Bi 2: VT DN

89

Bi 2: VT DN
2.1 VT DN CN BNG TNH IN
2.1.1 Khi nim v vt dn cn bng tnh in 2.1.2 Tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in 2.2 HIU NG MI NHN 2.3 HIN TNG IN HNG 2.4 IN DUNG CA VT DN C LP

2.5 T IN
2.5.1 Khi nim v t in 2.5.2 in dung ca t in 2.5.2 Ghp t in

2.6 NNG LNG CA T IN NNG LNG IN TRNG

2.6.1 Nng lng ca t in 2.6.2 Nng lng in trng

90

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

2.1 VT DN CN BNG TNH IN

2.1.1 Khi nim v vt dn cn bng tnh in Vt dn l vt c cc ht mang in t do, cc ht mang in ny c th chuyn ng khp mi im trong vt dn. Ni cch khc, vt dn l vt cho dng in chy qua. Trong nguyn t kim loi, electron lp ngoi cng lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d dng thot khi nguyn t v tr thnh electron t do. Cc electron t do ny c th chuyn ng len li khp ni trong mng tinh th kim loi v tham gia vo qu trnh dn in. Ta ni, kim loi l mt vt dn in hnh. Trong phm vi hp, khi ni n vt dn l ni n cc vt bng kim loi. Khi tch in cho vt dn hoc t vt dn trong in trng tnh, cc in tch s dch chuyn trong vt dn v nhanh chng t n trng thi n nh, khng chuyn ng c hng na ta ni vt dn ang trng thi cn bng tnh in. 2.1.2 Tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in a) Trong lng vt dn khng c in trng. Tht vy, khi t trng thi cn bng tnh in, cc in tch t do trong vt dn khng chuyn ng c hng na, mun vy, lc in trng F = q E phi trit tiu, nn E = 0 . Tnh cht ny cng l iu kin vt dn tr thnh vt dn cn bng tnh in; n c ng dng lm mn chn tnh in (hp hoc li kim loi) bo v thit b khi b tc ng ca in trng ngoi. b) Ton vt dn l mt khi ng th. Tht vy, xt hai im M, N bt k bn trong vt dn, ta lun c:
( N)

VM VN =

Ed =

( N)

(M)

0.d = 0

hay VM = VN. Suy rng ra, trong lng vt

(M)

dn cn bng tnh in th in th V = const. c) Vect cng in trng st mt ngoi vt dn th vung gc vi b mt vt dn ti v c ln E =

. 0

Thy vy, ti mi im trn b mt ngoi ca vt dn ta c th phn tch vect cng in trng lm hai thnh phn: E = E t + E n . Nu cng in

trng E khng vung gc vi mt ngoi vt dn th thnh phn tip tuyn

Bi 2: VT DN

91

E t 0 . Khi in tch t do trn mt

vt dn s chu tc dng ca lc tip tuyn Ft = q E t lm n di chuyn c hng trn mt vt dn, ngha l vt dn cha t n trng thi cn bng tnh in. Vy, khi t trng thi cn bng tnh in, thnh phn tip tuyn

E
M

E trong = 0

E t phi trit tiu, ch cn li thnh

phn php tuyn E n . Ni cch khc,

vect E phi vung gc b mt vt dn. tnh cng in trng ti im Hnh 2.1: Cng in trng bn trong v trn b mt ngoi vt dn M st mt ngoi vt dn, ta xt mt mt cn bng tnh in kn (S) l mt tr c ng sinh vung gc vi mt vt dn, c y trn S nh i qua im M v c y di bn trong vt dn (hnh 2.1). V bn trong vt

dn khng c in trng v bn ngoi vt dn th E vung gc vi mt vt dn nn in thng gi qua (S) chnh l in thng gi qua S. Ta c: E =

(S)

E .d S =

E.d S =
Q . 0 0

E.dS = E.S

M tng in tch cha trong mt (S) l: Q = .S Theo nh l Gauss: E =

T suy ra:

E=

(2.1)

d) Nu vt dn tch in th in tch khng phn b bn trong lng m ch phn b mt ngoi ca vt dn, tp trung ti cc mi nhn. Xt mt vt dn tch in. Tng tng c mt mt kn (S) bt k trong lng vt dn (hnh 2.2), theo nh l Gauss ta c: 0. Do

(S)

D d S = q trong(S) . M E = 0 nn D =

trong(S)

= 0 . iu ny lun ng vi mi mt kn (S) nm trong lng

vt dn. Mun vy, trong lng vt dn phi khng tch in.

92

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

Nh vy, khi tch in q cho vt dn ti mt im bt k bn trong vt dn th in tch ny s c chuyn ht ra mt ngoi vt dn. Nguyn l ny c ng dng to ra cc vt dn c in th cao. S phn b in tch trn mt vt dn ph thuc hnh dng vt dn. i vi cc vt dn hnh cu, hnh tr hoc mt phng th in tch phn s b u trn b mt vt dn; i vi cc vt c hnh dng bt k, in tch phn b khng u trn b mt vt dn, tp trung nhiu ti cc mi nhn ( bo m rng in trng trong lng vt dn lun trit tiu). 2.2 HIU NG MI NHN

trong(S)

=0

(S)

Hnh 2.2: Trong lng vt dn khng c in tch.

Khi vt dn tch in, in tch s phn b + + ++ + + mt ngoi vt dn v tp trung ti cc + + + + mi nhn. V th, ln cn cc mi nhn, + + + in trng rt mnh. Di tc dng ca + E=0 + + in trng ny, mt s ion v electron c + + sn trong kh quyn s chuyn ng v + + + + + + mau chng thu c ng nng ln. Chng Hnh 2.3: in tch tp trung va chm vi cc phn th kh, gy ra hin ti cc mi nhn tng ion ha, sinh ra rt nhiu ht mang in. Cc ht mang in tri du vi in tch ca mi nhn s b mi nhn ht vo, v do in tch ca mi nhn gim dn. Cc ht mang in cng du vi in tch ca mi nhn s b y ra xa mi nhn v chng ko theo cc phn t kh chuyn ng, to thnh lung gi in. Hin tng mi nhn b mt dn in tch v to thnh gi in c gi l hiu ng mi nhn. Cc thit b in lm vic in th cao cn hn ch cc ch li nhn ra trnh hin tng d in do hiu ng mi nhn. Ngc li, trong nhiu trng hp, hiu ng mi nhn dng phng nhanh cc in tch ra ngoi kh quyn ct thu li l mt ng dng in hnh ca hiu ng ny. 2.3 HIN TNG IN HNG Khi t mt vt dn cha tch in trong in trng ngoi, lc in trng s tc dng ln cc in tch t do trong vt dn, lm chng phn b li trn b mt vt dn sao cho in trng trong lng vt dn lun trit tiu. Kt qu trn b mt vt dn xut hin cc in tch tri du gi l cc

++ ++ + +++

+ + +

Hnh 2.5: Hin tng in hng

Bi 2: VT DN in tch cm ng.

93

Hin tng xut hin cc in tch cm ng trn b mt vt dn khi t vt dn trong in trng ngoi c gi l hin tng in hng hay hng ng in. Pha b mt vt dn m ti ng sc in i ti s xut hin cc in tch m, cn pha kia xut hin cc in tch dng (hnh 2.5). Nu ta thit k sao cho vt dn B bao bc Mt Gauss hon ton vt vt mang in A nh hnh 2.6 th mi ng sc in trng ca A u + n B, khi ta c hin tng in hng + + ton phn. Tri li l in hng mt phn. Trong hin tng in hng ton phn, in tch cm ng xut hin mt trong + A+ + + ca vt dn B lun bng v tri du vi ++ + (S) +++ B in tch ca vt A v in tch cm ng xut hin mt ngoi ca vt dn B lun + bng v cng du vi in tch ca vt A. + chng minh iu ny ta chn mt kn + (S) nm trong phn c ca vt B v bao Hnh 2.6: in hng kn phn rng (hnh 2.6), khi thng ton phn lng in cm gi qua (S) bng khng, v trong phn c ca B khng c in trng. Theo nh l Gauss suy ra, tng in tch cha trong (S) cng bng khng. Gi Q l in tch ca vt A (vt gy ra in trng), q v q l in tch cm ng xut hin mt trong v mt ngoi ca vt B th ta c: Q + q = 0 hay q = Q. Do lc u vt B khng tch in nn q + q = 0 hay q = q = Q. Vy, trong hin tng in hng ton phn, ln ca in tch cm ng lun bng vi ln ca in tch trn vt mang in gy ra in trng. V d 2.1: Hai qu cu kim loi tch in, bn knh R1 v R2 kh xa nhau, c ni vi nhau bng mt dy dn rt mnh. Tm t s mt in tch b mt 1 / 2 trn hai qu cu v t s in tch Q1 / Q2 ca hai qu cu sau khi ni.

1 2
R1
Hnh 2.7 Gii

R2

Gi V1 v V2 l in th ca cc qu cu sau khi ni. Do sau khi ni, hai qu cu tr thnh mt vt dn duy nht nn chng c cng in th: V1 = V2. Mt khc do hai qu cu kh xa nhau, nn s phn b in tch trn qu cu ny hu nh khng b nh hng bi qua cu kia. Ni cch khc, ta c th coi hai qu

94

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

cu ny l c lp v in. Do , in th ca cc qu cu c tnh bi cc cng thc: V1 =

kQ1 kQ 2 kQ1 kQ2 , V2 = . Do ta c: = . R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 Q1 R 1 = . Q2 R 2

T suy ra, t s in tch ca hai qu cu:

T s mt in tch trn b mt hai qu cu:

1 Q1 / S1 Q1 S2 R1 4R 2 R 2 = = . = . = 2 2 2 Q 2 / S2 Q 2 S1 R 2 4R1 R 1
Nh vy, qu cu kim loi c bn knh cng nh th mt in tch trn b mt ca n cng ln v ngc li. Trong cc vt dn c hnh dng bt i xng ty , nu vt dn tch in, cc in tch s phn b khng ng nht m tp trung vo nhng ni c bn knh cong b nht, tc l cc ch li nhn ra chnh l hiu ng mi nhn. 2.4 IN DUNG CA VT DN C LP Mt vt dn c gi l c lp v in nu gn n khng c vt no khc gy nh hng n s phn b in tch trn b mt ca n. Thc nghim chng t rng, khi in tch Q ca mt vt dn c lp tng ln th in th V ca n cng tng theo, nhng t s Q/V l khng i. Nh vy, t s Q/V c trng cho kh nng tch in ca vt dn v c gi l in dung ca vt dn c lp. in dung ca vt dn c lp l i lng c trng cho kh nng tch in ca vt dn mt in th nht nh, c gi tr bng in tch m vt tch c khi in th ca n l mt n v in th.

C=

Q V

(2.2)

in dung ca mt vt dn c lp ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc ca vt dn . Trong h SI, n v o in dung l farad (F). Xt mt qu cu kim loi bn knh R, c lp v in. Gi Q v V l in tch v in th ca qu cu, ta c V =

kQ . Do in dung ca qu cu l: R C= Q R = V k
(2.3)

Nh vy, nu C = 1F th R = k = 9.10 9 m, ln hn bn knh tri t c ngn ln(!). iu ny c ngha rng, in dung 1F l rt ln, trn thc t khng c qu cu no

Bi 2: VT DN in dung t n 1F c. V th, ngi ta dng cc c s ca farad: 1 F (micr farad) = 10 6 F 1 nF (nan farad) = 10 9 F 1pF (pic farad) = 10 12 F

95

2.5 T IN
2.5.1 Khi nim v t in T in l h thng gm hai vt dn t gn nhau, cch in vi nhau, sao cho gia chng lun xy ra hin tng in hng ton phn. Hai vt dn c gi l hai bn hay hai ct ca t in. Trn s mch in, t in c k hiu nh hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8: T in

Nu ta ni hai bn ca t in vo hai cc ca mt ngun in th in tch trn hai bn t lun c gi tr bng nhau nhng tri du. Ta gi in tch trn bn dng l in tch ca t in v c k hiu l Q. Bn tch in dng lun c in th cao hn bn tch in m. Ta gi U = V+ V l hiu in th hay in p gia hai bn t in. 2.5.2 in dung ca t in in dung C ca t in l i lng c trng cho kh nng tch in ca t in mt hiu in th nht nh, c gi tr bng in tch ca t in khi hiu in th gia hai bn t l 1V :

C=

Q U

(2.4)

trong U l hiu in th gia hai bn t in, Q l in tch ca t in. in dung ca t in ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc, khong cch gia hai bn t in v bn cht ca cht in mi gia hai bn t in. Cn c vo hnh dng ca cc bn t in, ngi ta chia lm ba loi t in: t in phng, t in cu v t in tr. a) T in phng: L t in c hai bn l hai tm kim loi phng c cng din tch S, t song song v cch nhau mt khong d rt nh so vi kch thc ca mi bn (hnh 2,9). Nu tch in cho t in th in trng S d

Hnh 2.9: T in phng

96
o

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

trong khong gia hai bn t in l in trng u, c cng xc nh theo (1.97):

E=

hiu

in

th

gia

hai

bn

in

U = Ed =

Q/S Q d= d= d. o o oS
Q oS = U d
(2.5)

Do , in dung ca t in phng l: C =

trong , 0 l hng s in v l h s in mi ca cht in mi lp y hai bn t in. Cng thc (2.5) cho thy in dung ca t in phng cng ln khi hai bn t in c din tch cng ln v cng gn nhau. Trn thc t, gim kch thc ca t in phng, ngi ta t gia hai bn t mt lp in mi ri cun cht hai bn li thnh mt khi hnh tr. b) T in cu: L t in c hai bn l hai mt cu kim loi ng tm, bn knh R1 v R2 gn bng nhau (hnh 2.10).
R1 R2 Nu ta tch in cho t in (bn bn trong tch in dng, bn bn ngoi tch in m), th in trng ch tn ti trong khong khng gian gia hai bn t in, v in trng ny ch do in tch ca bn bn trong gy ra (v in tch ca bn ngoi khng gy ra in trng trong lng n). Do in th ti mt im trong Hnh 2.10: T in cu khong gia hai mt cu c biu thc tnh tng t nh

do mt in tch im gy ra: V =

kQ + C , vi r l khong cch t tm hai mt r

cu ti im kho st. Suy ra, hiu in th gia hai bn t l: U = V1 V2 =

Q( R 2 R 1 ) kQ 1 1 ( )= R1 R 2 4 o R 1 R 2
R2

Vy, in dung ca t in cu l:

Q 4 o R 1 R 2 C= = U R 2 R1

(2.6)

R1

Cng thc (2.6) cho thy in dung ca t in cu cng ln khi bn knh cc mt cu cng ln v xp x bng nhau. c) T in tr: L t in c hai bn hai mt tr ng trc, bn knh R1 v R2 gn bng nhau, c chiu cao

Hnh 2.11: T in tr

Bi 2: VT DN l (hnh 2.11). Nu ta tch in cho t in (bn bn trong tch in dng, bn bn ngoi tch in m), th in trng trong khong gia hai bn t c tnh i xng quanh trc ca hnh tr. Chn mt kn Gauss l mt tr ng trc vi hai bn t, c bn knh r (R1 r R2), c hai y vung gc vi trc ca hai bn t v c chiu cao (hnh 2.12). in thng gi qua mt Gauss l:

97
(S)

M R2 R1

Hnh 2.12

E =

xungquanh

EdS +

haiday

EdS =

xungquanh

E.dS + 0 = E.S = E.2r

Tng in tch cha trong mt Gauss chnh l in tch Q ca bn trong. Theo nh l Gauss E = in l:

Q , ta suy ra, cng in trng trong khong gia hai bn t 0 Q E= (2.7) 2 0 r

Suy ra dV = Edr =

E=

dV dV = . dn dr

Q dr . 2 0 r

Tch phn hai v, ta c hiu in th gia hai bn t in l:

2 Q dr Q R U = V1 V2 = dV = = ln 2 2o R1 r 2o R1 V1

V2

(2.8)

Vy in dung ca t in tr l:

C=

2 o Q = U ln(R 2 / R 1 )

(2.9)

Cc cng thc (2.5), (2.6) v (2.9) u chng t in dung ca t in tng ln khi ta gim khong cch gia hai bn t in. Tuy nhin ta khng th tng in dung ca t bng cch gim khong cch gia hai bn t mi c. V khi in trng gia hai bn t rt mnh s lm cht in mi tr nn dn in v in tch trn hai bn t s phng qua lp in mi, khi ta ni t in b nh thng. Mun t c in dung ln m kch thc li nh, cn chn in mi c ln v hiu in th nh thng cao. 2.5.2 Ghp t in Vic ch to cc t in c in dung ln, chu c hiu in th cao l rt kh, nn ngi ta tm cch ghp cc t vi nhau nhm tha mn nhu cu s dng. C hai cch ghp c bn: ghp ni tip v ghp song song.

98
a) Ghp ni tip

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

S ghp nh hnh (2.13). Khi ni h thng vi ngun in c hiu in th U th cc bn ca mi t in xut hin cc in tch tri du do hin tng in hng ton phn. Ta thy hai bn ni lin nhau bt k lun to thnh mt h c lp. T nh lut bo ton in tch suy ra, in tch trn hai bn k nhau lun bng nhau v ln nhng tri du. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = = Qn

C1

C2

C3

Cn

...
Hnh 2.13: Ghp ni tip cc t in

Vy: khi ghp ni tip th in tch ca cc t l bng nhau : (2.10) D thy, hiu in th hai u b t ghp ni tip, bng tng hiu in th ca mi t in: U = U1 + U2 +U3 + + Un (2.11) Nu ta thay th b t trn bng mt t c vai tr tng ng, th in dung ca t ny l:

C td =

Q Q = U U1 + U 2 + ... + U n

Suy ra

1 U U U 1 1 1 = 1 + 2 + ... + n = + + ... + C td Q Q Q Q1 / U1 Q 2 / U 2 Qn / Un
n 1 1 1 1 1 = + + ... + = C td C1 C 2 C n i =1 C i

hay

(2.12)

Cng thc (2.12) chng t rng, khi ghp ni tip, in dung ca b t in s gim i so vi in dung ca cc t thnh phn. Nu c n t in ging nhau, mi t c in dung C th khi ghp ni tip, in dung tng ng s l :

C td =

C n C1C2 C1 + C 2

(2.13)

Nu ch c hai t in ghp ni tip th in dung tng ng s l:

C td =
b)Ghp song song

(2.14)

S ghp nh hnh (2.14). D thy, khi ghp song song th in tch ca b t in bng tng in tch ca mi t in: Q = Q1 + Q2 + + Qn v hiu in th hai u b t in bng hiu in th ca mi t in: U = U1 = U2 = = Un (2.16) (2.15)

Bi 2: VT DN Nu ta thay th b t in trn bng mt t in c vai tr tng ng th in dung ca t l: C1 C2 A

99

C td =
hay

Q Q Q1 + Q 2 + ... + Q n Q1 Q 2 = = + + ... + n U U U1 U 2 Un
Ctd = C1 + C2 + + Cn (2.17)

Cng thc (2.17) chng t rng, khi ghp song song, in dung ca b t in tng ln so vi in dung ca cc t thnh phn. Nn c n t in ging nhau, mi t c in dung C th khi ghp song song, in dung ca b t in s l:

Cn Hnh 2.14: Ghp song song cc t in

C td = nC

(2.18) C2 C1 + - M + K C3 + C4 + B

V d 2.2: Cho cc t in ghp theo s hnh 2.15. Bit UAB = 6V; C1 = 2F; C2 = C3 = 3F; C4 = 7F; ban u cc t u cha tch in v A kha K m. Tnh in tch ca mi t in trc v sau khi ng kha K. T suy ra s electron chuyn qua kha K khi ng K. Gii Trng hp 1: K m, ta c (C1 ni tip C2) // (C3 ni tip C4). in tch ca cc t in l:

Hnh 2.15

q1 = q 2 = C12 U AB = q 3 = q 4 = C34 U AB =

C1C2 2.3 U AB = .6 = 7, 2C C1 + C 2 2+3 C3C 4 3.7 U AB = .6 = 12, 6C C3 + C 4 3+7

Trng hp 2: K ng, ta c (C1 // C3) ni tip (C2 // C4), hnh 2.16. in dung tng ng ca b t in:

C13 = C1 + C3 = 2 + 3 = 5F ; C24 = C2 + C4 = 3 + 7 = 10F C C 5.10 10 Cb = 13 24 = = F C13 + C 24 5 + 10 3

in tch ca b t in: A

C2 C1 + - M + B C3 + N

C4 + -

Hnh 2.16

100

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

Qb = Cb U AB =

10 .6 = 20C 3

Suy ra: Q13 = Q 24 = Q b = 20C ; U13 =

Q13 20 Q 20 = = 4V ; U 24 = 24 = = 2V C13 5 C 24 10

Do , in tch ca mi t in tng ng l:

Q1 = C1U13 = 2.4 = 8C ; Q2 = C2 U 24 = 3.2 = 6C Q3 = C3 U13 = 3.4 = 12C ; Q4 = C4 U 24 = 7.2 = 14C

Ta c, tng in tch ca cc bn t in ni vi im N trc khi K ng l:

q = q 3 + q 4 = 0
Sau khi K ng, tng cc in tch ny l:

Q = Q3 + Q4 = 12 + 16 = +4C > 0.
iu ny chng t cc electron dch chuyn t N qua kha K n M. S lng electron dch chuyn qua kha K l:

N=

Q 4.106 = = 2,5.1013 ht. e 1, 6.1019

2.6 NNG LNG CA T IN NNG LNG IN TRNG

2.6.1 Nng lng ca t in Gi s ta dng ngun np in tch vo hai bn ca mt t in c in dung C. Ngun in sinh cng a cc in tch n cc bn t v cng chuyn thnh nng lng ca t in. tnh cng ny, ta gi s thi im t, in th gia hai bn t l u v in tch ca t l q. Trong thi gian dt tip theo, ngun a thm din tch dq n t. V dq rt nh nn u coi nh khng i v cng ca ngun l dA = udq = Cudu. Cng ton phn np in cho t n khi hiu in th bng U
U U

l: A =

dA = C udu =
0 0

1 CU 2 2

Cng ny chuyn ho thnh nng lng W ca t. Vy nng lng ca t in l:

W=

1 1 Q2 CU 2 = QU = 2 2 2C

(2.19)

V d 2.3: Mt t in c in dung C = 5F, c tch in hiu in th khng i U = 6V. Tnh nng lng ca t in.

Bi 2: VT DN Gii Nng lng ca t in: W =

101

1 1 CU 2 = .5.10 6.62 = 90.106 J = 9.105 J . 2 2

2.6.2 Nng lng in trng Xt mt t in phng tch in. Nng lng ca t in l W = Thay C =

1 CU 2 . 2

S , U = Ed vo biu thc trn, ta c: d 1 0S 1 1 ( ).(Ed)2 = 0 E 2 .Sd = 0 E 2 .V 2 d 2 2

(2.20)

W=

trong V = Sd l th tch ca vng khng gian gia hai bn t, cng chnh l vng khng gian c in trng. Nh vy nng lng ca t in nh x trong vng khng gian c in trng. Ni cch khc, ni no c in trng th ni c nng lng. in trng c mang nng lng, l mt bng chng chng t in trng l mt dng vt cht. Cng thc (2.20) chng t rng, nng lng in trng u t l vi th tch khng gian c in trng. Ta vit li (2.20) di dng:

W=
trong :

1 0 E 2 .V = E .V 2

(2.21) (2.22)

1 1 E = 0 E 2 = ED 2 2

gi l mt nng lng in trng. Trng hp tng qut, nu in trng l khng u th ta chia nh th tch V thnh nhng yu t th tch dV nh sao cho in trng trong yu t th tch l in trng u. Khi nng lng in trng cha trong yu t th tch dV l dW = E .dV . T ly tch phn trn ton th tch V, ta c nng lng in trng cha trong th tch khng gian V:

W=

(V)

dV = 2 E dV = 2 EDdV
2 E 0 (V) (V)

(2.23)

Trong h SI, n v o nng lng in trng l jun (J) v n v o mt nng lng in trng l jun trn mt khi (J/m3).

102

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T BI TP

B2.1 t vin bi nh tch in dng vo tm mt v cu kim loi cha nhim in. Sau a si dy treo vin bi th hai mang in dng li gn v cu. Hi dy treo c b lch khng? Ti sao? Nu v cu c ni t th hin tng xy ra nh th no? Gii thch. B2.2 Cho bn t in c in dung C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = 6F, c mc vo ngun U = 22V nh hnh 2.17. a) Tnh in dung ca b t in v in tch ca mi t. C1 C2 C3 C4

A B

+ -

b) C bao nhiu cch ghp cc t Hnh 2.17 in ny vo ngun trn? V s v tnh in tch ca mi t trong mi cch ghp? B2.3 Cho s mch in nh hnh 2.18. Bit C1 = 3F, C2 = 2F, U1 = 6V; U2 = 4V. Tm hiu in th gia hai im A, B trong s hnh (2.18). B2.4 Mt t in phng khng kh, kch thc mi bn l 20 cm x 30cm, t cch nhau mt khong d = 2mm. Tnh in tch ln nht m t tch c nu in trng nh thng i vi khng kh l E = 3.10 4 V/cm.

C1
A

C2

U1

U2

Hnh 2.18

B2.5 Mt electron c bn vo khong khng gian gia hai bn ca mt t in phng khng kh vi ng nng ban u W0 = 200eV, theo hng hp vi bn dng mt gc = 150. Chiu di mi bn t l L = 5cm, khong cch hai bn l d = 1cm. Xc nh qu o ca electron trong t in v hiu in th gia hai bn t electron ri t theo phng song song vi hai bn. B2.6 n hnh TV l mt ng phng in t, c s cu A + x to nh hnh (2.19). Electron K + c pht x nhit t cathode K, c tng tc trong in + trng u gia anode A v K ri i vo t phng theo s phng song song vi hai bn. Thit lp biu thc tnh v tr x Hnh 2.19 m electron p vo mn hunh quang theo cc thng s: Uo l hiu in th gia A v ; U l hiu in th gia hai bn t; s l

Bi 2: VT DN

103

chiu di bn t; d l khong cch gia hai bn t v l khong cch t t in n mn hunh quang. p dng s: s = 6 cm, d = 1,8 cm, U = 50V, Uo = 728V, = 15cm.

CU HI TRC NGHIM 4.1 Mt qu cu kim loi bn knh 50 cm, t trong chn khng, tch in 5C. Tnh in th ti tm qu cu, chn gc in th v cng. A) 9.104 (V) B) 1,8.105 (V) C) 300 (V) D) 0 (V) 4.2 Tch in Q > 0 cho qu t bng thp hnh cu tm O, bn knh R, t trong chn khng. Kt lun no sau y v cng in trng E v in th V l SAI? (gc in th v cng). A) in tch ch phn b u trn b mt qu t. B) Bn ngoi qu t (r > R): E =

kQ kQ v V = 2 r r kQ kQ v V = 2 R R

C) Trong lng qu t: E = 0 v V = 0 D) Ti b mt qu t: E = Emax =

4.3 Hai hn bi st c bn knh R2 = 2R1, rt xa nhau, tch in dng nh nhau. Gi S1, S2 v 1 , 2 l din tch b mt v mt in tch mt ca chng. Quan h no sau y l ng? A) S2 = 4S1 v 1 = 42 B) S2 = 8S1 v 1 = 82 C) S2 = 2S1 v 1 = 22 D) S1 = S2 v 2 = 1 4.4 Mt t C = 5F, ghp vi t C0 th c b t c in dung 3F. Tnh C0 v xc nh cch ghp. A) 2F, ni tip B) 2F, song song C) 7,5F, ni tip D) 7,5F, song song 4.5 Hai t C1 = 10F, C2 = 20F ln lt chu c hiu in th ti a l U1 = 150V, U2 = 200V. Nu ghp ni tip hai t ny th b t c th chu c hiu in th ti a l: A) 350V B) 225V C) 175V D) 200 V 4.6 Mt ng c cn mt t 5F 220V khi ng. Trn thc t, ngi th ch c mt s t loi 10F 22V. Hi phi cn bao nhiu t? Ghp chng nh th no? A) 10 t, ghp ni tip. B) 50 t, ghp thnh 5 dy song song, mi dy 10 t. C) 10 t, ghp song song. D) 50 t, ghp 10 dy song song, mi dy 5 t.

104

Th.S Quc Huy_Bi ging Vt l i cng 2: in T

4.7 Qu cu kim loi rng, bn knh 10cm, tch in Q = 6C, t trong khng kh. Tnh cng in trng ti tm O ca qu cu. B) E = 5,4.108 V/m A) E = 5,4.106 V/m C) E = 5,4.109 V/m D) E = 0 V/m 4.8 Qu cu kim loi rng, bn knh 10cm, tch in Q = 6nC, t trong khng kh. Tnh in th ti tm O ca qu cu, chn gc in th v cng. A) V = 54V B) V = 5400V C) V = 0V D) V = 540V 4.9 Cho qu cu kim loi c tm 0, bn knh R, mang in tch Q > 0. Cng in trng E v in th V ti im P cch tm O mt khong r > R c tnh theo biu thc no sau y? (gc in th v cng, k = 9.109 Nm2/C2, l h s in mi).

kQ r 2 kQ C) EP = R 2
A) EP =

v VP =

kQ r kQ v VP = R

B) EP =

kQ kQ v VP = 2 r R
v Vp = 0

D) Ep = 0

4.10 Cho qu cu kim loi c tm O, bn knh R, mang in tch Q > 0. Cng in trng E v in th V ti im P cch tm O mt khong r < R c tnh theo biu thc no sau y? (gc in th v cng, k = 9.109 Nm2/C2, l h s in mi). A) EP = 0 v VP =

kQ R

B) EP =

C) EP = 0 v VP = 0

kQ kQ v VP = 2 r r kQ D) EP = 2 v Vp = 0 r

4.11 Qu cu kim loi bn knh R = 90cm, t c lp trong khng kh th c in dung bao nhiu? A) 100pF B) 10pF C) 1pF D) 300pF 4.12 Tnh in dung ca t in cu c bn knh 2 bn l R1 = 15cm, R2 = 18cm, gia hai bn c cht in mi c h s = 5. A) 500pF B) 500nF C) 500F D) 50F 4.13 Hai bn kim loi phng hnh trn, bn knh bng nhau v bng 20cm, t ng trc, cch nhau 1mm, to thnh mt t in phng. Tnh in dung ca t in ny, bit khong gia hai bn c lp u mt cht in mi c h s in mi = 20. A) 22,2nF B) 22,2 pF C) 89nF D) 89pF 4.14 T in c in dung C = 5F, c tch in hiu in th U = 6V. Tnh nng lng in trng ca t in. A) 1,8.10 4 J B) 9.10 5 J C) 1,5.10 5 J D) 3.10 5 J 4.15 Hai qu cu kim loi bn knh R1 = 8cm v R2 = 5cm xa nhau, c ni vi nhau bng mt dy dn c in dung khng ng k. Tch in Q = 13.108C cho h hai qu cu. Tnh in tch m qu cu c bn knh R2 nhn c.

Bi 2: VT DN A) 5.10 8 C B) 8.10 8 C C) 3,6.10 8 C D) 6,5.10 8 C

105

4.16 Qu cu kim loi bn knh R = 20cm, tch in Q = 6.10 8 C, t trong khng kh. Tnh nng lng in trng ca qu cu ny. A) 162.10 6 J B) 81.10 6 J C) 54.10 6 J D) 27.10 6 J 4.17 Mt qu cu kim loi c tch in n in th V0 (gc in th v cng). t qu cu ny vo trong mt v cu rng trung ha in c bn knh ln hn, ri ni qu cu nh vi v cu bng mt dy kim loi. in th mi ca qu cu l V. So snh vi V0, ta thy: B) V > V0 C) V = 0,5V0 D) V = V0 A) V < V0 4.18 in dung ca mt vt dn c lp ph thuc vo im no sau y? A) Hnh dng, kch thc vt dn. B) in tch cha trn vt dn. C) in th ca vt dn. D) C ba yu t A, B, C. 4.19 Hai qu cu kim loi tch in, c bn knh khc nhau, kh xa nhau, c ni vi nhau bng si dy dn mnh, c in dung khng ng k. Qu cu no s c mt in tch mt ln hn? A) Qu b. B) Qu ln. C) Bng nhau. D) Bng nhau v bng khng. 4.20 Hai qu cu kim loi, c bn knh khc nhau, tch in, c ni vi nhau bng si dy dn mnh, c in dung khng ng k. in th lc sau ca cc qu cu s nh th no; qu no c in th cao hn? (gc in th v cng). A) Qu b. B) Qu ln. C) Bng nhau. D) Bng khng. 4.21 Hai vt dn tch in, c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy dn, khi chng trng thi cn bng tnh in th: A) in trng trn b mt hai vt c cng nh nhau. B) in th v in tch hai vt u nh nhau. C) in tch hai vt bng nhau. D) in th hai vt bng nhau.