M l:
A) 350 V/m
B) 175V/m
C) 50V/m
D) 0 V/m
76
1.36 Hai qu cu nh ging ht nhau, tch in cng du, t ti A v B. Mi qu

cu gy ra ti trung im M cu AB mt in trng c cng l E1 =
300V/m v E2 = 200V/m. Nu cho hai qu cu tip xc nhau ri a v v tr c
th cng in trng ti M l:
A) 500 V/m
B) 250V/m
C) 100V/m
D) 0 V/m
1.37 Hai in tch im q1 v q2 cng ln v tri du. Cng in trng do
hai in tch gy ra s trit tiu (E = 0) ti im M no di y?
A) Nm trn on (A q1)
q1
q2
B) Trung im ca on (q1 q2)
A
B
+
C) Nm trn on (q2 B)
D) A, B, C u sai.
Hnh C1.5
1.38 Hai in tch im Q1, Q2 ln lt
gy ra ti M cc vect cng in trng E1 v E 2 . Pht biu no sau y

l ng, khi ni v vect cng in trng tng hp ti M?
A) E = E1 + E 2 nu Q1, Q2 cng du.
B) E = E1 - E 2 nu Q1, Q2 tri du.
C) Lun tnh bi cng thc: E = E1 + E 2

D) E = E1 + E2
1.39 Gi er l vect n v hng t in tch im Q n im M; r l khong

cch t Q n M; 0 l hng s in, l h s in mi ca mi trng v q l
in tch th. Biu thc no sau y xc nh vect cng in trng do
in tch Q gy ra ti M?
Q
.e
r
4 0 r 2
Qq
C) E =
.e
r
4 0 r 2
A) E =
q
.e
r
4 0 r 2
Q
D) E =
.e
r
4 0 r 3
B) E =
1.40 Trn hai nh ca tam gic ABC ( AB = 4 cm, AC = 3 cm, BC = 5 cm) ngi
ta t hai in tch qB = 5.10 8 C v qC = -10.10 8 C. Hi vect cng in
trng ti A s hp vi cnh AC mt gc bng bao nhiu?
A) 17,50
B) 82,50
C) 41,60
D) 15,70
1.41 Hai in tch im Q1 = 8C, Q2 = - 6C t ti hai im A, B cch nhau
10cm trong khng kh. Tnh ln ca vect cng in trng do hai in
tch ny gy ra ti im M, bit MA = 20cm, MB = 10cm.
A) 3,6.10 6 V/m B) 7,2.10 6 V/m C) 5,85.10 6 V/m D) 8,55.106 V/m
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
77
A) 3,6.10 6 V/m B) 7,2.10 6 V/m
C) 5,85.10 6 V/m D) 8,55.106 V/m

A) 50,4.10 6 V/m B) 7,2.10 6 V/m C) 5,85.10 6 V/m D) 0 V/m
A) 18,75.10 6 V/m
B) 7,2.10 6 V/m
6
C) 5,85.10 V/m
D) 6,48.106 V/m
1.45 Mt vng dy trn, bn knh R tch in u vi in tch tng cng l Q, t
trong khng kh. Cng in trng ti im M trn trc vng dy, cch
tm vng dy mt on R, c tnh theo biu thc no sau y?
A) E =
k|Q|
R2
B) E =
k|Q|
2.R 2
C) E =
k|Q|
2 2.R 2
D) E = 0
1.46 Mt vng dy trn, bn knh R tch in u vi in tch tng cng l Q, t

trong khng kh. Cng in trng ti tm vng dy c tnh theo biu
thc no sau y?
A) E =
k|Q|
R2
B) E =
k|Q|
2.R 2
C) E =
k|Q|
2 2.R 2
D) E = 0
1.47 Trong chn khng ti, su nh ca lc gic u cnh a, ngi ta t su in

tch im cng ln q, gm ba in tch m v ba in tch dng t xen k.
Cng in trng ti tm O ca lc gic bng:
A) E =
kq
a2
B) E =
6kq
a2
C) E =
3kq
a2
D) E = 0
Kin thc nng cao

1.48 Hai in tch im cng du q1 = q2 = q, t ti A v B cch nhau mt khong
2a. Xt im M trn trung trc cu AB, cch ng thng AB mt khong x.
Cng in trng ti M t cc i khi:
A) x = 0
B) x = a
C) x =
a 2
2
D) x = a 2
1.49 in tch im Q gy ra in trng ti A v B c cng EA = 100 V/m

v EB = 1600V/m. Tnh cng in trng ti trung im M ca AB, bit Q
B A thng hng.
A) 850V/m
B) 256V/m
C) 750 V/m
D) 425 V/m
78
1.50 Mt a trn bn knh R tch in u vi mt in tch mt , t trong

khng kh. Vect cng in trng ti im M trn trc ca a trn, cch
tm a mt khong x, KHNG c c im no sau y?
A) Vung gc vi mt phng ca a trn.
B) Hng ra xa a, nu > 0; li gn a, nu < 0.
C) C ln: E =

x
1
.
20
R 2 + x2
D) L in trng u.
1.51 Mt a trn bn knh R tch in u vi mt in tch mt , t trong
khng kh. Pht biu no sau y l SAI, khi ni v vect cng in trng
ti nhng im nm ngoi a, gn tm O ca a?
A) Vung gc vi mt phng ca a trn.
B) Hng ra xa a, nu > 0.
C) Hng li gn a, nu < 0.
D) E = 0.
Ch 3: NG SC IN IN THNG NH L O G
Kin thc ct li
1.52 Pht biu no sau y l SAI khi ni v ng sc ca in trng tnh?
A) Cc ng sc khng ct nhau.
B) Chiu ca ng sc: i ra t in tch m, i vo in tch dng.
C) ng sc ca in trng tnh khng khp kn.
D) Ni no in trng mnh th cc ng sc s dy, ni no in trng
yu, cc ng sc s tha.
A) Thng lng ca vect cng in trng gi qua mt (S) gi l in
thng E .
B) in thng E l i lng v hng c th dng, m hoc bng khng.
C) in thng E gi qua mt mt (S) bt k lun bng khng.
D) Trong h SI, n v o in thng E l vn mt (Vm).
1.54 Biu thc no sau y dng tnh thng lng in trng E gi qua mt
S bt k?
A) E =
E.d S
B) E =
E.d S
C) d E = E.d S
D) E =
1
0
i trongS
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
79
1.55 Biu thc no sau y dng tnh thng lng in cm D gi qua mt

kn (S) bt k?
A) D =
1
0
q i trongS
B) D =
E.d S
(S)
C) d D = D.d S
D) D =
i trong(S)
1.56 Trong h SI, n v o cng in trng E l:

A) vn trn mt (V/m).
B) vn mt (Vm).
C) coulomb trn mt vung (C/m2).
D) coulomb (C).
1.57 Trong h SI, n v o in cm D l:
A) vn trn mt (V/m).
B) vn mt (Vm).
D) coulomb (C).
1.58 Trong h SI, n v o thng lng in trng E l:

A) vn trn mt (V/m).
B) vn mt (Vm).
D) coulomb (C).
1.59 Trong h SI, n v o thng lng in cm D l:
A) vn trn mt (V/m).
B) vn mt (Vm).
D) coulomb (C).
1.60 Hai in tch Q1 = 8C v Q2 = -5C t trong khng kh v nm ngoi mt
kn (S). Thng lng in trng E do hai in tch trn gi qua mt (S) c
gi tr no sau y?
B) 3,4.10 5 (Vm)
C) 0 (Vm) D) 9.10 5 (Vm)
A) 3.10 6 (Vm)
1.61 Hai in tch Q1 = 8C v Q2 = -5C t trong khng kh v nm ngoi mt
kn (S). Thng lng in cm D do hai in tch trn gi qua mt (S) c gi
tr no sau y?
A) 3 (C)
B) 3,4.10 5 (Vm)
C) 0 (C)
D) 8 (C)
1.62 Hai in tch Q1 = 8C v Q2 = -5C t trong khng kh v nm trong mt
kn (S). Thng lng in trng E do hai in tch trn gi qua mt (S) c
gi tr no sau y?
A) 3.10 6 (Vm)
B) 3,4.10 5 (Vm)
C) 0 (Vm) D) 9.10 5 (Vm)
1.63 Hai in tch Q1 = 8C v Q2 = -5C t trong khng kh v nm trong mt
kn (S). Thng lng in cm D do hai in tch trn gi qua mt (S) c
gi tr no sau y?
A) 3 (C)
B) 3,4.10 5 (Vm)
C) 0 (C)
D) 8 (C)
1.64 Mt phng (P) rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in mt . Cng
in trng do mt phng ny gy ra ti im M trong khng kh, cch (P) mt
khong a c tnh bi biu thc no sau y?
80
A) E =
B) E =
2
0
C) E =
2 0
D) E =
2a0
1.65 Mt phng (P) rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in mt , t trong

khng kh. in trng do mt phng ny gy ra ti nhng im ngoi mt
phng (P) KHNG c c im no sau y?
A) L in trng u.
B) Ti mi im, E lun vung gc vi (P)
C) Cng E =
D) C ng sc song song vi (P).
2 0
1.66 Tm kim loi (P) phng rt rng, tch

in u. So snh cng in trng
do (P) gy ra ti cc im A, B, C (hnh
C1.6).
A) EA > EB > EC B) EA < EB < EC
C) EA = EB = EC D) EA + EC = 2EB
B
A
(P)
Hnh C1.6
1.67 Tm kim loi (P) phng rt rng, tch

in u. So snh cng in
trng do (P) gy ra ti cc im A, B,
C (hnh C1.7).
A) EA > EB > EC
B) EA = EB < EC
C) EA = EB = EC
D) EA = EB > EC
C
B
A
(P)
Hnh C1.7
1.68 ng sc ca in trng l ng
A) vung gc vi vct cng in trng E ti im .

B) m tip tuyn vi n ti mi im trng vi phng ca vct cng
in trng E ti im .
C) php tuyn vi n ti mi im trng vi phng ca vect cng in
trng E ti im .
D) do cc ht nam chm st t v nn.
1.69 in thng gi qua mt mt kn cha mt in tch q th:
A) khng ph thuc vo din tch hay hnh dng mt kn.
B) ph thuc vo din tch v hnh dng mt kn.
C) khng ph thuc vo din tch mt kn, ph thuc vo hnh dng mt kn.
D) ph thuc vo din tch mt kn, khng ph thuc hnh dng mt kn.
1.70 Nu in thng gi qua mt kn (S) m bng 0 th
A) bn trong (S) khng c in tch.
B) tng in tch bn trong (S) bng 0.
C) ng sc in trng i vo (S) nhng khng i ra khi n.
D) bn trong (S) khng c in trng.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
81
1.71 Mt mt cu (S) bao kn mt in tch q. Nu gi tr ca q tng ln 3 ln th

in thng gi qua (S):
A) tng 3 ln.
B) khng thay i. C) gim 3 ln. D) tng 9 ln.
1.72 Cng thc ca nh l Oxtrogradxki Gauss v in trng:
A) E =
E.d S
B)
(S)
C)
D.d S =
(S)
E.d = 0
D)
E.d S =
i trong (S)
(S)
(C)
i trong (S)
1.73 Mt si dy thng di v hn, t trong khng kh, tch in u vi mt

in tch di . Cng in trng do si dy ny gy ra ti im M cch
dy mt on h c tnh bi biu thc no sau y? (k = 9.109 Nm2/C2)
A) E =
k||
h
B) E =
2k | |
h
C) E =
k||
h2
D) E =
k||
2h
1.74 Mt si dy thng di v hn, t trong khng kh, tch in u vi mt

in tch di = - 6.10 9 C/m. Cng in trng do si dy ny gy ra ti
im M cch dy mt on h = 20cm l:
A) 270 V/m
B) 1350 V/m C) 540 V/m
D) 135 V/m
1.75 Mt phng (P) rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in mt = 17,7.10 10
C/m2. Cng in trng do mt phng ny gy ra ti im M trong khng
kh, cch (P) mt khong a = 10cm c gi tr no sau y?
A) 100 V/m
B) 10 V/m
C) 1000 V/m D) 200 V/m
1.76 Mt tm kim loi phng rt rng, tch in u. Ngi ta xc nh c in
tch cha trn mt hnh ch nht kch thc 2m x 5m l 4C. Tnh cng
in trng ti im M cch tm kim loi 20cm.
A) 11,3 kV/m
B) 22,6 kV/m C) 5,6 kV/m D) 45,2 kV/m
1.77 Ti A v B cch nhau 20cm ta t hai in tch im qA= - 5.10 9 C, qB = 5.10
9
C. Tnh in thng E do h in tch ny gi qua mt cu tm A, bn knh
R = 30 cm.
A) 18.1010 (Vm)
B) -8,85 (Vm) C) 8,85 (Vm) D) 0 (Vm)
1.78 Ti A v B cch nhau 20cm ta t hai in tch im qA= - 5.10 9 C, qB = 5.10
9
C. Tnh in thng E do h in tch ny gi qua mt cu tm B, bn knh
R = 10 cm.
B) 565 (Vm) C) 4,4.10 20 (Vm)
D) 0 (Vm)
A) 5.10 9 (Vm)
1.79 Thng lng in trng qua mt mt kn c gi tr E = 6.103 (Vm). Bit
hng s in o = 8.86.10 12 (F/m). Tng in tch cha trong mt kn l:
A) 26,6.10 6 C
B) 53,2.10 9 C C) 26,6.10 9 C
D) 53,2.10 6 C
82
1.80 Ti A v B cch nhau 50cm ta t hai in tch im qA= 8,85.10 7 C , qB =

qA. Tnh thng lng in cm D do hai in tch trn gi qua mt cu tm
A, bn knh R = 30 cm.
A) 0 (C)
B) 8,85 .10 7 C
C) 8,85.10 7 C D) 17,7.10 7 C
1.81 Ti A v B cch nhau 50 cm ta t hai in tch qA= 8,85.10 7 C, qB = qA.
Tnh thng lng in cm D do hai in tch gi qua mt cu tm O l
trung im ca AB v bn knh R = 30 cm.
C) 8,85.10 7 C D) 105 C
A) 0 (C)
B) 8,85.10 7 C
Kin thc nng cao
1.82 Din tch phng S nm trong mt phng (Oxy), in trng u c vect
cng in trng E = a. i + b. j vi a, b l nhng hng s dng. Thng

lng in trng E qua din tch S s l:
A) E =
a 2 + b2 S
B) E = aS
C) E = 0
D) E = bS
1.83 Din tch phng S nm trong mt phng (Oyz), in trng u c vect

A) E =
a 2 + b2 S
B) E = aS
C) E = 0
D) E = bS
1.84 Din tch phng S nm trong mt phng (Oxz), in trng u c vect

A) E =
a 2 + b2 S
B) E = aS
C) E = 0
D) E = bS
1.85 Din tch phng S nm trong mt phng (Oxy), in trng u c vect
cng in trng E = a. k vi a l hng s dng. Thng lng in

trng E qua din tch S s l:
A) E =
aS
B) E = aS
C) E = 0
D) E = a2S
1.86 Din tch phng S nm trong mt phng (Oyz), in trng u c vect
cng in trng E = a. k vi a l hng s dng. Thng lng in

trng E qua din tch S s l:
A) E =
aS
B) E = aS
C) E = 0
D) E = a2S
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
83
Ch 4: IN TH, HIU IN TH, QUAN H GIA E V V

Kin thc ct li
1.87 in tch q di chuyn trong in trng ca in tch Q, t im M n im
N, cch Q nhng khong rM, rN trong khng kh. Biu thc no sau y tnh
cng ca lc in trng?
kQ kQ
rN
rM
B) A = | q |
kQ kQ
rM
rN
D) A = k | Qq |
A) A = q
C) A = q
kQ kQ
rN
rM
1 1

rM rN
1.88 Cng ca lc in trng lm di chuyn in tch th q trong in trng, t

im M n N c c im:
A) Khng ph thuc vo hnh dng qu o. B) T l vi |q|.
C) Bng khng, nu M trng vi N.
D) A, B, C u ng.
1.89 Gi WM, WN l th nng ca in tch q trong in trng ti M, N; VM, VN l
in th ti M, N v AMN l cng ca lc in trng lm di chuyn in tch q
t M n N. Quan h no sau y l ng?
A) AMN = q(VM VN) = WM WN
B) A MN =
WM WM
= VM VN
q
C) AMN = |q|(VM VN) = WM WN D) AMN = q(VN VM) = WN WM

1.90 Trong khng gian c in trng th:
A) Lu thng ca vect cng in trng dc theo ng cong kn (C) bt
k lun bng hiu in th gia hai im A, B no trn (C).
B) Thng lng in cm D gi qua mt mt (S) bt k lun bng khng.
C) Vect cng in trng lun hng theo chiu gim ca in th.
D) Mt ng th song song vi ng sc in trng.
1.91 Trong trng tnh in, pht biu no sau y l SAI ?
A) Vect cng in trng lun hng theo chiu gim th.
B) Vect cng in trng nm trn tip tuyn ca ng sc in trng.
C) Mt ng th vung gc vi ng sc in trng.
D) Cng ca lc in trng c biu thc tnh: A12 = q(V2 V1) = qV.
1.92 in tch im Q < 0. Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A) Cng xa in tch Q, in th cng gim.
B) Cng xa in tch Q, in th cng tng.
C) in th ti nhng im xa Q c th ln hn hoc nh hn in th ti
nhng im gn Q, ty vo gc in th m ta chn.
D) in trng do Q gy ra l in trng u.
1.93 in tch im Q > 0. Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A) Cng xa in tch Q, in th cng gim.
B) Cng xa in tch Q, in th cng tng.
84
C) in th ti nhng im xa Q c th ln hn hoc nh hn in th ti
nhng im gn Q, ty vo gc in th m ta chn.
D) in trng do Q gy ra l in trng u.
1.94 in tch im Q > 0, im M cch Q mt khong r. Chn gc in th v
gc th nng v cng. Kt lun no sau y l SAI?
A) Gi tr Q cng ln th cng in trng do Q gy ra ti M cng ln.
B) Gi tr Q cng ln th in th do Q gy ra ti M cng ln.
C) Gi tr Q cng ln th th nng ca in tch Q trong in trng ngoi c gi
tr tuyt i cng ln.
D) Cng xa in tch Q, in th cng tng.
1.95 Trong khng gian c in trng bin i lin tc, pht biu no sau y l
SAI?
A) im c in th t cc i th ti cng in trng bng khng.
B) im c in th t cc tiu th ti cng in trng bng khng.
C) Vect cng in trng hng t ni c in th cao n ni c in
th thp.
D) in trng u th in th khng thay i ti mi im.
1.96 Chn gc in th v cng. in th do in tch im q gy ra ti im M
cch q mt khong r trong chn khng c tnh bi biu thc no sau y? (k
= 9.109 Nm2/C2)
A) V =
kq
r
B) V =
kq
r
C) V =
kq
r
D) V =
kq
r2
1.97 Khi cu tm O, bn knh R, tch in Q < 0, phn b u trong th tch ca

khi cu. Chn gc in th v cng. Kt lun no sau y l ng khi ni v
phn b in th V bn trong v bn ngoi khi cu?
A) Bn ngoi khi cu, V gim khi ra xa khi cu.
B) Bn trong khi cu, V tng dn khi li gn tm O.
C) Ti tm O, in th V c gi tr nh nht.
D) Ti mt cu, in th V c gi tr ln nht.
1.98 in tch dng phn b u trn mt phng rng (P). Xt st mt phng
(P), in trng c c im:
A) L in trng u.
B) Vect cng in trng hng vung gc vo mt phng (P).
C) Mt ng th l mt phng vung gc vi mt phng (P).
D) Cng ra xa mt phng (P), cng in trng cng gim.
1.99 in tch m phn b u trn mt phng rng (P). Xt gn mt phng (P),
in trng c c im:
A) Cng gn mt phng (P), in trng cng mnh.
B) Cng xa mt phng (P), in th cng cao.
C) Vect cng in trng lun vung gc v hng ra xa (P).
D) ng sc ca in trng song song vi mt phng (P).
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
85
1.100 in tch m phn b u trn si dy thng, di. in trng xung quanh

si dy KHNG c c im no sau y?
A) Phn b i xng quanh trc ca si dy.
B) Cng xa si dy, in th cng tng.
C) Cng in trng c ln khng i khi ra xa si dy.
D) Mt ng th l mt tr, c trc l si dy.
1.101 in tch Q > 0 phn b u trn vng dy trn, tm O, bn knh R. Chn
gc in th v cng. Xt nhng im trn trc ca vng dy, pht biu no
sau y l ng khi ni v cng in trng E v in th V ti tm vng
dy ?
A) Emax v Vmax
B) E = 0 v Vmax C) Emax v V = 0
D) E = 0 v V = 0
1.102 Vect cng in trng lun:
A) hng theo chiu tng ca in th.
B) hng theo chiu gim ca in th.
C) vung gc vi ng sc ca in trng.
D) tip xc vi ng sc in trng v hng theo chiu gim ca in th.
1.103 Cho mt on dy mnh tch in u vi mt in di c un
thnh mt cung trn bn knh R, gc tm = 600, t trong khng kh. Chn
gc in th v cng, in th ti tm cung trn c biu thc no sau y? (0
l hng s in)
A) V =
120
B) V =
4 0
C) V =
3 0
D) V =
6 0
1.104 Trong h ta Descartes, in th c dng V = a(x2+y2) bz2 vi a, b l

nhng hng s dng. Vect cng in trng s c biu thc l:
A) E = 2ax. i + 2ay. j 2bz. k
1
3
1
3
1
3
B) E = ax 3 . i + ay3 . j bz3 . k
1
1
1
C) E = ax 3 . i ay3 . j + bz 3 . k D) E = 2ax. i 2ay. j + 2bz. k
3
3
3
1.105 Tnh in th do mt vng dy trn (t trong khng kh) bn knh a =

4cm, tch in u vi in tch tng cng l Q = 4.10 8 C, gy ra ti tm vng
dy.
A) 900V
B) 900V
C) 9000V
D) 9000V
1.106 in tch Q = - 5C t c nh trong khng kh. in tch q = +8C di
chuyn trn ng thng xuyn qua Q, t M cch Q mt khong 50cm, li gn
Q thm 30cm. Tnh cng ca lc in trng trong dch chuyn .
A) 1,08 J
B) 1,08 J
C) 0,48 J
D) 0,48 J
chuyn trn ng thng xuyn qua Q, t M cch Q mt khong 50cm, ra xa Q
thm 30cm. Tnh cng ca lc in trng trong dch chuyn .
86
A) 1,08 J
B) 0,48 J
C) 0,27 J
D) 0,27 J

chuyn trn ng trn tm Q, t M cch Q mt khong 50cm, n im N,
cch M 20cm. Tnh cng ca lc in trng trong dch chuyn .
A) 1,08 J
B) 0,48 J
C) 0,27 J
D) 0 J
1.109 Cho hai im M v N trong in trng, c in th l VM = 140V v VN
= 260V. Cng ca lc in trng chuyn dch in tch q = -12.10 6 C t N
n M l:
C) 1,44 mJ
D) 4,8 m J
A) 1,44 mJ
B) 4,8 m J
1.110 Tm kim loi (P) phng rt rng, tch in dng, u. So snh cng
in trng E v in th V do (P) gy ra ti cc im A, B, C (hnh C1.8).
A) EA > EB > EC v VA > VB > VC.
C
B) EA < EB < EC v VA > VB > VC.
B
C) EA = EB = EC v VA > VB > VC.
D) EA = EB = EC v VA < VB < VC.
A
(P)
1.111 Tm kim loi (P) phng rt rng,
Hnh C1.8
tch in m, u. So snh cng
in trng E v in th V do (P) gy
C
ra ti cc im A, B, C (hnh 4.2).
B
A
A) EA = EB > EC v VA = VB > VC.
B) EA = EB < EC v VA = VB < VC.
(P)
C) EA = EB = EC v VA = VB > VC.
Hnh C1.9
D) EA = EB = EC v VA = VB < VC.
1.112 C ba in tch im q1 = 5C, Q2
= 4C v q3 = 2C t ti ba nh A, B, C ca tam gic u, cnh a = 10cm.
Chn gc in th v cng. Tnh in th ti trng tm ca tam gic ABC.
A) 2,7kV
B) 4,7.105V
C) 1,6.105V
D) 4,7kV
1.113 Mt phng (P) rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in tch mt +, t
trong khng kh. Chn gc in th ti mt phng (P). in th ti im M
cch (P) mt khong x c tnh bi biu thc no sau y?
A) V =
.x
2 0
B) V =
.x
2 0
C) V =
.x
0
D) V =
.x
0
1.114 Mt phng (P) rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in tch mt + =

6.10 9 C/m2, t trong khng kh. Chn gc in th ti mt phng (P). Tnh
in th ti im M cch (P) mt khong x = 20cm.
A) V = -136V
B) V = 136V
C) V = - 68V
D) V = 68V
1.115 Khi cu tm O, bn knh R = 20cm, tch in u vi mt in khi +

= 6.10 9 C/m3. Tnh in th ti im M cch tm O mt khong x = 50cm.
Chn gc in th ti b mt khi cu; h s in mi bn trong v bn ngoi
khi cu u bng 1.
Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH
A) V = -5,4V
87
B) V = 5,4V
C) V = - 3,6V D) V = 3,6V
1.116 Khi cu tm O, bn knh R = 20cm, tch in u vi mt in khi +

= 6.10 9 C/m3. Tnh in th ti im M cch tm O mt khong x = 10cm.
Chn gc in th ti b mt khi cu; h s in mi bn trong v bn ngoi
khi cu u bng 1.
A) V = -3,4V
B) V = 3,4V
C) V = - 18V
D) V = 18V
Kin thc nng cao

1.117 in tch im Q gy ra xung quanh n in th bin i theo quy lut V =
kQ/r. Xt hai im M v N, ngi ta o c in th VM = 500V; VN = 300V.
Tnh in th ti trung im I ca MN. Bit Q M N thng hng.
A) 400 V
B) 375V
C) 350V
D) 450 V
1.118 Hai qu cu kim loi nh ging ht nhau, tch in Q1 v Q2 t ti A v B,
ln lt gy ra ti trung im M ca AB cc in th V1 = 100V; V2 = 300V
(gc in th v cng). Nu cho hai qu cu tip xc nhau, ri a v v tr
c th in th tng hp ti M by gi l:
A) 200 V
B) 250 V
C) 400V
D) 100V
1.119 Hai qu cu kim loi nh ging ht nhau, tch in Q1 v Q2 t ti A v B,
ln lt gy ra ti trung im M ca AB cc in th V1 = 100V; V2 = 300V
(gc in th v cng). Nu cho hai qu cu tip xc nhau, ri a v v tr
c th in th tng hp ti M by gi l:
A) 200 V
B) 200 V
C) 400V
D) 100V
1.120 Hai mt phng rng v hn, tch in u vi mt in tch mt + v
, t trong khng kh, song song nhau, cch nhau mt khong 2a. Chn gc
in th ti mt phng +. Tnh in th ti im nm cch u hai mt phng
mt khong a.
A) V =
a.
2 0
B) V =
a.
a.
C) V =
2 0
0
D) V =
a.
0
1.121 Hai mt cu ng tm O, bn knh R1 v R2 (R1 < R2), tch in u vi

in tch mt +Q v Q, t trong khng kh. Chn gc in th ti mt cu bn
ngoi (tch in m). Tnh in th ti im M cch tm O mt khong x > R2.
A) V =
kQ
x
B) V =
2kQ
x
C) V =
kQ
x R2
D) V = 0

ngoi (tch in m). Tnh in th ti im M cch tm O mt khong x, vi
R1 < x < R2.
88
1 1

x R1
A) V = kQ
C) V =
1 1

R2 x
B) V = kQ
1 1
x R2
kQ
x
D) V = kQ

ngoi (tch in m). Tnh in th ti im M cch tm O mt khong x, vi x
< R1.
A) V =
kQ
R1
B) V =
kQ
kQ
C) V =
R2
x
1
1
R1 R 2
D) V = kQ

VLA2 - Bai 1 - Ðien Truong Tinh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VLA2 - Bai 1 - Ðien Truong Tinh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bi 1: IN TRNG TNH

1.8.1 Thit lp mi lin h E , V

Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

1.1 IN TCH, NH LUT BO TON IN TCH

in tch ca ht electron l in tch nguyn t m: e = 1,6.10 19 C.

in tch ca ht proton l in tch nguyn t dng: +e = 1,6.10 19 C.

in tch cha trong mt vt bt k lun bng s nguyn ln in tch nguyn t:

trong dq l in tch cha trong yu t th tch dV ca vt mang in.

Trong trng hp tng qut, gi tr ca ph thuc vo v tr ca tng im trong

Trng hp c bit, nu gi tr ca l khng thay i ti mi im trong th tch

trong dq l in tch cha trong yu t din tch b mt dS ca vt mang in.

Trng hp c bit, nu gi tr ca l khng thay i ti mi im trn b mt S

trong dq l in tch cha trong yu t chiu di d ca vt mang in.

Trng hp c bit, nu gi tr ca l khng thay i ti mi im trn chiu di

Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

V d 1.1: Hai hn bi st ging ht nhau, tch in ln lt l q1 = 3,2C v q2 =

Hn bi th hai tch in m nn n tha electron. S electron tha l:

1.2 NH LUT COULOMB

r l khong cch gia hai in tch q1 v q2.

Trong cht in mi ng nht v ng hng, lc tng tc gia cc in tch

gi l h s in mi ca mi trng . l i lng khng th nguyn, c gi

Nu gi r12 l vect khong cch hng t q1 n q2 th lc do q1 tc dng ln q2

Tng qut, lc do in tch qi tc dng ln in tch qj l:

trong rij l vect khong cch hng t qi n qj.

Nu in tch Q chu tc dng ng thi bi cc lc F1 , F2 , ..., Fn do cc in tch

Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

(1.16) c gi l nguyn l chng cht cc lc in. Da vo nguyn l ny,

Hnh 1.1: Lc tng tc gia hai in tch im q1 v q2

Thay s: k = 9.109 Nm2/C2; = 1; r = 20cm = 0,2m;

b) Khi hai hn bi chm nhau, chng s trao i in tch v v hai hn bi ging ht

Do , lc tng tc lc sau ca chng l:

c) Lc tc dng ln q3: F3 = F13 + F 23

D dng nhn ra rng v tr cc in tch to thnh tam gic vung ti v tr q3. Do

F13 F 23 (hnh 1.2). Vy lc do q1 v q2 tc dng ln q3 l:

F3 = F132 + F232 = 6, 252 + 14, 062 = 15,39N

V F13 c phng AC, F 23 c phng BC nn tha mn (*) th A, B, C phi

nu nm trong th cc vect F13 v F 23 khng th ngc chiu nhau.

Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

Suy ra, im C nm ngoi on AB, v pha A (hnh 1.3).

qn (gi l cc in tch th), ri xc nh cc lc in trng F1 , F2 , , Fn tng

Hng vect c trng cho in trng ti im M c v phng chiu v ln,

n v o cng in trng l vn trn mt (V/m). Ta c 1V / m =

Nu E khng i (c v phng chiu ln ln) ti mi im trong in trng

th ta c in trng u. Nu cng in trng E ti mi im khng thay

Nh vy, nu q > 0 th F E ; nu q < 0 th F E (hnh 1.4).

V cng in trng khng ph thuc vo cc in

lc in trng c ln: F2 =| q 2 | E M = 5.106.5.10 4 = 0, 25N .

Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

1.3.3 Vect cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im

trong , r l vect bn knh hng t Q n im M (hnh 1.5);

n v hng theo phng, chiu ca vect r .

Vy, vect cng in trng E do in tch im Q gy ra c c im:

Phng: l ng thng ni in tch Q vi im kho st M;

Chiu: hng xa Q, nu Q > 0 v hng gn Q, nu Q < 0;

V d 1.4: Cho in tch im Q = 6.10 9 C t trong cht in mi ng nht,

Vy im c cng in trng E = 3000V/m nm cch in tch Q 6cm. Tp

E 1 , E 2 ,..., E n , th cng in trng tng hp ti M l:

tnh cng in trng do mt vt

v vect cng in trng do ton vt

Th.S Quc Huy Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

vat mang ien

Ty theo phn b in tch trn vt l phn b khi (phn b trong th tch ca

E 2 ln lt l cng in trng do Q1, Q2 gy Q1